I Like Turtles

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMNry4PE93Y
Sea Turtles Conditions Counterplan
1NC Top Level
1NC CP TL [S]
[CP TEXT: The United States federal government ought not <substantially increase its
economic engagement towards Mexico> unless Mexico adopts and enforces legislation
for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.]
CPs conditional engagement solves case and prevents sea turtle population
extinction.

Center for Biological Diversity, 7-15-2013, a nonprofit membership organization known for its work
protecting endangered species through legal action and scientific petitions, Tell Mexico: Stop Killing Endangered
Sea Turtles, http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/o/2167/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=13749

Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark and halibut fishermen off the
southern peninsula of Mexico's Baja California. The turtles drown after being accidentally hooked on longline gear or entangled in
gillnets; then they're thrown back into the sea, only to wash up dead on shore. Sea turtle deaths reached record levels last
year, and alarmingly high stranding rates continued this spring. Scientists and conservationists have
urged Mexico to close fishing areas where sea turtle habitat and risky gear overlap -- but Mexico has
failed to take action. The United States and Mexico share this loggerhead sea turtle population, which is listed as
endangered in both countries. Please, act now using the form below. Tell Mexico you're fed up with its bycatch and that you
support U.S. trade sanctions if Mexico doesn't step up and stop the killing. Stop the Bycatch of Loggerhead
Sea Turtles I am writing to ask Mexico to act now and halt the ongoing loggerhead sea turtle bycatch off Baja
California Sur. As you know, for two decades scientists have documented turtles becoming hooked or
entangled in the Gulf of Ulloa's longline and gillnet fisheries. These fisheries kill an estimated 2,000
loggerheads each year. Last July 483 loggerheads were found stranded on just one stretch of beach -- a 600 percent increase over
previous years' averages. And alarmingly high stranding rates have continued this spring. The United States and Mexico
share the North Pacific loggerhead sea turtle population, which is listed as endangered in both countries. The United
S tates has closed fishing areas where important sea turtle habitat and risky gear overlap and also requires
its fishermen to adopt more sea turtle-friendly gear. Mexico can and must do the same -- or risk the
population's extinction. If Mexico does not act, I fully support U.S. trade sanctions until Mexico
reduces sea turtle mortality and adopts "comparable" turtle protection measures , as required by
international treaty and U.S. law. Sea turtles need protection on both sides of the border, and I urge Mexico to
act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.
Destruction of the sea turtle population causes extinction brink is now.

Todd Steiner, xx-xx-2010, Sea Turtle Restoration Project, Executive Director at Turtle Island Restoration
Network, San Francisco Bay Area, Are Sea Turtles Worth Saving? http://www.bonaireturtles.org/explore/are-sea-turtles-worth-
saving/

Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology that everything is connected. Sea turtles are part of two vital
ecosystems , beaches and marine systems. If sea turtles become extinct, both the marine and beach ecosystems
will weaken. And since humans use the ocean as an important source for food and use beaches for many kinds of activities, weakness
in these ecosystems would have harmful effects on humans. Though sea turtles have been living and thriving in the worlds
oceans for 150 million years, they are now in danger of extinction largely because of changes brought about by humans. If we
alter the oceans and beaches enough to wipe out sea turtles, will those changes make it difficult for us to survive ? And
if we choose to do whats necessary to save sea turtles, might we save our own future ? Beaches and dune
systems do not get very many nutrients during the year, so very little vegetation grows on the dunes and no vegetation grows on the beach
itself. This is because sand does not hold nutrients very well. Sea turtles use beaches and the lower dunes to nest and lay their eggs. Sea turtles
lay around 100 eggs in a nest and lay between 3 and 7 nests during the summer nesting season. Not every nest will hatch, not every egg in a
nest will hatch, and not all of the hatchlings in a nest will make it out of the nest. All the unhatched nests, eggs and trapped hatchlings are very
good sources of nutrients for the dune vegetation. Even the left-over egg shells from hatched eggs provide nutrients. Dune plants use the
nutrients from turtle eggs to grow and become stronger. As the dune vegetation grows stronger and healthier, the health of the entire
beach/dune ecosystem becomes better. Healthy vegetation and strong root systems hold the sand in the dunes and protect the beach from
erosion. As the number of turtles declines, fewer eggs are laid in the beaches, providing less nutrients. If sea turtles went extinct,
dune vegetation would lose a major source of nutrients and would not be healthy or strong enough to
maintain the dunes, allowing beaches to wash away. Sea turtles eat jellyfish, preventing the large
blooms of jellyfish including stinging jellyfish that are increasingly wreaking havoc on fisheries, recreation and other
maritime activities throughout the oceans. Research has shown that sea turtles often act as keystone species .
Sea grass beds grazed by green sea turtles are more productive than those that arent. Hawksbill turtles eat sponges, preventing them from
out-competing slow-growing corals. Both of these grazing activities maintain species diversity and the natural
balance of fragile marine ecosystems. If sea turtles go extinct, it will cause declines in all the species
whose survival depends on healthy seagrass beds and coral reefs. That means that many marine species
that humans harvest would be lost. Sea turtles, and many species that are affected by their presence or absence, are an
important attraction for marine tourism, a major source of income for many countries. These are some of the roles that we know
sea turtles play in the essential health of ecosystems . Who knows what other roles we will discover as science
reveals more about sea turtles? While humans have the ability to tinker with the clockwork of life, we dont have the ability to know when its
okay to lose a few of the working parts. If you disagree, try to take apart a clock and just throw away one of the pieces
that doesnt look that important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.
1NC CP TL [L]
[CP TEXT: The United States federal government ought not <substantially increase its
economic engagement towards Mexico> unless Mexico adopts and enforces legislation
for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.]
The US should condition engagement and threaten sanctions based on Mexican
adoption of international sea turtle conservation standards; similar policies towards
Mexico empirically solve for protection of marine biodiversity.

