1

Li ni u
Trong x hi hin nay, nhu cu trao i thng tin lun gn lin vi s
pht trin ca con ngi. T rt xa xa loi ngi c nhu cu trao i
thng tin nn vn mong mun c mt phng php truyn thng tin i xa.
Ngy nay, nhng mong c ca con ngi tr thnh hin thc. Cng
vi s pht trin ca x hi, khoa hc k thut ng mt vai tr rt quan
trng. Trong bt k lnh vc hot ng no ca con ngi cng cn n
thng tin. Chnh v vy, trong vi thp k gn y x hi loi ngi c s
bng n v thng tin, loi ngi ang chuyn sang k nguyn thng tin.
Khng ging nh cc ti nguyn khc, ti nguyn thng tin l v tn, cng
khai thc th cng lm cho thng tin ngy mt phong ph thm. Mt trong
nhng lnh vc khoa hc k thut, thng tin cung cp cho cc hot ng
ca con ngi l truyn hnh.
Mt trong nhng kha cnh quan trng ca truyn hnh l my thu
hnh, cng vi s pht trin ca k thut truyn hnh th my thu hnh cng
pht trin nhanh chng, t my thu hnh en trng n my thu hnh mu
ri n my thu hnh cht lng cao... p ng nhu cu ca con ngi
ngy cng cao.
Vit Nam cng nh cc nc trn th gii, truyn hnh ngy mt
pht trin mnh m. Cht lng truyn hnh ngy cng mt tt hn, s
lng thng tin c truyn ti trn truyn hnh ngy mt phong ph. S
pht trin ca truyn hnh c th hin kh r 3 h truyn hnh mu l:
PAL, NTSC, SECAM, c bit l h truyn hnh mu PAL v NTSC.
Trong n tt nghip ny, c s gip nhit tnh ca cc thy
c trong phng k thut trung tm thc hnh in T - Vin Thng, c
bit l thy gio ThS Dng Thanh Phng tn tnh gip em nghin
cu v trnh by n ny.
Em c gng nhng v thi gian c hn v s hiu bit v chuyn
mn cn hn ch nn n ny cn nhiu thiu st v ni dung v hnh
thc. Vy em mong cc thy c thng cm v ch bo thm cho em.
n gm 3 phn chnh l:
Chng I: Nguyn l truyn hnh mu
Chng II: S khi my thu hnh mu
Chng III: Mch ngun cho my thu hnh
H Ni, ngy 01 thng 04 nm 2007
SV thc hin
Nguyn Minh Hin
2
Chng I
Nguyn l truyn hnh mu
I. Nguyn l truyn hnh mu
Trong h thng truyn hnh en trng nh truyn i c hin th
bng sng ti cc im trn tng dng my nh, camera c nhim v
bin i sng ti truyn hnh nh nhiu mc in p khc nhau. m
bo cho nh thu c ng b vi nh pht i, ta cn phi pht xung ng
b dng v xung ng b mnh. Dng sng ca tn hiu truyn hnh en
trng y gm tn hiu hnh, xung xa v xung ng b, v vy trong h
thng truyn hnh mu ta phi truyn thng tin v mu ng vi mi im
ca hnh u t l vi ba mu c bn: mu (R - red), mu lc (G-green),
mu l (B - blue) v mu l mu khng cn truyn tn hiu chi. V
vy, dng sng tn hiu truyn hnh en trng gm xung xa, xung ng b
truyn hnh v thng tin v chi c thay th bng truyn hnh thng
tin v tn hiu mu.
1. H thng truyn hnh c bn
H thng truyn c bn l h thng truyn hnh ng thi truyn ba
tn hiu mu ring bit l tn hiu hnh.
a. H thng thit pht tn hiu mu
H thng thit b pht mu
n
quang
R
R
n
quang
G
G
B
n
quang
B
Khuch
i KR
iu
ch
FR
Khuch
i KG
iu
ch
FG
Khuch
i KB
iu
ch
FB
My
pht
Fov
D
R
D
G
D
B
D
3
Ph ca tn hiu mu
- Knh lng sc 3, phn chiu mu (R) v truyn i mu lc (G)
- Gng phn chiu 2 v gng phn chiu 4 phn chiu nh sng
mu l (B) v mu (R).
Do h thng knh lng sc v gng phn chiu phn tch nh
sng mu sc ca cnh vt gm 3 thnh phn c bn a ti 3 knh lc mu,
knh lc mu (R) ch cho mu qua (cn cc thnh phn khc th knh
hp th), cc knh lc khc cng tng t (knh lc mu B ch cho mu B i
qua, knh lc mu G ch cho mu G i qua). nh sng ca 3 mu c bn R,
G, B c a truyn n n quang in. n quang in c nhim v
bin i tn hiu quang (nh sng mu R, G, B) thnh tn hiu in tng
ng vi 3 mu c bn R
R
, F
G
, F
B
. in p tn hiu F
R
, F
G
, F
B
, c truyn
ti b khuch i in p K
R
, K
G
, K
B
, khuch i tn hiu mu ln
ln sau c a vo iu ch bin ca 3 tn s mang tn s cao tn
F
R
F
G
F
B
, ba tn s sng mang iu bin c a n b cng hng v
ta c tn ph nh trn.
- Nu cc di ph tn hiu l mu D v gii ph ca tn hiu mu
lc D v gii ph ca tn hiu mu l D u bng 6MHz v dnh thm 1
MHz lm khong m gia cc di tn th di thng ca knh truyn
hnh l:
D = 6MHz * 3 + 1 MHz = 19 MHz.
Tn hiu tng hp ca knh truyn hnh mu u ra b cng c
a ti my pht. My pht c nhim v to ra tn s sng mang pht hnh
Fov v ly tn hiu tng hp ca knh truyn hnh iu ch bin sng
mang Fov cui cng sng iu ch c a ti Anten pht, pht ra
khng gian di dng sng in t.
b. H thng thit b thu mu
L s khi ca thit b thu tn hiu Anten mu, anten my thu
nhn c tn hiu cn thu c tn s sng mang Fov qua cc tng khuch
i cao tn, i tn, khuch i trung tn v tch sng, ta li ly ra c
gii tn ca knh truyn hnh mu.
4
S khi thu mu
Tn hiu ca knh truyn hnh mu c a ti b lc khuch i
vi b khuch i di ly ring ra 3 tn s sng mang mu iu ch
F
G
, F
R
, F
B
. Tn s sng mang mu c a ti b tch sng ly ra 3 tn
hiu mu ring bit R, G, B. Tn hiu mu c khuch i v cung cp qua
thu knh v n trn mu trn hnh nh v ti to li cnh vt y mu sc.
Tn s qut dng v qut mnh c s dng nh mn hnh en
trng.
Kt lun
- H thng truyn hnh mu trn khng c ng truyn chi Y
ring bit do khng p ng c khi thu chng trnh truyn hnh en
trng.
- Di thng tin ca truyn hnh mu qu rng (19 MHz), do khng
ph hp vi truyn hnh en trng (di thng khong 60 MHz).
- thc hin c di truyn hnh mu v truyn hnh en trng, ta
phi to ra ng truyn chi ring bit v di thng ca tn hiu mu 6
MHz ph hp vi di thng ca tn hiu truyn hnh en trng.
II. Tn hiu trong truyn hnh mu
1. Tn hiu chi
Tn hiu chi l tn hiu hnh nh trong truyn hnh en trng. h
thng truyn hnh mu, tn hiu chi c t hp t ba tn hiu mu c bn
E
R
, E
G
, E
B
theo biu thc sau:
Y = 0,3 E
R
+ 0,59 E
G
+ 0,11 E
B
2. Tn hiu mu
Tn hiu mu l hiu s ca tn hiu mu c bn v tn hiu chi.
Trong truyn hnh mu ngi ta khng trc tip pht i cc tn hiu mu
c bn m pht i cc tn hiu mu v to nh mu trng cc tn hiu mu
u bng khng, do khng gy nhiu ln nh en trng.
Ba tn hiu mu:
E
R
- E
Y
= E
E
- (0,3
R
+ 0,29
G
+ 0,11E
B
) = 0,7 E
R
- 0,29 E
G
- 0,11E
B
E
G
- E
Y
= E
G
- (0,3
R
+ 0,29
G
+ 0,11E
B
) = -0,3 E
R
+ E
G
- 0,11E
B
5
E
B
- E
Y
= E
B
- (0,3E
R
+ 0,59E
G
+ 0,11E
B
) = -0,3 E
R
- 0,59 E
G
-
0,89E
B
La chn tn hiu mu truyn i trong truyn hnh mu.
i truyn hnh mu pht i mt tn hiu chi E
Y
v hai tn hiu in
mu E
R
- E
Y
v E
B
- E
Y
. Tn hiu mu th ba E
G
- E
Y
b khng gi i v:
+ Qung bin thin ca E
G
- E
Y
l nh nht cha lng thng tin
km r rng.
