!"#$ &'( )*+,-.

/ 01203 4"567," 01

1
8#9, :-,5$"; < *6=6"; #> *6,";;

Ch. 4, p. 73-76


"# $%&'%(%)*+), -*'%(( .) / 0.1' 2+/,'/34 1he lnflnlLe number of normal and shear sLresses acLlng on all posslble
planes passlng Lhrough a polnL can be represenLed slmply and graphlcally uslng a Mohr dlagram. 1hls !
n
vs. !
s

(normal sLress vs. shear sLress) graph shows all (!
n
, !
s
) comblnaLlons for planes of any orlenLaLlon relaLlve Lo Lhe
prlnclpal sLresses.

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226 !"#$7,0% 84,02202 ,01,020340- #3 1+92#:.; 21.:0 <=>#22 ? )**,02@
ABBCD6


5# $%&'%(%)*+), -*'%(( .) / 0.1' 2+/,'/34 lor Lhe 2u case represenLed by Mohr dlagrams, Lhe orlenLaLlon of any
plane relaLlve Lo !1 and !3 ls glven by ": Lhe angle measured from !1 Loward Lhe normal vecLor Lo Lhe plane.

All posslble orlenLaLlons of planes passlng Lhrough a polnL are represenLed by " ln Lhe range 0 Lo 180.

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226


6# $%&'%(%)*+), -*'%(( .) / 0.1' 2+/,'/34 When all posslble comblnaLlons of !
n
, !
s
are ploLLed ln Mohr space for
all posslble plane orlenLaLlons, Lhey Lrace ouL a clrcle called a Mohr clrcle, cenLered on Lhe !
n
axls. 1he clrcle has
boLh +lve and -lve values of shear sLress !
s
Lo represenL Lhe slgn convenLlon for dexLral and slnlsLral shearlng. lor
!
n
, +lve values are compresslve whereas -lve values are Lenslle.

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226


7# $%&'%(%)*+), -*'%(( .) / 0.1' 2+/,'/34 noLe LhaL angle " ln physlcal space ls always doubled Lo 2" ln Mohr
space. So Lhe full range of plane orlenLaLlons ls 360 ln Mohr space (hence, Lhe clrcle).

1he angle 2" ls measured CCW away from Lhe rlghL slde of Lhe clrcle, along Lhe !
n
axls, for a CCW angle from !
1
Lo
Lhe normal Lo Lhe plane ln physlcal space (l.e., +lve shear sLress). Llse, Lhe angle ls measured CW (-lve shear sLress).

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226


8# $%&'%(%)*+), -*'%(( .) / 0.1' 2+/,'/34 1he Mohr clrcle shows us LhaL any plane (red sLar ln flgure) wlll have
Lwo complemenLary planes LhaL respecLlvely conLaln Lhe same amounL of shear sLress buL a dlfferenL normal sLress
(orange sLar), or Lhe same normal sLress buL an opposlLe slgn of shear sLress (yellow sLar).


9# :.)(*';<*+), / 0.1' :+'<=%4 8y deflnlLlon, any surface conLalnlng zero shear sLress (no slldlng posslble) has a
normal sLress LhaL ls also a prlnclpal sLress (l.e., a prlnclpal plane). 1herefore, prlnclpal sLresses musL ploL along Lhe
!
n
axls, where !
s
= 0. lor Lhe 2u case, we only ploL !
1
and !
3
.

8ecause !
1
> !
3
ln magnlLude, lL ploLs furLher Lo Lhe rlghL on Lhe !
n
axls.

!"#$7,0% )*+, -#.$,./ .E026

!"#$ &'( )*+,-./ 01203 4"567," 01

2

># :.)(*';<*+), / 0.1' :+'<=%4 We Lyplcally only represenL +lve shear and normal sLresses, so a seml-clrcle ls drawn
LhaL connecLs !
1
and !
3
. Clven Lhe deflnlLlon of ", lf !
1
ls perpendlcular Lo a plane, " = 0 (l.e., 2" = 0). 1hls ls why
2" ls measured from Lhe rlghL slde of Lhe clrcle, where 2" = 0.

ln physlcal space, Lhe range of " beLween !
1
and !
3
ls 90, so ln Mohr space Lhls angle musL be 180. 1hls allows
boLh !
1
and !
3
Lo ploL on Lhe !
n
axls, whlch ls necessary as Lhey are normal sLresses Lo prlnclpal planes.