Edith Brown Weiss1, John Howard Jackson2 and Nathalie Bernasconi-Osterwalder3, 4-30-2008, Francis Cabell
Brown Professor of International Law @ Georgetown, A.B., Stanford; J.D., Harvard; Ph.D., University of
California, Berkeley; LL.D.(Hon.), Chicago-Kent; LL.D. (Hon.), University of Heidelberg
1
, Director; Institute
of International Economic Law, University Professor @ Georgetown, A.B., Princeton; J.D., University of
Michigan; LL.D. (Hon.), Hamburg University, Germany; LL.D. (Hon.), European University Institute,
Florence, Italy
2
, a senior international lawyer and heads the Investment Program of the International
Institute on Sustainable Development (IISD)
3
, Reconciling Environment and Trade,
http://books.google.com/books?id=PeTVvZW7JRoC&dq=Sea+Turtles+MExico+Sanctions&source=gbs_navlinks_s

Several international agreements up on which a similar treaty for the sea turtles could be based exist.
These international agreements include CITES and the Convention on Biodiversity. Using CITES is an
obvious choice because sea turtles are listed in both Appendices I and II of CITES, demonstrating the
recognition by its signatories that sea turtles are endangered and need to be protected. In the Shrimp-Turtle
case, the United States could select an agreement that all parties to the dispute have signed, and use it as a foundation for a more expansive
treaty. However, the question remains whether or not this kind of agreement, enforced through trade sanctions,
would be GATT compliant. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE This Case Does Not Provide the United States with Guidance in Avoiding Future
Conflict Between Its Domestic Court System and the WTO Despite the shortcomings of negotiated solutions, in this case a nego-tiated solution
could enable the United S tates to satisfy the requirements of both the WTO and the CIT. If the complainants
agreed to comply vol-untarily with the requirements under Section 609 by implementing tur-tle-safe harvesting
methods in exchange for U.S. technical assistance , the United S tates would be able to comply with the
mandate of CIT. A negotiated solution in this case, however, does not offer the United States a predictable model to follow in potential future
conflicts. The lack of guidance for future cases will further muddle the U.S. analysis of avail-able tools for environmental protection. In the
United States, similar con-flicts between national laws (like Section 609) and the mandates of a multinational organization (WTO) will likely
increase as the government views environmental protection as an important area. For example , 143 After the Tuna-Dolphin opinion, the
parties, through the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), established in 1949, negotiated a dolphin accord, the International
Dolphin Conservation Act (IDCA) of 1992. The IDCA lifted the tuna import ban against Mexico and Venezuela but
provided for unilateral trade sanc-tions if they failed to comply with the moratorium. The Declaration of
Panama was signed on October 4, 1995, giving mult in ational effect to the IDCA. Finally, on August 15, 1997, the U.S. Congress
amended the Marine Mammal P rotection Act to recognize the IDCA and to lift the ban on tuna imports
from signatories of the Declaration of Panama. See Cadeddu, supra note 53.
Conditioning economic engagement with Mexico on adoption of sea turtle protection
policy prevents population extinction.

Center for Biological Diversity, 7-15-2013, a nonprofit membership organization known for its work
protecting endangered species through legal action and scientific petitions, Tell Mexico: Stop Killing Endangered
Sea Turtles, http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/o/2167/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=13749

Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark and halibut fishermen off the
southern peninsula of Mexico's Baja California. The turtles drown after being accidentally hooked on longline gear or entangled in
gillnets; then they're thrown back into the sea, only to wash up dead on shore. Sea turtle deaths reached record levels last
year, and alarmingly high stranding rates continued this spring. Scientists and conservationists have
urged Mexico to close fishing areas where sea turtle habitat and risky gear overlap -- but Mexico has
failed to take action. The United States and Mexico share this loggerhead sea turtle population, which is listed as
endangered in both countries. Please, act now using the form below. Tell Mexico you're fed up with its bycatch and that you
support U.S. trade sanctions if Mexico doesn't step up and stop the killing. Stop the Bycatch of Loggerhead
Sea Turtles I am writing to ask Mexico to act now and halt the ongoing loggerhead sea turtle bycatch off Baja
California Sur. As you know, for two decades scientists have documented turtles becoming hooked or
entangled in the Gulf of Ulloa's longline and gillnet fisheries. These fisheries kill an estimated 2,000
loggerheads each year. Last July 483 loggerheads were found stranded on just one stretch of beach -- a 600 percent increase over
previous years' averages. And alarmingly high stranding rates have continued this spring. The United States and Mexico
share the North Pacific loggerhead sea turtle population, which is listed as endangered in both countries. The United
S tates has closed fishing areas where important sea turtle habitat and risky gear overlap and also requires
its fishermen to adopt more sea turtle-friendly gear. Mexico can and must do the same -- or risk the
population's extinction. If Mexico does not act, I fully support U.S. trade sanctions until Mexico
reduces sea turtle mortality and adopts "comparable" turtle protection measures , as required by
international treaty and U.S. law. Sea turtles need protection on both sides of the border, and I urge Mexico to
act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.
Destruction of the sea turtle population causes extinction brink is now.