+ Mt ngi rt nhy cm vi mu lc G, c th phn bit cc chi tit
rt nh do phi gi tn hiu mu lc G vi di ph rng, lm phc tp
thm v k thut. Bi vy pha thu phi dng mch ma trn G - Y to
li tn hiu mu th ba E
G
- E
Y
theo cng thc sau:
E
Y
= 0,3 E
R
+ 0,59 + 0,11 E
B
E
Y
= 0,3 (E
R
- E
Y
) + 0,59(E
G
- E
Y
) + 0,11 (E
B
- E
Y
) + E
Y
E
Y
- E
Y
= 0,4 (E
R
- E
Y
) + 0,59 (E
G
- E
Y
) + 0,11 (E
B
- E
Y
)
0,59 (E
G
- E
Y
) = -0,3 (E
R
- E
Y
) - 0,11 (E
B
- E
Y
)
E
R
- E
Y
= -0,51 (E
R
- E
Y
) - 0,19 (E
B
- E
Y
)
4. Bin php rt gn di tn
rt gn di tn ca tn hiu mu tng hp cho ph hp vi di tn
ca h thng truyn hnh en trng ta da vo 2 yu t sau:
a. Kh nng phn di chi tit nh mu ca mt
Cc th nghim cho rng kh nng phn gii ca mt i vi cc phn
t mu ph thuc vo mu sc ca cc phn t mu. Kh nng phn gii
ca mt tt nht l i vi mu lc G, i vi cc mu c bc sng >
560nm v bc sng > 500nm kh nng phn gii ca mt gii nhanh. Mu
c ph cng rng th kh nng phn gii ca mt cng cao, v ngc li. Do
mt c phn gii vi mu lc l tt nht, i vi mu mt c
phn gii trung bnh, i vi mu l mt c phn gii km.
Thc nghim cho ta bit:
- i vi tn hiu R hay (R - Y) ch cn gii tn c tn s khong
1,5MHz
- i vi tn hiu B hay (B - Y) ch cn di tn c tn s khong
0,5MHz
Do di tn ca tn hiu mu tng hp chim 9MHz gm: tn hiu
chi Y chim di tn s 6 MHz v dnh 1 Mhz lm khong m. Trong
nhiu di tn ca tn hiu tng hp ny cha kt hp c vi h thng
truyn hnh en trng.
6MHz 1,5MHz 0,5MHz
9MHz
fy f(R-Y) f(B-Y)
6
Di tn ca tn hiu mu tng hp
b. Phng php xen tn
Ph ca tn hiu chi (hay tn hiu truyn hnh en trng) khng lin
tc. Cc vch ph tp trung tn s mnh fv cng vi bi ca n 2fv... nfv
v cc nh ca tn.
S dng f.h cng nhng bi ca n, khu vc tn s cng cao th
nh ca chng cng nh dn.
Nng lng ca tn hiu chi Y tp trung khu vc tn s cng cao
th nh ca chng cng nh dn.
Nng lng ca tn hiu chi Y tp trung nhng vch nht nh ta
c th ci lng
Thng tin mu vo khong chng gia cc vch c chi. Do 2
tn hiu "mu hiu" (R - Y) v (B - Y) khng phi truyn i 2 di tn ring
bit m ci ngay trong di tn ca tn hiu chi cng truyn i. V
vy m di tn ca tn hiu mu tng hp Y 9 R - Y), (B - Y) c thu v
di tn ca Y. Vi phng php ny ta gii quyt c gia truyn hnh en
trng v h thng truyn hnh mu.
Di tn ca ph tn hiu mu tng hp theo phng php xen tn
Kt lun chung
Qua phn tch phn trn ta thy h thng truyn hnh mu kt
hp vi h thng truyn hnh en trng thc hin cc bin php sau:
+ H thng truyn hnh mu truyn i b chi Y (nh h thng
truyn hnh en trng)
Vi 2 tn hiu "hiu mu", (R - Y) v (B - Y) iu ch trn 2 tn
s sng mang f (R - Y) v f ( B - Y).
+ Hai tn s sng mang ph f (R - Y) v f ( B - Y) c ci vo tn
hiu chi Y theo phng php xen tn.
Vn cn li l:
+ Thng tin tn hiu mu cha c tp trung i tn khu vc tn
s cao ca di tn dnh cho tn hiu chi Y nu c nh hng ln hnh
nh.
+ Khi a tn s sng mang mu ph f (R - Y) v f ( B - Y) v tn
hiu mu t hp d sinh ra giao thoa gia 2 tn s mang mu ph vi tn s
mang hnh foa, tn s sng mang hnh foa to ln nhng tn s nhiu rt
kh loi tr.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
6,2 MHz
0
1 2 3 4
4,25 MHz
7
+ gii quyt nhng nhc im ny mi h thng truyn hnh
phi c nhng bin php gii quyt khc nhau.
III. c im ca h truyn hnh mu
1. H truyn hnh mu NTSC
NTSC (National televesion committee) y ban h thng truyn quc
gia. y l h truyn hnh u tin trn th gii (nm 1953) ti M do FFC
chnh thc ph chun lm h truyn hnh mu ca M.
a. Tn hiu chi Y c tnh theo
Y = 0,30 R + 0,59 G + 0,11 B
C rng di tn l 4,2 MHz
b. Hai tn hiu "hiu mu": c truyn ng thi sang pha thu.
Thng tin mu c truyn i trong h NTSC khng phi l (R- Y) v
(B - Y) m l tn hiu I v Q)
th biu th vect mu
Trong h NTSC ta chuyn h trc ta (R -Y) v (B - Y) thnh h
trc ta I v Q lch vi h trc (R - Y) v (B - Y) mt gc 33
0
. Tn hiu
mu I v Q c tnh theo cng thc:
I = 0,74 (R - Y) - 0,27 (B - Y)
Y = 0,48 (R - Y) - 0,41 (B - Y)
Tn hiu I c rng di tn l 1,5 MHz v Q c rng l 0,5 MHz
Hai tn hiu ny c iu ch vung gc trn mt tn s mang mu
ph f
c
. Ngha l tn hiu I v Q cng iu ch bin trn cng mt tn s
f
c
nhng dch pha 90
0
.
c. iu bin nn
Trong truyn hnh en trng cng nh truyn hnh mu i vi tn
hiu iu bin ta khng truyn i c sng mang F
0
v c hai di bin tn
trn di (F
0
F) m tit kim ph tn ta ch truyn sng mang vi ton
di bin tn trn (f
0
+ F) v mt phn bin tn di. Trong h NTSC cng
vy tn hiu I v Q cng c iu ch vo tn s sng mang f
c
nhng ta
khng truyn i sng mang m ch truyn i hai di bin tn trn v di
E
1
M
EQ
33
0
33
0
E
R
- E
Y
(05)MHz
E
Q
E
1
E
B
- E
Y
(01,5)MHz
(01,5)MHz
8
phng php ny gi l truyn thng tin sng bin trit tn s sng mang I
m

v Q
m
l tn hiu sng bin ca I v Q.
Ph tn hiu
d. Tn hiu ng b mu
Do tn s f
c
li nn hon ton, bn pha pht khng truyn sang pha
thu phc hi, v vy my pht phi truyn i tn hiu ng b mu my
thu phc hi tn s sng mang mu f
c
ng tn tn s v phan ban u nh
pha pht. Tn hiu ng b mu c tn s mang mu bng f
c
= 3,58 MHz
v c t pha sau cc xung dng.
e. Ph ca tn hiu mu tng hp
Ph ca tn hiu mu tng hp trong h NTSC bao gm chi Y v
sc C, sc C gm tn hiu I iu bin vo tn s f
c
truyn i ton di bin
tn di v mt phn di bin tn trn tn hiu Q iu bin vo cng tn s
f
c
nhng dch pha 90
0
truyn i c 2 bin tn trn v di. Hai tn hiu I
m

v Q
m
to thnh tn hiu mu sc C;
C = I
m
+ Q
m
f. S m ha h NTSC
Hnh 10. Ph ca tn hiu mu tng hp
f
0
-f
max
f
0
f
0
+ f
max
f
0
-f
max
f
0
f
0
+ f
min
f
0
+f
max
f
0
f
0
+ f
max
3,58
3,5
I
m
Q
m
Y
0
MHz
f
c
4 3
Ma
trn
Ma
trn
Dy tr
SAM
I
SAM
II
o pha
90
0
o
pha 180
0
B
cng
I
B
cng
II
B
cng
Cng
mu
burt
U
2
(t)
0
0
fH
U
4
(t)
U
3
(t)
90
0
U
2
(t)
U
1
(t)
E
R
-E
Y
E
Y
E
R
E
G
E
B
Video
NTSC Ura
E
B
9
S m h NTSC
Nguyn l lm vic
+ Tn hiu mu c bn qua ma trn c bin i u ra in p chi
E
Y
v in p mu E
r
, E
b
, in p chi qua dy tr gi chm 0,7 ms cho
ng b vi tn hiu mu khi tn hiu mu qua b m ha. Cn 2 in p
mu c a n b iu ch SAM I v SAM II. Nguyn l 2 b iu ch
ny hon ton ging nhau ch khc nhau ca dao ng sng mang mu:
SAM I l 90
0
, SAM II l 0
0
.
Mch to dao ng c f = 3,58 MHz c di pha t 0
0
sang 33
0
kt
hp vi tn hiu E
Q
cho vo mch iu bin nn loi b sng mang.
n b iu ch c dao ng sng mang pht ra in p.
U
s
(t) = U
s
* sin W
st
(ly U
s
= 1 n v)
U
s
(t) = Sin W
st
+ Xt SAM I: in p ra sau SAM I:
U
1
(t) = E
r
* cos (W
st
)
U
1
(t), U
2
(t) a vo b cng I
U
3
(t) = U
1
(t) + U
2
(t)
= E
r
* cos W
st
= E
b
* sin W
st
U
3
(t) v E
Y
c cng b cng II ta c U
4t
U
4
= E
Y
+ E
r
c W
st
+ E
b
sin W
st
U
4
(t) v U
5
(t) qua b cng III ta c tn hiu U
ra
(t):
y chnh l tn hiu VIDEO iu ch vi dao ng sng mang mu
g. S gii m mu h NTSC
* S
E
R
E
G
E
B
10
Nhim v cc khi
+ Tch sng ng b: tch ly 2 tn hiu video l tn hiu mu iu
ch vi sng mang mu v tn hiu chi E
Y
+ Trn 2 tn s trung tn hnh v ting ly ra tn s trung tn ting
tt hn: (4,5 MHz; 5 MHz; 5,5 MHz).