!"#$7,0% F*324,7:4#3$ . )*+, -#.$,./6 !"#$7,0% G01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,02202 .3- 4+04. ,0;.4#H0 4* . 1;.306


?# @(+), / 0.1' :+'<=%4 8ead off Lhe coordlnaLes of (!
n
, !
s
) along Lhe clrcle for any value of 2" Lo deLermlne Lhe
normal and shear sLress along any plane aL angle " Lo !
3
.

!"#$7,0% I2#3$ . )*+, :#,:;0 -#.$,./6 !"#$7,0% G01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,02202 .3- 4+04. ,0;.4#H0 4* . 1;.306


A# $%&'%(%)*+), -*'%(( .) / 0.1' 2+/,'/34 We can see from Lhe Mohr clrcle LhaL Lhe maxlmum shear sLress
posslble occurs where 2" = 90. 1hese represenL planes aL 43 Lo boLh !
1
and !
3
ln physlcal space (Lwo con[ugaLe
planes of maxlmum shear sLress).

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226


"B# $%&'%(%)*+), -*'%(( .) / 0.1' 2+/,'/34 1he cenLer of Lhe Mohr clrcle ls slmply Lhe average of !
1
and !
3
and
so ls called Lhe mean sLress (
!
"
n
) or Lhe mean normal sLress, (!
1
+!
3
)/2. 1he radlus of Lhe Mohr clrcle ls half Lhe
dlfference beLween !
1
and !
3
and ls equal Lo Lhe maxlmum shear sLress, (!
1
-!
3
)/2.

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226


""# 0.1' CD;/*+.)(4 1hese Lwo quanLlLles can be used Lo flnd Lhe coordlnaLes of any polnL along Lhe Mohr clrcle,
and Lhus !
n
and !
s
for any plane. uslng LrlgonomeLry:

!
n
=
!
"
n
+ r cos 2"
and
!
s
= r sln 2".

uslng Lhe equaLlons for mean sLress and maxlmum shear sLress:

!
n
= [(!
1
+ !
3
)/2] + [(!
1
- !
3
)/2] cos 2"
and
!
s
= [(!
1
- !
3
)/2] sln 2".

1hese are Lhe Mohr equaLlons and can always be used lnsLead of consLrucLlng a Mohr clrcle.

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226





!"#$ &'( )*+,-./ 01203 4"567," 01

3
"5# -*/*%( .E -*'%((4 We can conslder a number of expllclL sLaLes of sLress wlLh deflned Lermlnologles.
PydrosLaLlc pressure (!
1
= !
2
= !
3
= p) ls when all prlnclpal sLresses are equal and compresslve. PydrosLaLlc lmplles
a fluld pressure, buL we can also conslder a sLaLe of llLhosLaLlc pressure (rock welghL). lL ploLs as a polnL on Lhe !
n

axls.

!"#$% '%C% 80H0,.; 24.402 *5 24,0226


"6# -*/*%( .E -*'%((4 unlaxlal sLress ls when only one prlnclpal sLress ls nonzero. 1he Lwo posslblllLles are unlaxlal
compresslon (!
1
> 0, !
2
= !
3
= 0) and unlaxlal exLenslon (!
3
< 0, !
1
= !
2
= 0). nelLher condlLlon occurs ln naLure buL
may be used as a loadlng condlLlon ln laboraLory experlmenLs. 1he Mohr clrcle ls LangenL Lo Lhe !
s
axls.


"7# -*/*%( .E -*'%((4 8laxlal sLress (!
1
> !
2
> 0, !
3
= 0, or !
1
> !
3
, !
2
= 0) lmplles one prlnclpal sLress (!
2
or !
3
) ls
zero. 1hls loadlng condlLlon ls also used ln lab experlmenLs buL only occurs ln naLure aL Lhe LarLh's surface. Also,
axlal sLress ls where !
1
> !
2
= !
3
> 0 (axlal compresslon) or !
1
= !
2
> !
3
(axlal exLenslon).


"8# -*/*%( .E -*'%((4 lor Lhe blaxlal sLress condlLlon !
1
= -!
3
, !
2
= 0, we have a condlLlon called pure shear sLress.
under Lhese condlLlons, planes conLalnlng Lhe largesL shear sLress !
s
have zero normal sLress !
n
acLlng across Lhem.
1he mean sLress ls zero, so Lhe Mohr clrcle ls cenLered on Lhe orlgln.


