GENERAL EQUATION SET SOLVER FOR COMPRESSIBLE AND

INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBOMACHINERY FLOWS

Douglas L. Sondak
*
Boston University
Boston, MA
Daniel J. Dorney

NASA Marshall Space light !enter

Marshall Space light !enter, AL
ABSTRACT
"ur#o$achines %or propulsion applications operate &ith
$any di%%erent &orking %luids and %lo& conditions. "he
%lo& $ay #e inco$pressi#le, such as in the li'uid
hydrogen pu$p in a rocket engine, or supersonic, such as
in the tur#ine that $ay drive the hydrogen pu$p.
Separate codes have traditionally #een used to solve
inco$pressi#le and co$pressi#le %lo&s. "he (eneral
)'uation Set *()S+ $ethod can #e used to solve #oth
inco$pressi#le and co$pressi#le %lo&s, and it is not
restricted to per%ect gases, as are $any co$pressi#le,%lo&
tur#o$achinery solvers. -t also contains preconditioning
%or acceleration o% steady,state si$ulations or rapid
eli$ination o% initial transients in unsteady si$ulations.
An unsteady ()S tur#o$achinery %lo& solver has #een
developed and applied to %lo&s through tur#o$achinery
co$ponents operating in #oth li'uids and gases. -t has
#een sho&n to #e a versatile techni'ue %or solving a &ide
range o% tur#o$achinery %lo& pro#le$s.
NOMENCLATURE
(reek Sy$#ols.

trans%or$ed coordinate directions

trans%or$ed ti$e
/
trans%or$ed pseudo,ti$e
0o$an Sy$#ols.
), , ( %lu1 vectors
h enthalpy per unit $ass
J Jaco#ian o% coordinate trans%or$ation
p pressure
2 conserved varia#les
2p pri$itive varia#les
0e 0eynolds nu$#er
" te$perature
u, v, & physical velocity co$ponents
U, 3, 4 contravariant velocity co$ponents
Superscripts.
k pseudo,ti$e step inde1
n physical ti$e step inde1
v viscous
Su#scripts.
t tur#ulent
1, y, 5
partial di%%erentiation, physical
coordinates
6ther sy$#ols.
*
7
+ trans%or$ed coordinates
di%%erence
/
Senior Scienti%ic 8rogra$$er, 6%%ice o% -n%or$ation
"echnology, Senior Me$#er A-AA.

Aerospace )ngineer, Space "ransportation Directorate,

Associate ello& A-AA.
!opyright 9:;;< #y the A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and
Astronautics, -nc. No copyright is asserted in the United States under
"itle =>, U.S. !ode. "he U.S. (overn$ent has a royalty,%ree license
to e1ercise all rights under the copyright clai$ed herein %or
(overn$ental 8urposes. All other rights are reserved %or the
copyright o&ner.
INTRODUCTION
"ur#o$achines %or propulsion applications operate on
$any di%%erent %luids and under a &ide range o% %lo&
conditions. "he &orking %luid $ay #e air, li'uid or
gaseous hydrogen, li'uid or gaseous o1ygen, kerosene,
etc. "he %lo& $ay #e inco$pressi#le, such as in the
A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
=
%uel pu$p in a li'uid,%uel rocket engine, or supersonic,
such as in the tur#ine that $ay drive the %uel pu$p.
Both co$pressi#le and inco$pressi#le %lo&s are
governed #y the Navier,Stokes e'uations. ?o&ever, in
a nearly,inco$pressi#le %lo& there is a great disparity
in &ave speeds, since the speed o% sound approaches
in%inity %or a truly inco$pressi#le %luid. A co$pressi#le
%lo& solver &ill encounter nu$erical sti%%ness i% applied
to a nearly,inco$pressi#le %lo&, and the algorith$ &ill
%ail. Because o% this, it is co$$on practice to use one
algorith$ %or inco$pressi#le %lo&s and a di%%erent
algorith$ %or co$pressi#le %lo&s.
"he (eneral )'uation Set *()S+ $ethod
=
has #een
developed to handle #oth co$pressi#le and
inco$pressi#le %lo&s. -t can #e used to solve the %ull,
unsteady, <,D Navier,Stokes e'uations, and &ith the
introduction o% a single input %lag can reduce to the
pseudo,co$pressi#ility $ethod co$$only used to
solve inco$pressi#le %lo&s. 4hen used in con@unction
&ith a dual ti$e step, it can #e used %or ti$e accurate
si$ulations.
4hen the Navier,Stokes e'uations are cast in their
general %or$, &ithout applying the per%ect gas relation,
they can #e solved %or any &orking %luid %or &hich
properties are availa#le. "he ()S techni'ue in
con@unction &ith the e'uations cast in this %or$ results
in a general %lo& solver applica#le to $ost conditions
encountered in tur#o$achinery applications.
A code has #een &ritten to solve <,D, unsteady
tur#o$achinery %lo&s using the ()S $ethod. "est
cases have #een per%or$ed %or tur#o$achines operating
in lo&,speed air *inlet Mach nu$#er o% ;.;>+, transonic
gaseous o1ygen, li'uid o1ygen, and kerosene *08,=+.
0esults have #een co$pared &ith test data &here
availa#le, and &ith the results o% a &ell,developed
ideal,gas, co$pressi#le tur#o$achinery %lo& solver
:
.
EQUATIONS
"he <,D, unsteady, Navier,Stokes e'uations $ay #e
e1pressed in generali5ed, curvilinear coordinates in
dual,ti$e,step %or$ as