Todd Steiner, xx-xx-2010, Sea Turtle Restoration Project, Executive Director at Turtle Island Restoration
Network, San Francisco Bay Area, Are Sea Turtles Worth Saving? http://www.bonaireturtles.org/explore/are-sea-turtles-worth-
saving/

Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology that everything is connected. Sea turtles are part of two vital
ecosystems , beaches and marine systems. If sea turtles become extinct, both the marine and beach ecosystems
will weaken. And since humans use the ocean as an important source for food and use beaches for many kinds of activities, weakness
in these ecosystems would have harmful effects on humans. Though sea turtles have been living and thriving in the worlds
oceans for 150 million years, they are now in danger of extinction largely because of changes brought about by humans. If we
alter the oceans and beaches enough to wipe out sea turtles, will those changes make it difficult for us to survive ? And
if we choose to do whats necessary to save sea turtles, might we save our own future ? Beaches and dune
systems do not get very many nutrients during the year, so very little vegetation grows on the dunes and no vegetation grows on the beach
itself. This is because sand does not hold nutrients very well. Sea turtles use beaches and the lower dunes to nest and lay their eggs. Sea turtles
lay around 100 eggs in a nest and lay between 3 and 7 nests during the summer nesting season. Not every nest will hatch, not every egg in a
nest will hatch, and not all of the hatchlings in a nest will make it out of the nest. All the unhatched nests, eggs and trapped hatchlings are very
good sources of nutrients for the dune vegetation. Even the left-over egg shells from hatched eggs provide nutrients. Dune plants use the
nutrients from turtle eggs to grow and become stronger. As the dune vegetation grows stronger and healthier, the health of the entire
beach/dune ecosystem becomes better. Healthy vegetation and strong root systems hold the sand in the dunes and protect the beach from
erosion. As the number of turtles declines, fewer eggs are laid in the beaches, providing less nutrients. If sea turtles went extinct,
dune vegetation would lose a major source of nutrients and would not be healthy or strong enough to
maintain the dunes, allowing beaches to wash away. Sea turtles eat jellyfish, preventing the large
blooms of jellyfish including stinging jellyfish that are increasingly wreaking havoc on fisheries, recreation and other
maritime activities throughout the oceans. Research has shown that sea turtles often act as keystone species .
Sea grass beds grazed by green sea turtles are more productive than those that arent. Hawksbill turtles eat sponges, preventing them from
out-competing slow-growing corals. Both of these grazing activities maintain species diversity and the natural
balance of fragile marine ecosystems. If sea turtles go extinct, it will cause declines in all the species
whose survival depends on healthy seagrass beds and coral reefs. That means that many marine species
that humans harvest would be lost. Sea turtles, and many species that are affected by their presence or absence, are an
important attraction for marine tourism, a major source of income for many countries. These are some of the roles that we know
sea turtles play in the essential health of ecosystems . Who knows what other roles we will discover as science
reveals more about sea turtles? While humans have the ability to tinker with the clockwork of life, we dont have the ability to know when its
okay to lose a few of the working parts. If you disagree, try to take apart a clock and just throw away one of the pieces
that doesnt look that important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.
CP Solvency
2NC CP S Top Level
The counterplan conditions the affirmative on Mexican adoption of sea turtle
protection measures sufficient to meet standards proposed in the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species. This solves case and is net beneficial
thats CBD.
View CP solvency through the lens of sufficiency whether or not the plan solves case
better than the CP is irrelevant they have to prove an impact to their solvency
deficits.
2NC CP S AT: Say No Top Level
Mexico says yes Economic engagement can be used as leverage to encourage
Mexican sea turtle protection.

Adam Yogel, 5-02-2013, writer for and member of Pace Baja, the production and research journal for Pace
Universitys award winning documentary travel course, Conservation Groups Press U.S. to Sanction Mexico Over Sea
Turtle Deaths, http://pacebaja.wordpress.com/2013/05/02/conservation-groups-press-u-s-to-sanction-mexico-over-sea-turtle-deaths/

The C enter For B iological D iversity and Sea Turtle Restoration Project have petitioned the United S tates
government to impose trade sanctions on Mexico for failing to abide by international sea turtle
conservation agreements. Their core concern is described this way: Over the past decade, scientists estimate that Mexican gillnet
and longline fisheries have killed over 2,000 endangered North Pacific Ocean loggerheads a year. Bycatch reached a record high last July, when
a mass mortality event left 483 loggerheads stranded on just one stretch of beach a 600 percent increase over previous years averages. This
extraordinarily high level of bycatch cannot be sustained and may ultimately drive this endangered sea
turtle population to extinction . *news release+ The groups say the United S tates has leverage through the
Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles. The decade-old agreement is
designed to protect both dwindling sea turtle populations and the habitat they rely on for feeding and breeding. The bycatch of loggerhead
sea turtles in gillnets is centered in ocean waters off Magdalena Bay, Mexico, the focal point of our documentary, which will be released next
week. In an interview earlier this week, Sarah Uhlemann, a senior attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity, said the surge in
deaths of loggerheads is enough to invoke the Pelly Amendment, which allows the U.S. to sanction
a ny country that violates the treaty. In the next several years, a ban on imports of certain Mexican seafood
products could be instituted by the U.S Commerce Department if government agencies find that the loggerhead
bycatch has not been addressed.
Err negative on the specificity of our evidence their generic solvency deficits only
assume quid pro quos in the abstract, not the CPs particular condition, for which we
have a specific and qualified solvency advocate which cites empirics and data its
impossible to quantify things like impact defense means its best to defer to expert
comparison.
2NC CP S AT: Say No TL+
Mexico says yes conditioning economic ties on changing practices empirically works.