n

p
h

n

t
i

n
g
11
+ Khi khuch i trung tn mu: nng cao bin tn hiu v pht
trin tnh lc tn s cho tn hiu mu trong di tn f = 2,35 MHz 4,2MHz.
+ Khi tch sng ng b I, II tch ly tn hiu mu t sng mang
mu.
+ B lc I, II: lc b tn s cao tn f
s
, gi li tn hiu mu E
R-Y
v
E
B-Y

+ Mch ma trn: bin i tn hiu E
Y
, E
G
, E
B
(ma trn ny gm hai
ma trn: ma trn G - Y v ma trn RGB).
+ Dao ng thch anh (f = 3,58 MHz)
+ Cng mu: khuch i xung ng b m i qua. N ch m khi c
xung ng b dng i qua.
Nguyn l lm vic
Tn hiu tng hp gm 7 tn hiu trong 1 tn hiu ting v 6 tn
hiu th tn (tn hiu xung ng b mnh, ng b dng, tn hiu chi, 2 tin
tc mu l E
I
, E
Q
, tn hiu ng b mu.
- 1 ng tn hiu chi i qua mch gi chm 0,7mSECAM ch tn
hiu mu qua cc mch n ma trn khi b lch pha.
- 1 ng tn hiu qua khuch i trung tn mu khuch i chn
lc, chn ly tn hiu iu bin nn vung gc 2,38 4,2 MHz n y tn
hiu vo hai mch tch sng iu bin nn I v tch sng iu bin nn 2
ri i vo mch ma trn. Mun c tch sng iu bin nn phi c sng
mang mu ph f
sc
= 3,58 MHz dao ng ny c xc nh bi pha ca tn
hiu le mu. Mch le mu l mt tng khuch i ch m khi c xung tn
s dng f
H
i vo ngay ti thi im thm sau ca xung ng b dng. Nh
vy u ra ca cng le tt c cc tin tc ca tn hiu khc b loi b, tr
tin le mu vi pha 0
0
c a ra kch thch tng dao ng OSC f
sc
,
sng mang ph c quay sm pha +33
0
a vo tch sng iu bin E
Q
,
ri li quay sm pha 90
0
na tch sng iu bin E
I
.
Kt lun v h mu NTSC
- Truyn ng thi 2 tn hiu
- iu bin sng mang ph f
sc
(3,58 MHz hoc 4,43 MHz) bi 2 tn
hiu mu E
I
, E
Q
bng cch iu bin nn vung gc.
- Tn hiu mu NTSC c cha 7 tin tc:
+ 4 tin tc u ca truyn hnh en trng: gii tn n 4,5 MHz
(FFC)
+ 2 tn hiu mu EI gii tn t 0 1,2 MHz, EQ c gii tn t
00,5MHz c chn vo bin trn ca tn hiu chi t 2,38 MHz n
4,2MHz
+ Tn tc th 7 l le mu (ng b mu)
- Le mu truyn i pha gc 0 ca sng mang ph, dng chun
pha sng mang ph f
sc
my thu cn cho tch sng iu bin nn vung
gc
12
- Bng cch chn sng mang ph f
sc
cho php t kh c tp m do
n gy ra.
- Phi chn FM ting sao cho n giao thoa vi f
sc
khng to nn
nhiu trn mn hnh.
- H NTSC hay xy ra s sai pha trn ng truyn, gii php cho
vn ny l my thu c nt iu chnh pha sa mu ( 2 nt chnh TINT
hoc HUE) tuy nhin kh nng iu chnh ca 2 nt ny cng c gii hn
nn xem sau mt thi gian my NTSC cn c hiu chnh nh k th kh
nng hiu chnh mi chnh xc t cht lng cao.
2. H truyn hnh mu SECAM (SECAM - tun t v mu)
H mu theo tiu chun OIRT (t chc pht thanh truyn hnh quc
t)
H mu SECAM tri qua nhiu phng php ci tin nng cao
cht lng truyn hnh mu c tn nh sau: SECAM II, SECAM III,
SECAM IIIB, SECAM IV, SECAM IIIB optimal. Trong SECAM IIIB
optimal l h mu hon chnh nht v tr thnh h truyn hnh SECAM
chnh thc.
a. c im h SECAM III optimal
* Tn hiu chi Y c tnh theo
Y = 0,3 R + 0,59 G + 0,11 B
Vi rng di tn l 6 MHz
2 tn hiu "hiu mu" c truyn i theo tng dng sang pha thu,
tn hiu c biu th bi: D
R
= 1,9 (R - Y)
D
B
= 1,5 (B - Y)
Vi rng di tn c 2 tn hiu "hiu mu" u bng 1,5MHz, chn
1,9 tn hiu D
R
nhm gii quyt tnh kt hp ca h truyn hnh mu vi h
truyn hnh en trng.
2 tn hiu "hiu mu" c iu tn s sng mang mu ph f
CR
v
f
CB
. Hai tn s sng mang ny c chn sao cho tnh chng nhiu ca
truyn hnh c nng cao.
Tn s sng mang mu ph: i vi cc dng truyn tn hiu D
R

th tn s khi cha mang mu ph khi cha iu ch bng f
CB
=
4,40625MHz i vi cc dng truyn tn hiu DB th tn s sng mang mu
ph khi cha iu ch bng f
CB
= 4,25 MHz
Tn hiu ng b
ng b theo xung dng: xung ng b mu theo dng c sp xp
sn sau xung xa dng, c tn s l f
CR
i vi ng truyn D
R
v f
CB

vi ng truyn D
B
.
ng b theo mnh: trong h SECAM mi hnh nh c chia thnh
Mnh l (hay mnh 1) bao gm cc dng 1, 2, 3, 4 n dng 313 v
mnh chn (hay mnh 2) gm cc dng t 314 625.
Tn hiu ng b mu theo mnh t :
13
+ Mnh 1: t dng 715 gm 9 xung (5 xung dng nhn dng tn
hiu D
R
v 4 xung m nhn dng tn hiu D
B
)
+ Mnh 2: t dng th 320 328 cng gm c 9 xung chia lm 2
loi nh mnh 1.
Ph ca tn hiu mu tng hp
Ph ca tn hiu SECAM gm chi Y v sc C. Sc C gm 2 tn
hiu D
R
iu tn vo sng mang f
CR
thnh tn hiu iu tn f
DB
hai tn hiu
sc f
DB
v f
DR
c hn ch bin thp hn so vi chi Y (trung bnh
khong 30% bin tn hiu chi Y).
b. S m ha h mu SECAM
* S
S m ha h mu SECAM
Nguyn l hot ng
a 3 tn hiu mu c bn vo mch ma trn cng ti y to ra E
Y
,
E
R
- E
Y
, E
B
- E
Y
. Tn hiu chi E
Y
qua dy gi chm ch tn hiu mu
iu tn cho khi lch pha. Mun truyn ln lt th o mch S.
Phi ng theo nhp f
H/2
ngha l c mt dng n ng ln E
R
- E
Y
th
dng tip n li ng xung E
B
- E
Y
. Mch iu tn EM tn s sng mang
mu ph f
sc
= 4,43 MHz thc hin iu tn bi 1 trong 2 tn hiu mu cho
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
MHz
FER
Y
Bin
FDB
Ma
trn
Gi chm 0,7m
E
Y
E
R
E
G
E
B
iu
tn
FM
Ma
trn
Sng
mang
mu ng b
mu nhn
dng mt
Tn hiu
h
SECAM
E
R
E
B
CMT
theo
dng
f
mp
14
tng dng truyn. Tn hiu iu tn k hiu l f
mR
v f
mB
c nhp chung
vi tn hiu chi mch cng c tn hiu SECAM COLOR VIDEO. Hai
tn hiu mu f
mR
v f
mB
c mc 25% so vi mc 100% ca tn hiu chi
thay nhau xc nh ln cn f
sc
= 4,43 MHz. Tn hiu FM sound tn s
6,5 MHz.
C. S gii m h mu SECAM
15
16
Nhim v cc khi
- Tch sng ng b tch ly cc tn hiu f
mR
, E
Y
, f
mB
, xung nhn
dng trung tn ting.
- Mch gii nhn: gim bin tn hiu tn s cao lm cho c tnh
ca n ging nh ban u.
Nguyn l hot ng
+ Tn hiu chi c a qua dy tr 0,7 ms ri c khuch i a
ton di tn E
Y
vo 3 catt ca n hnh. ng thi nhnh khc ca tn hiu
video c a qua b lc chung chn lc khi phc li tn hiu mu
sau ly ra trung tn mu.