( )
/
=
A A A A A
A A A
0e ;
v v v
Q Q E F G
E F G

+ + + +
+ +

&here
[ ]
=
A
T
Q J u v w E

is the standard set o% conserved varia#les. "he %lu1es
also have their standard de%initions. "he varia#le
represents the trans%or$ed physical ti$e step, and
/

represents the trans%or$ed pseudo,ti$e step %or

su#iterations.
De%ining the vector o% pri$itive varia#les as
[ ]
=
A
T
p
Q J p u v w T

the Navier,Stokes e'uations can #e re&ritten as
( ) ( )
( )
/
=
A A A A A
A A A
0e ;
e p p p
v v v
Q Q E F G
E F G

+ + + +
+ +

&here
; ; ;
; ;
; ;
; ;
=
A
A
p T
p T
p T
p T
o o
p p T T
e
p
u u
v v
w w
h h u v w h h
Q
Q




+ +

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
-n order to pre,condition the e'uations,
p

and
T
in
)'n. are re,de%ined as the pseudo,properties
p

and
T

. "he values o% the pseudo,properties can #e

chosen to opti$i5e convergence %or di%%erent types o%
%lo&s, such as inco$pressi#le, su#sonic co$pressi#le,
supersonic, etc. "he preconditioned $atri1 is given #y
A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
:
; ; ;
; ;
; ;
; ;
=
A
A
p T
p T
p T
p T
o o
p p T T
p
p
u u
v v
w w
h h u v w h h
Q
Q










+ +

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

NUMERICAL METHOD
)'uation &ill #e solved using appro1i$ate
%actori5ation. -n the dual,ti$e,step $ethod, the
solution is iterated to convergence in pseudo,ti$e at
each physical ti$e step. "he physical ti$e di%%erencing
&ill have 6*:+ accuracy, and the pseudo,ti$e
di%%erencing &ill #e 6*=+. Second,order accuracy is not
re'uired %or pseudo,ti$e since it is driven to
convergence each step. Since t&o di%%erent ti$e
coordinates are #eing used, physical and pseudo, the
%ollo&ing notation &ill #e used to di%%erentiate #et&een
nu$erical ti$e di%%erences.
=, = n k n
n

+ +

=, k n k n
n

+

and
=, = =, n k n k
k

+ + +

&ith n indicating the physical ti$e and k indicating the
pseudo,ti$e. Note that values at ti$e level n do not
have a k inde1 since the inner iterations have #een
converged at ti$e level n.
"he 6*=+ pseudo,ti$e di%%erence ter$ in )'n. is
appro1i$ated #y
( ) ( )
/
=, = =,
/
=
A A A
n k n k
p p p
Q Q Q

+ + +

and the 6*:+ physical ti$e di%%erence is appro1i$ated
#y
( )
=, = =
< =
A A A A
:
: :
=
n k n n
p p p p
Q Q Q Q

+ +
+
_

,

"he ,direction inviscid %lu1 derivative is
appro1i$ated #y
=
A A A A
n n n
p n p
E E A Q