Roberto Domnguez, 5-(9-11)-2013, European University Institute Global Governance Program and Suffolk
University, The Limits and Contributions of the EU to Democracy in Latin America: The Cases of Mexico, Venezuela and Honduras,
http://euce.org/eusa/2013/papers/4k_dominguez.pdf

The transformational power of the EU in Central and Eastern Europe was based on the clout of conditionality .
Material benefits for the norm-takers in the form of assistance and institutional inclusion alters the potential of the EUs ability
to be an effective normmaker (Bjorkdahl 2005). The literature on norm diffusion indicates that without the incentive of potential
membership, EUs influence over other countries domestic political developments is likely to be minimal (Tafel 2008: 2-4). Thus, the promise of
rewards and the leverage to obtain democratic outcomes declines with non-candidate countries. For those countries in the European
neighborhood policy, the impact of EU democracy promotion has been severely weakened, thus, the highest size of incentives lies in the
promise of membership and decreases in the associations and partnership agreements (Schimmelfennig and Scholtz 2007b: 15). The lack
of prospects of membership does not equate to the assumption that conditionality does not exist in
the relation of the EU with Latin America. While positive incentives offered by the EU to a state in process of
democratization can include institutional membership, association status, trade benefits, technical assistance, and
other types of aid , negatives incentives may also be an effective instrument to exert leverage (McDonagh 2008: 144). For instance, the
EU used negative incentives, comprising of economic sanctions, when President Manuel Zelaya was ousted in July 2009 by suspending all aid
programs to Honduras. In the case of Latin America , the incentive of membership is not on the table of negotiation as a positive
incentive. However, the 6 negotiation and conclusion of association agreements with Mexico and Chile have constituted
positive incentives to re inforce the democratic practices in both countries.
2NC CP S AT: Say No Bullying
Ridiculous their evidence is in the context of pressuring Mexico to implement
democratic reforms, not improve sea turtle protection. Theres no reason why the
counterplan would trigger any backlash.
The Convention shields the link the counterplan operates by pressuring Mexico to
comply with standards for conservation set in the Convention on International Trade
in Endangered Species. This means Mexico says yes reassures policymakers against
concerns of bullying.

Shepard Forman, Princetown Lyman and Stewart Patrick, Winter/Spring-xx-2002, Director Emeritus and Senior
Fellow of the Center on International Cooperation at New York University, research professor, NYU
Department of Politics, Princeton Lyman, former US ambassador to Nigeria and South Africa, Stewart
Patrick, Senior Fellow and Director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program, The
United States in a Global Age: The Case for Multilateral Engagement, http://www.centroedelstein.org.br/PDF/US_Global_Age.pdf

THE CASE FOR COOPERATIVE ENGAGEMENT The rise of global challenges to the top of the U.S. foreign policy agenda makes multilateral
cooperation an increasingly indispensable vehicle for the pursuit of U.S. national interests and objectives. The country has little
choice but to collaborate with foreign governments and international institutions in order to grapple with todays
pressing transnational challenges, whether these involve managing the global commons, keeping peace in troubled regions, ensuring global
financial stability, or curbing terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. In each of these realms and so many others multilateral
frameworks for international cooperation permit the United S tates and its partners to consult, resolve differences,
design solutions, share burdens and risks, coordinate action, and monitor and enforce commitments. A
strategy of multilateralism recognizes that the vigorous pursuit of U.S. national interests is often best accomplished through
international institutions and partnerships. It recognizes that there are limits to going it alone, particularly in dealing with challenges
that transcend national borders and elicit global concern. In most cases, multilateralism expands rather than restricts U.S. options,
permitting the United S tates to achieve otherwise unreachable goals, to share burdens in pursuing these objectives,
and not least to win legitimacy for its policies. One of the dilemmas that the United States confronts in a unipolar world is
how to exercise its overwhelming power in ways that neither threaten other countries nor encourage their resistance. Multilateralism provides
a partial solution to this quandary. By exercising its leadership through consensual institutions that give voice and
satisfaction to the less powerful while placing only modest constraints on its own policy autonomy and sovereign prerogatives, the United
S tates can reassure weaker states that fear exploitation or abandonment, increase their willingness to
follow the U.S. lead, and consolidate a productive and peaceful world that will advance long-term U.S. interests.
Permutation
2NC CP P AT: Both/CP
---The permutation severs out of the unconditional nature of plan adoption by
opening up the mandates of the plan to modifications. Severance is illegitimate and a
voting issue because it destroys negative ground. No counterplan could compete if the
affirmative can pick and choose which parts to defend in the 2AC.
---It is a time-frame permutation because it conducts a risk assessment prior to
adoption of the plan. Immediacy preserves core negative ground like politics and
economy disadvantages that rely on time sensitive research.
---The counterplan is plan minus because there are fewer instances under which
investment would increase. Severance is illegitimate-in a world where the affirmative
can pick and choose which parts of the plan to advocate, no counterplan would
compete.
---Severs should it means must and requires immediate legal effect
Summers 94 (Justice Oklahoma Supreme Court, Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant,
1994 OK 123, 11-8,
http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13)