"9# -*/*%( .E -*'%((4 1rlaxlal sLress (!
1
> !
2
> !
3
) ls Lhe mosL common slLuaLlon ln naLure, buL ls surprlslngly dlfflculL
Lo repllcaLe ln lab experlmenLs.


"># -*/*%( .E -*'%((4 CLher quanLlLles of sLress LhaL prove Lo be useful when conslderlng deformaLlon:

ulfferenLlal sLress: !
dlff
= !
1
- !
3


1hls quanLlLy ls used Lo conslder Lhe sLrengLh of rock and ls equlvalenL Lo Lhe dlameLer of Lhe Mohr clrcle.

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226


"?# -*/*%( .E -*'%((4

uevlaLorlc sLress:
!
"
n
dev
="
n
#"
n


1hls descrlbes how any componenL of normal sLress (such as Lhe prlnclpal sLresses) dlffers from Lhe average sLress
(Lhe mean sLress).
lL lndlcaLes lf Lhe rock ls experlenclng a devlaLorlc compresslon or a devlaLorlc exLenslon ln any parLlcular dlrecLlon
(how lL wlll respond Lo Lhe sLresses).

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226


"A# -*/*%( .E -*'%((4

LffecLlve sLress:
!
"
n
eff
="
n
# p
f

!"#$ &'( )*+,-./ 01203 4"567," 01

4
lf a rock conLalns pressurlzed fluld ln pores or cracks, Lhls fluld pushes ouL agalnsL Lhe conflnlng sLress, resulLlng ln
a sLress sLaLe LhaL ls effecLlvely less Lhan lL oLherwlse would be.

All prlnclpal sLresses are reduced equally by p
f
, causlng Lhe Mohr clrcle Lo shlfL Lo Lhe lefL by p
f
wlLhouL changlng ln
slze. 1hus, fluld pressure reduces Lhe normal sLress buL leaves Lhe shear sLress unaffecLed.

!"#$% '%(% )*+, -#.$,./ ,01,02034.4#*3 *5 24,0226


5B# 0%<1/)+<( .E F'+**=% G/+=;'%4 We can Lhlnk of a maLerlal llke rock undergolng some sorL of sLrucLural fallure
once Lhe sLresses reach some crlLlcal value for brlLLle fracLurlng. 8ocks Lhus have a llmlL Lo Lhelr sLrengLh.

8uL whaL ls sLrengLh and how do we measure lL?

1hls has Lyplcally been done ln Lhe laboraLory uslng a pressurlzed vessel conLalnlng a rock cyllnder placed beLween
hydraullc plsLons (called a rock LesLlng machlne).

!"#$7,0% G*:J 4024#3$ /.:+#30 <K*;;.,- ? ";04:+0,@ ABBLD6


5"# 0%<1/)+<( .E F'+**=% G/+=;'%4 A range of rock fallure sLyles may occur dependlng on Lhe loadlng condlLlons. lor
unlaxlal loadlng, openlng fracLures form parallel Lo !
1
(Lhe long axls of Lhe cyllnder). 1hls Lype of fallure ls called
axlal spllLLlng or longlLudlnal spllLLlng.

!"#$7,0% M,#44;0 5.#;7,0 *5 ,*:J 210:#/032 <=>#22 ? )**,02@ ABBCN K*;;.,- ? ";04:+0,@ ABBLD6


55# 0%<1/)+<( .E F'+**=% G/+=;'%4 lor axlal compresslon (cyllnder lnslde a pressurlzed fluld), shear fallure occurs
Lhrough Lhe developmenL of a dlagonal break Lhrough Lhe sample. ln some cases, con[ugaLe fracLures may form.
1hey form aL <43 Lo !
1
(usually ~30) so are noL planes of maxlmum shear sLress.

1hese Lwo sLyles of fallure warranL Lhe developmenL of expllclL fallure crlLerla Lo explaln brlLLle fracLure of rock.

!"#$7,0% M,#44;0 5.#;7,0 *5 ,*:J 210:#/032 <=>#22 ? )**,02@ ABBCN K*;;.,- ? ";04:+0,@ ABBLD6