+
+
and other inviscid and viscous %lu1 di%%erences are
appro1i$ated in a si$ilar %ashion.
Applying )'ns. , to )'n. yields
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
=, = =,
/
=, = =
=
=
A A
= < =
A A A
:
: :
A A A
A A A A A A
A A A
0e
A A A A A A
;
B
C
n k n k
p p p
n k n n
e p p p
n n n
n n n
p n p p n p p n p
n n n
v v v
n n n
v v v
p n p p n p p n p
Q Q
Q Q Q
E F G
A Q B Q C Q
E F G
A Q B Q C Q

+ + +
+ +

+ +

+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +

_

,
_ _

, ,
4e &ant to &rite this e'uation in ter$s o%
A
k p
Q ,
since that is the varia#le %or &hich &e &ill #e solving
on the le%t hand side. Adding and su#tracting
=,
<
A
:
n k
p
Q
+
&ithin the parenthesis in )'n. and applying )'n.
yields
( )
=, =
= <
A A
:
= < =
A A A
:
: :
p k p
n k n n
p p p
Q Q
Q Q Q

+ +

_

,
_ _

, ,

Applying )'n. to )'n. yields
A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
<
( )
( )
( )
/
=
=, =
=
=
= < =
:
A A A
A A A A
0e
= < =
A A A
:
: :
A A A
A A A A
0e
A A A
A
0e
B
C
C
B
p e
p p p
v v v
p p p k p
n k n n
e p p p
p p p
v v v k
p p p n p
v
p
A B C
A B C Q
Q Q Q
A B C
A B C Q
E F G
E

+

+ + +
+ +
+

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
_ _

, ,
_ _

, ,
( )
A A
v v
p p
F G

+

All %lu1 Jaco#ians are at ti$e level n. "he last t&o
ter$s on the right hand side can #e co$#ined i% desired.
( )
( )
/
=
=, =
= =,
= < =
:
A A A
A A A A
0e
= < =
A A A
:
: :
A A A
A A A A
0e
B
C
B
C
p e
p p p
v v v
p p p k p
n k n n
e p p p
p p p
v v v n k
p p p p
A B C
A B C Q
Q Q Q
A B C
A B C Q

+
+
+

+ + +
+ +
+

+ +
+ +
_ _

, ,
_ _

, ,

Since &e are solving the overall e'uation %or values at
pseudo,ti$e level k+1,
=,
A
n k
p
Q
+
re$ains on the right
hand side.
Be%ore per%or$ing appro1i$ate %actori5ation, it is
convenient to de%ine
/
<
:
p e
S

"he %actori5ed e'uation is given #y

( )
( )
( )
( )
/ =
= / =
= / =
/
=, =
/
= =,
A A
0e
A A
0e
A A A
0e
< =
A A A
:
: :
A A A
A A A A
0e
B
C
v
p p
v
p p
v
p p k p
n k n n
e p p p
p p p
v v v n k
p p p p
S A A
S S B B
S S C C Q
Q Q Q
A B C
A B C Q

+ +
+
+
+
+

+ +
+ +
1
]
1
]
1
]
_
_

,
,

0ight ?and Side
"he ti$e ter$ on the right hand side is straight%or&ard
to i$ple$ent, since it contains no di%%erences.
Solutions are re'uired at t&o previous ti$e steps in
order to get second order te$poral accuracy. or the
viscous ter$s, standard second,order central di%%erences
are used, as is co$$on practice. -nviscid ter$s are
co$puted using the appro1i$ate 0ie$ann solver o%
0oe
<
. "he eigenvalues o% the syste$ are re'uired %or
0oeDs sche$e. ?ere, the relevant eigenvalues are those
o% the $atri1
=
p p
A

, &hich are given #y

=,:,<
U

and
( )
E,F
:
: : : :
=
=
: G
= E
G G
H
I
T
x y z
U
h
U

t + + +

_

,
_

,
&here
T p T
h +

G G G
T p T
h +

=
p
h

Si$ilar e1pressions can #e &ritten %or the other t&o
coordinate directions #y su#stituting V or W %or U, and

or %or in )'ns. and .