4 The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word "should"13 in the May 18 order connotes
futurity or may be deemed a ruling in praesenti.14 The answer to this query is not to be divined from rules of grammar;15 it must
be governed by the age-old practice culture of legal professionals and its immemorial language usage. To determine if the omission (from the
critical May 18 entry) of the turgid phrase, "and the same hereby is", (1) makes it an in futuro ruling - i.e., an expression of what the judge will
or would do at a later stage - or (2) constitutes an in in praesenti resolution of a disputed law issue, the trial judge's intent must be garnered
from the four corners of the entire record.16
[CONTINUES TO FOOTNOTE]
13 "Should" not only is used as a "present indicative" synonymous with ought but also is the past tense of "shall" with various shades of
meaning not always easy to analyze. See 57 C.J. Shall 9, Judgments 121 (1932). O. JESPERSEN, GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE (1984); St. Louis & S.F.R. Co. v. Brown, 45 Okl. 143, 144 P. 1075, 1080-81 (1914). For a more detailed explanation, see the Partridge
quotation infra note 15. Certain contexts mandate a construction of the term "should" as more than merely
indicating preference or desirability. Brown, supra at 1080-81 (jury instructions stating that jurors "should" reduce the amount of
damages in proportion to the amount of contributory negligence of the plaintiff was held to imply an obligation and to be more than advisory);
Carrigan v. California Horse Racing Board, 60 Wash. App. 79, 802 P.2d 813 (1990) (one of the Rules of Appellate Procedure requiring that a party
"should devote a section of the brief to the request for the fee or expenses" was interpreted to mean that a party is under an obligation to
include the requested segment); State v. Rack, 318 S.W.2d 211, 215 (Mo. 1958) ("should" would mean the same as "shall" or
"must" when used in an instruction to the jury which tells the triers they "should disregard false testimony"). 14 In praesenti means
literally "at the present time." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 792 (6th Ed. 1990). In legal parlance the phrase denotes that
which in law is presently or immediately effective, as opposed to something that will or would become
effective in the future [in futurol]. See Van Wyck v. Knevals, 106 U.S. 360, 365, 1 S.Ct. 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).

---Severs engagement gotta be unconditional
Smith 5 (Karen E, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, London School of Economics, Engagement
and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?, May 2005, Global Europe: New Terms of
Engagement, http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:8-
3RqE0TzFMJ:scholar.google.com/+engagement+positive+incentives+bilateral&hl=en&as_sdt=0,14)

First, a few definitions. Engagement is a foreign policy strategy of building close ties with the
government and/or civil society and/or business community of another state. The intention of this
strategy is to undermine illiberal political and economic practices, and socialise government and other
domestic actors into more liberal ways. Most cases of engagement entail primarily building economic
links, and encouraging trade and investment in particular. Some observers have variously labeled this
strategy one of interdependence, or of oxygen: economic activity leads to positive political
consequences.19 Conditionality, in contrast, is the linking , by a state or international organisation, of
perceived benefits to another state(such as aid or trade concessions) to the fulfilment of economic
and/or political conditions . Positive conditionality entails promising benefits to a state if it fulfils the
conditions; negative conditionality involves reducing, suspending, or terminating those benefits if
the state violates the conditions (in other words, applying sanctions, or a strategy of asphyxiation).20
To put it simply, engagement implies ties, but with no strings attached; conditionality attaches the
strings . In another way of looking at it, engagement is more of a bottom-up strategy to induce change
in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy

---Their interpretation is inferior-prefer our definition. It is in the legal context and
more suitable to evaluating policy issues. Their interpretation makes the plan
conditional and would allow congressional backlash to roll back the plan---plan
stability is key to negative ground and clash.
Theory
2NC CP TH AT: Conditions Bad

---Condition Counterplans dont undermine affirmative offense-The counterplan test
the unconditional increase of economic engagement-The 2AC can generate offense
around the lack of certainty, delay, and other reasons the particular condition is
problematic.
---Optimal Policy-The purpose of policy debate is to find the best policy. The
affirmative has unlimited time to devise the best plan it can. If its proven not to be
the best, it should be rejected.
---Real World-Actual policy debate often centers around small differences between
policies, not radically different alternatives. The art of political compromise is the art
of finding common ground.
---Literature-Our counterplan is predictable and part of the actual policy discussion
surrounding their plan. Their argument creates arbitrary exclusions which undermine
competition and education.
---Education-Procedural debate can be a good thing. Narrower focus allows greater
depth of discussion. Implementation questions are also more realistic than are
debates over radically distinct alternatives.
---Doesnt waste the 1AC-The affirmative still sets the the initial ground for the
debate. The negative must still find some aspect of the affirmative plan with which to
compete. The negative isnt obligated to run arguments that were preempted in the
1AC. Its more fair to let both teams partially determine ground for the debate.
---Dont trivialize the debate-If the difference between the plan and the counterplan is
large enough to generate a net benefit, than its worth debating. This argument isnt
unique as many affirmativess are only a small departure from the status quo.
---Punishment doesnt fit the crime-The judge should evaluate theory like extra-
topicality. The counterplan should be judged outside their jurisdiction and a lost
option for the negative to advocate.
Net Benefit
2NC CP NB Top Level
Counterplan is net beneficial conditioning engagement with Mexico on adoption of
sea turtle protection policy is key to protection of important habitat and ending
bycatch current Mexican policy has failed to take action to prevent the deaths of sea
turtles only conditioning engagement and threatening sanctions can solve by
leveraging economic ties to encourage adoption of turtle protection measures thats
CBD.
The brink is now new scientific data proves turtle populations are hitting record lows
as of July this year that makes immediate use of leverage critical.
2NC CP NB Impact Kata
Sea turtle extinction outweighs thats STEINER collapse of sea turtles in the Gulf
causes a cascading impact on global nutrient cycles, leading to catastrophic stagnation
outweighs because fallout shelters and contingency plans mean a substantial part of
the world would live a nuclear war, but we cant prepare for destruction of the food
chain.
Extinction comes first its the only irreversible impact and the end of all human
aspirations.
Marine biodiversity collapse causes extinction.