+ Mt ng trung tn mu a thng n chuyn mch SW mt
ng a n sau khi qua dy tr tn hiu (f
mR
, f
mB
) sau a qua mch
hn ch bin ri c tch sng (FM, DET) ri qua mch dii nhn n
ma trn to ra tn hiu G - Y, v c 2 tn hiu R - Y v B - Y. Cui cng
3 tn hiu ny c khuch i cng sut a vo 3 li ca n hnh
mu.
c im ca h mu SECAM
- Truyn ln lt 2 tn hiu theo tng dng (nn cn c chuyn mch
- Dng iu tn 2 tn hiu mu bng 2 sng mang ph f
OR
= 4,40625
MHz
f
OB
= 4,25 MHz vi khong cha tin mu 4,02 4,68 MHz
- Tn hiu color video gm 8 tin tc
+ 4 tin tc nh ca en trng
+ 2 tin tc mu D
R
v D
B
+ Tin tc nhn dng dc
+ Tin tc le mu C
Hai tn hiu sau ch s dng 1 nhn dng my thu
- Tn hiu mu iu tn f
mE
v f
mB
mc thp hn nhiu so vi tn
hiu chi
- 2 bin ca di tn f
mB
v f
mR
(3,9 4,2 MHz v 4,68 4,75 MHz)
l ph ca tn hiu nhn dng gc.
3. H mu PAL
PAL (phase alter nativeline - thay i theo dng pha). H PAL ra i
Ty c theo tiu chun FFC - y ban thng tin lin bang.
E
Y
= 0,3 E
R
+ 0,59 E
G
+ 0,11 E
B
U = 0,493 (E
B
- E
Y
)
V = 0,877 (E
R
- E
Y
)
+ Trong mi mt sng tn hiu gm c tn hiu chi v 2 tin tc
mu c m ha. Mi mt tin tc mu thc hin iu ch sng mang
mu ph theo phng php iu bin nn, phng php iu ch sng mang
ph iu ch 90
0
c mt tin tc mu s thc hin o pha ln lt theo
dng V=0,877 (E
R
- E
Y
) nhm mc ch chng sai pha trn ng truyn
17
khi thc hin iu ch tin tc mu ngi ta lng vo tn hiu chi pht i
ng b mu cng c chn mt s pha.
Gc 0 ca tn hiu sng mang mu ph lm c s sau c o
pha i 135
0
v chn vo xung ng b dng pht i.
Ph ca tn hiu ng b dng n v n + 1
Ph ca tn hiu mu tng hp
Ph ca tn hiu mu tng hp gm tn hiu chi c di tn
(05MHz), tn hiu sc C gm hai tn hiu u v mt phn di bin tn trn
b. S m ha h PAL
* S
135
0
-v C
n+1
B - Y
U
C
n
v
ng b
dng (n)
135
0
ng b
dng (n+1)
125
0
Ma
trn
Dao
ng
sng
mang
Dy tr 0,7ms
SAM
I
SAM
II
o
pha
90
0
o pha
+135
0
B
cng
I
B
cng
II
B
cng
Cng
mu
0
0
fH
90
0
Y E
R
E
G
E
B
U
ra
E
B
EY
o
pha
-90
0
o pha
-135
0
1 2 3 4
18
Nhim v cc khi
- Ma trn: bin i 3 tn hiu thnh E
R-Y-V
, E
B-Y=U
- iu ch SAM I. II. iu ch tn hiu mu vi dao ng sng mang
Di hnh thc iu bin nn
- Dao ng sng mang mu: to in p c bin khng i
f=3,58MHz
- Dy tr 0,7 ms gi chm tn hiu chi E
Y
- B cng I, II, III: cng tuyn tnh cc tn hiu
- o pha: o pha dao ng sng mang mu
- Cng mu: iu kin cho xung ng b mu i qua n b cng III.
H PAL vn s dng iu bin nn vung gc nhng vi s thay i
v pha ca sng mang mu ph:
- Pha 0
0
dng iu bin nn cho tn hiu mu th nht (khc vi
33
0
nh h NTSC)
- Pha +90
0
v -90
0
iu bin nn ln lt tng dng cho tn hiu mu
th 2 (khc vi NTSC dng 33
0
+ 90
0
= 125
0
cho tn hiu mu th 2.
- Pha le mu l +135
0
hay -135
0
ln lt cho tng dng ang truyn
c pha l +90
0
hay -90
0
. Nh vy mt mu m c ta mu
V = 0,877 (E
R
-E
Y
). U = 0,443 (E
B
- E
Y
) tc l m (U, V) th U gi
nguyn iu bin sng mang ph f
sc
cn V iu bin sng mang ph c
pha +90
0
hoc -90
0
theo tng dng ln lt ngha l mt dng vn truyn i
c 2 tn hiu U v V, nhng mt dng V mang u dng, dng kia V
mang u m. C th coi PAL truyn mt mu tht l m (U, +V), mt mu
gi l m (U, -V) nh cch truyn ny my thu c th t ng iu chnh
c s lch pha. Khc phc c nhc im ca NTSC.
H PAL c cc ch tiu bin nh NTSC c gi trong knh CCIR
ch khc v pha le mu.
T iu chnh sai pha my thu gi s ta truyn i dng th NTSC
mu m' (U, -V) dng n+1 gi mu m' (U, -V)
v'
v
-v'
-v
m'
m"
u
1
m'
1
m'
u
0
19
Dng n+2 li m (U, -V)... my thu gi s mu sm pha mt gc c:
dng n truyn m (U,V) nhn c m
1
(U
1
,V
1
), dng m'(U,-V) li o pha v
li nh c c m (U,+V), tc l m'
1
thnh m"
1
(U"
1
, V"
1
) vi V
1
l o
ca -V
1
v U"
1
= U'
1
. By gi ta em tn hiu mu ca dng truyn m, nhp
trung vi dng truyn m' ta c:
V
1
+ V'
1
= 2V U
1
+ U'
1
= 2U
Nh vy vic tp trung 2 tn hiu mu hai dng lin nhau trong
my thu gip cho pha c sa bin U, U tng ln gp i, iu cng
tt v gim bt khuch i pha sau.
Nguyn l hot ng
a 3 tn hiu mu E
R
, E
G
, E
B
n ma trn to nn 3 thnh mu
PAL E
Y
, E
V
, E
U
tn hiu chi E
Y
thc hin gi chm 0,7 ms cho n ng
b i tn mu khi n n mch cng.
To sng mang mu ph bng cch to ra mch dao ng = 4,43
MHz (PAL). Sng mang mu ph gc 0
0
pha +135
0
tn hiu ng b ny
a qua mch ca chn vo xung ng b dng.
Tt c tn hiu ny c a vo mch ma trn cng to ra tn
hiu mu tng hp.
C. Gii m h mu PAL
20
Nhim v cc khi
- Tch sng ng b: tch ly tn hiu video audio v xung ng b
mu
- Khuch i tn hiu mu: khuch i v nng cao bin tn hiu
- o pha 180
0
: o pha tn hiu mu 180
0
.
21
- Dao ng thch anh: pht ra tn hiu c tn s 4,43 MHz, bin
khng i v fa = 135
0
.
- Cn cc khi khc ging nh cc h khc (NTSC v SECAM)
Nguyn l hot ng
- Tn hiu chi qua mch gi chm 0,7ms ch tn hiu mu mch
ma trn. Tn hiu mu iu bin nn vung gc c tch ra nh mch
khuch i trung tn mu, y n chia thnh 3 ng.
+ Mt ng o pha 180
0
n mch cng I
+ ng th 2 qua dy tr 64 ms n mch cng I v mch cng II
+ ng th 3 i vo mch cng II
Tn hiu c cng vi nhau. Dng th n c u, v qua mch o n
im a l -u, -v cn im b cha xc lp (n nh dng trc n - 1) im c l
u, v n dng th n + 1 truyn mu gi u, -v, n im a l -u, v im b nh
dng trc u, - ra mch cng 1 v -2v; im c l U, V, cng ra mch cng 2
l 2u... cng ra 1 (a + b) lc th c +2v, lc th -2v cn cng ra (2) (b+c)
lun l 2u. Hai mch tch sng iu bin nn vi cc pha ca sng hnh sin
4,43 MHz thch hp s cho ra 2 in p mu 2v v 2u a vo mch ma
trn cng vi tn hiu chi ti lp cc tin tc mu.
c im h mu PAL
- Tn hiu trong h mu PAL cha ng 7 thnh phn tin tc (ting,
chi, ng b dng, ng b mnh, 2 tin tc m, tn hiu ng b mu pht
ra t 135
0
.
+ Trong mi mt dng tin tc c 2 thnh phn mu nh vy tin tc
mu pht ng thi.
+ Sau mi mt dng th 1 thnh phn tn hiu mu c o pha
hn ch chng sai pha trn ng truyn, nh vy tn hiu mu c pht
ng thi v ln lt.
+ Sng mang mu ph c chn l 4,43 MHz bng tn s mang
mu ph h NTSC chng nhiu.
+ Tn hiu ting cng c chn thc hin chng nhiu
+ Tin tc mu thc hin iu bin nn trn sng mang mu ph xoay
pha vung gc vi nhau.
* u im
- H PAL c mo pha nh hn hn so vi h NTSC
- H PAL khng c hin tng xuyn ln mu
- H PAL thun tin cho vic ghi bng hnh (VTR v VRC) hn h
NTSC
* Nhc im
My thu hnh h PAL phc tp hn v cn c dy tr 64ms v yu cu
dy tr ny c cht lng cao v tnh kt hp vi h truyn hnh en trng
km hn so vi h NTSC
4. So snh gia cc h (NTSC - PAL - SECAM)
a. S ging nhau
22
C 3 h mu u ging nhau v nguyn l lm vic v c kt cu
mch in, chng thc hin c vic kt hp gia truyn hnh en trng v
truyn hnh mu.
b. S khc nhau
- Tn hiu mu NTSC truyn i ng b mo pha c khc phc
bng 2 nm colour v HUE. Tn hiu PAL v SECAM khc phc c
nhc im trn.