A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
E
Le%t ?and Side
-deally, %astest convergence is o#tained &hen the sa$e
$ethod o% di%%erencing is used on #oth the le%t and right
hand sides o% )'n.. "his is possi#le %or lo&,order
sche$es since the #lock tridiagonal structure o% the
e'uations can #e $aintained. ?igher order sche$es
re'uire larger di%%erence stencils, and using the$ on the
le%t hand side precludes the use o% #lock tridiagonal
solvers. ?ere, Steger,4ar$ing
E
%lu1,vector splitting is
used on the le%t hand side. "his does not a%%ect the
accuracy o% the solution, since the le%t hand side is
driven to 5ero during the pseudo,ti$e iterations, and it
has #een sho&n to #e a ro#ust techni'ue.
PRECONDITIONING PARAMETERS
)'uation contains t&o yet,to,#e,de%ined para$eters,
G
p
and
G
T
. "he para$eter
G
T
has li$ited e%%ect on
convergence rate %or $ost %luids, and is si$ply set
e'ual to
T
here.
"he s'uare o% the speed o% sound can #e e1pressed as
: T
h
a

&here is de%ined in )'n. . -% in )'n. is replaced
#y
G

as de%ined in )'n. , an arti%icial sound speed can

#e de%ined,
:
G
T
p
h
a

Su#stituting )'n. into )'n. , noting that
G
T
has #een
set e'ual to
T
, and solving %or
G
p
yields
( )
G
:
=
=
T p
p
p T
h
a h

6nce the arti%icial sound speed is de%ined, the
preconditioning para$eter is kno&n. 3enkates&aran
and Merkle)rror. 0e%erence source not %ound have
developed a $ethod %or esti$ating
p
a
#ased on the
calculation o% inviscid, pressure,gradient, and unsteady
velocity scales.
"he inviscid velocity scale is si$ply the physical
velocity,
: : :
inv
V u v w + +
"he pressure,gradient velocity scale is given #y
pg
p
V

"he unsteady velocity scale is given #y
$a1 , ,
y
x z
un!
"
" "
V
# # #
_

,
&here
x
" ,
y
"
, and
z
" are characteristic unsteady length
scales in the x$ y$ and z directions.
"he %inal velocity scale is then given #y
( )
$in $a1 , , ,
p inv pg un!
V V V V a 1
]

&here a is the speed o% sound.
CODE STRUCTURE
"he general code structure is #ased on a &ell,
esta#lished co$pressi#le, <,D, unsteady
tur#o$achinery %lo& solver
:
. -t e$ploys a syste$ o%
overset 6,grids and ?,grids, &ith the values on the 6,?
#oundaries #eing updated each ti$e step #y trilinear
interpolation %ro$ the ad@acent grid. "he Bald&in,
Lo$a1 tur#ulence $odel
F
is used %or tur#ulence
closure.
RESULTS
:,D =,=J: Stage "ur#ine
"he %irst test case is the :,D si$ulation o% the %lo&
#ased on e1peri$ents on a =,=J: stage Lo& Speed
0esearch 0ig *LS00+ tur#ine at United "echnologies
0esearch !enter
6
. "he inlet Mach nu$#er is ;.;>, and
the ratio o% e1it static to inlet total pressure is ;.KF;F.
"he actual tur#ine contained ::, :L, and :L #lades in
#lade ro&s one, t&o, and three respectively. -n the
A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
F
si$ulation, the %irst,ro& geo$etry &as scaled #y ::J:L
to allo& the si$ulation to #e per%or$ed &ith one #lade
per ro& &hile $aintaining the correct #lockages.
"he grid di$ensions in each o% the three #lade ro&s are
=;K1EF in the ?,grid and :F=1E= in the 6,grid. "he
grid is sho&n in ig. =.
Figure 1 C!"#u$%$i!&%' gri() 1*1+, -$%ge LSRR
$ur.i&e
Figure , Pre--ure /!&$!ur-) 1*1+, -$%ge LSRR
$ur.i&e
8ressure contours are sho&n in ig. : to de$onstrate
'ualitatively the e1pected pressure %ield. "he do$ain
has #een repeated in the circu$%erential direction to
clari%y the contours. "he characteristic accelerations
and decelerations are seen through the passages.
"i$e,averaged sur%ace pressures are sho&n in igs. <,
F, co$paring the co$puted values &ith e1peri$ental
data %or each #lade ro&.
Figure 0 Pre--ure #r!1i'e) -$%$!r 1) 1*1+, -$%ge
LSRR $ur.i&e
Figure 2 Pre--ure #r!1i'e) r!$!r) 1*1+, -$%ge LSRR
$ur.i&e
A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
M
Figure 3 Pre--ure #r!1i'e) -$%$!r ,) 1*1+, -$%ge
LSRR $ur.i&e
"he $atch is good %or the stators, &ith so$e
discrepancy on the suction sur%ace o% the rotor. "he
suction,sur%ace $is$atch has #een o#served in a
nu$#er o% previous si$ulations o% this con%iguration #y
other researchers.
igure M sho&s entropy contours. "he #oundary layer
gro&th and &ake shedding can #e seen in each #lade
ro&. "he &ake %ro$ the %irst stator convects into the
rotor passage and takes on the characteristic hairpin
shape as it #eco$es entrained in the rotor #lade sur%ace
#oundary layers. Both the stator,= &ake and the rotor
&ake then interact &ith the do&nstrea$ stator, creating
a co$ple1 pattern o% high and lo& entropy %luid
Figure 6 E&$r!#4 /!&$!ur-) 1*1+, -$%ge LSRR
$ur.i&e
:,D Supersonic,-n%lo& "ur#ine
"he ne1t test case is a si$ulation o% the %lo& through a
gaseous o1ygen *(6N+ tur#ine &ith supersonic in%lo&
to the rotor, typical o% those #eing proposed %or reusa#le
launch vehicles. "his case &as chosen to test the shock
capturing a#ility o% the sche$e in order to validate the
coding o% the %lu1,di%%erence splitting.
"he tur#ine has a design inlet Mach nu$#er o% MO;.:F,
an inlet static pressure o% :::F psia, and an inlet static
te$perature o% appro1i$ately "O:::F 0. "he rotor
rotates at <:,;;; 08M, the 0eynolds nu$#er #ased on
the inlet conditions and the rotor a1ial chord is
appro1i$ately =.:1=;
M
and the ratio o% the rotor e1it
static pressure to vane inlet total pressure is ;.=:F. "he
tur#ine has := vanes and F: rotors. -n the current
con%iguration a :;,vaneJF;,rotor,#lade appro1i$ation
has #een $ade, resulting in a si$ulation #lade count o%
: vanes and F rotor #lades. "o keep the pitch,to,chord
ratio *#lockage+ constant, the %irst,stage vanes &ere
scaled #y a %actor o% :=J:; and the rotor #lades &ere
scaled #y a %actor o% F:JF;. -n the vanes, each ?,grid
contained MF1F= points, and each 6,grid contained
=>=1<= points. "he rotor #lade ?,grids each contained
>F1F= points, and the 6,grids each contained =>=1:=
points. "he grid is sho&n in ig. >.
Figure 5 Gri() GO6 $ur.i&e 7i$8 -u#er-!&i/ r!$!r
i&1'!7
8ressure contours are sho&n in ig. L. "he pressure
decreases rapidly through the covered portion o% the
vane passage. "he potential e%%ect o% the rotor on the
pressure %ield o% the vane can #e clearly seen #y the
di%%erences #et&een the uncovered portions o% the
suction sur%aces o% the t&o vanes. "he pressure
increases across the shocks at the rotor leading edges,
and then the %lo& re,accelerates.
-n order to get a #etter vie& o% the shock &aves, &akes
and e1pansions, Mach nu$#er contours are sho&n in
ig. K. "he %lo& enters the vane passage at a lo&
su#sonic Mach nu$#er. "he %lo& accelerates through
the vane passage, reaching sonic *choked+ conditions at
A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
>
the throat. "he %lo& #eco$es supersonic in the
diverging portion o% the vane passage, reaching a peak
Figure 9 Pre--ure /!&$!ur-) GO6 $ur.i&e 7i$8
-u#er-!&i/ r!$!r i&1'!7
Mach nu$#er o% nearly :.;. A strong e1pansion &ave
syste$ e$anates %ro$ the pressure side o% the trailing
edge. "he e1pansion &aves $ove across the vane
passage and interact &ith the suction sur%ace o% the
ad@acent vane. "he vane &akes convect into the rotor
passage &here they interact &ith the rotor #o& shock.
"his interaction creates a su#sonic %lo& region near the
leading edge that &eakens the #oundary layer and
causes rotor suction sur%ace #oundary layer separation.
"his condition e1ists until the rotor passes through the
vane &ake. "he %lo& di%%uses as it e1its the rotor
passage, decelerating #ack to su#sonic %lo& conditions.
:,D and <,D L6N "ur#ine
"he ne1t test case is the si$ulation o% %lo& through a
lo&,pressure o1idi5er tur#ine &ith L6N as the &orking
%luid. "he actual tur#ine &as e1hi#iting cracks, and it
&as thought that the cracks $ight have #een caused or
e1acer#ated #y trailing edge vorte1 shedding. "he
si$ulations &ere per%or$ed to study the unsteady %lo&
through the tur#ine. Both :,D and <,D si$ulations &ere
per%or$ed in order to deduce &hether <,D e%%ects
&ould alter the $idspan shedding %re'uency.
"he actual tur#ine had <K vanes and M= rotor #lades.
"he co$putation &as per%or$ed on t&o vanes and three
rotor #lades to si$ulate a E;,vane, M;,rotor,#lade
Figure : M%/8 &u".er /!&$!ur-) GO6 $ur.i&e
7i$8 -u#er-!&i/ r!$!r i&1'!7
tur#ine, &ith appropriate scaling to keep #lockages the
sa$e as in the actual tur#ine. "he inlet Mach nu$#er
&as ;.;E, and the 0eynolds nu$#er #ased on rotor a1ial
chord &as
M
;.F =;
. "he ratio o% e1it static pressure to
inlet total pressure &as ;.>LL. "he :,D vane grid &as
=>=1F= %or the 6,grid and MF1E= %or the ?,grid. "he
rotor 6,grid &as =>=1F=, and the ?,grid &as L;1<=.
"he grid, &hich has a total o% FM,<>F points, is sho&n in
ig. =;. -n the <,D si$ulation, the vane 6,grids &ere
=F=1E=1:=, and the vane ?,grids &ere ==M1F=1:=.
"he rotor 6,grids &ere =:=1E=1:= and the rotor ?,
grids &ere =:<1<=1:=. "he average value o% yP &as
appro1i$ately =.F %or #oth ro&s. -n addition, the
sur%ace #oundary layers &ere discreti5ed &ith =;,=F
grid points. "he co$putational grid %or the three,
di$ensional si$ulation contains =.=E $illion grid
points.
-nstantaneous te$perature contours are sho&n in ig.
==. "e$perature contours &ere chosen #ecause they
clearly sho& the vorte1 shedding %ro$ the vanes and
the interaction o% the vortices &ith the rotor #lades.
So$e o% the vortices i$pinge directly on the rotor #lade
leading edges, and are split across the suction and
pressure sur%aces. 6thers have their shape distorted due
to the potential interaction #et&een the #lade ro&s.
8ressure contours %or the <,D o1idi5er tur#ine case are
sho&n in ig. =:. "he potential interaction is sho&n #y
the di%%erences #et&een the pressure contours on the
A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
L
Figure 1; Gri() ,*D !<i(i=er $ur.i&e
Figure 11 I&-$%&$%&e!u- &!&*(i"e&-i!&%'
$e"#er%$ure /!&$!ur-) ,*D !<i(i=er $ur.i&e
rotor #lades, particularly over the %irst hal%,chord.
Upstrea$,propagating pressure &aves can #e seen
s$oothly e1iting the inlet #oundary.
-nitial :,D si$ulations &ere per%or$ed &ith an ideal,
gas code, yielding a shedding %re'uency o% E<.L k?5.
"his di%%ered su#stantially %ro$ the e1peri$ental value
o% <M k?5. "he present si$ulations resulted in
shedding %re'uencies o% <M.K k?5 in :,D and <M.F k?5
in <,D. "his sho&s that itDs i$portant to use the correct
%luid properties to accurately capture the shedding
Figure 1, Q Mi(-#%& i&-$%&$%&e!u- &!&*(i"e&-i!&%'
#re--ure /!&$!ur-) 0*D !<i(i=er $ur.i&e
%re'uency. -t also sho&s that, %or this con%iguration, <,
D e%%ects on the shedding %re'uency &ere $ini$al.
<,D 08,= -nducer
"he %inal validation case involves the %lo& o% kerosene
*08,=+ through a lo&,pressure %uel pu$p *L88+
inducer. "he inducer has an inlet pressure o% :: psi, an
inlet te$perature o% <:; 0 and the $ass %lo& is =L;
l#$Jsec. "he inducer contains three #lades, each o%
&hich has appro1i$ately <;; degrees o% &rap. "he
co$putational grid, &hich $odels one o% the inducer
#lades, consists o% an inlet duct %ollo&ed #y the inducer
#lade. "he duct grid *?,grid only+ has di$ensions o%
KM1E=1:=. "he inducer 6,grid has di$ensions o%
:F=1=K1:=, and the inducer ?,grid has di$ensions o%
==>1E=1:=. "he sur%ace grid is sho&n in ig. =< *&here
all three #lades are sho&n %or clarity+. igure =E sho&s
sur%ace pressure contours through the inducer. Although
the solution is not co$pletely periodic, the proper
trends are displayed and the kerosene properties #ehave
as e1pected.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
"he (eneral )'uation Set $ethod has #een
i$ple$ented, along &ith general %luid properties, into a
code %or tur#o$achinery applications. A series o% test
cases have #een run de$onstrating that the code
per%or$s &ell on the %lo& o% lo&,speed air, transonic
gaseous o1ygen, li'uid o1ygen, and kerosene *08,=+. -t
has #een sho&n that the correct $odeling o% %luid
A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
K
properties is i$portant %or the accurate prediction o%
vorte1 shedding %re'uencies.
Figure 10 Q C!"#u$%$i!&%' gri( 1!r $8e LPFP
i&(u/er>
Figure 12 Q I&-$%&$%&e!u- &!&*(i"e&-i!&%' #re--ure
/!&$!ur- i& $8e LPFP i&(u/er
"he dual ti$e step algorith$ re'uires speci%ication o% a
para$eter *the ratio o% pseudo,ti$e,step to physical
ti$e step+, and the choice &ill a%%ect the convergence
rate. !urrently, this ratio can #e set glo#ally or a local
pseudo,ti$e step can #e used. -t is reco$$ended that a
series o% si$ulations #e per%or$ed on typical
con%igurations using a range o% values %or this
para$eter. "his &ill help to deduce a range o% the
para$eterDs value to opti$i5e convergence rates. "his
&ill #e particularly %or co$puting inco$pressi#le and
nearly,inco$pressi#le %lo&s.
6ne issue that has #een encountered in running certain
cases has #een that the %luid can encounter non,physical
phase changes during startup transients. "his reduces
the sta#ility o% the code, since a very %ine grid &ould #e
re'uired in the vicinity o% the phase di%%erence in order
to resolve it. "his pro#le$ has #een $itigated #y
li$iting the pressure and te$perature changes that can
occur during initial transients. "hese li$its are re$oved
once the initial transients have settled out. uture &ork
&ill involve the develop$ent o% a techni'ue to handle
the phase changes in a $ore elegant %ashion.
REFERENCES
A$erican -nstitute o% Aeronautics and Astronautics
=;
=
3enkates&aran, S., and Merkle, !. L., RAnalysis o% 8reconditioning Methods %or the )uler and Navier,Stokes )'uations,S
3on Tar$an -nstitute Lecture Series, March L,=:, =KKK.
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Dorney, D.J., Davis, 0.L., )d&ards, D.)., and Madavan, N.T., UUUnsteady Analysis o% ?ot Streak Migration in a "ur#ine
Stage,GG A-AA Journal o% 8ropulsion and 8o&er, 3ol. L, No. :, March,April, =KK:, pp. F:;,,F:K.
<
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0oe, 8. L.,SAppro1i$ate 0ie$ann Solvers, 8ara$eter 3ectors, and Di%%erence Sche$es,GG Journal o% !o$putational
8hysics, 3ol E<, No. :, =KL=, pp. <F>V<>:.
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E
Steger, J. L., and 4ar$ing, 0. ., UUlu1 3ector Splitting o% the -nviscid (asdyna$ic )'uations &ith Application to inite,
Di%%erence Methods,GG Journal o% !o$putational 8hysics, 3ol. E;, =KL=, pp. :M<,:K<.
F
Bald&in, B. S., and Lo$a1, ?., UU"hin Layer Appro1i$ation and Alge#raic Model %or Separated "ur#ulent lo&s,GG A-AA
paper >L,:F>, =Mth Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Jan. =M,=L, =K>L, ?untsville, Al.
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Dring, 0. 8., Blair, M. ., Joslyn, ?. D., 8o&er, (. D., and 3erdon, J. M., UU"he )%%ects o% -nlet "ur#ulence and
0otorJStator -nteractions on the Aerother$odyna$ics and ?eat "rans%er o% a Large,Scale 0otating "ur#ine Model,GG NASA
!ontractor 0eport E;>K, May, =KLM.