Craig, 2003, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana U School Law, McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis

Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they do for terrestrial ecosystems, but these arguments have
thus far rarely been raised in political debates. For example, besides significant tourism values - the most economically valuable ecosystem service coral reefs
provide, worldwide - coral reefs protect against storms and dampen other environmental fluctuations, services worth more than ten times the reefs' value for food
production. n856 Waste treatment is another significant, non-extractive ecosystem function that intact coral reef ecosystems provide. n857 More generally,
"ocean ecosystems play a major role in the global geochemical cycling of all the elements that
represent the basic building blocks of living organisms, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and
sulfur, as well as other less abundant but necessary elements." n858 In a very real and direct sense, therefore, human
degradation of marine ecosystems impairs the planet's ability to support life. Maintaining biodiversity
is often critical to maintaining the functions of marine ecosystems. Current evidence shows that, in general, an
ecosystem's ability to keep functioning in the face of disturbance is strongly dependent on its
biodiversity, "indicating that more diverse ecosystems are more stable." n859 Coral reef ecosystems are particularly
dependent on their biodiversity. [*265] Most ecologists agree that the complexity of interactions and degree of interrelatedness among component species is
higher on coral reefs than in any other marine environment. This implies that the ecosystem functioning that produces the most highly valued components is also
complex and that many otherwise insignificant species have strong effects on sustaining the rest of the reef system. n860 Thus, maintaining and
restoring the biodiversity of marine ecosystems is critical to maintaining and restoring the ecosystem
services that they provide. Non-use biodiversity values for marine ecosystems have been calculated in the wake of marine disasters, like the Exxon
Valdez oil spill in Alaska. n861 Similar calculations could derive preservation values for marine wilderness. However, economic value, or economic value equivalents,
should not be "the sole or even primary justification for conservation of ocean ecosystems. Ethical arguments also have considerable force and merit." n862 At the
forefront of such arguments should be a recognition of how little we know about the sea - and about the actual effect of human activities on marine ecosystems.
The United States has traditionally failed to protect marine ecosystems because it was difficult to detect anthropogenic harm to the oceans, but we now know that
such harm is occurring - even though we are not completely sure about causation or about how to fix every problem. Ecosystems like the NWHI coral reef
ecosystem should inspire lawmakers and policymakers to admit that most of the time we really do not know what we are doing to the sea and hence should be
preserving marine wilderness whenever we can - especially when the United States has within its territory relatively pristine
marine ecosystems that may be unique in the world. We may not know much about the sea, but we do know this much: if we
kill the ocean we kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.
2NC CP NB Loggerhead Key
Loggerhead turtles are keystone species key to global marine ecosystems.

Coastal Breeze, 8-23-2012, locally owned and operated bi-weekly community newspaper, Sea Turtle
Tidbits, http://www.coastalbreezenews.com/2012/08/23/sea-turtle-tidbits-6/

There are five species of sea turtles that nest on Floridas beaches. The most common is the loggerhead. The green turtle
and leatherback are also found frequenting beaches throughout the state. The Kemps ridley and hawksbill sea turtles nest in Florida but not
very often. All five species are listed as either threatened or endangered under the E ndangered S pecies A ct. Sea turtles
are considered to be a keystone species within their ecosystems. The extinction of any one of the many sea
turtle species would affect many other organisms within both beach systems and marine systems.
Loggerhead sea turtles are considered a keystone species because their eggs actually nourish grass dunes
along beaches. They are often referred to as floating reefs because their shells act as a home to as many
as 100 different species such as barnacles, small fish, algae and shrimp. The green sea turtle is essential to
the health of sea grass beds. Those that are grazed by the green sea turtle are much healthier and balanced than beds that are not.
Hawksbill turtles are known for eating sponges which prevents them from overtaking slower growing corals in reef systems. Sea turtles
also eat jellyfish , helping to stabilize their population. The necessity of the sea turtle is recognized
by The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commissions Fish and Wildlife Research Institute. It
coordinates two different sea turtle monitoring programs: the Statewide Nesting Beach Survey and the Index Nesting Beach Survey. Both
programs track nesting data in hopes of understanding and promoting the overall health of the sea turtle.
Loggerheads are key to global marine biodiversity they are the keystone of the
ocean.