- Phng php m ha h NTSC v PAL l dng phng php iu
bin n vung gc, cn SECAM dng phng php iu tn
- Cc mch gii m, m ha khc nhau
* Cc thng s k thut
NTSC PAL SECAM
Tn s qut
mnh
60Hz 50Hz 50Hz
Tn s qut dng 15750 Hz 15625 Hz 15625 Hz
Di thng tn
5 6 MHz 7 8MHz 7 8 MHz
Trung tn ting 4,5 MHz (M, Nht) 5,5MHz
(PALBG)
6MHz (PAL I)
6,5 MHz (PAL)
6,5 MHz
u im:
- H PAL mo pha nh hn hn so vi h NTSC
- H PAL khng c hin tng xuyn ln mu
- H PAL thun tin cho vic ghi bng hnh (VTR v VCR) hn h
NTSC
Nhc im:
- My thu hnh mu h PAL phc tp hn v cn c dy tr 64ms v
yu cu dy tr ny c cht lng cao v tnh kt hp vi h truyn hnh
en trng km hn so vi h NTSC.
IV. Nguyn l thu pht hnh
Tt c cc nguyn l truyn hnh en trng u c tn dng
truyn hnh mu. Ni khc i truyn hnh mu trc ht phi lm li ht cc
cng vic c ca truyn hnh en trng. im khc bit gia truyn hnh
en trng v truyn hnh mu l ch: Thay v ch quan tm ti tnh cht
mu sc ca tng im trn nh. my pht s dng b m ha mu m
ha cc mu ti to li cc mu nguyn thy m pha pht gi sang.
1. Nguyn l truyn pht
a. S
23
S khi bn pht
b. Nguyn l
nh a mu cn truyn i c qua thu knh quang hc hi t
nh sng, sau thu knh c quang thng f, c a qua lng knh
khc x ly cc tn hiu mu c bn cc tn hiu ny li a qua a lc
mu, a lc mu l nhng b lc nh sng c di tn rt hp ch cho
mt mu nht nh. Sau a lc mu ta c 3 mu c bn R, G, B theo
tng hng ring bit v tc ng ln ba n quang in bin i tn hiu
nh sng thnh tn hiu in, u ra cc n quang in c cc in p
E
R
, E
B
, E
G
. Cc tn hiu ny khng c gi trc tip ti my thu m c
a qua ma trn bin i. Ma trn c th l ma trn mch IC hoc b in
tr. Sau ma trn bin i ta c tn hiu chi E
Y
c trng cho nh en
trng v hai tn hiu s mu E
R
-E
Y
, E
B
-E
Y
, hai tn hiu mu ny li c
a ti b m ha iu ch sng mang t hp thnh tn hiu mu ny
c a ti b m ha iu ch sng mang t hp thnh tn hiu mu
C. Tn hiu mu C c lng trong ph tn ca tn hiu chi E
Y
, ri tt c
cc bin vo my pht sng mang hnh F
A
tn hiu m thanh cn truyn
i c iu tn vi sng mang c tn s l F
t
sau cng phi hp vi
sng F
A
a ra anten pht sng, to thnh sng in t trng lan truyn
trong khng gian.
Vi cc h khc nhau th F
t
s khc nhau:
H NTSC (M, Nht) : F
t
= F
A
+ 4,5 MHz
H PAL BG (Ty u): F
t
= F
A
+ 5,5 MHz
H PAL I (Hng Kng): F
t
= F
A
+ 6,0 MHz
H PL D.K (Trung Quc, Vit Nam): F
t
= F
A
+ 6,5MHz
H SECAM HIB (Nga): F
t
= F
A
+ 4,5 MHz
2. Nguyn l thu (ti ti li hnh mu)
a. S
24
25
b. Nhim v cc khi
- Phn cao tn - trung tn - tch sng
+ Hp knh: Chn lc v thu tn hiu trong khng gian vi cc di
tn tng ng l:
UHF: (30 3000) MHz tng ng l = (0,1 1)m
VHF: (30 300) MHz tng ng l = (1 10)m
Tn hiu thu c a ti khuch i v i tn hiu xung thnh tn
hiu trung tn vi:
Trung tn hnh: F
A
= 38 MHz
Trung tn ting: F
t
= 31,5 MHz
+ B my khuch i trung tn: Khuch i in p trung tn ln ln
theo cu ca my.
+ Mch tch sng video: tch ly tn hiu hnh a v khi ng
hnh.
+ Mch AGC: l mch t ng iu chnh h s khuch i
+ Mch AFC: mch t ng iu chnh tn s ngoi sai:
- ng ting:
+ Mch khuch i cng hng nhm khuch i tn hiu m tn sau
tch sng v kch thch cho tng cng sut m tn lm vic.
+ Mch khuch i cng sut m tn: Khuch i v phi hp tr
khng a tn hiu m thanh pht ra loa.
- ng hnh
Knh chi:
+ Dy tr: Dng lm tn hiu in p chi E
Y
+ Mch khuch i E
Y
: Dng khuch i in p chi cho ln
Knh mu:
+ Mch gii m mu: Dng gii m ly ra hai tn hiu mu
E
R
- E
Y
, E
B
- E
Y
.
+ Ma trn G-Y: To li tn hiu mu th 3 E
G
- E
Y
m i pht khng
gi i t hai tn hiu mu E
R
- E
Y
, E
B
- E
Y
.
+ Mch ma trn R, G, B: khi phc li 3 tn hiu mu c bn E
R
, E
A
,
E
B
t ba tn hiu mu (E
R
- E
Y
), (E
B
- E
Y
) vi tn hiu chi E
Y
.
+ Mch khuch i E
R
dng khuch i tn hiu in p mu lc
v cc tnh a ti Catot K
G
ca n hnh
+ Mch iu chnh cn bng trng: Dng iu chnh cho ba tia
in t bn ln cc im pht ra mu tng ng trn mn hnh vi mt
cng thch hp sao cho khi cha c tn hiu mu a n th vic pha
trn nh trn mn hnh s ra en trng.
+ Mch tch xung ng b: lm nhim v khuch i v phn chia
xung ng b.
+ Mch khuch i cng sut mnh: y l s to ra xung rng ca
qut mnh vi tn s f
V
= 50Hz vi h PAL, SECAM v f
V
= 60Hz vi h
NTSC a xung qut mnh ln cun li tia to ra trng li tia in t qut
theo chiu dc ca mn hnh.
Phn dng:
26
+ Mch so pha: dng so snh gia pha ca xung dng do my to
ra vi pha ca i pht gi ti t iu chnh li nhp dao ng cho ng
b vi pha pht.
+ Mch khuch i m v kch dng: dng khuch i v kch
cho tng cng sut qut dng lm vic.
+ Mch khuch i cng sut qut dng: Mch ny c nhim v nh
mt kha ng m theo nhp tn s to ra xung rng ca qut dng to
ra t trng li tia in t qut theo chiu ngang ca mn hnh.
+ Bin p cao p: to ra nhiu mc in p khc nhau cung cp
cho my.
- Khi vi x l: L ni nhn v pht lnh iu khin cc hot ng
ca my theo mt c cu ng b. ng thi, khi ny cn nh cc chc
nng, cc trng thi c iu chnh v nh vo . Ngoi ra cn thc
hin qu trnh chuyn i t tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng ng v ngc
li iu khin hot ng my.
- Khi ngun: i in p xoay chiu AC 110V v 220V thnh nhiu
mc in p mt chiu n nh, cung cp cho my lm vic
- Mch kh t d: to ra xung t trng rt ngn mi ln khi ta m
my qut sch t d ng khu vc n hnh, lm cho nh hng b
long mu.
- Khi AV: Lm nhim v chuyn mch khi ta th chng trnh tivi
hoc cc tn hiu t bn ngoi thng qua cc u thu hoc u pht.
* Nguyn l thu:
Tn hiu sng thu cao tn t anten ti hp knh. Ti hp knh n
c trn tn s mang hnh v ting vi dao ng ngoi sai to ra tn s
trung tn hnh, ting. Sau c khuch i tn hiu trung tn hnh, ting
nng cao bin v tng tnh chn lc tn s. mch trung tn ting
chn lc tn hiu m tn, tn hiu pht sng v khuch i cng sut a ra
loa, ng khc a ti mch lc mu chn lc ly tn hiu mu a n
mch gii m mu ly ra tn hiu mu a n mch ma trn G - Y to li
tn hiu mu th 3 l E
G
- E
Y
, E
B
- E
Y
. Sau c 3 tn hiu chi E
Y
ly ra 3
tn hiu mu E
R
- E
Y
, E
B
- E
Y
. Sau c 3 tn hiu mu E
R
- E
Y
, E
B
- E
Y
c
a ti ma trn RGB cng vi tn hiu chi E
Y
ly ra 3 tn hiu mu c bn
l E
R
, E
G
, E
B
n mch khuch i cho in p ra ln ln v o thnh
cc tnh m ri a n Katot n hnh, n hnh bin i tn hiu in,
thnh tn hiu hnh nh to ra tn hiu cho mch qut dng, mnh ta ly
xung ng b dng, mnh t my pht n mch ng b. Ti y to ra
hai in p qut dng tn hiu l in p rng ca v c a ti cun li
tia qut dng v qut mnh c n hnh l cho mn nh sng hon ton v
tn hiu hnh nh c to li nh ban u do ta quan st c hnh nh
trn mn hnh.
Chng II
S khi my thu hnh mu
I. S khi:
27
Hnh 4.1. S khi my thu hnh mu
TT - Mch t ng iu chnh tn s dao ng ti ch
TK - T ng iu chnh khuch i; K - Khuch i
II. Chc nng cc khi
1. Khi chn knh:
Tn hiu cao tn ca bng sng VHF v UHF c a ti khi chn
knh tng ng. Khi chn knh c nhim v chn knh khu, khuch i
v bin i tn s thu thnh tn s trung tn: trung tn ting f
ttt
v trung tn
hnh f
tth
(trung tn mang thng tin tn hiu tng hp my (E
M
).
* Yu cu k thut ca khi chn knh
- Nhiu ni b ca khi chn knh phi nh, c bit l phi hn ch
nhiu ca dng khuch i cao tn bng cch chn Tranzito v ch lm
vic ca Tranzito lm vic.
- Tn s dao ng ngoi sai phi tht n nh. n nh tn s
ngoi sai ta dng mch AFT (t ng tinh chnh tn s).
2. n hnh mu (CRT)
L phn t chnh ca my thu hnh mu n c chc nng l bin i
cc tn hiu mu c bn thnh hnh nh mu (bin i tn hiu in cha
thng tin mu ca nh thnh hnh nh mu v hin th ln mn hnh)
Ngoi cc in cc n cn cho php thay i c sng, ti, hi
t bng cch thay i in p trn cc in cc, iu khin tia in t lch
28
ng v lch ngang nh nng lng t trng trn qun dy qut mnh v
qut dng.
3. Khi ng ting
Tn s trung tn th 2 qua b khuch i trung tn ng ting FIS
(Sound Intermeidium Frequency), tch sng FM, khuch i m tn v a
ra loa.
4. Knh chi
Thc cht knh chi l cc tng khuch i hnh trong my thu hnh
en trng. N m nhn cc chc nng sau:
- Khuch i tn hiu chi E
Y
n gi tr cn thit
- Lm tr tn hiu chi E
Y
mt thi gian cn thit, m bo cho tn
hiu chi v cc tn hiu mu ng vi 1 phn t nh cng n ni vo mch
ma trn mt lc, nhm cho nh en trng v nh mu trng kht.
- Nn tn hiu tn s tn hiu v sng mang mu lc thu chng trnh
truyn hnh mu.
5. Knh mu
L mt khi quan trng ca my thu hnh mu n c nhim v l:
- Tch ly tn hiu mu E
C
t tn hiu truyn hnh mu y
- Khuch i tn hiu mu n gi tr cn thit.
- Gii m tn hiu mu nhn c cc tn hiu hiu mu
6. Khi ng b mu: C nhim v
- Tch ly tn hiu ng b mu thc hin ng b, ng pha
cng bc mch to sng mang ph trong my thu hnh h NTSC v PAL,
thc hin ng pha CMT trong my thu hnh h SECAM IIIB v PAL.
- T ng tt knh mu khi thu chng trnh truyn hnh en trng
hoc lc thu chng trnh truyn hnh khc h mu hoc mc tn hiu u
vo my thu hnh mu qu yu.
7. Mch ma trn: Thc hin 2 nhim v
- T cc tn hiu hiu mu E
R-Y
v E
B-Y
to thnh tn hiu hiu mu
th 3 E
G-Y
theo biu thc:
E
G-Y
= -0,59 E
R-Y
- 0,19 E
B-Y
- T tn hiu E
Y
v cc tn hiu hiu mu to ra cc tn hiu mu c
bn:
E
R
= E
R-Y
+ E
Y
E
G
= E
G-Y
+ E
Y
E
B
= E
B-Y
+ E
Y
Mch in thc hin cc php ton ny gi l ma trn R, ma trn G
v ma trn B.
8. Cc tng khuch i Video
Mc sau mch ma trn dng khuch i tn hiu mu c bn hoc
tn hiu mu n gi tr ln nhm m bo cho n hnh mu hot ng
bnh thng. H s khuch i khon t 30 - 40 dB v gi tr in p ra
khong 60 n 200V (ty thuc loi n hnh s dng trong my).
9. Khi qut dng
C nhim v to ra t trng li tia in t theo chiu ngang.
29
Ngoi ra, n cn c nhim v cung cp in p c tn s dng cho
mch to dng in hi t (ng quy), in p dng in trong mch sa
mo gi v cung cp in p tht n nh cho n hnh.
10. Khi qut mnh
C nhim v to ra t trng li tia in t theo chiu ng. Ngoi
ra, cn c nhim v cung cp in p c tn s mnh cho mch to dng
in hi t v cho mch sa mo gi.
11. Mch to dng in hi t
Nhim v l to dng in c tn s dng v dng in c tn s
mnh vi hnh dng v bin cn thit cung cp cho cc c cu hi t
c t trn c n hnh
12. Mch cn bng trng:
m bo cho ton b mn hnh khi khng thu chng trnh truyn
hnh hoc khi thu chng trnh truyn hnh en trng khng b nhum mu,
ngha l m bo mn hnh c mu trng nh my thu en trng.
13. Mch t kh t
Ch hot ng trc mi ln thu, c b tr khi ngun, c nhim
v kh t trng d trn mn chn, mn che t, ai gi n hnh... do t
trng bn ngoi nht l t trng tri t gy ln.
14. Lm sch mu
Dng 2 nam chm hnh xuyn dt. Trong my thu hnh mu,
chnh tm dng bin php thay i gi tr v chiu dng in 1 chiu chy
qua cun li tia dng v mnh.
15. Khi iu hnh
Gm cc chit p hoc phm n... tt m my, chn chng trnh,
iu chnh tng phn, sng, bo ha mu, sc mu, m lng, m
sc...
16. Khi ngun cung cp
Nhng yu cu v ngun cung cp cho my thu hnh mu
- in p 1 cung cp cho Tranzito v IC phi c n nh cao,
gn sng phi nh. Khi c s c t bin trong my thu hnh th ngun
cung cp phi c ct ri khi mch in.
- Phi c mch bo v khi c hin tng qu p v qu ti.
Chng III
Mch ngun trong my thu hnh
A. Gii thiu v cc loi ngun trong my thu hnh
1. c im
My thu hnh l tng hp cc chng trnh mch in nh khi
ngun, cng sut mnh, m thanh... cc khi ny u gp phn quan trng
vic ti to li hnh nh t ni pht gi n.
Khi ngun l b phn quan trng cung cp ton b nng lng cho
ton my n to ra cc mc in p khc nhau cung cp cho cc khi
khc nhau. Do phn ln h hng u do phn ngun, my thu hnh
hot ng tt n nh th cc ngun to ra phi m bo n nh v bng
30
phng cao. Phn ngun trong my thu hnh mu hin nay c s dng rt
a dng p ng yu cu ca tng loi my.
II. S khi ngun
1. Chc nng cc khi
a. Bo v chng nhiu
Bo v thit b v mng in cng nghip hn ch nhng nhiu xut
hin trn ng dy a vo trong my thu hnh v nhiu t my.
b. Kh t
Mch kh t to ra t trng mnh khi bt my t ha cc t d
trn mn hnh cho ng u sau t trng xung rt nh chng nh
hng ca t trng tri t nh hng n my.
c. Bin p
C nhim v bin i in p cng nghip thnh in p thch hp
cung cp cho my theo yu cu ca my to ra in p khc nhau
d. Khi chnh lu
C nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu sau th cp thnh in p
mt chiu, b chnh lu thng dng diot thay i
e. Thit b ph
N l cc mch iu khin hay mch nhn i in p cng c th l
cc mch lc bo v hay l b to dao ng.
f. Mch lc
Dng t ha c in dung ln phi hp cc cun cm c gi tr ln
mc thnh mch lc phn chia ng i cho cc thnh phn xoay chiu sau
chnh lu nhm san bng gn sng gi cc thit b in t trong mch
g. Khi n p
C nhim v n nh dng in mt chiu, duy tr cho in p
mt chiu ra trn ti lun n nh mc d mc ngun in u vo lun
thay i hoc dng chy ra ti lun thay i.
h. Khi bo v
m bo an ton cho thit b cng nh cho bn thn mch in, nu
c s c chp mch lm dng in tiu th tng ln th n s kha ngay ch
ngun li. Mt s mch b nh mch chng qu p, qu dng chp ti.
III. Mt s ngun in thng s dng
1. Mch n p tuyn tnh
a. c im
Bo v
chng
nhiu
B/A
Ngun
Chnh
l
Mch
lc n
p
Ti
ACin
Kh t Thit
b ph Bo v
31
- Ngun trong my thu thng s dng l ngun B 110 DC vi n
nh cao, gn sng nh t c iu ny cc my c trc y s dng
n p thay cho cun lc.
- Mch ngun n p tuyn tnh v mch ngun s dng phn t n p
chnh l transitor n p gi l "S Regu". Dng in p cho khi chc nng
trn my c i qua transitor ny mt cch lin tc, transitor n p ng
vai tr nh mt in tr hiu chnh in p cp cho ti theo chiu hng n
nh in p ng ra.
- Mch ngun n p thng c s dng a phn my ni a
- M hnh mch ngun n p tuyn tnh c m t nh sau:
M hnh mch n p tuyn tnh
Ta c V
in
= V
out
+ V
Regue
Khi V
Regur
tng, V
out
gim
Khi V
Regur
gim, V
out
tng
Khi in p ng ra tng gi tr "bin tr" tng, st p trn in tr
tng dn n in p ng ra gim.
Ngc li khi in p ng ra gim lm cho gi tr "in tr" gim dn
n in st p trn in tr gim U
ra
tng theo chiu hng n nh
nh nht.
b. S in p tuyn tnh
AC
in
V
in
V
out
V
Regur
Ti
ra 115V +
1kW
32
Nhim v cc khi
+ Cu nn: lm nhim v nn in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt
chiu cha n nh cp cho my.
+ Khi lc: lm nhim v san phng gn sng cho dng in u
ra n nh nht.
+ n p: trng tm ca mch n p l mt transitor cng sut ln
ng vai tr mt in tr thay i ni t ngun dng cha n nh n ng
ra n nh n ng ra ng n nh. V phi thng xuyn chu dng cao nn
thng ngi ta mc thm mt tr cng sut ln song song vi transitor n
p gnh bot cho transitor ny.
+ Khi ly mu: gi cho in p ng ra B lun lun thay i, u
tin ngi ta thc hin ly mu gm cc in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
ni tip t B
xung mt. Chit p R
2
iu chnh in p ly mu l 6V chng hn nh
vy khi B thay i th p ly mu cng thay i theo.
+ in p chun: thng l ngun p khng i ca mt zenen it.
+ Phn d sai: nhn cng lc hai ngun p vo l p mu v p
chun, nu p mu ng bng p chun, phn d sai s cho ra sai s mc
tnh mt chiu no tng ng vi mch thit k sn B ra l 110DC.
nu B b gn tt xung chng hn p ly mu s tt xung di 6V trong
p chun vn nh c, tng d sai s bit ny v cho ra p sa sai cao hn
mc tnh. Tng t nh th p sai thp hn mc tnh nu B b tng cao.
+ Kt thc: thc cht l mt tng khuch i m ra nhiu hay t ty
p sai s a v.
Cc B cao hay thp sao cho B lun lun mt v tr no nh
thit k.
+ Khi bo v: c nhim v bo v mch trnh khi b chp mch
hay tng in p trong my bo m an ton cho bn thn ngi s dng.
33
S tiu biu cho mch n p tuyn tnh
Nhim v cc linh kin
- R
1
, R
2
cp dng cho cc B/Q
1
v cc C/Q
3
- Q
2
phn t n p
- Q
1
phn t thc tng li b v dng ca mch n p
- Q
3
phn t d sai.
- Dz to in p chun cho cc E/Q
3
- R
4
hn ch dng I
c
/Q
3
- R
5
cp dng phn cc cho it zever (Dz)
- R
6
, R
7
, R
8
hnh thnh cu phn p cp cho cc B/Q
3
(ty ly mu)
- R
3
l tr r dng cho phn t n p
Nguyn l hot ng: ta c: V
in
= V
out
+ V
C-E/Q2
(*)
Khi in p (V
out
) lm cho V
B/Q3
tng dn n lm cho Q
3
dn mnh
dn n in p cc C/Q
3
gim xung khi in p cc Q
3
gim th cc BQ
1
,
Q
2
gim dn n n yu st p trn mi ni C-E-Q
2
tng, nh vy lm
cho V
ra
gim (n nh).
Ngc li: khi in p ra gim dn n in p cc BQ
3
gim lm
cho Q
3
gim in p cc CQ
3
tng ln lm Q
1
, Q
2
dn mnh st p
trn mi ni C - EQ
2
gim nh vy V
ra
tng.
2. Ngun n p ngt m
a. c im
- Ngun n p ngt m cn c tn gi l ngun switching c trang
b cho mt s my ni a v my a h i mi, do hot ng ch
ngt m nn hiu sut ca mch cao hn so vi loi n p tuyn tnh, kch
thc tm gii nhit nh hn tm n p rng hn.
34
- a s trong cc my ti vi mu a h ngi ta thng thit k mch
ngun hot ng vi gii in p t 80V n 240V AC vic chuyn i ny
c thc hin mt cch t ng.
- Hot ng ca mch n p ngt m s dng trong ti vi mu hin
nay c thc hin theo cch sau:
+ Gi nguyn tn s, thay i rng xung
+ Thay i tn s, gi nguyn rng xung
+ Va thay i tn s va thay i rng xung
b. Nhng nh hng xung n in p mt chiu cp cho ti
S thay i tn s, rng xung n in p mt chiu
Ta bit rng trong mch lc thng thp in p ra t l nghch vi thi
gian ca mch v t l thun vi tch phn ca in p vo theo thi gian.
V
0
= 1/t fU
1
dt
Nu ta xt trong mch trong mt chu k ca tn hiu: V
0
= 1/t fU
1
dt
Hay ni cch khc i: in p ng ra t l thun vi gi tr trung bnh
ca in p vo trong mt chu k.
Trung bnh ca V
i1
> V
i2
do phn din tch gch cho ca V
i1
> V
i2
Gi tr tch phn ca Vi trong mt chu k chnh l din tch phn gch
cho. Nh vy gi tr trung bnh ca mt tn hiu s t l thun vi din tch
m tn hiu chim th d: V
imax
C. Cc phng php to xung ngt m
n p ngt m hot ng theo kiu thay i rng xung t khi s
dng hn 2 phng php cn li. Hin nay thc hin phng php ny
ngi ta thng s dng OP - AMP (mch khuch i thut ton) y l
mch khuch i c mt ng vo cng + v mt ng vo m hot ng theo
kiu so snh.
T
ON
T
ON
IT
V
i2
V
i1
V
DC1
V
DC2
V
i1
V
i2
T
ON
V+
V-
+
-
V
0
35
Khi V+ > V- V
0
= + V
cc
V+ < V- - V
cc
Bng cch a xung rng ca chun vo V + in p DC cn n nh
vo chn V, bng cch thay i V
DC
ta c th nhn dng xung c rng
thay i ng ra
Gi nguyn rng xung thay i tn s ngt m
Phng php ny c s dng kh ph bin trong thc t. thc
hin ngi ta thng s dng mch dao ng a h dao ng Bloking tuy
nhin trong tivi mu mch dao ng Blocking c thc hin nhiu hn c
+ Mch dao ng a hi
Mch dao ng a hi cn bn
1uF 1uF
36
Chu k dao ng T = 0,7 (C
2
R
b2
+ C
1
R
b1
) nh vy thay i tn s
dao ng ta thay i gi tr R
b1
hoc R
b2
, gi tr R
b1
, R
b2
chnh l dn
in ca transitor.
+ Thay i tn s dao ng Bloking: mch dao ng Bloking hay cn
gi l mch dao ng nght c s dng kh ph bin trong tivi mu. y
l thnh phn in rt quan trng.
B. Khi ngun trong my DAEWOO
1. S
37
s

k
h

C
f
H
38
2. Tc dng linl kin
- P801 : sc cm ngun .
- SW801: cng tc ngun
- LF 801: (TLFL03B) cun lc nhiu cng nghip
- R809 v P802: kh t d
- D801 D804 cng vi C806 C809 hnh thnh cu lc in mt
chiu Bo t in p xoay chiu cp cho mch
- R801 : bo v qu dng
- C825 : t lc ngun Bo
- Bin p T802 : bin p ngun xung dn ngun cho I801
- Cun AB : l cun s cp
- Cun CDE : l cun hi tip.duy tr dao ng
- Cun IF : l cun th cp ly ra ngun 20V nh vic nn lc ca
it D805 v t C823
- IC 801 : IC chuyn mch dao ng , ngt m xung
+ Chn 1 : ni t
+ Chn 2 : nhn cc ng hi tip
+ Chn 3 : nhn ngun Bo t cun s cp ca bin p T802
+ Chn 4 : u ra ngun B1 - 103
+ Chn 5 : b trng
- IC 802 : n p ngun 5V
+ Chn 1 : nhn ngun vo
+ Chn 2 : ni t
+ Chn 3 : u ra 5V
- C824 : t lc ngun B1
- 5 ng hi tip cp vo chn 2 IC801
+ ng qua R806 cp ngun to thin p cho IC801
+ ng qua C826 - R802 duy tr dao ng.
+ ng qua D8 1 0 ly in p B 1 t u ra quay v u vo qua
R804 v D808 vo chn 21C801
+ ng qua D807 v R802 l ng mt chiu a vo chn
21C801 duy tr dao ng
+ ng ly xung dng t chn 10 bin p cao.p T402 qua C830
R831 v chn 21C801 quyt nh tn s dao ng ngun bng tn s dao
ng dng T402 bin p cao p
+ Chn 1 : to in p cp cho CQ402
+ Chn 2 : nhn in p l03V t ngun B1 ti
+ Chn 3 : to in p dao ng a ti vi x l v IC501
+ Chn 4 : ni mt xoay chiu
+ Chn 5 : to in p cp cho IC401 (78L12 ) to ra in p 12V
cp cho mch
+ Chn 6 : to in p ABL
+ Chn 7 : cp ngun cho IC cng sut mnh
+ Chn 8 : ni mt
+ Chn 9 : to ra in p 108 V cung cp cho cng sut sc
39
+ Chn 10 : to in p xoay chiu (6 12V ) cp cho si nung.
+ Bin p T402 cn to ra in p HV cp cho nt n hnh
to in p mt chiu FOCUS cp cho G3
to in p SCREEN cp cho G
- Nguyn l hot ng ca mch
in p xoay chiu cng nghip t gic cm P801 qua cng tc
SW801 qua cun lc nhiu cng nghip vo cu nn lc to ra in p Bo
cp cho bin p xung T802 v a ti IC801 to ra ngun l03 n nh
cp cho mch
- Bin p xung T802 :
Cun AB cp ngun Bo vo chn 31C801 v ly ra ngun B
1
= l03V
chn s 41C 801
Cun IF ly ra ngun 20V nh vic nn lc ca D805 v C823, qua
R815-C825 vo chn 1 IC n p IC802 ly ra ngun 5V cp cho chn 421C
vi x l (IC901) V chn 71C vi x l l ngun RESET
Hot ng ca ngun RESET
Khi mi cm in chn s 71C vi x l c in p cao l 5V mi
hot ng. Lc c dng ngc chy D811 lm cho Q802 thng Q803
tt, ngun 5V qua tr R817 Cp cho chn 7RESET .Khi ngun 5vb thp
di 4,3V dn n n p D811 khng c dng ngc chy qua lm cho
Q802tt, Q803 thng dn n khng c in p RESET vo chn 71C vi s
l nn vi x l khng lm vic
+ Ngun l03V t chn 4IC801 qua gic cm P550 qua 2 in tr h
p nh D408 (ZPD9.1) to ngun 9V cp cho dao ng dng mnh (chn
40 IC501) Phn tch mch Stanby: khi my dang lm vic th chn 18 IC vi
x l c in p thp i qua R461 a n chn BQ 421 lm cho n ny
tt dn n in p cc Q421 dng ln cao lm chn BQ422 c in p
lm cho n ny thng bo ho cp ngun cho chn 401C501
Khi ch tt ch chn 181C501 c in p cao a n cc
BQ421 thng dn n in p chn C n ny st xung lm cho n Q422
tt dn n ct ngun cp cho chn 40IC501.
+Ngun l03V cn cp cho tng kch dng (s Q401) v cng sut
dng (s Q402)
+ Ngun l03V c h p qua Rl03, n p nh D931 to ngun
33V cp cho IC903 chuyn di sng
+ Ngun 103V qua tr R605 cp cho tng cng sut ting Q602-
Q604
+ Ngun l03V cp cho chn s 2 ca BA cao p . T y BA cao p
to ra nhiu mc in p cung cp cho my .
+ Ngoi ra khi ta bm cng tc ngun SW801 m my, phn lm
vic cho ra in p l03V v 5V ng thi cho ra 1 cng tc ph SUB SW
(gn trn cng tc chnh) c ng li cho chn 1 v chn 2 ni vi nhau,
n Q909 thng lm cho n Q910 tt, t C917 phng in. Dng np i t
+5V qua R939, qua C917, qua B-EQ909 v mt. Khi b tay khi cng tc
ngun, cng tc ph b ngt ra (cng tc chnh vn ng) lc ny t C917
40
phng in. Dng phng t dng t qua R940 qua mt qua +5V qua
R941 v cc m t. Kt qu cc B n Q909 xut hin in p m l Q909
b kho li, in p cc C n ny tng cao lm Q910 thng v cc C - E
ca Q910 ni vo chn 17 v chn 28 IC901 ln khi Q901 thng lm cho 2
chn ny ni vi nhau qua D911 pht lnh cho IC901 m ngun cho my
lm vic . n Q910 ch thng trong thi gian t C917 phng in .Thi
gian phng in n Q910 li tt. Mi mt ln n Q910 thng ri li tt
lm chn ngun.18 IC910 chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi kia
.Chnh v vy nguyn tc mc mch cao p l dong i qua hai in tr song
song R550 v R551. Khi mch cao p b qu ti, dng qua hai tr ny ln
ln sinh ra st p trn chng n l cho Q550 thng dn n cc BQ551 c
in p cao lm cho Q551 thng dn n chn 1 P551 c in p lm cho
Q910 thng ct ngun v tt my
+ it D809: Lm nhim v bo v qu p .
V in p ra l ni tip ca in p vo v l do no m IC801 b
chp s lm cho ton b in p vo ln ln trn t C825 qua cun AB ca
bin p T802 a thng vo mch gy nguy him cho my. Chnh v vy
ngi ta c lp 1 it D890 (SR 2M) bo v, it c in p khong
160V, khi IC801 b chp hay hng dn n mt ngun an ton cho my
Do kiu mch ngun ny l in p vo ni tip in p ra c
xung dng khng ch. in p ngun ra vn m bo, my lm vic bnh
thng. Chnh v vy trong iu kin ngun ra thp ngi ta khng cn
dng bi p ch 110V m my vn lm vic bnh thng
+ u im : n gin, gn nh, tnh n nh cao
+ Nhc im: l khng cch li nn s vo my b git v mch AV
phc tp hn.
3. Mt s h hng v cch khc phc
Khi ch tt ch (ngun lm vic, mch cao p cha lm vic,
khng c xung dng a v) in p ra l03V khng sai khc g so vi my
ang lm vic bnh thng. Ngun 20V khi tt ch l 18V khi my ang
lm vic c dao ng dng v mch cao p lm vic, m khng c xung
dng v th in p ra l03V ch cn 85V, mn hnh sng yu co li, c ting
rt ngun. Cc linh kin quyt nh ti mch ngun lm vic bnh thng
(khng k n ng dn xung dng) l C821, C826, D807, D806 song
song vi C831, R802, R806. Khi bit chc IC ngun 801 khng b hng
m vn b hng ngun th ta kim cc linh kin ny v tr s v ng dn
trn mch in ca chng. Khi trm my ang lm vic m ngun ra yu, c
ting rt ta cm thy c xung dng v th ta cn kim tra mch cc linh kin
C830, R831, R804, R808 v D810.
- Mt s b phn ca my DAEWOO lm vic bnh thng th khi
h ti 103V (rt rc P550 hoc ct ng dn l03V v cao p). V h ti
20V (nhc R821 ra khi mch) in p 103V v 20V vn nh th v n
nh.
Khi cho ti gi l mt bng in vo ngun l03V, bng in s sng,
ngun sp xung cn 85V c ting rt.
41
- Trong qu trnh sa cha c nhiu trng hp ta khng xc nh
c cc h hng ngun hay hng cao p th ta c lp li phn ngun bng
cch h hai ti v o c chnh xc nh trn. Nu khng ging nh trn th
chc chn hng phn ngun.
- Khi gp trng hp bt cng tc ngun m khng thy n bo
sng kim tra cu ch vn thy ch bnh thng .Ta phi o ngay in tr
it bo v D809. Nu khng chp th c th do 2 nguyn nhn: 1 l do
D809 thng chp - l d ng Q402 thng chp. Lc ny rt rc P550 ra v
do li nh trn nu chp l do D809 hng ta tin hnh tho b it ny ra.
Nu thy ht chp th do s dng hng v ta tho b Q402 ra li cho k
cng v khng nn thay vo ngay. Kim tra li IC801 c th hng chp u
ra v u vo. Khi thy khng c chuyn g vn bnh thng mi thay s
ngang vo v it n p vo.
- Mt s bnh khc cng hay gp l n t C825 (220 400V) bnh ny
l do ty h qua em in li cao, my h ti in cao lm hng in t
ny. Thng vic hng khng km theo hng cc linh kin khc phn
ngun. Nhng do ho cht trong t bn ra mt s ch lm d mch dn n
IC vi x l khng lm vic hoc b hng, gp trng hp ny phi tho
chasis ra khi my lau tht kh cc vt dung dch hoc em ra bng nc
l hay x phng ri sy kh sau mi thay t v lp chaisis vo my chy
th kim tra.
C . KT LUN V PHN NGUN
B ngun trong my thu hnh l yu t .rt quan trng n khng th
thiu c khi ngun l mt b phn cung cp nng lng cho ton my
n to ra cc mc in p khc nhau cung cp cho cc khi khc nhau,
do trng mch in t b ngun khng hot ng th khng c ngun
phn phi n cc mch in gip. cho my hot ng c, do phn
ln h hng xy ra phn ngun. my thu hnh hot ng tt v n
nh , bng phng phn ngun trong cc my thu hnh hin nay c s
dng rt a dng p ng yu cu ca tng my. Nh vy mch ngun
lun phi lm vic vi in p cao, dng in ln do m h hng hay
tp chung ch yu y.
42
KT LUN
Qua thi gian nghin cu, lm n em hiu thm rt nhiu v
chuyn ngnh ca mnh. Vi thi gian lm c hn cng vi s gip
hng dn nhit tnh ca thy gio, c gio, bn b, em hon thnh c
n ng thi gian quy nh, m bo ni dung yu cu ca n.
Sau khi lm xong n em c thm kinh nghim v chuyn ngnh
ca mnh. l mt nhn vin gii c th lm vic c l ngi gii
chuyn mn, l thuyt ln thc hnh vo thc t. Do kin thc v chuyn
mn ca em cn nhiu hn ch v thi gian cng c hn v s va chm thc
t cha c kinh nghim nhiu nn trong qu trnh lm n khng th
trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c s ng h v ng gp
kin qu bu em c thm kinh nghim bc vo i mt cch t tin.
Mt ln na chng em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy gio: ThS.
Dng Thanh Phng, bn b gip em hon thnh c quyn n ny
ng thi gian quy nh.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
SINH VIN
Nguyn Minh Hin
43
Mc lc
Li ni u
Chng I: Nguyn l truyn hnh mu.................................1
I. Nguyn l truyn hnh mu...................................................................1
II. Tn hiu trong truyn hnh mu.......................................................3
III. c im ca h truyn hnh mu...................................................6
IV. Nguyn l thu pht hnh.....................................................................23
Chng II: S khi my thu hnh mu..........................28
I. S khi: .......................................................................................................28
II. Chc nng cc khi .................................................................................29
Chng III: Mch ngun trong my thu hnh...............31
A. Gii thiu v cc loi ngun trong my thu hnh .............31
II. S khi ngun.......................................................................................32
III. Mt s ngun in thng s dng.............................................33
B. Khi ngun trong my DAEWOO.......................................................38
C . KT LUN V PHN NGUN.......................................................................44
KT LUN................................................................................................45