James R. Spotila, 10-26-2004, holds the Betz Chair of Environmental Science at Drexel University, where he
is also director of the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to Their Biology,
Behavior, and Conservation, http://books.google.com/books?id=dpsJrFxVIvUC&dq=Loggerhead+turtle+keystone&source=gbs_navlinks_s

A juvenile loggerhead drifts along the Florida coast of the United States. The state boasts the largest and best protected population of
loggerheads in the world. Keystone of the Ocean The loggerhead turtle is a keystone species in the
worlds oceans . As a carnivore it plays a central role in the food chain and is dependent upon the invertebrate
populations that form the vast majority of its food supply. Loggerheads process large numbers of invertebrate prey,
breaking up the shells of mollusks such as conchs, whelks, and clams. Some of the broken shells pass through the turtles
digestive system and some fall back to the bottom. The small pieces of shell are thus available for other
animals to eat as a source of calcium. By digging around on the bottom, loggerheads change ocean bottom
communities both in physical structure and the living biological ecosystem. This may control the
community organization of the areas in which the turtles forage. Nesting females transfer substantial
amounts of nutrientstheir eggsto the terrestrial ecosystems around nesting breaches. For example, up to 28
percent of the energy and 26 percent of the nitrogen placed into Florida egg clutches are transferred to predators. A substantial number of
hatchlings become food for fish and birds as the hatchlings swim away form the nesting beach. Essentially, loggerheads are
swimming reefs. They support a large array of plants and animals that attach to their shells and ride
through the oceans with the turtles. More than 100 species of animals from 13 phyla and 37 kinds of
algae live on the backs of loggerheads. This baggage increases drag, requiring extra energy to swim. It is not clear if there is any
benefit to the turtle from this association, though the varied community of plants an animals on the carapace may provide some camouflage.
Aff Sea Turtles Conditions Answers
Say No
2AC CP SN Mexico Corruption/Empirics
Mexico says no corruption outweighs environmental interests, empirics prove, and
international laws too complex.

Vince San Carlos, 6-26-2013, writer for San Carlos TV, H.R. 2706 BILLFISH CONSERVATION ACT vs THE LACEY ACT: What
these laws could mean for the Sea of Cortes if they were enforced, http://www.sancarlos.tv/h-r-2706-billfish-conservation-act-vs-the-lacey-
act-what-these-laws-could-mean-for-the-sea-of-cortes-if-they-were-enforced/

The Gulf of Ulloa covers roughly the northern half of the Pacific coastline of Southern Baja. This is an area of the baja that has become world
famous for its annual migration of gray whales. It is also a very productive marine environment due to currents and upwelling. In 2012,
according to the Sea Turtle Restoration Project, there was a 600% increase in dead turtles washing up on beaches. In July alone on one 40
kilometer stretch of beach 483 dead loggerhead turtles were counted. The increase in mortality is due to gill nets. That is a lot of dead turtles.
So many in fact that on May 2nd the Sea Turtle Restoration Project with support from Mexican based NGOs in conjunction the the C enter for
B iological D iversity (CBD) filed a legal petition with the Obama administration seeking a ban of Mexican sea food or
other imports to the U.S. until Mexico reduces sea turtle mortality . Mexico has signed a treaty with the U.S. Called the
Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Under an American law called the Pelly Amendment
conservation groups are asking the United States to certify that Mexico is diminishing the effectiveness of this treaty. If the secretary of
commerce where to agree then Obama could sanction or ban Mexican imports until sea turtle bycatch is reduced. Dont start hold ing
your breath anytime soon waiting for that to happen. I spoke with Sarah Uhlemann, the Lawyer for the CBD that filed this petition
with the commerce department if there had been a response. No they havent answered it and to be totally honest I dont
expect that they will answer it anytime soon, international law is very tricky . said Uhlemann. Actually by law
the department of commerce has up to 4 years to answer the petition. Gill nets are not the only thing killing turtles in Mexico though. The
illegal dorado fishery that exists in Mexico has a huge incidental turtle by catch that is well documented. Turtle by catch within the Sea of
Cortes runs at 20%. That means for every 10 dorado that are caught on an illegal long line within the Sea of Cortes at least two turtles are
caught along with them. This was reported from a study on long lines conducted by the Mexican research agency CIBNOR back in 2006. Juana
Lopez was the lead scientist on the study. From dead turtles off the pacific coast of the southern baja to more dead turtles inside the Sea of
Cortes to the extinction of the La Vaquita porpoise up north between San Felipe and Puerto Penasco to the thousands of tons of illegal dorado
shipped state side annually it is painfully obvious that Mexico is not enforcing its own fishing laws nor living up
to the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles treaty they have signed with the United States. It is also
painfully obvious that the United States is going to continue to allow thousands of tons of illegal and unsustainably
caught Mexican fish to enter into the very lucrative and highly profitable sea food market that exists in the United States. It is
unfortunate but it would appear that in America just as Mexico, money talks and bullshit walks.
2AC CP SN Sanctions Fail
Attempting to use economic pressure fails to effectively enforce CITES.

Cinnamon Pinon Carlarne, xx-xx-2005, Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies @ U-Cincinnati, Saving the
Whales in the New Millenium, 24 VA. ENVTL. L.J. 1

The United S tates' attempts and threats to apply the Pelly and Packwood Amendments extraterritorially
have achieved mixed success. No penalties have ever been imposed under the Pelly or Packwood Amendments, yet the
Amendments have successfully [*40] been used to deter non-compliance on occasion. In 1974 and 1986, respectively, the United States'
threats of trade sanctions against Japan and Norway for violating IWC policies convinced both countries to cease their offending whaling
activities. 244 In later years, however, when the United S tates threatened Japan and Norway with Pelly sanctions,
both countries ignored the threats. 245 Most recently, in the early 1990's, Norway resumed commercial
whaling despite the United States' threat of sanctions. 246 Similarly, in 2000, Japan ignored the threat of
U.S. sanctions for its expanded scientific research program. 247 In fact, Japan responded to the United States'
threats by promising to file a complaint with the World Trade Organization if the United States
attempted to impose sanctions. 248 Thus, while the threat of U.S. sanctions has sometimes encouraged countries to adopt and
comply with whaling policies, 249 in recent years, those same nations have been less likely to bow to U.S. pressure
because the United States has never actually imposed sanctions and because the WTO, of which the
United States is a member, forbids member states from imposing unilateral trade sanctions. 250 The
declining effectiveness of threatened U.S. sanctions suggests that while unilateral actions still provide an alternative to inaction, the United
States and the IWC can no longer rely on trade sanctions as the sole mechanism for enforcing whaling policies. As global communication and
interaction improve and international trade increases, it is doubtful whether unilateral measures, or the threat
thereof, will continue to provide an effective and politically acceptable method of enforcing IWC or
CITES policies. While some urge that unilateral measures can be effective tools for [*41] achieving environmental protection goals, the use
of unilateral measures frequently provoked conflict between nations. In an area of international law already characterized by severe discord
and disorder, it is unlikely that the United States will be able to ensure the continuing existence or
compliance of whaling policies by threatening to impose trade sanctions. Thus, the United States must remain a
vocal advocate of whale conservation while seeking other ways to promote and ensure compliance with preservationist policies.
Cant force compliance trade liberalization creates a ceiling.

Griswold, xx-xx-2001, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR CENTER FOR TRADE POLICY STUDIES @ CATO, TRADE LABOR AND
THE ENVIRONMENT, CATO TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS NO. 15, 8-2

In fact, a closer look at the cross-country data reveals a kind of green ceiling that must be raised for
nations to achieve higher environmental standards. According to the data, no nation has achieved an environmental
sustainability index rating of 50 or more without a per capita GDP of at least $2,142; no nation has achieved a rating of 60 or more without a
per capita GDP of at least $6,436; and no nation has achieved a rating of 70 or more without a per capita GDP of at least $20,659. If the goal
of U.S. policy is to encourage higher environmental standards abroad, we must help less-developed
countries achieve higher incomesand trade liberalization, at home and abroad, must be an integral
part of any pro-development policy.
Net Benefit
2AC NB LT CITES Credibility Turn
Turn singling out Mexico politicizes CITES collapses treaty credibility.

Lapointe, xx-xx-2000, 2k, President of the International Wildlife Management Conservation, IWC Newsletter
#21, http://www.iwmc.org/newsletter/2000/2000-11a.htm

The CITES Secretariat understands full well that if CITES is to survive as a relevant entity, it must
safeguard its credibility as a legitimate international regulatory organization. It must maintain the
perception among the public, press, and policy-makers everywhere that science, not emotion, is the
underpinning of its reason for existing. Even the appearance of partisan favoritism based not on
science but on acceding to the demands of the richest and most powerful of member nations would
signal the beginning of the end of CITES.
2AC NB NS CITES Fails
CITES enforcement fails
a.) Resource constraints

Carey 99 77 Wash. U. L. Q. 1291

A. Enforcement Proble ms with CITES As one might expect, an international environmental agreement with 145 signatory nations faces
a number of enforcement difficulties. The first major obstacle to effective enforcement of the Convention is the
pervasive inadequacy of national legislation . Article VIII establishes that each member nation is responsible
for enforcement of the Convention's provisions within [*1299] the nation's borders . n48 Thus, the
effectiveness of the overall Convention is determined by the level of national legislation enforcing the
Convention's provisions. n49 When one considers the difficulty encountered by the United States in
maintaining adequate funding, personnel, and training to conduct inspections of international
shipments, it is no wonder that lesser-developed nations experience infinitely greater difficulties in
enforcing the Convention. n50
b.) Lack of reporting

Carey 99 77 Wash. U. L. Q. 1291

The second great obstacle to the enforcement of CITES lies in the ineffective communication between
the member nations. n51 One communication problem is the inadequate reporting of international wildlife
transactions. n52 When the parties fail to submit accurate and detailed reports of wildlife transactions,
the Secretariat cannot monitor the level of compliance with the Convention. n53
2AC NB NI Squo Solves
Status quo solves Mexican sea turtle protection now.

Banderas News, 5-08-2013, Puerto Vallarta news source, New Laws Protecting Sea Turtle Nesting Habitats Passed,
http://www.banderasnews.com/1305/nr-mexicopasseslawstoprotectseaturtles.htm

New laws have taken a huge step forward in creating protections for sea turtle nesting area s . As home to
almost every species of sea turtle, the way Mexico protects this animal is important on a global scale Mexico is famous for being the sea turtle
capital of the world - a place where people can interact with them along the beautiful coastline. Literally, every sea turtle species
on earth nests on Mexicos beaches, save one that is only found in Australia. That is why the manner in which Mexico protects its
sea turtles is important on a global scale. Current Mexican law classifies all sea turtle species as endangered and
protects them from the harvesting of their meat, skin, shell, or eggs. But up until now, the only nesting habitat
protected by law are those considered as sanctuaries and reserves. The good news is that recently, Mexico passed laws offering
a whole slate of new protections for sea turtle nesting grounds in the country. The new regulations
extend habitat protections to "all" sea turtle nesting sites. Here are just some of the things that this new and
unprecedented regulation has accomplished for sea turtle nesting habitat: