0)

oo

oo

f (x) dx

y=f

oo

(x

:
e-mail: strantoneas@gmail.com
: http://users.sch.gr/stranton

6974593717
27310 28791

1.
1

3
5
28
51

1.
53
1
55

2
80

3
x0 \ 101

4
106

5
o x0 \ 128

6
136

7
148

8
159
182
2.
185
1
187

2
206

3
233

4
242

5
Rolle 247

6
261

7
272

8
281

9
291

10
305

11
de L Hospital 315

12
323
326
3.
1

331
333
344
357
F(x) =

f (t ) dt 368

5
378

6
407
423
428
449

__________________________________________________________

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WILLIAM THRUSTON
,

1.

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). 3 4
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16 .
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 1: &

, ,
, , .
GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ(16461716)

16
.

x =

2 4
.
2

.
H ,
+ ,
,

. , , .

, .
,

.
, ,

.

^
\ , :

 1:

, \ ,
(0) (1)
.

i , i2 = 1.

z ^ z = + i, , \ .
+ i, , \ i .
O z Re(z).
O z Im(z).
^ + 0i,
i 0 + i.

(z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3 )

z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
z+0=0+z = z

z + (z) = (z) + z = 0

(z1.z2).z3 = z1.(z2.z3 )
z1.z2 = z2.z1
z.1 = 1.z = z
1
.
z
= 1 .z = 1, z 0

z1.(z2 + z3) = z1.z2 + z1.z3

z + z1 = z + z2 z1 = z2
z.z1 = z.z2 z1 = z2 , z 0
z + z1 = z2 z = z2 z1

z
z.z1 = z2 z = 2 , z1 0
z1

+ i :
+ i = + i = = .
0 = 0 + 0i, :
+ i = 0 = 0 = 0.

z = + i z = i z.
\ ^
\ ^ . .
.
+ i < + i
< = = 0.

z = + i (, ) .
z.
-

 1: &

.
z = + i , OM , (, ).
z = i z ,
(, ). OM
(, ).

z1 = + i z2 = + i
:
z1 + z2 = ( + i) + ( + i) = ( + ) + ( + )i.
z2 = + i z1 = + i
:
z1 z2 = ( + i) ( + i) = ( ) + ( )i.

.

1(, ) 2(, ) + i + i , ( + i) + ( + i) =
( + ) + ( + )i (+, +). ( 1)
JJJJJG
JJJJG JJJJJG
, OM = OM 1 + OM 2 , :
+ i
+ i .
, ( + i) ( + i) = ( ) + ( )i
(, ). ( 2)
JJJG
JJJJJG JJJJJG
, ON = OM 1 OM 2 , :
+ i
+ i .

z1 = + i
z2 = + i :
z1.z2 = ( + i).( + i) = + i + i + (i)(i) = + i + i + i2 =
= + i + i = ( ) + ( + )i.
z1 = + i z2 = + i
z2 0 :

 1:

z1
( + ) + ( )i
+

+ i
( + i )( i )
=
=
=
= 2 2 + 2 2 i.
z2
+ i
( + i )( i )
2 + 2
+
+

> 1 z1 = z , z2 = z.z , z = z1.z.

z 0 , z0 = 1 , z = 1 .
z

4
:
1
i

i = i4+ = i4.i = (i4) .i = 1 .i = i =

1
i

,
,
,
,

=0
=1
.
=2
=3

^ \
..
(z w)2 = z2 2zw + w2 ,
(z + w)(z w) = z2 w2 ,
3
3
2
2
3
(z w) = z 3z w + 3zw + w , .
-
.
= 1 + (1) , S = (1 + ) = [21 + (1)]
2

= 1 .

2
1 ( 1)
S =
, 1.
1

! \
^ . :
x, y \ x2 + y2 = 0 x = y = 0.
2
(x + y2 = 0 x2 = y2 0. x2 0, x = 0 y2 = 0 y = 0)
z, w ^ z2 + w2 = 0 z, w . , z = 1 w = i z2 + w2 = 12 + i2 = 1 1 = 0.
1.1. :

z = + i z = i :
(i) z+ z = 2a
(ii) z z = 2i
2
2
(iii) z z = +
: (i) z + z = ( + i) + ( i) = + i + i = 2.
(ii) z z = ( + i) ( i) = + i + i = 2i.
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
(iii) z. z = ( + i)( i) = (i) = i = + .

(i)

: Re(z) = = z + z .

1.2. :

(ii)

: Im(z) = = z z .

z :
(i) z \ z = z.
(ii) z I z = z.

2i

 1: &

: z = + i, , \ :

z = z i = + i 2i = 0 = 0 z \ .
z = z i = (+i) i = i 2 = 0 = 0 z I.

(i)
(ii)

1.3. :

z1 = + i z2 = + i ,
:
(i) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
(ii)

z1 z2 = z1 z2

(iii)

z1 z2 = z1 . z2
z1 = z1 , z 0
2

z2
z2

(iv)

z1 + z2 = ( + i )+( +i ) = ( + )+( + )i = (+) (+)i = + i i = (i) + (i)

(i)

= z1 + z2 .
(ii) (1

z1 z2 = ( + i ) ( + i ) = ( ) + ( )i = () ()i = i + i

= (i) (i) = z1 z2 .
(2 )

z1 z2 = z1 + ( z2 ) = z1 + ( z2 ) = z1 z2 .

( z2 ) = ( + i ) = i = +i = (i) = z2 .
(iii)

z1 z2 = ( + i )( +i ) = ( )+( + )i = () (+)i =

= i i = (i) i(i) = (i)(i) = z1 z2 .

(iv) (1 )

+

( + ) + ( )i
z1
+ i
( + i )( i )
= 2 2 2 2 i.
z = + i = ( + i )( i ) =
+
+
2 + 2

2
z1
( + ) + ( )i
+

i
( i )( + i )
=
=
=
= 2 2 2 2 i.
z2
i
( i )( + i )
2 + 2
+
+

z
z
1 = 1 .
z2

z2

(2 )

z1 = 1 z2 z1 = 1 z2 1 = 1 .
z2
z2
z2
z2
z

1.3.1. : :

z1 + z2 + ... + z = z1 + z2 + + z .

1, 2, , \ 1 z1 + 2 z2 + ... + z = 1. z1 + 2. z2 + + . z .
z1 z2 ... z = z1 . z2 . . z .
z1 = z2 = = z = z z = z z ... z = 
z
z 
...

z = (z ) .

 

 1:

10

z =

z2 + z + = 0
, , \
0

( z1 ) = z1 = ( z1)

= (z )

, z 0.

2
z

z2 + z + =0 z +
+
= 0 z2 + 2z
=

z2 + 2z

2 4
z + =
4 2
2

2
+ = 2

2
4
2
2

z + 2 =
4 2

= 2 4 .

.
2

= 0 : z =
.
2

> 0 : z1,2 =

i 2
( 1) ( )
< 0 2 =
=
(2 ) 2
4 2
4

= i
2

: z + = i .
2
2

: z1,2 =

i
, 2

.
Vieta

: z1 + z2 =

z1 . z2 =

______________ ___________________________________________

, .

, .
z + i Re(z) ,
Im(z) , .

1.4. x, y :
(2x + 5y 6) + (5x 6y 2)i = (7+60i).
:

2 x + 5 y 6 = 7
2 x + 5 y = 1

.
5 x 6 y 2 = 60
5 x 6 y = 58
1 5
Dx =
= 6 + 290 = 296
58 6

(2x + 5y 6) + (5x 6y 2)i = 7 60i

D=

2 5
= 12 25 = 39
5 6

Dy =

2 1
= 116 + 5 = 111.
5 58

 1: &

x =

Dx
= 296 = 8
D
37

y=

11

Dy
= 111 = 3.
D
37

1.5. z = (+i)(i+) (+i)(1+2i) + 2i.

) z +i.
) , z I.
) , : z \ .

:
)

z = (+i)(i+) (+i)(1+2i) + 2i = 2i + + i2 + 2i (+2i+i+2i2) + 2i

= 2i + + 2i 2i i + 2 + 2i = (2) + (2+22+1)i.

z 2 = 0 = 2 \ .

z \ 2 + 2 2 + 1 = 0 ( 1)2 + 2 = 0 1 = 0 = 0
= 1 = 0.
1.6. w = (3i)(i+2) 1 i . Re(w) Im(w).
1+i

w = (3 i)(i + 2) 1 i = 3i + 6 i2 2i
1+ i

2
(1 i ) 2
= 3i + 6 + 1 2i 1 2i + i
1+1
(1+ i )(1 i )

= 7 + i 1 2i 1 = 7 + i 2i = 7 + i + i = 7 + 2i.
2
2
Re(w) = 7 Im(w) = 2.

:
i :4 0, 1, 2, 3. i 1, i, 1
i .
z z ^ ,
z2, z3, . , , i.
:

(1 i)2004 . (1 i)2 = 1 2i + i2 = 1 2i 1 = 2i.

(1 i)2004 = [(1 i)2]1002 = (2i)1002 = 21002.i1002 = 21002.i2 = 21002.
, ,

.

1.7. ) i1962.

) w = i + i2 i3 + i1961 + i1962 -

 1:

12
+i.
) w 4 = 4.
:
)
)

1962:4 2, i1962 = i2 = 1.
1962
i i.

w = i

2i (1 i )
2i (1 i )
=
= i(1i) = i + i2 = 1i.
1+1
2

=
)

1962
( i )1962 1
2i (1 i )
= i i 1 = i 1 1 = 2i =
i 1
1+ i
1+ i
1+ i
(1 + i )(1 i )

1 :

S = 1 1 .

w2 = (1+i)2 = (1)2 + 2(1)i + i2 = 12i 1 = 2i.

w4 = ( w2 ) = (2i)2 = 4i2 = 4.
2

1.8. 4,
(1+i)(1+i2) = 0.

:
1 :

4, :
= 4+1, ` , (1+i)(1+i2) = (1+i4+1)(1+i8+2) = (1+i1)(1+i2) = (1+i)(11) = 0.
= 4+2, ` , (1+i)(1+i2) = (1+i4+2)(1+i8+4) = (1+i2)(1+i0) = (11)(1+1) = 0.
= 4+3, ` , (1+i)(1+i2) = (1+i4+3)(1+i8+6) = (1+i3)(1+i2) = (1i)(11) = 0.
(1+i)(1+i2) = 1 + i + i2 + i3. 1 = 1 = i 1,
4. ,
2 :

(1+i)(1+i2) = 1

4
( i ) 4 1
= i 1 = 1 1 = 0

i 1
i 1
i 1

1.9. z =

3
+ 1 i.
2
2

) z3.
) z2002 , z2019 .
) , :
(+i)z2002 + z 2 z2019 iz = 3 + i.

:
3

3
3
2

z3 = 3 + 1 i = 1 ( 3 + i ) = 1 ( 3 +i)3 = 1 ( 3 ) + 3 ( 3 ) i + 3 3 i 2 + i 3

2
2
2
8
8

= 1 (3 3 +9i3 3 i) = 1 .8i = i.
8

z2002 = z
z2019 = z3

3 . 667+1

. 673

= (z

= ( z3 )
2

3 667

673

z = i667 z = i3 z = i z = i 3 + 1 i = 1 3 i.
2
2
2 2

= i673 = i1 = i.
2

( )

z 2 = 3 1 i = 3 2 3 1 i + 1 i = 3 3 i
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
4

1 = 1 3 i .
4
2
2

2002:3

677:4 3.
2019:3

 1: &
(+i).z2002 + z 2 z2019 iz =

3+i

(+i) 1 3 i + 1 3 i .i i 3 + 1 i =
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
3 1
3
2 2 i (+i+i) i 2 + 2 i =

1
3 1
3
2 2 i (+2i) i 2 + 2 i =

+ i 3i +
2
2

3
i +
=
2
2

+
( + ) 3

i = 0
2
2

13

3+i
3+i
3+i

3 +i

+ = 0.
, .
1.10. :

) = (+i)4 (i)4.
) = (+i)4+2 + (i)4+2.

) (1 )

(+i)2 = 2 + 2i + (i)2 = 2 2 + 2i = p
(i)2 = 2 2i + (i)2 = 2 2 2i = p.
, = (+i)4 (i)4 = [(+i)2]2 [(i)2]2 = p2 (p)2 = p2 p2 = 0.
(2 )

= (+i)4 (i)4 = (+i)4 (i2i)4 = (+i)4 [i(+i)]4

= (+i)4 i4(+i)4 = (+i)4 1.(+i)4 = (+i)4 (+i)4 = 0.
) (1 )

(+i)2 = p (i)2 = p.
, = (+i)4+2 + (i)4+2 = (+i)2 (2+1) + (i)2 (2+1)
= [(+i)2]2+1 + [(i)2]2+1 = p2+1 + (p)2+1 = p2+1 + (p2+1) = p2+1 p2+1 = 0.

(2 )

= (+i)4+2 + (i)4+2 = (+i)4+2 + (i2i)4+2 = (+i)4+2 + [i(+i)]4+2

= (+i)4+2 + i4+2 (+i)4+2 = (+i)4+2 1.(+i)4+2 = (+i)4+2 (+i)4+2 = 0.

z , :
z = z z
z = z z .
z = w + w z = w . w z .
z = w w z .

, -

 1:

14

z = +i = 0
z \ = 0 z .
1.11. ) z =
)

z1
z
1
z2
z2

z .

( ) + 1i

z = i w
w
i w

z .

:
)

z = 1 1 = 1 1 = 1 1 = 1 1 = z.
z2
z2
z2
z2
z2 z2
z2
z2
z I.
z

( )

z = iw + 1
iw
i
w

z = iw + 1
iw
i
w

z = i2w + w

z = w + w . z \ .

^
:
1
. ,
.
2 (z2 + z + = 0 , , \ 0) = 2 4 .
, 2 ,
Horner.

z = x + yi , x, y \
x, y.
1.12. , , :
)

z +1=zi
2 i

z z i = z + i 11 .
1i
2+ i
2

:
)

z + 1 = z i z + 2 i = (2i)z i(2i) z + 2 i = 2z iz 2i + i2
2i
z 2z + iz = 2 + i 2i 1 z + iz = 3 i (1 i)z = 3 + i z = 3 + i
1 i
2(1+ 2i )
(3 + i )(1+ i )
3
+
3
i
+
i

1
2
+
4
i
z=
=
=
=
= 1 + 2i.
2
1+1
2
(1 i )(1+ i )
z (1+ i )
( z i )(2 i )
z z i = z + i 11

= z + i 11
2
2
1 i
2+i
(1 i )(1+ i )
(2 + i )(2 i )

z + iz 2 z iz 2i 1 = z + i 11 5(z + iz) 2(2z iz 2i 1) = 10z + 5(i 11)

5
2
2

 1: &

15

5z + 5iz 4z + 2iz 4i + 2 = 10z + 5i 55 9z + 7iz = 57 + i (9 7i)z = 57 i

(57 i )(9 + 7i )
z = 57 i =
= 513 + 399i 9i + 7 = 520 + 390i = 520 + 390i = 4 + 3i.
9 7i

81+ 49

(9 7i )(9 + 7i )

130

130

130

1.13. ) , , :
z3 3z2 + 4z 2 = 0
) :
z3 + 4z = 3z2 + 2

z10 32z + 32 = 0 .

:
)

z3 3z2 + 4z 2 = 0 : 1 , 2.

3
1

4
2

2
2

z3 3z2 + 4z 2 = 0

2
(z 1)(z 2z + 2) = 0

z 1 = 0 z2 2z + 2 = 0
z=1 z=1+i z=1i

2(1 i )
[ = (2)2 4.1.2 = 4 8 = 4 z = 2 2i =
= 1 i. ]

: z3 + 4z = 3z2 2 z3 3z2 + 4z 2 = 0 z = 1 z = 1 + i z = 1 i .
.
z1 = 1 : z110 32z1 + 32 = 110 32.1 + 32 = 1 32 + 32 = 1 0
)

z2 = 1 + i : z22 = (1 + i)2 = 1 + 2i 1 = 2i
z = (z
10
2

2 5
2

= (2i) = 32 i = 32i

z10
2 32z2 + 32 = 32i 32(1 + i) + 32 = 32i 32 32i + 32 = 0

z3 = 1 i : z310 32z3 + 32 = z210 32 z2 + 32 = z10

2 32 z 2 + 32 = 0 = 0.
: 1 + i , 1 i .
1.14. ) z :
(1+i)z + 4 z = 8+10i.
) w =

z 2 +z 2 + 5 z z + 2
+i.
z 3 z 3 + 36

) w14 .
:
) 1 :

z = x + yi x, y \ . :
(1 + i)(x + yi) + 4(x yi) = 8 + 10i
(1 + i)z + 4 z = 8+10i
x + yi + xi y + 4x 4yi = 8 + 10i (5x y) + (x 3y)i = 8 + 10i
5 x y=8
5 x y=8

x3 y=10 (5)
5 x+15 y=50
14y = 42 y = 42 y = 3

x 3(3) = 10 x + 9 = 10 x = 1.
z = 1 3i.

14

 1:

16
2 :

(1 + i ) z + 4 z = 8 + 10i (1 i) z + 4z = 8 10i.
(1 + i ) z + 4 z = 8 + 10i
4 z + (1 i ) z = 8 10i

D=

1+ i
4
= (1 + i)(1 i) 16 = 1 + (1)2 16 = 1 + 1 16 = 14.
4 1 i

Dz =

8 + 10i
4
8 10i 1 i

z=
)

= (8 + 10i)(1 i) 4(8 10i) = 8 8i + 10i + 10 32 + 40i = 14 + 42i.

Dz
= 14 + 42i = 1 3i.
D
14

z + z = 2 , z z = 6i z. z = 1 + 9 = 10 ,

2
2
( z + z ) 2 2 z z + 5z z + 2
w = z + 3z +35z z + 2 =
=
3
2
2

( z z ) + 3z z 3z z + 36

z z + 36

( z + z ) 2 + 3z z + 2
=
( z z )3 + 3z z ( z z ) + 36

( z + z ) + 3z z + 2
2 2 + 310 + 2
36
4 + 30 + 2
=
=
=
=
3
216i 180i + 36
( z z ) + 3z z ( z z ) + 36
( 6i )3 + 310( 6i ) + 36
216i 3 180i + 36
36
1 i
= 36 = 1 =
= 1 i = 1 1 i .
36 + 36i
1+ i
1+1
2
2
36(1 + i )
(1 + i )(1 i )
2

2
w = 1 (1 i ) = 1 (1 i)2 = 1 (1 2i + i2) = 1 (1 2i 1) = 1 (2i) = 1 i

( 2)

w14 = (w2)7 = 1 i

= 17 i7 = 17 i3 = 17 (i) = 17 i.

, w 14 = 114

2
2
2
7
= 1 = 2 = 1282 i = 128 i = 128i I.
i
1
1 i
i
27

(x,y)
z = x+yi w
...,
, , , .

z.
x, y
.
(x,y)
z = x + yi , .

1.15. z=x+yi x, y \ w = (zi)( z +1).

 1: &
)
)
)
)

17

w +i.
w \ , z .
w I , z C.
C , . ,
.

:
)

w = (z i)( z + 1) = z z + z i z i = x2 + y2 + x + yi i(x yi) i

= x2 + y2 + x + yi xi y i = (x2 + y2 + x y) + ( x + y 1)i .
) w \ x + y 1 = 0 y = x + 1
z : y = x + 1.
2
2
2
1 + 1 + y2 2.y. 1 + 1 = 1 + 1
) w I x + y + x y = 0 x + 2.x.

( ) ( )
x+ 1
2

+ y1
2

= 1.
2

( 2 ) + ( y 12 )

z C: x + 1
)

= 1.
2

C ( 1 , 1 ).

2 2
1
1
1
x = y = + 1 = .
2
2
2

C .
C

.
y = x + 1 :
x2 + y2 + x y = 0
x2 + (x+1)2 + x (x+1) = 0
x2 + x2 + 2x +1 + x x 1 = 0
2x2 + 2x = 0
2x(x+1) = 0 x = 0 x+1=0
x = 0 x = 1.
x = 0 y = x + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
x = 1 y = x + 1 = 1 + 1 = 0.
C (1,0) (0,1). () =
(OA) (OB )
= 11 = 1 ..
2
2
2

1.16. f (z) = z 4i z ^ .
i z +2

) f.
*
) z ^ { 1 i} :

( ) = f ( z1 ) .

f 1
z

) z
f (z) \ .
:
)

2( i )
iz+2 0 iz 2 z 2 z
z 2i.
2
i

f ^ {2i}.

 1:

18

z 0 , 1 2i z 1 z i 2
2i
z
2i
1
1
1
1
1
2 i 2 i
2 i z
z i.
z
2
2i
z
z
1 4iz
z
i + 2z
z

1 4i

z ^* { 1 i} : f ( 1 ) = z
=
2
z
i1 +2
z

1 4i
1
z
f ( ) =
=
z
i 1 +2
z

( )

1 4i z
z
i + 2 z
z

1 4iz
1 + 4iz
f ( 1 ) =
=
z

i + 2z

i + 2 z

1 4iz
i + 2 z

1 4iz
i + 2z

4iz + 1
.
i 2z

4i z + 1
i 2z

z 1 i
2

= f ( 1 ).
z

z = x + yi x, y \ (x,y) (0,2). :

f (z) \

f ( z ) = f (z)

( izz +42i ) = izz +42i

z + 4i = z 4i
iz + 2
iz + 2

( z + 4i)(iz + 2) = (i z + 2)(z 4i) iz z + 2 z + 4i z + 8i = iz z + 4i z + 2z 8i

2iz z 6z + 6 z + 16i = 0 iz z 3(z z ) + 8i = 0 i(x2 + y2) 3.2yi + 8i = 0
x2 + y2 6y + 8 = 0 x2 + (y3)2 = 1.
x = 0 y = 2 : 02 + (23)2 = 0 + 1 = 1.
z C: x2+(y3)2 = 1
(0,2).

___________________________________________________________________

1.17. \ :

(2 1) + (10 9 10)i = 0.
[.=-1]

1.18. x, y, :
x y = 9i 1
3 2i
1+ i
5+i
[.x=5 , y=2]

1.19. ) :
3+i +
3 i
121 153
) w =
121 + 153
) z =

2 2
+ i
i
+
=2 2 2
i
+ i
+

, \ (, ) (0,0).

3 i , Re(z).
3+i
i
121 + 153 i
+
, Im(w).
i
121 153 i
[.)1, )0]

1.20. z = 5 13i. z = x(1 + i) + y(1 i).

[.x=-4, y=9]

 1: &

19

1.21. z1 = 1 + 2i z2 = 1 i. w
2
w = z1 + z2 , \ , :
1 + 7 i.
) w = 5+2i
) w =
12 6
[.)=3 , =4

)=1/4 , =- 2 ]
3

1.22. , , \* =
= 5 z = w , z = 2( ) + (2 )i

6
4

i.
w= 2 +
2
3

1.23. z1, z2 ^ Re(z1.z2) = Re(z1).Re(z2) z1 \ z2 \ .

1.24. x \ , z = 4 + xi .
x + 9i
[.x=6]

1.25. w = x 2i x, y \ .
y +i
) x, y w \ .
) w , 2.
[.)x+2y=0]
*
1.26. z = x 4i x ] y ` . z . :
2 + yi
8
) x = .
y
4
) z =
y

) z 2 , x, y.
[.(x,y)=(-8,1) (-4,2)]

1.27. 1, 2, 3 4 z1, z2, z3 z4 .

1234
z1 + z3 = z2 + z4 .
1659

2i 2009 i
1.28. w = 1990
i

.
[.i]

1.29. + i , , \ :
96
35
3 + 7i + 1 + 3i
6 5i
i) z =
ii) w =
7 3i
3i
5 + 6i

( ) ( )

( ) + ( 92 + 29ii )
133

167

[.i)z=1-i ii)0]

1.30. :
+ i

)
+
i

( + ii )

= i + i

1.31. :

)
+
+ i

( + ii )

= (i) + (i).

 1:

20
3

1777

) S1 = i + i + i + + i
.
2
99
) S2 = (1 + i) + (2 + 3i) + (2 + 5i) + + (2 + 199i).
17
) S3 = (20 + i) + (17 2i) + (14 + 4i) + + (31 2 i).
) S4 = i + (2 + 3i) + (4 + 5i) + (6 + 7i) + + [(2 2) + (2 1)i] , ` .
*

[.)i )2100-1+104i )99-87381i )(-1)+2i]

1.32. z = i 2 + 2
2

2 2 .

) z , z , z .
1792
) : z
= 21792.

2 3 + i 2+ 3 .

1.33. z =
2

12

) z , z , z .
1980
) : z
= 21980.

1.34.

z = 1i
2

1006

3 .
2

, z1531 .
1006
) w = i.z
+ z1531 + i12 54 z 3 + i + i.
2010
2010
) w
= 2 .
) z , z

[.)w =2i]

1.35. z z + 1 = 1, :
z
3

) : z = 1.
2015

) w = z

1 .
z 2 015
[.)1]

1.36. :
2024

2024

) (3 + 4i)
(4 3i)
=0
2010
) (5 + 2i)
+ (2 5i)2010 = 0
1992
) (2 + i)
(1 2i)1992 = (1 i)2138 + (1 + i)2138

1.37. i3+1 = 1.
[.=4+1]

1.38. = (2 + i2)(3 i) , ` .
1.39. z = 12i, :
2
2
1 1
i) +
ii) z + z
z z
3

iv) z + z

v) z + z

z + z
z
z
z
z
vi) 3 3
z
z

iii)

[.i)2/5 ii)-6 iii)-6/5 iv)-22 v)-14 vi)48i/125]

1.40. z = (5 + 9i)2010 + (5 9i)2010 .

1.41. , \ `* , z = ( + i) ( i) -

( )

1.42. x \ , w = x + i
x i

2020

( x +i)

+ x i

2020

 1: &

21

1.43. z = + i , \ . z , z

3 4 + 10 = 0 42 + 62 = 5.

z z +z z
z z z z
z
z
1.44. z1, z2 ^ , z2 0 Re 1 = 1 2 1 2 , Im 1 = 1 2 1 2 .
z
z
2
z
z
2iz2 z2
2
2 2
2

1.45. z1, z2 ^ , :
z
z
2
2
z +1 + z +1
) z + z
) 1 + 1
)
z
z
z2
z2
1.46. z1, z2 ^ , w = z1 z2 + z1 z2 ,

u = z1 z2 z1 z2 .

1.47. 3z 5i = 3z + 5i , z ^* z \ .
2z
2z
2 9i z
*
1.48. 2i 9 z =
, z ^ z \ .
3i z
3z

1.49. i z 4 = z + 4i
5iz
5z

) , z ^

z .

z + z1 z2
z1
1.50. z1, z2, z ^ z2 0
= z (z1 + z2).
z
2

2
z \ .

( )

1.51. i z + w = 2 w , z ^ w ^* z w
1 i
iw

.
1.52.

1 = z1 + z2 , z , z , w ^* w .

1
2
z1 z2
z1 w z2 w

1.53. z, w w 0 z .w =1. :
) z + w 0

1 + zw , z w 1 zw i .
z+w
z+w
z+w

1.54. z ^ , w = iz 2 u = 3(z 2 + 6i) -

.
[.z=3-5i]

1.55. z ,

z z 1 = 13 + 23i .
1+ i
3 2i
4i 6
[.z=5-2i]

 1:

22

1.56. :
2

i) x 8x + 25 = 0
4
2
iv) x 3x 4 = 0

ii) 36x + 48x + 25 = 0

4
2
v) x + 14x + 45 = 0

[.i)4 3i , ii)- 2 1 i , iii) 3 2i , iv) 2, i

3
2

iii) x 2 3 x + 7 = 0
3
2
vi) x x + 8x + 10 = 0
v) 3i,

5 i vi)-1, 1 3i]

1.57. :
2
2
4
4
) x 2 = 3
) x + 2 = 5
x
x
[.) 2, i ) i, 2i]

1.58. z (1 3i)iz (1 + i) z = 6 4i.

[.z=2-i]

1.59. z i.z + z + i = 3.
1.60. z ^ 2 z + (1i 3 )z = i.
1.61. ^ z2 + 2 z + 1 = 0.
[.1, 1+2i, 1-2i]

1.62.

(1+ i ) z iw = 4 + i
.

2 z (1+ 2i ) w = 6 3i
[.z=2-i , w=i]

1.63.

2 z + iw = 1 + 4i
.

(1+ 2i ) z 2i w = 1 3i
[.z=1+i , w=2+i]

1.64. x2 3x + 3 + i = 0 1 + i.

1 i. ;
1.65. 2x2 + x + = 0 , , \ , 2 i

.
[.=-8, =10]

1.66. x2 + x + 5 = 0 , , \ , 1 + 1 i 2

.
[.=4, =-8]

1.67. 4x2 x + = 0 , , \ , 1 3 . i
2

.
[.=4, =13]

1.68. z = 1i z5 + z3 + = 0 , , \ , = 2

= 8.
1.69. 2 , , 1 i.
3

[.9x2-6x+10=0]

 1: &

23

1.70. 2z3 z + 1 = 0 128z14 + 2z 1 = 0.

[. 1 (1 i)]
2

1.71. (z) = z2 2z + 2 Q(z) = z3 + z2 + z 2 , \ .

+ z212 = 27.
ii) P(z) Q(z), , .
12

i) z1 , z2 (z) z1

( 2001)

[.ii)=-3,=4]

1.72. ) z1, z2 z2 + 2z + 2 = 0, z120 z220 = 0.

) z1 () , ,

z1 .
[.)=4]

1.73. z :

z = z2.

[.)0, 1, - 1 + 3 i, - 1 - 3 i]
2 2
2 2

1.74. P(z) = z3 (3+i)z2 + (3+2i)z 1 3i. i , 1i

2 + i .
1.75. f (z) = z4 + (2 3i)z3 + (1 6i)z2 + (2 3i)z 6i
) : f (i) = f (i) = 0.
) f (z) = 0.
[.)-2, -i, i, 3i]

1.76. z :
2

) z = 3+4i

) z = 34i

) z = 1630i
[.)2+i,-2-i )1-2i, -1+2i )5-3i, -5+3i]

1.77. z. :
2

) z

0, z \ .

) z < 0, z = i , \ .
*

) z > 0, z 3 i , < 0.
3

1.78. z = 1 + 3i z1 , z2

y = 3 x
y = 2x + 5.

[.z1=1+2i, z2=-2+i]

1.79. z = + i , , \ , -

x y = 2 f () = i.z , ` .
) f (1600), f (1994), f (1729) .
) z ()
2..
[.)z=1-i]

1.80. z2 + 2z + = 0 > > 0.

) .
) .

 1:

24

1.81. z = x + yi, x, y \
2
2
\ : z + z + z z i = + (1)i. :
2
2i

( ) ( )

) Im(z) = 0 , = 1.
2
) = 0 , z + 1 = 0.
) 0 1.
) z ,

.
[.) , =1]

1.82. z , z2 1 ,

JJJG JJJG
. OA OB ,
.

[.x=0 , x2+y2=1]

1.83. z .

, 1, z, 1 + z2 .

[.y=0 (x-1)2+y2=1]

1.84. z .

, 1, z, i.z .
[.(x- 1 )2+(y+ 1 )2= 1 ]
2

1.85. z

Re(z2 z) = 1 Re(z).

[.x2-y2=1]

1.86. z
2
z2 + z 2 + 4 ( Im( z ) ) = 2Re(z) 4.Im(z)

[.(x- 1 )2+(y+1)2= 5 ]
2
4

1.87. z :

z3 + z 3 = 2.Re(z).

[.O yy x2-3y2=1]

1.88. z w, w = i z 4 .
iz + 2
) z w.
) z w I.
[.)z 2i )x2+(y+1)2=9 (0,2)]

1.89. z -

:
) Re(z

1 ) = 1 Re(z)
z
2

) Im(z

1 ) = 2.Im(z)
z

[.) yy (0,0) x2+y2=2

) xx (0,0) x2+y2=1]

1.90. z w, w = z + i , z 0. z

z , Re(w) = Im(w).

[.y=x (0,0) x2+y2=1]

 1: &

25

2
1.91. z z + 1
z +1

[.y=0 (-1,0) (x+1)2+y2=2]

1.92. z ,
2
i z .
z +1

[.y=0 (-1,0) (x+1)2+y2=1]

1.93. f (z) = z + 3i z ^ .
i z 1
) f.

f ( 1 ) = f ( 1 ).
z
z

) z ^ {i}
*

) z f (z) \ .

[.)C-{-i} )x2+(y+2)2=1 (0,-1)]

1.94. f (z) = iz + 2 z 3i z ^ .
) f 0.
) -

f.
) f

xx.
[.)-1-2i )- 3 - 3 i )x-2y-3=0]
2
2

1.95. f (z) = iz + 1 z ^ .
) -

f.
) () , -

f ,
..
[.) 1 + 1 i]
2 2

1.96. z = (2 i) , \* .
1 + i.
)
z
) (x,y) z ,

x + 2y = 2

1 ,
z

, x 2y = 2.

) .

[.)5x2-20y2=4]

1.97. ) z, w z+w \ zw ,

 1:

26
) P(x) = .x + 1.x

+ + 1.x + 0 , i \ 0 i .
z ^ P(z) = + i P( z ) = i , , \ .

1.98. ,
^ :
i) z ^ :

z , z = 0 , z
ii) z, w , : (z + w) (z.w) .
1.99. ) (1 + i)z2 + (1 5i)z 4 + 2i = 0

1 + i 1 + 2i.
2

) (z + z 4) + (z 5z + 2) = 0.

1.100. , :

(1 + 2i) + (2 i) = 0.

[.2]

1.101. (1 + i)(1 + i+1)(1 + i+2)(1 + i+3) = 0.

1.102. : x4 16x3 + 80x2 168x + 135 = 0

(2 + i2)(2 i) , ` .

1.103. z

z = z3.
[.)0, -1, 1, i, -i]

1.104.

z13 w19 = 1
5 7
z w = 1 .
2
2
z + w = 2
[.(i,i), (-i,-i)]

1.105.
) S i.S

S = i + 2i2 + 3i3 + + i. :
) S

______________ _______________________________________
1.106. . -

.
z = + i w = + i,
.
2
2
II. , ^ : = = 0 + = 0.
I.

III.

2 3i < 2 + 3i.

IV.

23
i =

V.

3 2

i 2 = i3 = i.

, : i = i = .

VI.
VII.

z1, z2 ^ Re(z1 + z2) = 0 Re(z1) + Re(z2) = 0.

z1, z2 ^ Re(z1 z2) = 0 Im(z1 + z2) = 0 z1 = z2 .

VIII.

z1, z2 ^ Im(z1.z2) = Im(z1).Im(z2).

 1: &

IX.
X.

27

1
z1, z2 ^ , z2 0 Re 1 =
.
Re( z2 )
z2

Re( z )

z ^ (z z )2 0.

XI.
XII.

z1 = + i , z2 ^ z1 + z2 = 2 , z2 = z1 .

z1 = + i , z2 ^ z1.z2 = 2 + 2 , z2 = z1 .

Re(z) = 1 z
x = 1.
XIV. 1, 2 z1 z2 xx
12 z1 = z2 .

XIII.

Im(z) = 4 z
y = 4.
XVI. z w , XV.

z + w .
2

XVII.

x2 4x + = 0 , \ , 1 + 2i 1 2i.

XVIII.

x2 + x + = 0 , , \ , 32i,

13 .
3 2i

1.107. . -

I.

2
( i 3 ) = 1, :

. 1

. 3
. 2
. 6
. 5
2 + 3i 3 + 2i

. x = 2
. y = 3
. y = x
. y = 3
. x = 0
2
III. z + 8z = 0 , \ :
. 3 + 4i
. 4 + 3i
. + i
. 4 3i
. 8 + 2i
2
IV. x + x + 13 = 0 , \ :
. 3 + i
. 1 3i
. 3 + 4i
. 2 2i
. 3 + 2i
II.

 1:

28

, ,
,
.
ARTHUR CAYLEY (1821 1904)

. , ,
d(, ) = .
\ z ^ . z, z ,

.
.
2.1. :

z = x + yi (x, y) . z ,
z = OM =

2.2. :

z :
(i) z = z = z = z
(ii)

z = zz

: z = x + yi , x, y \
(i) z = x yi , z = x yi z = x +

z = z = z = z =
(ii)

x2 + y2 .

yi.

x + y2 .
2

z z = (x + yi)(x yi) = x2 (yi)2 = x2 y2i2 = x2 + y2 = z .

 2:
2.3. :

z1 , z2 :
(i) z1 z2 = z1 z2
(ii)

z
z1
= 1
z2
z2

:
(i) :

z1 z2 = z1 z2

z1 z2

, z2 0.
(ii)

29

(z

z2
2

(z1.z2) z1 z2 = z1 z2

:
z
z1
= 1
z2
z2

z1
z2

z1.z2. z1 . z2 = z1. z1 .z2. z2

, .

= 1
z2

z1
z1 z1
z z =
2 2
z2

2
2

z1 z1
z z

= 1 1
z2 z2
z2 z2

, .
2.4. : : z1 z2 ... z

z1 = z2 = = z = z

z =

z z ... z = z z ... z = z .
 

2.5. :

= z1 z2 ... z .


z1 , z2
z1 z2 z1 + z2 z1 + z2 .

1(z1) , 2(z2) (z1 + z2)

z1 , z2 z1 + z2 .
:
JJJJG JJJJG
JJJJG JJJJG
JJJJG
JJJJG
OM 1 OM 2 OM 1 + OM 2 OM 1 + OM 2 .
:

z1 z2

z1 + z2 z1 + z2 .

2.6. :

.
: 1(z1) , 2(z2)
N(z1z2) z1 , z2 z1 z2 . 12 :
JJJJJJJG
(12) = M 2 M 1 =

JJJJG
ON

= z1 z2 .

 1:

30

z z0 = z
z0 . (z0) .
z z1 = z z2

z1 z2. (z1) (z2).
z z1 + z z2 = , > 0 z1 z2 < z
1 2 z1 z2 .

z z1 z z2 = , > 0 z1 z2 > -

z 1 2 z1 z2 .

______________ ___________________________________________

:
.
, z
z = + i .
z ,

z = z .

z w , .
w
w.

2.7. z , w :
) z =

(2+ i )3 (1 i )4
2i (1+2i )5

z =

(2 + i )3 (1 i ) 4
2i (1 + 2i )5

) w = (1+ i )7

2i (3 i )
5
1i

) 9+ i

512

= 0.

:
)

(2 + i )3 (1 i ) 4
2i (1 + 2i )5

(2 + i )3 (1 i ) 4
2i (1 + 2i )5

2 + i 1 i
2i 1 + 2i

 2:

( 5 ) ( 2 )
2( 5 )
3

=
)

( 2)
2( 5 )

4 = 2.
2 5
5

(1+i)2 = 12 + 2i + i2 = 1 + 2i 1 = 2i.
(1+i)6 = [(1+i)2]3 = (2i)3 = 8i3 = 8i.
(1+i)7 = (1+i)6(1+i) = 8i(1+i) = 8i8i2 = 88i.
w = (1+i)7
= 8 8i

2i (3 i )
2i (3 i ) (1 + i )
5 = 8 8i
5
1 i
(1 i ) (1 + i )

2i (3 + 3i i i 2 )
2i (4 + 2i )
5 = 8 8i
5
1+1
2

= 8 8i 4i 2i2 5 = 5 12i.
w = 5 1 2i = 52 + ( 12) 2 = 2 5 + 1 4 4 = 1 6 9 = 13.

31

9 +

i = 0 9 = i .
512
512

9 = i

512

1
512

1
512

= 1.
2

2.8. w w i = 3 , :
) z1 = 3w+4+4wi3i
:
) 1 :

) z2 = w22wi1

z1 = 3w+4+4wi3i = 3(wi) + 4i(wi) = (wi)(3+4i).

z1 = ( w i ) (3 + 4i ) = w i 3 + 4i = 3 32 + 42 = 3.5 = 15.
2 :

z1 4 + 3i
.
3 + 4i
z1
z1
=3
=
3 + 4i
3 + 4i

z1 = 3w+4+4wi3i z14+3i = 3w+4wi z14+3i = w(3+4i) w =

wi = 3

3
)

z1

3 +4
2

z1 4 + 3i
i = 3
3 + 4i

=3

z1
=3
5

z1 4 + 3i 3i 4i 2
=3
3 + 4i

z1 = 15.

z2 = w2 2wi 1 = w2 2wi + i2 = (wi)2.

z2 = ( w i ) 2 = w i = 32 = 9.

z = z z .
2

.
,
> 0 ,

 1:

32

2.9. z ^ , : z + 4 = 2 z 1 z 2 = 3.
:

z + 4 = 2 z 1

(z+4) ( z + 4) = (2z1) (2 z 1)
z z + 4z + 4 z + 16 = 4z z 2z 2 z + 1
z z 2z 2 z 5 = 0
z z 2z 2 z + 4 = 9
( z 2)(z2) = 9

z 2 = 9

z + 4 = 2 z 1

(z+4)( z +4) = (2z1)(2 z 1)

3z z + 6z + 6 z + 15 = 0
z z 2z 2 z = 5
z( z 2) 2( z 2) = 9
(z2) ( z 2) = 9
z 2 = 3.

2.10. z ^ , : z 1 + z 2 z + z 3 .
:

z 1 + z 2 z + z 3
( z 1 + z 2 )2 ( z + z 3 )2

z 1 + 2 z 1 z 2 + z 2

z + 2 z z 3 + z 3

(z1)( z 1) + 2 z 3z + 2 +(z2)( z 2) z z + 2 z 3z + (z3)( z 3)

2

z z z z +1+2 z 2 3 z + 2 + z z 2z2 z +4 z z +2 z 2 3z + z z 3z3 z +9

2 z 2 3z + 2 2 z 2 3z +4

z 2 3z + 2 z 2 3z +2 , , .

2.11. z1 , z2 , , z
. w
2

z +z
z +z
z +z
w = 1 2 + 2 3 + + 1
z2 z 3

z1 z2

z 1 z

, .

: z1 = z2 = = z = .
1 1 : z = z = 2 z . z = 2 z =
2

z + z +1
z z
+1

z + z +1
z + z +1
=
=
=

z z +1
z z +1

2 2
+
z z +1
2 2

z z +1

2
z

2 ( z +1 + z )

z z

= 2 +1
( z +1 z )

z z

+1

z +1 =

2
.
z +1

z +z
= +1

z +1 z

z +z
= +1 . w = w , w .
z z +1

z -

 2:

33

, :

z = z2 z .

= z2 z

2.12. ) : z 2 = z2 z \ .
) z :

3
= z 2z
z

3
z

= z2 z .

z .

:
2

z = z2 z z = z2 z z z2 =0 z( z z) = 0 z=0 z = z z \ .

3 = z 2z
z

3 = z 2z z ( z 2z) = 3 z 2 2 z z = 3 z 2 = 3+2 z z.
z

3 = z 2 z z(z 2 z ) = 3 z2 2 z z = 3 z2 = 3+2 z z.
z
2
z = z2 . z .

.

,
.
.

. z z0 = z z1 = z z2 z
z0 z1 z2 .
2.13. z w :
z w = z+w

z = w .

z = w.
:

1 ()

JJJG
JJJG
z w . OA OB . :
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
z w = z + w OA OB = OA + OB OA OB
JJJG JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
z = w OA = OB . OA OB

. , z = w.
2 ()
2

z = +i w = +i. z = w z = w

z w = z+w z w

= z+w

2 + 2 = 2 + 2.

( z w )2 = (z+w) ( z + w)

 1:

34
2

z 2 z w + w = (z+w)( z + w ) z z 2 z + w w = z z + z w + w z + w w
2

2 z = z w + zw 2 z = 2Re(z w ) z = Re(z w ) (1)

z w = (+i)(i) = i + i + = (+) + ()i.
(1) 2 + 2 = ( + )
( + )2 + ( + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 2(2 + 2) + 2( + )
= 2( + ) + 2( + ) = 0. + = 0 + =0 = =
z = w.

2.14. w ^* w , w + iw 3 , w iw 3 2

, .
:

z1 = w , z2 = w + iw 3 z3 = w iw 3 ,
2

.
() = z1 z2 = w w + iw 3 = w+ w iw 3 = 3w iw 3 = w 3 i 3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
= w 3i 3 = w
2

9+3 = w
4 4

3.

() = z1 z3 = w w iw 3 = w+ w + iw 3 = 3w + iw 3 = w 3 + i 3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
= w 3+i 3 = w
2

9+3 = w
4 4

3.

() = z2 z3 = w + iw 3 w iw 3 = w + iw 3 + w + iw 3 = 2iw 3 = iw 3
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= w 3.
, () = () = () .
2.15. f (z) = z 2 + z+ 4i z ^ . :
) .
) z f .
) z ,
.

:
)

=
)

f (z) = z 2 + z + 4i = 2 z + z + 4i (2 z ) + ( z + 4i ) = 2 z + z + 4i = 2 + 4i

2 + 42 = 4 +16 = 20 = 2 5 = f (2). f 2 5 .
2

f (z) = z 2 + z + 4i = z 2 + z ( 4i ) = () + ()
() = 2 5 . f z ,
() + () = (), z .
=

y y
= 0 + 4 = 2. y y = (x x)
x x
20

 2:

35

y 0 = 2(x2) y = 2x 4.
z = + (2 4)i , [0,2].

z = 2 + (2 4)2 = 2 + 4 2 16 +16 = 5 2 16 +16 .

z () = 52 16 + 16 -

) 1 :

. = 16 = 8 [0,2]. z
2 5
8
8
8
16
8
4
4)i = i.
z = + (2 4)i = + (
5
5
5
5
5
5

z =

( 85 ) + ( 45 )
2

64 + 16 =
25 25

80 = 4 5 .
25
5

, .
.
= 1 .2 = 1 = 1 . :

2 :

2
1
y y = (x x) y 0 = (x 0) y = 1 x.
2
2

y = 1 8 = 4
y= 1 x
y = 1 x
y = 1 x
y = 1 x

2 5
5
2
2
2
2

1
8
x = 2 x 4

x = 4 x 8
5x = 8
x=

y = 2 x 4
2

( 8 , 4 ). z = 8 4 i z = 4 5 .
5

2.16. z z 4+3i 2.
) z .
) 3 z 7.

z 4 + 3i 2 z (4 3i ) 2. z
(4,3) = 2.
)

) 1 ()

(, ) , .
() = (4 0)2 + ( 3 0)2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5.
() () () () () ()
() + ()
() () () + 5 2 z 5 + 2 3 z 7.
z 7, 3.
2 ()

z 4 + 3i 2 z + ( 4 + 3i ) 2.
z 4 + 3i z + ( 4 + 3i ) = z 4 + 3i 2. ,
z 4 + 3i 2 z 5 2 2 z 5 2 2 + 5 z 2 + 5 3 z 7.

 1:

36

2.17. z 10+5i +2 z

5 .

) z .
)
.

:
)

10 + 5i + 2 z

2( z + 5 + 5 i )

2 z + 5+ 5 i
2

z (5 5 i)
2

5 . z
2

(5, 5 ) = 5 .
2

) 1 ()

(,) ,
. () () ()
. =

5 0
y K y
= 2
xK x
5 0

= 1 . y y = (x x) y 0 = 1 (x 0) y = 1 x.
2

y= 1 x
y= 1 x
y= 1 x
2
2

2
2
5
5
2
2
x
1
5
5
2
2
( x + 5) + x +
( x + 5) + + 5 = 5
( x + 5) + ( y + ) =
=

2
4

2
2
4
2
4
1

y= x

y = 1 x
y = 1 x
y= 1 x
2

2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
( x + 5) 2 + ( x + 5) = 5
4( x + 5) + ( x + 5) = 5
5( x + 5) = 5
( x + 5) = 1

4
4
1
y = x
y = 1 x
y = 1 ( 4)
y= 1 x
y = 1 ( 6)
y = 2  y = 3
2
2
2
2
2

.




2
x = 6
x = 4
x + 5 = 1
x = 6
x + 5 = 1
( x + 5) = 1
x = 4

( )

(4, 2) (6, 3). z = 4

2i z = 6 3i.
2 ()

)(

z = z + 5 + 5 i + 5 5 i z + 5 + 5 i + 5 5 i
=

5 + 25 + 25 = 5 + 5 25
2
4
2
4

5 + 5 5 = 6 5 = 3 5 . z 3 5 2
2
2

. :
z + 5 + 5 i = (5 5 i) z = 5 5 i 5 5 i z = (55) + ( 5 5 )i , > 0
2

 2:

z + 5 + 5 i =
2

5
2

5 25 2 = 5
2
4

( 5 5) + 5 5 i + 5 + 5 i =

5 5 5 i 5 i + 5 + 5 i =
2

37

5
2

5 5
= 5
2
2

5 5 i =

= 1

25 2 + 25
4

5
2

= 1.

5
1
z = (5 5) + ( 5 1 5 )i = 63i.
5
2 5 2
5
5
5
5
5
5
z = 5 i + z + 5 + i 5 i z + 5 + i
5 = 4 5 =2 5.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

)(

5
2

5
2

z 2 5 . :
5( +1)
z+5+ 5 i = (5 5 i) z = 5 5 i 5 5 i z = 5(+1)
i , < 0

2
5
z + 5 + i = 5
2
2

2
5
5
5 5 i i + 5 + 5 i = 5
2
2
2
2

2
5 + 5 i = 5
2
2

5 5
= 5 = 1 =1 .
2
2
5
5
1
5
1
z = 5( +1) ( +1)i = 42i.
5
2
5
2

25 2 + 25
4

5
2

5 25 2 = 5
2
4

2.18. z w : z 4 2 w 3i 1.
) z, w ;
) 2 z w 8.
) z, w z w

.
:

z 4 2 w 3i 1.
z (4,0) 1 = 2, w (0,3) 2 = 1.
)

) 1 ()

, (,1) (,2)
. , , .
2
2
() = (4 0) + (0 3) = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5.
() () () () () () () () + () + ()
() 1 2 () () + 1 + 2 5 2 1 z w 5 + 2 + 1
2 z w 8.
z w 8, 2.
2 ()

z w = ( z 4) + (4 3i ) + (3i w) z 4 + 4 3i + 3i w 2 + 5 + 1 = 8.

 1:

38

z w = ( z 4) + (4 3i ) + (3i w) 4 3i ( z 4 + 3i w )
= 4 3i z 4 3i w 5 2 1 = 2.
2 z w 8.
)

yK y
= 03 = 3 .
xK x
40
4

y y = (xx) y 0 = 3 (x4) y = 3 x + 3.
4

y = 3 x +3
y = 3 x +3
y = 3 x + 3

4
4

2
3
2
2
2
12
3x = 4
2
( x 4) +
( x 4) + x + 3 = 4
( x 4) + y = 4

4
3
3

y = x +3
y = x +3

4
y = 3 x +3

4
4

2
2
2
( x 4)2 + 3( x 4) = 4
( x 4) 2 + 9( x 4) = 4
16( x 4) + 9( x 4) = 4 16

16

4
3

y = 3 x +3
y = x +3
y = 3 x +3
y = 3 x + 3

4
4
4
4

( x 4) 2 = 4 16
x 4 = 24
25( x 4) 2 = 4 16
x 4 = 24

25
5
5
3
12
6
6

y = 3 28 + 3
y=
y=
y = +3

5 
5
4 5
4 5

. ( 28 , 6 ) ( 12 , 6 ).


5
5
5 5
28
12
28
12

x=
x=
x=
x=

5
5
5
5

y = 3 x +3

y = 3 x+3
y = 3 x + 3
y = 3 x + 3

4
4
4
4




x 2 + ( 3 x + 3 3) 2 = 1
x 2 + 9 x 2 =1
x 2 + ( y 3)2 = 1
16 x 2 + 9 x 2 = 16

16
4
3
4
3
4
3

y = 12

y = +3
y = +3
y = 18
y = x +3
y = 3 x + 3

4
5
4
5
5
5
4


4

2
16
4
4
4
2
x=
x =

25 x = 16
x=
x= 4
x=

25
5
5
5
5
4
12
4
18
( , ) ( , ).
5 5
5 5
z, w z w z = 12 + 6 i w = 4 + 12 i
5 5
5 5
28
6
4
18
i w = + i.
z, w z w z =
5 5
5 5

( )

2.19. z z 1 1 z 2 = 1,
z.
:

z 1 1 z 2 = 1, z

(1,0) = 1
(2,0)
= 1. , z
q .

 2:

39

, l = 900 (, )
.
. = 2, = 1
= 2 2 = 22 12 = 4 1 = 3 . z
1.

3 ,

___________________________________________________________________

2.20. :
( 3 i )5
) z1 =
(1 + i )6

) z2 =

(1 + i ) (1 + 2i ) (1 + 3i )
(1 i ) (2 i ) (3 i )
[.)4 )1]

2.21. :
) z1 = 7 + i(2i) (12i)(3+i) 6i
) z3 =

( )

2 + i + 1 + 2i
1+ i
1 i

) z2 =

(1 + i )3
1
(1 i ) 2

) z4 =

(3 i ) (3 + i )
(1 3i ) 2

2i
1+ i

[.) 10 ) 5 ) 61 /2 ) 122 ]

2.22. z, :
2

) z + 169i = 0
5

) z

) z 125i = 0

1 i=0
32

2004

) z

) z + 81i = 0

+i=0
[.)13 )5 )3 ) 1 )1]
2

2.23. z w z 3 = 2 w = 9 + 2 z .
9 6z
2

w + 1 = 1.
3

2.24.

z = 3 + 2(1 2)i , \ .

) z

4x + 3y = 6.
) z

z 1,2.

2.25. z = ( 3) + 2(2 + )i , \ .
) z

2x y + 10 = 0.
) z

z 2 5.

) z .

2.26. z i , . z = 1,

w =

z 2 ( z i )
1.
+ iz

 1:

40

2.27. z0 z0 1 -

1 + z + z2 + + z1 = 0.
z + 1 .
z 1

2.28. z ^ z 1 : z = 1

2.29. z ^ z , \*+

z
z+

z = .

2.30. z1, z2 ^ , :
) z1 + 2 z2

+ z2 2 z1

) z1 + z2

+ z2 z1 = (2 + 1)( z1 + z2 ) , \ .

= 5( z1 + z2 ).

2.31. z^ , :
)

z + iz

2
= 2 z + 2.Im(z2)

2.32. z^ :
2.33. z ^ :

2 z 1 =

z 2

z+16 = 4 z +1

z iz

2
= 2 z 2.Im(z2).

z = 1.

z = 4.

2.34. z : (5z 1)5 = (z 5)5.

) 5 z 1 = z 5

z =1
) w = 5z + 1 , (w) .
)

2.35. z^ :

z 8 = 3 z

2.36. z ^ :

z 10 = 3 z 2

2.37. z^ : z + 3 = 2 z + i

z +1 = 3.

z 1 = 3.

3z 3 + 4i

= 2 10 .

2.38. z ^ , :
) 5z i = iz + 5

) z i = iz +

z =1

z = 1 \ {1,1}.

2.39. z^ , :
)

z 9 = 9 z 1

z =1

z = z 1

z = 1 \ {1,1}.

4 z 1 = z 4

z = 1.

2.40. z^ , :
)

z + 49 = 7 z +1

z =7

z + 2 = z +1

z = 0 1.

2.41. z (4 z)10 = z10

x = 2.
2.42. z, w : z + w
) z + w = z w

) z w + z w = 0

100

= zw

100

. :

) Re( z w) = 0

 2:

2.43. z, w ^* . :

41

z + w = z w z .
w

2.44. z 1 w = z + 2i .
2i
2i z 1

w 1 z 1.
2.45. z ^ , z2 + z + 1 = 0.

z = z +1 =1.

2.46. z ^ , z = z +1 = 1, : z2 + z + 1 = 0.
2.47. z1, z2. z1 z2

(1+ z1 )(1+ z2 )

2.48. z ^ z 1 , : (1 i ) z 3 + iz < 3 .
2
4
2.49. z ^ :
2.50. z ^ , :

6 + z + z2 .

z 1 + z + 3
Re ( z ) + Im( z )
2

z Re( z ) + Im( z ) .

;
;
2.51. z1 , z2 z3 1 , 2 4 .

) z1 + z2 + z3 0

2.52. z, w ^ z2 + w2 = 0 ,

z1 + z2 + z3 = 1 + 4 + 16 .
z1

z2

z3

z+w = zw .

2.53. z1, z2 0 -

z1 + z2 = z1 + z2

i)
iii)

z1 z2

= z1 + z2

z1
>0
z2

z1
<0
z2

ii)
iv)

z1 z2 = z1 + z2
z1 z2

= z1 z2

z1
< 0.
z2
z1
> 0.
z2

2.54. ) z2 (3 + 2i)z + 6i = 0.
) f (z) = z z1 + z z2

z1, z2, .

f.
[. )3,2i ) 13 ]

2.55. z ^ , :

z +1 + z + 2 z + z + 3

2.56. z ^ , :

z + 2 + z + 3 z +1 + z + 4

 1:

42

2.57. z1, z2, z3 ^* z1 = z2 = z3 = 1 z1 + z2 + z3 = 1, :

1 + 1 + 1 = 1.
z1
z2
z3

2.58. z1, z2, z3 ^* z1 = z2 = z3 = z1 + z2 + z3 = , :

1 + 1 + 1 = 1.
z1
z2
z3

2.59. z, w, u 1. z + w + u

zw + wu + uz .
2.60. z1, z2 , w =

( z1 + z2 )
, ` ,
z1 + z2

.
2.61. z1, z2, z3 ^ z1 = z2 = z3

z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 = 0, z1 + z2 + z3 = 0.

2.62. . z1, z2, z3 ^ z1 = z2 = z3

2
1

z1+ z2+ z3 = 0, :
2

) z + z2 + z3 = 0

) z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 = 0

) z1 + z2 + z3 = 3z1.z2.z3.
3

. w1, w2, w3 , ,

w1 w2 = w2 w3 = w3 w1 .

w12 + w22 + w32 = w1w2 + w2w3 + w3w1.

2.63. z1, z2, z3 ^ z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 z1.z2 + z2.z3 + z3.z1 = 0, z1 = z2 = z3 .
2.64. ) z1, z2, z3 ^ z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 z12 + z22 + z32 = 0 :

z1 = z2 = z3 .
) , , , -

w1, w2 w3 , :
w12 + w22 + w32 = w1.w2 + w2.w3 + w3.w1 .
.
2.65. z w :

z+w = z + w

z = w .

z = w.
2.66. , ,

z1 = 1 + 2i , z2 = 4 2i , z3 = 1 6i
. .
2.67. ) , ^ , z3 = 8.
)

 2:

43

2.68. z1, z2 ^ , z2 0 , , z1+z2 ,

z1 z2 , z1 + z2i 3 , .
2.69. z ^ z z0 = , z0 ^ , \

= 2Re( z z0 ) + 2 z0 .

2.70. z ,

:
) z = 3

) z 2i = 1

) z + 3 4i = 4

) 2 z + 4 + i = 6

) 12 3z 2i = 3

) z 2 6i = 5

) z 2iz 1 = 9
2

2.71. z, :

1
) 10 10 + 3i 5z < 30

) 3i z

) z < 2
) 2 < 8 2i 4 z < 6

z 3
z + iz 1 2 .

) 1
)

2.72. z : () Re( z ) 3

() Im( z ) 3
() z 3.
z
.
[. =9(4-)]

2.73. z ,

:
) z 4i = z + 2i
)

z 6 + 2i = 3 4i z

z + 2 = z 6i

) 4 z 4 +12i = 16i 2 4 z

2.74. ) z ,

: z 4 + z + 4 = 10.
)

z.

2
2
[.) x + y =1 ) 3, 5]
25
9

2.75. ) z ,
1 + 1
:
= 2 26 .
z 5i
z + 5i
z + 25
) z1 , z2 ) ,

2
2
[.) x + y =1 )26]

144

169

2.76. z , -

z z +1 = z + z 1 .
[. yy (1,0) , (-1,0)]

2.77. z : z + 8 + z 6i = 10.
) z ,

 1:

44
)

z.
[.)(-8,0) (0,6) )4,8]

2.78. w ^ w 2 + w i = 5 .
) w .
) w.
) w .
[.) (2,0) (0,-1) ) 2 5 ) 2 - 4 i]
5

2.79. ) () z

z = 2 Im(z) 0.

) , z (), -

w = 1 (z + 4 )
2

xx.
[.) =2 ) (-2,0) (2,0)]

2.80. f (z) =

z .
i z +1

) z .

f ( z) = f ( z ) z \ .
) z , f (z)
1.
)

[.)z i )y= 1 ]
2

2.81. f f (z) = z + i , z z 0.
z
)

f ( z ) = f ( z ) , z .

f ( z ) = 1, z .
) Re(f (z)) = 2 , z,
.
)

[.)y=- 1 )x2+(y- 1 )2= 1 (0,0)]

2

2.82. ) z, w -

z 2i = 1 ,

w 3 + 2i = 3.

) 1

z w 9.
2

2.83. ) z, w ^ : zw 1 z w

= ( z 1)( w 1).
) z, w
,
zw , 1.

2.84. z1 z2 z1 + i = 1 z2 4 = 2.

z1 z2 .
[. 17 -3,

2.85. :

17 +3]

 2:
i) A = {z / z ^

z +1 i 5}.

ii) B = {z / z ^

z + 6 i z + 4 5i }.

45

iii) = .

2.86. , \ z ^ . :
+
) z + i = z + i Im(z) =
.
2
+
) z + = z + Re(z) =
.
2
2 2
) z = z i .Re(z) .Im(z) =
.
2
2.87. z1, z2 ^ z2 = z1.z2

2.88. z, z1, z2 ^ z =

z1 + z2 =

z1 + z2
z +z
z + 1 2 +z .
2
2

2 z1 + 3z2
, z z1 + z z2 = z1 z2 .
5

z, z1, z2 ;
2.89. z, z1, z2 ^ z =

z1 + z2
+

, \ > 0, :

z z1 + z z2 = z1 z2 .
z, z1, z2 ;
2.90. ) z1, z2 : z1 + z2

+ z1 z2

.
) z1, z2 ^ z1 z2 = z1 = z2 , z1 + z2 =
) z ^

z +1 = z = 1, :

) z1, z2 ^

z1 = z2 =

z 1 =

z1 + z2 =

= 2 z1

+ 2 z2 .

3 z1 .

3.

2 , : z1 +

2.91. z1, z2 ^ :

z1
z2

2 z1
2

2.92. z1, z2 z1 + z2

z1 z2 z1
z2

z1 z2 =

= 6.

2 z2 .

= z1 z2 ,

z1 + z2 = z1 z2 .
.
2.93. z ^ z

= z 2 1 , Re(z2) = 1 .
2

2.94. z ^* z = z + 1 , Re(z2) = 1 .
2
z
2.95. z, z , 1 z1 z

 1:

46

[. 1 3 i ]
2 2

2.96. z , z 1 = z 3 = z i .
[.2+2i]
4

2.97. w : 2(w4+ w ) = (w2+ w )2 , w \ .

2

2.98. ) w ^ , : w + w2 = 0 Re(w) = Im(w) Re(w) = Im(w).

2
2
2
2
) z, w : (zw) + (z w ) = zw z + ( w z ) .

z w
.
2.99. z ^ , :
i)

z+ z + z z = 2 z

z \

ii)

z+ z + z z > 2 z

z (^ \ )

2.100. ^ :

) z 2z + 2i = 0

) z 4z = 1 + 8i.
[. )1+i )3-2i,1-2i]

2.101. ^ :

) z z 8i = 2

) z + z + 6i = 2.
[. )4-i,-4+i )1-3i,-1+3i]

2.102. ^ :

) z 2z + 3 + 6i = 0

) z + z + 1 = 0.
[. )4+3i ) 1+ 5 i,- 1+ 5 i]
2

2.103. z :

z 1 + i z + 1 = z i + i.
[. z=0 z=-1-i]

2.104. z1, z2

1 , z1 z2 < 1 z1 z2 .

2.105. z1, z2 ^ ,

z1 + z2
1 + z1 z2

z1, z2
1.
2.106. z z + 3 4i = 2.

z.
[.3, 7]

2.107. ) z ^ z2 + z + 1 = 0 z = 1.
) w ^

w 1 = i , w = 1.
w

) z1, z2 ^ :
*

z1
z
2 = i.
z2
z1

z1 = z2 .

 2:

47

2.108. z :
z 4 5 z 3i 5 .
2
2
[.z=2+ 3 i]
2

2.109. z :

z = 1

z 1 i = 2.
2
[. z=- 1 + 1 i]
2
2

2.110. ) z ^

( z +i

2 )( z i 2 ) 0 1+ z 2 2 z .
2

) -

z 2 z 1+ z 2 .
2.111. ) z ^

( z +1

2 )( z 1 2 ) 0 z 2 1 2 z .
2

) -

z 2 z 1+ z 2 .
2.112. z ^ z 1. : 2 z 3 4.

z .
2.113. z ^ z 2. : 2 z 4 6.

z .
2.114. z ^ z 3. : 2 z 5i 8.

z 1 1. : 1 z + 1 3.
.

2.115. z ^

2.116. z ^ z + 4i 1, : 2 5 1 z 2 2 5 +1.

.
2.117. z ^ z 3 = 2 z 2 2, 1 z

10 .

.
2.118. z ^ z +1 =1 z + 2 1,

3 z 2.

.
2.119. z z i = 1,

z +1 .

 1:

48

2.120. ) z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 :

(z1 z4)(z2 z3) + (z2 z4)(z3 z1) + (z3 z4)(z1 z2) = 0.

, , , z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 , : ().() ().() + ().().

:
.
2.121. z, w 1. u, v
u = z w zw + 1 v = z w zw + , \ .

u, v .
2
2.122. z ^ z = 1 + i = z 2 + iz + 1 , \
z iz + 1
( 1)2 + 2 = 2 4 2
.
z + z +3

2.123. z1, z2, z3 1

3z1 + 4z2 + 5z3 = 0. :

) Re(z1. z2 ) = 0.

) z1 + z2 = 0.

2.124. z, w ^ , z.w = 1 z + w = 2, z + w

.
2

2.125. 0, ^ z 2iz + 2(1+i) = 0.

[.z1,2=+(-1 1-2 -2 )i , 0

2.126.

2 -1]

z 3 + w5 = 0
.
2 4
z w = 1
[.(z,w)=(-1,1), (z,w)=(1,-1)]

2.127.

z 3 + w7 = 0
.
5 11
z w = 1
[.(z,w)=(i,i), (z,w)=(-i,-i)]

2.128. z1, z2 ^ , :
2
2
2
z1 + z2 (1+) z1 + (1+ 1 ) z2 .

2.129. z1, z2, z3 ^ : (1 z1 ) (1 z2 ) (1 z3 ) 1 z1 z2 z3 .

 2:

49

2.130. z 1 z = 1,
1 + i , \ .
1 i

2.131. z1, z2, , z z1 + z2 + + z

z i
z i
z i
+ 2
++
< 1 , :
i 1
z1 + i
z2 + i
z + i
) z1, z2, , z .

z1 + z2 + .. . + z i
< 1.
z1 + z2 + ... + z + i

2.132. z.() + z1.(1) + + z. 1 = 0, `* .

z0 z0 > 1 .
2
2.133. z = + i, , _ z =1.

z 2 1 _ .

______________ _______________________________________
2.134. . I.

.
.

II. :

z =3 z = 3.
z

III.

z, w ^ z

IV.

z1.z2 = z2

V.

+ w = 0 z = w = 0.

z1 , z2 .

z i = iz +1 .

VI.
VII.

z z1 = z2 z z ^ z1, z2 ^ , .

z, , :
z 2 9 = 2 z 6 , .

2.135. . -

.
I.

z =
5
2

.
II.

5
2

z =

. 4

20
2

(1 + 2i )3
:
(2 i )(1 i ) 2
.

5
4

5
2

5 5
2

(2 + i )3 (2 i )3 2i
:
(1 2i ) 2 + (1 + i ) 2 2i
. 5

5 2
2

. 3

 1:

50
III.

z = 12 + yi, y \ , z = 13, y :

. 13
IV.

. 5
V.

13

. 12

. 5

. 2 3

z1 = 3 z2 = 3 + 4i z1 + z2 :
. 8

. 9

. 12

. 14

10

z + 2i = 10 :
.
.
.

51

_________________________________________ _________________
3.1. z , z i w =

z .
z 2 +1

) w , z z = 1.
) , ,

z = 3.
3
z 2 +1

) z1, z2 (), -

z12 ( z1 +1) + z22 ( z2 1)

.
z12 3z1 z2 + z22
[.ii) 3 1 i iii) 3 i - 3 i]
2

3.2. z1 = + i z2 =

2 z1
, , \ , 0. 2 + z1

z2 z1 \ .
) z2 z1 = 1.
) z1 .

) z1 . > 0, z1
2

(z1 + 1 + i)20 ( z1 + 1 i)20 = 0.

3.3. ) z1 , z2 ,
2

z1 + z2

= z1 z2

Re( z1 z2 ) = 0.

) f : [, ] \ [, ]
2
2
2
z = 2 + i.f () , w = f () + i.2 . 0. w + z = w z -

f (x) = 0 [, ].
( 1995)

3.4. f, g [, ] , (, ) g(x) g ( x ) 0 ,

x (, ). z1 = f () + i.g() , z2 = g() + i.f () z1 + z2 = z1 z2 ,

(, ) ,

f ( )
f ( )
+
= 0.
g ( )
g ( )

3.5. ) z1, z2 :

z1 + z2 = 4 + 4i

2z1 z2 = 5 + 5i.

) z, w

z z1

2 w z2

i) z, w , z = w
ii)

zw .
[.)3+i, 1+3i )i)z=w=2+2i ii)4 2 ]

3.6. z = 1 + i.x w = 1 + x + i , , > 0 x \ ,

2 w + z 2 w z . = e.

 1:

52

3.7. f : [, ] \ [, ] f (x) 0 ,

x [, ] z Re(z) 0 , Im(z) 0

Re( z ) > Im( z ) . z + 1 = f () z2 + 12 = f 2(), :

z

) z = 1

) f () < f ()
3.

) x f () + f () = 0 (1,1).

3.8. z z 1 = Re( z ) + 1 .
4
4
) z .
) o z w = z 1 .
[.)y2=x )z= z= 1 1 i]
2
2

3.9. f (x) = z + ixw + i z ixw , z, w ^* x ^ .

:
) zw I.
) f (x) .
2

3.10. f \ f (x) =

xz x+z
x2 + z

, z -

z = + i, , \ , 0.
) lim f (x), lim f (x).
x+

z +1 > z 1 .
) f.
) f,
2
2
[.)0,0 )..f(- 2 +2 )= 2 2 +2

2
2
.. f( 2 +2 )=- 2 2 +2

2
2
2
2
)[- 2 2 +2 , 2 2 +2 ]

53

1.

x0 \

x0 \

.
. , , ,
, , ,

, .
.


, . .
. ,
,
.
, .
, .
[,]
Bolzano. , ,
.

 1:

55

Euler
Introductio in
analysin infinitorum

1.1. :

16
, ,

.
Euler1 Introductio in analysin infinitorum 1748.
(function) f (x).
,
,

.
, ,
.

. , ,

, .
\ . () f,
x
y. y f x f (x).
, : f : \
x f (x).

LEONARD EULER (17071783).

18 . . ,
. .
Introductio in analysin infinitorum, Institutiones calculi
differentialis, Institutiones calculi integralis. , , .
, . .

56

1: - -
x , y, f
x, .
f Df.
f x , f f (). :
f () = {y / y = f (x) x }.

1.2. :

f xy
. (x, y)
y = f (x), (x, f (x)) ,
x A, f Cf.
f xy . (x,y)
y = f (x), (x, f (x)) , x A,
f Cf.
x A
y \ , f .
f .
:
o f Cf.
o f f () Cf.

H f
, xx, f,
(x, f (x))
(x, f (x)), xx.

 1:

57

H f
Cf
xx ,
xx Cf
.
,
:
1. .
f (x) = .x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0 , 0, 1, , \
` . f \ 0 .
f (x) = 2x3 5x2 + 0,2x +

2 , g(x) = 2 x4 + 9x3
3

5 x2 + 6

.
f (x) = x +

f (x) = x2 , 0

f (x) = x3 , 0

2. .
P( x )
, (x) Q(x) .
f (x) =
Q( x)

58

1: - -

f \ Q(x).
3
5
3
2
f (x) = 3x 46 x + x 8 , g(x) = x 2 3 x +1,2 .

x 2x +3

x x 5

f (x) = , 0
x

3. . -

x. . F(x,y) = 0.
f (x) = 2 x 3 , g(x) = 3 x 5 2 .
y2 2x + 3 = 0 (y + 2)2 x + 5 = 0 .
f (x) = x

4. T .

f (x) = x , f (x) = x , f (x) = x f (x) = x.

5. f (x) = x , 0 < 1.

 1:

59

6. f (x) = logx , 0 < 1.

.
1.3. :

,
.
:
I. f : \ f

II.

f (x) = f ( x ) x A.
f, g : \
f ( x) + g ( x) + f ( x) g ( x)
, x A
2
f ( x) + g( x) f ( x) g( x)
, x A
min{f, g}(x) = min{f (x),g(x)} =
2

max{f, g}(x) =max{f (x),g(x)} =

III.

Kronecker

IV.

f (x) = [x] , [x]

, x.
1 x < 0

x = 0
1 x > 0

x( 1) x < 0
x

x.sign(x) = x 0 x = 0 = 0

x 1 x > 0

x. sign(x) = 0

, x.sign(x) = x sign(x) =
x
= x , x \* .
x
x
V.

Dirichlet
1
0

f (x) =

x _
.
x ( \ _ )

x<0
x =0 = x .
x>0

60

1.4. :

1.5. :

1.6. :

1.7. :

1.8. :

1: - -

f g :

x f (x) = g(x).
f = g.
(i) f, g ,

. x f (x) = g(x),
f, g .
(ii) : ,
.
f (x) = x g(x) = x3
x A = {1,0,1} , .
f ,
x A :
x A f ( x) = f (x).
,
(x, f (x)) ,
(x, f (x)), yy. ,

yy.

f ,
x A :
x A f ( x) = f (x).
,
(x, f (x)) ,
(x, f (x)),
. ,

.

f , \* x A :
x + A f (x + ) = f (x).

 1:

, ,

61

.

.

.

, , .
1: f (x) = c
.
2: f (x) = x g(x) = x
= 2, h(x) = x (x) = x = .
3: Dirichlet ,
. , _ x + _ x _ f (x + ) = 1 =
f (x). x + ( \ _) x ( \ _) f (x + ) = 0 = f (x).
f, g

f, g f + g
o =
o (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) , x .

f, g f g
o =
o (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) , x .

f, g f . g
o =
o (f . g)(x) = f (x) . g(x) , x .

f, g

f
g

o = {x / x x , g(x) 0}
f
f ( x)
, x .
o (x) =
g

g ( x)

f (x) = x +1 g(x) =
x 1

x .
x 3

x f (x) g(x) . f g
f,
g . x 1 , 0 , 2 , 3 , 4 f (1) = 0 , f (0) = 1 , f (2) = 3 , f (3) = 2 ,
f (4) = 5 . x g
3

g(f (1)) = g(0) = 0 , g( f (0)) = g(1) = 1 , g(f (2)) = g(3) = ; , g(f (3)) = g(2)
4

62

1: - -
= 2 , g(f (4)) = g( 5 ) = 5 .
3

x
f, Df = \ {1} f(x)
g, Dg = \ {3}.
f g,

x 1
x 1
xD f

x 1
x 1
x +1



.

f
(
x
)

D
3x 3 x +1
2 x 4
x 2
g

x 1 3

x \ {1,2}
x +1

x +1

x +1
x 1
g(f (x)) = g( x +1 ) = x 1 =
=
= x +1 .
1
3
3
42x
x 1
x
+

x
+
x +1 3( x 1)
x +1
3
x 1

1.9. :

x 1

f, g , ,
f g,
g D f,
1 = {x A / f (x) B} (g D f )(x) = g(f (x)).
f : f (A) g : B g(B).

g D f x A
f (x) , 1 = {x A / f (x) }.
g D f 1 , f () B .
1.10. :

, f, g g D f f D g ,
. ,
g D f f D g. ( ).
f, g, h h D (g D f) , (h D g) D f : h D (g D f) = (h D g) D f.
( ).
(x) = x f :
I D f = f D I = f. ( ).

___________ ______________________________________________

 1:

63

1.11. f x, y \
f ( x y) = (x+4).f (y1) + (x+y)2 .

f .
x = 1 y = 1 :
f ( 1 1) = (1+4).f(11) + (1+1)2 f (0) = 5.f (0) + 4 4.f (0) = 4 f (0) = 1 (1).
x = 1 y = 1 :
f ( 1 1) = (1+4).f (11) + (1+1)2 f (0) = 3.f(0) + 0 2.f (0) = 0 f (0) = 0 (2).
(1) (2) f .
, f .
1.12. f, g :
x +1

f (x) = ( x 2) 2 x
x 2 3 x +2

x <0
0 x 1

x >1

f
g

x 2 + x
g(x) =
x 2

x <0
x0

.
:

x
f (x)

x+1
x2+x

g(x)

x +1
x2 + x

f ( x)
g

x2 3x+2
x2

(x2).2x
x2
x +1
x2 + x

( x 2) 2 x
x2

x 2 3x + 2
x2

x 2 3x + 2
x2

f / g.
x +1
x2 + x

f
( x 2) 2 x
( x ) =
g
2 x2
x 3x + 2
x 2

x
x

= 1

2
x 1

()

x < 0 x 1
0 x 1

x > 1 x 2

f
g

f
g ( A) =

( ,1) (1,0) (0,+ ).

x < 0 x 1

x +1

x ( x + 1)

2 x
=
0 x 1
( x 2)( x 1)

x > 1 x 2
x2

x < 0 x 1

0 x 1

x > 1 x 2

 1: - -

64

1.13. f (x) =
i) g D f

x 1 g(x) =

ii) f D g

x 2 9 . :
iv) g D g

ii) f D f

f Df = [0,+ ).
g , x2 9 0
x 3 x 3.
g Dg = ( ,3] [3,+ ).
xD

f

f ( x ) Dg

i)

x
x29

3 3 +
+ 0 0 +

x0
x0


) 
x 1 3  x 1 3
x 2 (

x 4

x0
x 16. g D f DgD f = [16,+ ).

x 16

x DgD f (g D f )(x) = g( f (x)) = g( x 1) =

x Dg
ii)
g ( x ) D f

( x 1)2 9 =

x 2 x +1 9

= x 2 x 8 .

x

x3

x 3 x 3.
2
x 9 0

f D g D f Dg = ( ,3] [3,+ ).
x D f Dg (f D g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f ( x 2 9 ) =
iii)

xD

f
(
x
)
D
f

x0
x 1 0

x 2 9 1 = 4 x 2 9 1.

x0
x 0

x 1.
1
x

x 1

f D f D f D f = [1,+ ).
x D f D f (f D f )(x) = f ( f (x)) = f ( x 1) =
iv)

x 1 1.

x 3  x 3

x Dg
2

 x2 9 3

)
g ( x ) Dg
x 9 3 (
x 3  x 3
x 3  x 3

2
x 2 18
x 9 9

x 3  x 3
x 3  x 3

2
x 3 2
x 18
x 3  x 3
x 3 2 x 3 2 .

x 3 2  x 3 2

g D g DgDg = ( ,3 2 ] [3 2 ,+ ).
x DgDg (g D g)(x) = g(g(x)) = g( x 2 9 ) = ( x 2 9 ) 2 9 = x 2 9 9
=

1.14. f (x) =
:

x 2 , x < 1
g(x) =

5 6 x , x 1

i) g D f

g Dg = [1,+ ).

ii) f D g

x +1 .

x 2 18 .

 1:

65

f (x) = x 2 , x ( ,1) g(x) =

i) ()

x +1 , x [1,+ ).
x <1
x <1


.
x 2 1
x 1

x D f

f ( x ) Dg

x +1 , x [1,+ )
x 1
x D f
x 1
x 1
x 1



6
x = 1.
f
(
x
)
D

x 1
5 6 x 1
6 x 6
g

x 6
x = 1 (g D f )(1) = g( f (1)) = g(1) = 1+1 = 0.

()

f (x) = 5 6x , x [1,+ ) g(x) =

DgD f = {1} (g D f )(1) = 0.

ii) ()

f (x) = x 2 , x ( ,1) g(x) =

x +1 ,
x 1
x 1

x +1 < 1
x +1< 1

x Dg

g ( x ) D f

x [1,+ ).
x 1
1 x < 0.

x<0

x [1,0) (f D g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f ( x +1 ) = x +1 2.

f (x) = 5 6x , x [1,+ ) g(x) = x +1 , x [1,+ ).

()

x D

x 1

x 1

x 1

g




x 0.
x 0
x +1 1
x +1 1
g ( x ) D f
x [0,+ ) (f D g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f ( x +1 ) = 5 6 x +1 .

x +1 2 , x [ 1,0)
.
5

6 x +1 , x [0, + )

(f D g)(x) =

x .
1 x
2x 1
i) h ( f D h )(x) = 2 x
ii) g ( g D f )(x) =
.
x x +2
2 x 2 2x +1

1.15. f (x) =

f Df = \ {1}.
i)

h , ( f D h )(x) =

f (h(x)) =

x
x2 x + 2

x
x2 x + 2

h( x )
= 2 x
, h(x) 1
1 h( x )
x x+2

h(x).( x2 x + 2) = x.(1h(x)) , h(x) 1 h(x).( x2 x + 2) = x x.h(x) , h(x) 1

h(x).(x2 x + 2) + x.h(x) = x , h(x) 1 (x2 x + 2 + x).h(x) = x , h(x) 1
(x2 + 2).h(x) = x , h(x) 1 h(x) = 2 x , h(x) 1.
x +2

h(x) 1

x
1 x + 2 x x2 x + 2 0 ,
x2 + 2
2

= 1 8 = 7 < 0.
x
x
2
2
x
x
2
+
x
)=
= 2 +2 = 2 x
x \ (f D h)(x) = f (h(x)) = f ( 2
x
x +2 x
x +2
x x+2
1 2
x +2
x2 + 2
, h(x) = 2 x
.
x +2

 1: - -

66

ii)

g , (g D f )(x) =

f (x) = y

2 x 1
2 x 2 2 x +1

x = y x = y yx x + yx = y (1+y)x = y
1 x

y = 1 0.x = 1 .
y 1 x =
x 1

y
(1)
1+ y

y
1 y y+1 0 1 , (1)
1+ y

y 1.
(g D f )(x) = 22 x 1
2 x 2 x +1

g( f (x)) = 22 x 1
2 x 2 x +1

g(y) =

y
1
1+ y
2

y
y
2
2 1+ y +1
1+ y

2 y 1 y
y 1
( y 1)(1 + y )
1+ y
1+ y
y 2 1
=
=
= 2 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 y 2 y 2 y +1+ 2 y + y
y +1
2y
2y
2 y 2 y (1 + y ) + (1 + y )

+1
(1 + y ) 2 1 + y
(1 + y ) 2

x
1
(
1 x )
x

1
x
g(x) =
, x \ . : (g D f )(x) = g( f (x)) = g(
)=
1 x
x +1
(1x x ) +1
2

x 2 (1 x )2
2
2
(1 x )2
= 2
= x 2 1 + 2 x x 2 = 22 x 1 .
2
x + (1 x )
2 x 2 x +1
x +1 2 x + x
(1 x )2
2
, g(x) = x 2 1 , x \ .

x +1

1.16. f :[0,1] [1,+ ) :

f 2(x) + x4 = 1 + 2x2.f(x) , x [0,1].
f.
:

x [0,1] : f 2(x) + x4 = 1 + 2x2.f (x) f 2(x) 2x2.f (x) + x4 = 1

[f (x) x2]2 = 1 f (x) x2 = 1 f (x) x2 = 1 f (x) = x2+1 f (x) = x2 1.
x [0,1] f (x) = x2 + 1 0 x 1 1 x2+1 2 1 f (x) 2
x [0,1] f (x) = x2 1 0 x 1 1 x21 0 1 f (x) 0
f (x) [1,+ ) x [0,1] f (x) = x2 + 1.
, f (x) = x2 + 1, x [0,1].
1.17. f : \ \ :
f (x+y) f (xy) + f (x) + f (y) = x2 + 4xy + y2 , x, y \ .
i) f (0) = 0.
ii) f.
:

 1:

67

x = y = 0 :
f (0+0) f (00) + f (0) + f (0) = 02 + 4.0.0 + 02 f (0) f (0) + f (0) + f (0) = 0
2f (0) = 0 f (0) = 0.
ii) f .
y = 0 :
f (x+0) f (x0) + f (x) + f (0) = x2 + 4x.0 + 02 f (x) f (x) + f (x) + 0 = x2 + 0 + 0
f (x) = x2.
x, y \ : f (x + y) f (x y) + f (x) + f (y) = (x + y)2 (x y)2 + x2 + y2
= x2 + 2xy + y2 (x2 2xy + y2) + x2 + y2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 x2 + 2xy y2 + x2 + y2
= x2 + 4xy + y2.
, f (x) = x2, x \ .
i)

1.18. f : \ \ :
f (x+y) f (xy) + f (x) + f (y) = 2x + 3y + 2 , x, y \ .
:

f .
x = y = 0 : f (0+0) f (00) + f (0) + f (0) = 4.0 + 3.0 + 2
f (0) f (0) + f (0) + f (0) = 2 2f (0) = 2 f (0) = 1.
y = 0 :
f (x+0) f (x0) + f (x) + f (0) = 2x + 3.0 + 2 f (x) f (x) + f (x) + 1 = 2x + 2
f (x) = 2x + 1.
x, y \ :
f (x+y) f (xy) + f (x) + f (y) = 2(x+y) + 1 2(xy) 1 + 2x + 1 + 2y + 1
= 2x + 2y + 1 2x + 2y 1 + 2x + 1 + 2y + 1 = 2x + 6y + 2.
, f .
1.19. , \ ,
:

f (x).f (y) = f (x) + f (y) + 3 , x, y \ .

f .
y = x : f (x).f (x) = f (x) + f (x) + 3 f 2(x) 2f (x) 3 = 0
f (x) = 1 f (x) = 3.
x1 , x2 \ f (x1) = 1 f (x2) = 3, x = x1
y = x2 : f (x1).f (x2) = f (x1) + f (x2) + 3 1.3 = 1 + 3 + 3 3 = 5 .
f (x) = 1 , x \ f (x) = 3 , x \ .
x, y \ : f (x).f (y) = f (x) + f (y) + 3 1.(1) = 1 1+ 3 1 = 1 .
x, y \ : f (x).f (y) = f (x) + f (y) + 3 3.3 = 3 + 3 + 3 9 = 9 .
, : f (x) = 1, x \ f (x) = 3, x \ .
1.20. f : (0,+ ) \ f (1) = 0 x, y >0
: f (xy) lny + f (x).

f .
x = 1 :

 1: - -

68

f (1.y) lny + f (1) f (y) lny + 0 f (y) lny. f (x) lnx, x > 0 (1)
y = 1 :

x
1
f (x ) ln 1 + f (x) f (1) ln1 lnx + f (x) 0 lnx + f (x)
x
x
lnx f (x) x >0 (2)
(1) (2) f (x) = lnx , x > 0.

x, y (0,+ ) f (xy) = ln(xy) = lnx + lny = lny + f (x) lny + f (x).

, f (x) = lnx, x > 0.
1.21. f : \ \ :
.f (1+x) + .f (1x) = x2 + 5x 12 , x \ ,
(1,10) (3,6).
:

f . Cf
(1,10) (3,6) f (1) = 10 f (3) = 6.
x = 2 x = 2 :
.f (12) + .f (1+2) = (2)2 + 5(2) 12 .f (1) + .f (3) = 41012
106 = 18 5 + 3 = 9
.f (1+2) + .f (12) = 22 + 5.2 12 .f (3) + .f (1) = 4+1012
610 = 2 3+5 = 1.
5 3
9 3
5 + 3 = 9
. D=
= 259 = 16 , D =
= 45+3 = 48 ,
3 5
1 5
3 + 5 = 1

D =

D
5 9
D
= 527 = 32. = = 48 = 3 = = 32 = 2.
16
16
D
D
3 1

: 3.f (1+x) 2.f (1x) = x2+5x12 (1).

x x :
3.f (1x) 2.f (1+x) = (x)2+5(x)12 3.f (1x) 2.f (1+x) = x25x12 (2)
(1) (2) :
3 f (1 + x ) 2 f (1 x ) = x 2 + 5 x 12 3
9 f (1 + x ) 6 f (1 x ) = 3x 2 + 15 x 36

2
2
2 f (1 + x ) + 3 f (1 x ) = x 5 x 12 2
4 f (1 + x ) + 6 f (1 x ) = 2 x 10 x 24

5.f (1+x) = 5x2+5x60 f (1+x) = x2+x12.

x x1 :
f (1+x1) = (x1)2+x112 f (x) = x22x+1+x112 f (x) = x2x12.
x \ : 3.f (1+x) 2.f (1x) = 3[(1+x)2 (1+x) 12] 2[(1x)2 (1x) 12]
= 3(1+2x+x2) 3(1+x) 36 2(12x+x2) + 2(1x) + 24 = 3+6x+3x233x362+4x2x2+22x
+24 = x2+5x12. , f (x) = x2x12 , x \ .
1.22. f : \ \
ex+y f (x).f (y) f (x+y) , x, y \ .
) f (0) = 1.
1 , x \ .
) f (x) =
f ( x)
) f.

 1:

69

:
)

x = y = 0 e0 f (0).f (0) f (0+0) 1 f 2(0) f (0).

f (0)>0

, f (0) 1 f 2(0) f (0) f (0) 1. f (0) = 1.

0
) y = x e f (x).f (x) f (0) 1 f (x).f (x) 1.
, f (x).f (x) = 1 f (x) =

1 .
f ( x)

f .
y = 0 :
ex f (x).f (0) f (x) ex f (x) f (x). f (x) ex x \ (1)
x x :

f (x) ex

1 1
f ( x)
ex

ex f (x). f (x) ex x \ (2)

(1) (2) f (x) = ex, x \ .

,
f (x) = ex, x \ .

___________________________________________________________________

( + 1) x 3 x 2 + 5
1.23. f (x) =
x2 +

x 1
.
x 1

.
[. =5]

1.24. f : \ \ , :

f (x) + x.f (y) = x + y , x, y \ .

1.25. f \ , :

f (x + 1) + f (1 x) = 2x + 3 , x \ .

1.26.
x2 4
) f (x) = x + 2 +
) f (x) = ln(1
x 3
) f (x) =

e x 1
x 2 1

) f (x) =

5 x )

ln( x + 1)
x

x
x3 + x 2

[.)={-2} [2,3) (3,+ ) )=(4,5] )=[0,1) (1,+ ) )=(-1,0) (0,1) (1,+ )]

1.27.
) f (x) =
) h(x) =

2 x 1

ln(4 x 4 )
x +x

) g(x) =

1 + x
1 x

) (x) =

1 x
x 3

[.)=[1,5] )= \ -{x \ :x=2, ] } )=(0, 2 ) )=(-3,-1] [1,3)]

 1: - -

70

1.28.
) f (x) =

1 x 2 + (x)

) g(x) =

1 1 x 2
3

[.)=[-1,- 1 ) (- 1 , 1 ) ( 1 ,1] )[-1,0) (0,1]]

2

1.29.
)

f (x) =

x 2 + 8 x 9 24

log log 5 x + 3
5 2x

g(x) =

[. )=(- ,-11] [-5,-3] [3,+ ) )[ 47 , 5 )]

25

1.30. , ,

:
i) f (x) =

x2 x 6
x+2

ii) g(x) = ln(

x 1)

[. i)(3,0),(0,-3) ii)(8,0)]

1.31. :
2
6
) f (x) = x 3x + 2 g(x) =
x
1
) f (x) = x + 1 +
g(x) = x2 + x + 2
x +1
[.)(3,2) )(0,2)]

1.32. ,

[f (x) x][f (x) + x] = 1 , x \ .

1.33. f (x) = x4 + x3 (3 + 1)x2 2x + 4 , \ . f

(1,0).
i) .
ii) Cf .
[.i)=2 ii)(-2,0), (-1,0), ( 1 ,0), (2,0) (0,4)]
2

1.34. f (x) = x2 x + + 3 g(x) = x3 + (5 )x2 2x + 2 4.

, , f, g yy x = 2.
[.(,)=(3,2) (,)=(-7,42)]

1.35. f, g : f 2(x) + g2(x) = 4f (x) + 6g(x) 13 ,

x \ .
[.f(x)=2, g(x)=3]

1.36. , ,

f (x) = x3 + (2 2)x2 2x g(x) = 4x2 + (2 + 4)x + 3 ,

x + 1 = 0.
[.=2, =-1]

1.37. f (x) =

1 +
1 .
1 2x
1 2 x

) f.
) f .

 1:

71

) .
[.)= \* )f(x)=1]

1.38. f (x) =

2 x2 x3
x2 4x + 4

i) f.
ii) .
iii) .

1.39. f (x) = ln(x 1) ln(1 1 ).

x
i) f.
ii) .
iii) .

1.40.

.
) f (x) =
) (x) =

x2 4x + 4

x2 + 2 x +1

x2

) k(x) =

x2 2 x

) g(x) =

x 2 1
x +1

) h(x) =

x +1 x 1
x + 1 + x 1

x2 x3
x 1

) F(x) = 2 x

1.41.

.
x3

) f (x) = 1
x

x 1

x > 1

) g(x) = 2 2

1.42. f = g.

f g, \ f (x) = g(x).

3x 2 10 x + 8
g(x) = 4 3x
x2
4x x2 4
1
ii) f (x) =
g(x) = x + 1 x
x +1 + x
1 x ) g(x) = ln(1 x) ln(1 + x)
iii) f(x) = ln(
1+ x
x 2 ) g(x) = 2lnx ln(1 x)
iv) f(x) = ln(
1 x
i) f (x) =

1.43. f, g f (12x) =

x
g(x) = x2 1 .
2 x 2 x 2 1
x +1

f = g.
1.44. f (x) =

3 x 2 x g(x) = x 3 2 x 2 + 2 x .
( x 1) 2
x + 2 2

f = g.
[.=1]

 1: - -

72

3
2
1.45. f (x) = x + 42 x + 4 x + 3 g(x) = x + 3.
x + x + 1

f = g.
[. =1]

1.46. f, g f (23x) =

g(x) =

3x

9 x 2 12 x + 7

x 3 + ( + ) x 2 + ( +1) x + 4
.
x 4 + x 2 + 6

i) f.
ii) , f = g.
iii) , , h =

f
1 I,
g
2

(x) = x.
iv) h .
[.i)f(x)= 2-x
2

x +3

ii)=5,=-3]

1.47. \ ,
3
2
f (x) = x + x 2 x + 12 + 2x, .
x+3
[.= \ -{-3,3}]

1.48. \ , -

.
1.49. . f : \ , \ , 0.
f ( x) + f ( x)
g(x) =
h(x) =
2
f ( x) f ( x)
f = g + h.
2
x 2 x 1 . f (x) =
x3 x

.
1.50. f : \ 0 . f (0) = 0.
1.51. f : \ \ f (x + y) = f (x) f (y),

x, y \ . f .

1.52. f , g : \ , 0.

:
) f, g , f + g , f . g .
) f, g , f + g , f . g .
) , f . g .

1.53. f : \ \ x, y \

f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y). :
) f (0) = 0.
) f .

 1:
) f (x) = .f (x), x \ ,

73

(i) `

(iii) _ .

(ii) ]

1.54. f ,

.
1.55. f : \ \ ,

f (x) + f (x + 1) + f (x + 2) = 1, x \ . f .
1.56. f \ ,

(x2 + 1).f (x) x , x \ .

[.f(x)= 2x

x +1

1.57. f : \ \ :

(x2 + ).f (x) + x x3 x \ > 0.

i) f.
ii) , (2,1);
3
[.i)f(x)= x2 x ii)=2]

x +

x 1
1.58. f (x) =

x ( 2,0]
x (0,2]

x 2 x + 2 x [ 1,0]
.
x (0,2]
2 x +1

g(x) =

f + g,
.
x 3 x 2 x < 1
x + 1 1 x 1
1.59. f (x) = 2
g(x) =
. x >1
1

1
x

x 1

f

,
g

.
1.60. f (x) = x2 g(x) = lnx. , ,

g D f f D g.

1.61. f (x) = 2 x 1 g(x) = x 1 . g D f

x +1
x
f D g. g D f = f D g;
2
1.62. f (x) = x 4 x + 3 g(x) = ln(x 1).
x 3

) f.
) g D f.
) g D f .
) x g D f xx;
[.)2<x<3]

1.63. f (x) =

x
g(x) = x 1 .
2 x 1
x +1

 1: - -

74

) g D f f D g.

gD f
.
f Dg

) h =

) x h

xx.
[.)x ( 1 , 1 ) ( 1 ,1) (1,3)]
3

2
2
1.64. f (x) = lnx ln(1+x ) g(x) = 1 .
x

) f D g.
f Dg

) h = e
2g.
) h .
[.)(1,0)]

1.65. f (x) = 2x g(x) =

x x 2 . g D f

f D g.
1.66. f (x) = x + , , \ I(x) = x. ,

f D f = .
[.=1, =0 =-1, \ ]

1.67. f (x) = x 1 g(x) = ln( 5 + x ).

5 x
x 1
) f.
) g D f.
) f D g.

1.68. f ,
5

i) f (x) = x
iv) f (x) =

ii) f (x) = x

f1

f2

f3

f4

f1
f2
f3
f4

f2
f3
f4
f1

f3
f4
f1
f2

f4
f1
f2
f3

1 x

1+ x

v) f (x) = ln

D
f1
f2
f3
f4

1.69. = \* {1,1}

:
f1(x) = x , f2(x) = x 1 , f3(x) = 1 , f4(x) = x + 1 . x +1

1 x

G = {f1 , f2 , f3 , f4}
*
1.70. = \ {1,1}

:
1 , f (x) = x 1 , f (x) = 1x ,
3
4
1 x
x
f5(x) = 1 f6(x) = x . x 1
x

f1(x) = x , f2(x) =

iii) f (x) = (3x 2x+1)

D
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6

f1
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6

f2
f2
f3
f1
f6
f4
f5

f3
f3
f1
f2
f5
f6
f4

f4
f4
f5
f6
f1
f2
f3

f5
f5
f6
f4
f3
f1
f2

f6
f6
f4
f5
f2
f3
f1

G = {f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 , f5 , f6}.
= { f1 , f2 , f3};

 1:

75

1.71. = \* :

g1(x) = x, g2(x) = , g3(x) = x, g4(x) = , 0.

x

gi D gj 1 i, j 4 = {g1, g2, g3, g4}.

1.72. f : \ \ .
i) g = f D f
ii) g D f , f D g g D f = f D g.

\.

1.73. f , g, h : \ \ :

(f D h)(x) = (h D g)(x) , x \ . f = g.
2 3x

1.74. f (x) = 3 x
3

x 3

x =3

(x) = x. -

f D f = I.
x
1.75. f (x) = 1
x

1 x 1

x < 1  x > 1

. f D f = f.

1.76. f1(x) = x2, f2(x) = 2x f3(x) = x.

, f1, f2, f3
+ , D.
x
x
2
i) f (x) = 2
ii) f (x) = 2
iii) f (x) = x
x
2
x
2
2x
iv) f (x) = x
v) f (x) = 2
vi) f (x) = (2 + 2 )
2
2
x
vii) f (x) = 2
+ x2 + 2 ( x + x )

1.77. g (g D f )(x) =

x
2 x2 + 2 x +1

f (x) = 2x + 1.
[.g(x)= x-1
]
2
x +1

1.78. f (g D f )(x) =

2 x 1
x2 x +1

g(x) = x 2.
2
+1 ]
[.f(x)= 2x
2

x -x+1

1.79. f \ \ . (f D f )(x) = 9x + 8
(f D f D f )(x) = 27x + , x \ , f.
[. =26, f(x)=3x+2]

1.80. f, g, h: \ \ . :
i) (g + h) D f = (g D f ) + (h D f )
iii)

g
gD f
Df =
h
hD f

ii) (g . h) D f = (g D f ) . (h D f )
iv)

1 = 1 Dg
f Dg
f

1.81. , :
i) f D (g + h) = (f D g) + (f D h)

ii) f D (g . h) = (f D g) . (f D h)

 1: - -

76
g
f Dg
=
h
f Dh

iii) f D

iv)

1 = fD 1
g
f Dg

1.82. f : \ g: \ f (A) = B.
) f, g , g D f
) f, g , g D f
) , g D f .

1.83. f : \ g : \ f (A) = B, , -

0. :
) f g D f , g .
) g g D f , f .

1.84. f : \ \ g ,

g D f .
1.85. f : \ \ : f (x + y) = ex.f (y) + ey.f (x) , x, y \ .

:
) f (0) = 0
(1)x.

) f (x) = e

f (x) , x \ ` .

1.86. f : \ ( ,1) :
f 2(x) + 1 = 2f (x) + 4x, x \ .

f.

[.f(x)=1-2x]

1.87. f : \ \ :

f (x + y) + f (x y) + f (x) + f (y) = 3x + y , x, y \ .
) : f (0) = 0.
) f.
[.)f(x)=x]

1.88. f : \ \ :

f (x + y) + f 2(x).f (y) = x2 + y2 + 2 , x, y \ .
[. ]

1.89. ) f :
2f (x) + f (x) = 5x.x , x \ .
) f .

1.90. f : x.f (x) + f (x) = x + 2 , x \ .

2
[.f(x)= x +x+2
]
2

x +1

1.91. f : 2.f (x) f (1 x) = x2 , x \ .

[.f(x)=x2- 2 x+ 1 ]
3

1.92. f : 2f (x) f ( 1 ) = x ,
x

x \* .

 1:

77

2
[.f(x)= 2x +1 ]

3x

1.93. , \ , :

f (x).f (y) = f (x) f (y) + 4 , x, y \ .

[.f(x)=-2 , f(x)=2]

1.94. f : \ \ (f D f )(x) = 6 x , x \ .

f (3) = 3.
1.95. f : \ \ (f D f )(x) = x2 (21 )x + 2,

x \ . f () = .

1.96. f :
f (x + 1) x f (x) + 1 , x \ .

f.
[.f(x)=x-1]

1.97. f : \ \ :

f (x) 3 x2 f (1 x) + 2x 4 , x \ .

[.f(x)=x2+3]

1.98. f :(0,+ ) \ :

xy.ln(xy) y.f (x) + x.f (y) f (xy) , x, y (0,+ ).

:
) f (1) = 0.
) f (

1 ) = 1 f (x) , x > 0.
x
x2

) f (x) = x.lnx , x > 0.

1.99. f :(0,+ ) \

ln(xy) f (x) + f (y) f (xy) , x, y > 0.

) f (1) = 0.
) f (

1 ) = f (x) , x > 0.
x

) f.
[.f(x)=lnx]

1.100. f (0) = 1
x, y \ f (x + y) ex.f (y).

[.f(x)=ex]

1.101. f :(0,+ ) \ :
f ( x ) lnx f (x) 1 , x > 0.
e
[.f(x)=lnx+1]

 1: - -

78

x + x 1 +
x x 1 .
x +1

1.102. f (x) =

) f.
) f (x) =

2 , x Df.

1.103. f :[1,+ ) \ f (x) =

g(x) =

1 x < 2

2 x 1

x 2

[.)[1,+ )]

x 2 + 2 x 2 1 +

x 2 2 x 2 1

. f = g.

1.104. f, g

(f + g)(x).[(f + g)(x) 2] = 2[(f.g)(x) 1] , x , f = g.

1.105. f (x) = 2x2 1, x [1,1] g(x) = 4x3 3x, x [1,1].
g D f = f D g.
1.106. f \ x, y \

f (f (x) + y) = f (x + y) + 1. :

i) f (x) = x + f (0) , x \ .
ii) f (x) = x + 1 , x \ .

1.107. f : \ \

f ( x ) f ( y ) = x y , x, y \ .

f (0) = 0

f (x) = x , x \ f (x) = x , x \ .
1.108. f : \ \

f (x + y) f (x) + f (y), x, y \ .
0 , x \ .
) f ( x ) f ( y ) f (x y), x, y \ .
) f (x)

1.109. f : \ \*+

f (x + y).f (x y) = f 2(x).f 2(y) , x, y \ . :

) f (0) = 1.
) f .
) f (x) = f

) f (x) =

( x ) f ( x ) , x\ ` .

x2

1.110. ) f , -

.
) f 1, 2

f.
T1 + T2 , ] 0, .

 1:

79

__________ ____________________________________________
1.111. . I.

.
f,
( 6 , 1 ) ( 3 , 1 ).
2

II.

III.

f (x) =

xx.

x 2 , x 0 .
x

f f 3(x) = 8, x\ . f .
2
V. f f (x) = 9, x \ . f .
VI. (f.g)(x) = 0 , x \ , .
VII. .
2
VIII. f (x) = lnx g(x)= 2.lnx .
IV.

f \ (x) = x , x \ .
(f D I )(x) = (I D f )(x), x\ .
X. f, g \ g D f
f D g, .
XI. f, g g D f f D g, f D g g D f.
IX.

XII.

Dg = \ , DgD f = Df .

XIII.

f, g g D f , DgD f Df.

XIV.

f : \ f D f.

1.112. . -

.
I. f (x) =
. = 2 = 2
. 4 4

x 2 + x + 1 \ . :
. < 2 > 2
. (2,2)

. [2,2]

 1: - -

80

Leibniz,
.
.
C.L. SIEGEL

, ,
,
, , ,

. , ,
, .


.
.

2.1. :

2.2. :

f :
,
x1 , x2
x1 < x2 : f (x1) < f (x2).
,
x1 , x2
x1 < x2 : f (x1) > f (x2).

f :
,
x1 , x2
x1 < x2 : f (x1) f (x2).
,
x1 , x2
x1 < x2 : f (x1) f (x2).

 2: -
2.3. :

81

:
f
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
> 0 x1, x2 x1 x2.
x1 x2

f
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
< 0 x1, x2 x1 x2.
x1 x2

f
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
0 x1, x2 x1 x2.
x1 x2

f
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
0 x1, x2 x1 x2.
x1 x2

2.4. :

f Dg

f+g

f , g

f + g

f . g

f Dg

f , g

f + g
f+g

f . g
f.g

f Dg

f+g
;
;
;

f.g
;
;
;

f Dg
f Dg
f Dg

f Dg

,g

f+g

,g

,g

f
f
f

,g
,g
,g

,g

2.5. :

2.7. :

f.g
f.g

f ,g

1-1
2.6. :

f(x) 0,
g(x) 0

f Dg

f Dg

.f
.f

, >0
, >0

.f , >0
.f , >0
.f , <0
.f

1
f

, <0

f Dg

f :
x0 A () , f (x0) ,
f (x) f (x0) x A.
x0 A () , f (x0) ,
f (x) f (x0) x A.

f : \ 1-1 , x1 , x2 :
x1 x2 , f (x1) f (x2).

f : \ 1-1 ,
x1 , x2 :
f (x1) = f (x2) , x1 = x2 .

 1: - -

82

2.8. : f 1-1 ,

:
y f (x) = y
x.
.
f .
2.9. : , , 1-1. , f1(x) = x + , 0 , f2(x) = x3 , 0 , f3(x) = x ,
0 < 1 f4(x) = logx , 0 < 1 1-1.

,
1-1 , ..

f (x) = x

x<0

x0

f : \ . f 1-1 ,
y , f (), f x
f (x) = y.
g : f () \ y f ()
x f (x) = y.
g :
o f (A) f ,
o f
o :
f (x) = y g(y) = x.
g
f
f 1, f ()

f (x) = y f 1(y) = x.
, f x
y, g y x
.
g f
f 1.
f (x) = y f 1(y) = x .
f 1(f (x)) = x , x A
f (f 1(y)) = y , y f (A).
2.10. :

C C f
f 1 y = x
x Oy
.
xOy
: 1-1 f C , C
f f 1 .
f (x) = y f 1(y) = x, (, ) C
f (,) C f 1
. , , y = x

 2: -

83

x Oy
.
xOy

2.11. :

.
: f .
f 1 y1, y2 f ()
y1 < y2 f 1(y1) f 1(y2). f :
f 1(y1) f 1(y2) f (f 1(y1)) f (f 1(y2)) y1 y2 , y1 < y2.
.
.

______________ ___________________________________________

, .
x1 , x2 x1 < x2 f (x1) , f (x2) .
.

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
, x1 x2
x1 x2

.
x0 Df
f (x) f (x0) x Df f (x) f (x0) x Df.

,
.

2.12. f (x) = ln(1ex) .

:

: 1 ex > 0 1 > ex e0 > ex 0 > x x > 0.

f Df = (0,+ ).
x1 , x2 Df x1 < x2 x1 > x2 e x1 > e x2 e x1 < e x2
1 e x1 < 1 e x2 ln(1 e x1 ) < ln(1 e x2 ) f (x1) < f (x2).
f Df = (0,+ ).
2.13. f (x) = x2 + x 2 4x + 9 ,
.

x \ : f (x) = x2 + x 2 4x + 9 = x2 4x + 4 + x 2 + 5

 1: - -

84

= (x 2)2 + x 2 + 5 5.
f (2) = (2 2)2 + 2 2 + 5 = 5 f (x) f (2) , x \ .
x = 2 f f (2) = 5.
2.14. f : \ \ :
x22x+4 f (x) 2x24x+5 , x \ .

f , .

x22x+4 f (x) 2x24x+5

x 2x+1+3 f (x) 2x24x+2+3

(x1)2 + 3 f (x) 2(x22x+1) + 3

(x1)2 + 3 f (x) 2(x1)2 + 3.
2
x = 1 (11) + 3 f (1) 2(11)2 + 3 3 f (1) 3, f (1) = 3.
x \ : f (x) (x1)2 + 3 0 + 3 = 3 , f (x) f (1).
f f (1) = 3.
x \ :

2.15. f , \ (f D f)(x) = x , x \ .
f (x) = x , x \ .

, ,
f () = . < . :
f/

< < f () f () < f (f ()) f () < (f D f )()) < , .

> . f (x) = x , x \ .

1-1.

f 1-1
x1 , x2 f (x1) = f (x2)
x1 = x2.
x1 , x2 , .
f , 1-1.
1-1
, f () = f ().
f (x1) = f (x2) x1 = x2 (x1, x2) = 0 x1, x2 Df.

2.16. 1-1
i) f (x) = ln x + 2
ln x 1

ii) g(x) = x x 3 , x (0, ] .

x

:
i)

x>0
x>0
x >0
x >0



.
ln
x
1
0
ln
1
ln
ln

x
e

x e

f :

 2: -

85

f Df = (0,e) (e,+ ).

ln x1 + 2
ln x2 + 2
=

ln x1 1
ln x2 1

x1 , x2 Df f (x1) = f (x2)

(lnx1 + 2)(lnx2 1) = (lnx2 + 2)(lnx1 1)

lnx1.lnx2 lnx1 + 2lnx2 2 = lnx1.lnx2 lnx2 + 2lnx1 2
3lnx1 = 3lnx2 lnx1 = lnx2 x1 = x2 , f 1-1.
ii)

g Dg = (0, ].
2

x1, x2 Dg x1 < x2 x1 < x2

x1 < x2 x1 > x2 x1 < x2

x1 < x2 3 > 3 3 < 3

x1

x2

x1

x2

( +)

x1 x1 3 < x2 x2 3 g(x1) < g(x2).

x1

x2

g (0, ], 1-1 .
2

2.17.
i) f (x) = x2 + 3x 4

:
i)

2
ii) g(x) = x

x 1

1-1.

f Df = \ .

1 : 4 1 :

4 1 f (4) = f (1) = 0. f 1-1.

2 : x1 , x2 \ f (x1) = f (x2) x1 + 3x1 4 = x2 + 3x2 4

2

x12 x22 + 3x1 3x2 = 0 (x1 x2)(x1 + x2) + 3(x1 x2) = 0 (x1 x2)(x1 + x2 + 3) = 0
x1 x2 = 0 x1 + x2 + 3 = 0 x1 = x2 x1 + x2 = 3.
x1 , x2 , x1 + x2 = 3, f
1-1.
ii)

g Dg = \ {1}.

1 : x1 , x2

. g(x) = 1

x 2 = 1
x 1

x2 = x + 1 x2 + x 1 = 0. = 1 4.1.(1) = 1 + 4 = 5 > 0.
x1 , x2 Dg x1 x2 g(x1) = g(x2) = 1.
g 1-1.
2 : x1 , x2 Dg g(x1) = g(x2)

x12
x2
= 2 x12 (x21) = x22 (x11)
x1 1
x 2 1

x12 x2 x12 = x22 x1 x22 x12 x22 + x22 x1 x12 x2 = 0

(x1 x2)(x1 + x2) x1x2(x1 x2) = 0 (x1 x2)(x1 + x2 x1x2) = 0
x1 x2 = 0 x1 + x2 x1x2 = 0 x1 = x2 x1 + x2 = x1x2.
x1, x2 Dg,
x1 + x2 = x1x2 = .
t2 (x1 + x2)t + x1x2 = 0 t2 t + = 0.

 1: - -

86

> 0 ()2 4.1. > 0 2 4 > 0

< 0 > 4.
g 1-1.

2 4

4 +
0
+ 0 0 +

2.18. f (x) = 2x x.

i) f 1-1.
ii) :

24

-2 3 -3

- 3 -2

+ 2 = (23+3).

:
i)

f = \ .
x1, x2 \ x1 < x2 x1> x2 2 x1 > 2 x2
x1 > x2 (+)
2 x1 x1 > 2 x2 x2 f (x1) > f (x2)
f \ . 1-1.

ii)

24

2 3 3
3

(2 4 + 3 )

(2 3 4 2 + 3 )

(2 3 4 2 + 3 )

3 2
3

+ 2 = (2 3 + 3)
2

( + 2)

( 3 2 + 2)

+ 2 = 3 + 3
3

= (2 4 + 3) ( + 2)
2

(2 4 + 3) = 2

( 3 2 + 2)

( + 2)

f (23 42 + 3) = f (3 2 + 2)
23 42 + 3 = 3 2 + 2
3 32 + 3 2 = 0
: 1 , 2.
1

3 32 + 3 2 = 0
2

( 2)( + 1) = 0
1
2 = 0 2 + 1 = 0
= 2.

f 11

3
2

3
2

2
2

Cf , y = x Cf, Cf 1 .

,
f 1-1, f 1,
f (x) = y, x, x Df .

f f 1 y = x, f (x) = x f 1(x) = x.
f f 1 f
f (x) = f 1(x) f (x) = x.

 2: -

87

2.19. f : [1,+ ) \ f (x) = x2 2x 3.

i) f .
ii) f.

:
i)

x1, x2 [1,+ ) f (x1) = f (x2) x12 2x1 3 = x22 2x2 3

x12 2x1 x22 + 2x2 = 0 (x1x2)(x1+x2) 2(x1x2) = 0 (x1x2)(x1 + x2 2) = 0

x1 x2 = 0 x1 + x2 2 = 0 x1 = x2 x1 + x2 = 2.
x 1
1 x1 + x2 2. x1 = x2 = 1.
x2 1
x1 = x2 , f 1-1, .
ii)

f (x) = y, x, x Df = [1,+ ).
f (x) = y x2 2x 3 = y x2 2x 3 y = 0.
0 (2)2 4.1.(3y) 0 4 + 12 + 4y 0
4y 16 y 16 y 4.
4

2 1 y + 4
2 4( y + 4)
22 y +4
=
=
= 1 y +4 .
2
2
2
x = 1 + y + 4 1.

x1,2 =

, f 1(y) = 1 + y + 4 y 4

2x 3

2.20. f (x) = x+ 5

f 1(x) = 1 + x + 4 x [4,+ ).

x5

x =5

. f

, .

x1, x2 \ {5} f (x1) = f (x2)

2 x1 3
2x 3
= 2
x1 + 5
x2 + 5

(2x13)(x2+5) = (2x23)(x1+5) 2x1.x2 + 10x1 3x2 15 = 2x1.x2 + 10x2 3x1 15

13x1 = 13x2 x1 = x2.
x 5 , f (x) = 2 2 x 3 = 2 2x 3 = 2x + 10
x +5

3 = 10 .
f 1-1, .
f (x) = y, x, x Df = \ .
y 2 f (x) = y 2 x 3 = y 2x 3 = xy + 5y 2x xy = 5y +3

x +5
5y +3
(2y)x = 5y + 3 x =
.
2 y
5 y + 3 y 2

, f 1(y) = 2 y
5
y = 2

5 x + 3

x2

x=2

f 1(x) = 2 x

 1: - -

88

2.21. f f (x) =

6+7 x 3x 2
.
6x 2 +x 2

i) .
ii) f .
iii) f.

f 6x2 + x 2 0. = 12 4.6(2) = 1 + 48 = 49.

i)

x1 = 1+ 7 = 6 = 1
12
12 2
. Df = \ { 2 , 1 }.
3 2
1
7
8
2

=
=
x2 =
12
12
3
: 6x2 + x 2 = 6(x+ 2 )(x 1 ) = 3(x+ 2 )2(x 1 ) = (3x+2)(2x1).
3
2
3
2
2
2
: 3x + 7x + 6 = 3(x+ )(x3) = (3x+2)(3x).
3

x1,2 = 1 49 = 1 7
12
2 6

= 7 4.(3).6 = 49+72 = 121 x1,2 = 7 121 = 7 11

2

2 ( 3)

x Df f (x) =

(3x + 2)(3 x )
= 3 x .
2 x 1
(3x + 2)(2 x 1)
3 x1
3 x2
=
(3x1)(2x21) = (3x2)(2x11)
2 x1 1
2 x 2 1

x1, x2 Df f (x1) = f (x2)

ii)

x1 = 7 +11 = 4 = 2
6
6
3
.
x2 = 7 11 = 18 = 3
6
6

6x2 3 2x1.x2 + x1 = 6x1 3 2x1.x2 + x2 5x2 = 5x1 x1 = x2.

f 1-1, .
iii)

f (x) = y, x, x Df .

3 x = y 2xy y = 3 x 2xy + x = y + 3 (2y+1)x = y + 3 (1).

2 x 1
o 2y+1 = 0 2y = 1 y = 1 (1) 0x = 1 +3 0x = 5
2
2
2
y +3
1
o y
(1) x =
.
2
2 y +1

f (x) = y

x Df :

x 2
3

y +3
2
3
2 y +1

x 1
2

y +3
1
2
2 y +1

, f 1(y) =

3y+9 4y2 7y 11 y 11 .
7

2y+6 2y+1 6 1 .

y +3
y \ { 1 , 11 }.
2
7
2 y +1

f 1(x) = x + 3 x \ { 1 , 11 }.
2 x +1

2.22.

2 x 1 x <2
3
3
f (x) = 3
. , ,
x

3 x 2
2

 2: -

89

x < 2 f (x) = 2 x 1 1-1.

x3
x3
x 2 f (x) = x 3 x1, x2 2 f (x1) = f (x2) 1 3 = 2 3

2
2
x13
x23
x13 = x23 x1 = x2. f 1-1 [2,+ ).
=
2
2
x3
x1 < 2 x2 2 f (x1) = f (x2) 2 x1 1 = 2 3
2
3
3

4x1 2 = 3 x23 18 4x1 + 16 = 3 x23

x1 < 2 4x1 < 8 4x1 + 16 < 24 x2 2 x23 8 3 x23 24.

f 1-1, .
f (x) = y, x, x ( ,2).
3 y +1
f (x) = y 2 x 1 = y 2x 1 = 3y 2x = 3y +1 x =
.

x ( ,2) x < 2
, f 1(y) =

2
3 y +1
< 2 3y+1 < 4 3y < 3 y < 1.
2

3 y +1
y < 1.
2

f (x) = y, x, x [2,+ ).
3
2 y +60
f (x) = y x 3 = y x3 6 = 2y x3 = 2y + 6 3
2

y 3
.
x = 3 2 y +6

x = 2 y +6
2 y + 6 2 2y+6 8 2y 2 y 1.
3x +1 x < 1
, f 1(y) = 3 2 y + 6 y 1. , f 1(x) = 2
.
3 2 x + 6 x 1

x [2,+ ) x 2

2.23. f f 1(x) = 2x3+4x5.

f 1
3 .

Cf y = x
:
2
0
3
-5
1
f (x) = x f 1(x) = x 2x3 + 4x 5 = x
2
2
5
2x3 + 3x 5 = 0 (x1)(x2 + 2x + 5) = 0
2
2
5
0
x 1 = 0 x2 + 2x + 5 = 0 x = 1.
1
f (1) = 2 + 4 5 = 1, f (1) = 1. (1,1).
2.24. f (x) = 10 + 4x x2 , x 2.
) f .
) f 1 y = x.

:
)

x1, x2 \ f (x1) = f (x2) 10 + 4x1 x12 = 10 + 4x2 x22

x12 x22 4x1 + 4x2 = 0 (x1 x2)(x1 + x2) 4(x1 x2) = 0 (x1 x2)(x1 + x2 4) = 0
x1 x2 = 0 x1 + x2 4 = 0 x1 = x2 x1 + x2 = 4.

 1: - -

90

x1 x2 , x1 2 x2 2 , x1 + x2 > 2 + 2 = 4.
x1 = x2 , f 1-1 f .
)

f 1 y = x
:
f 1(x) = x f (x) = x 10 + 4x x2 = x x2 3x 10 = 0
x = 2 () x = 5 x = 5. (5,5).
2.25. f : (f D f)(x) = 6x + f (x) , x \ .
i) f 1-1.
ii) f .
iii) , f.
iv) 1 .

:
i)

x1, x2 \ f (x1) = f (x2).

: f (x1) = f (x2) f (f (x1)) = f (f (x2)) (f D f )(x1) = (f D f )(x2)
6x1 + f (x1) = 6x2 + f (x2) 6x1 = 6x2 x1 = x2. f 1-1.
f 11

x = 0 : (f D f )(0) = 6.0 + f (0) f (f (0)) = f (0) f (0) = 0.

f (0,0).
1
iii) f 1-1 . f(x) = y x = f (y).
(f D f )(x) = 6x + f (x) f (f (x)) = 6x + f (x) f (y) = 6.f 1(y) + y
ii)

6.f 1(y) = f (y) y f 1(y) = 1 [f (y) y]. f 1(x) = 1 [f (x) x].

6

f (x) = x+ , 0. x \ :
f (f (x)) = 6x + f (x) f (x+) = 6x + x+ (x+) + = (+6)x +

iv)

2 = + 6
+ =

2x + + = (+6)x +

2 6 = 0

= 0

= 2 = 3
.
=0

f (x) = 2x f (x) = 3x.

2.26. . ) f

= f () , f (x) = f 1(x) , x
f (x) = x. ( Cf C f , , 1

1 3 ).

) f (x) = x2 2x + 2 x [1,+ ).
i) f 1 .
ii) x2 2x + 2 = 1 + x 1

. f (x) = 1 , x > 0. f ,
x

f 1 f (x) = f 1(x).
;

:
. )

x0 f (x) = f 1(x), f (x0) = f 1(x0).

f (x0) x0 ,
o f (x0) > x0 f 1(f (x0)) > f 1(x0) x0 > f (x0) .
o f (x0) < x0 f 1(f (x0)) < f 1(x0) x0 < f (x0) .

 2: -

91

f (x0) = x0 x0 f (x) = x.
, x0 f (x) = x,
f (x0) = x0 f 1(f (x0)) = f 1(x0) x0 = f 1(x0). f (x0) = f 1(x0) x0
f (x) = f 1(x).
x1, x2 [1,+ ) x1 x2

) i)

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
( x 2 2 x1 + 2) ( x22 2 x2 + 2)
= 1
=
x1 x2
x1 x2

x12 2 x1 + 2 x22 + 2 x2 2
( x x )( x + x ) 2( x1 x2 )
( x x )( x + x 2)
= 1 2 1 2
= 1 2 1 2
= x1 + x2 2 > 0
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2

x1 1 , x2 1 x1 x2.
f 1-1, .
f (x) = y, x, x [1,+ ).
f (x) = y x2 2x + 2 = y x2 2x + 2 y = 0
= (2)2 4.1.(2y) = 4 8 + 4y = 4y 4 = 4(y1).
0 4(y1) 0 y1 0 y 1.

x=

2 (1 y 1 )
2 4( y 1)
2 2 y 1
=
=
2
2 1
2

x = 1 + y 1
x = 1 y 1

x = 1 y 1 [1,+ ) x = 1 + y 1 [1,+ ).
f 1(y) = 1 + y 1 y 1 , f 1(x) = 1 + x 1 x [1,+ )
ii)

x 1 0 x 1.
x2 2x + 2 = 1 + x 1 f (x) = f 1(x) f (x) = x x2 2x + 2 = x
x2 3x + 2 = 0 x = 1 x = 2 .

. 0 < x1 < x2

1 > 1
x1
x2

f (x1) > f (x2). f

(0,+ ). f 1-1, .
f (x) = y, x, x (0,+ ).

f (x) = y 1 = y x = 1 (0,+ ).
x

f (y) = 1 y > 0 , f 1(x) = 1 x (0,+ ).

x
y
1

f (x) = f 1(x) x (0,+ ).

f , f (x) = f 1(x)
f (x) = x, f .
2.27. f : \ (0,+ ) :
f (x) + lnf (x) = x , x \
i) f .
ii) f.
iii) f
.

:
i)

x1, x2 \ f (x1) = f (x2) lnf (x1) = lnf (x2)

f (x1) = f (x2) (+)
f (x1) + lnf (x1) = f (x2) + lnf (x2) x1 = x2.
f 1-1, .

 1: - -

92
ii)

f (x) = y, x, x \ .
y > 0 f (x) + lnf (x) = x y + lny = x x \ .
f 1(y) = y + lny y > 0 , f 1(x) = x + lnx x (0,+ ).
x1, x2 (0,+ ) x1 < x2 lnx1 < lnx1
x1 < x2 (+)
x1 + lnx1 < x2 + lnx2 f 1(x1) < f 1(x2)
, f 1 f . f
f 1
f (x) = f 1(x) f (x) = x f 1(x) = x x + lnx = x lnx = 0 x = 1.
f 1(1) = 1 + ln1 = 1 + 0 = 1. (1,1).

iii)

___________________________________________________________________

2.28. f \ , .
2.29. f , .
2.30. ) f, g , f + g -

.
) h(x) = logx + x (0,

).
2

2.31. ) f, g , f + g

.
x
) (x) = 2 + x [0,].
2.32. ) f, g x A

f (x) > 0 g(x) > 0 f .g .

2

) h(x) = x .x (0, ).
2

2.33. ) f, g x A

f (x) > 0 g(x) > 0 f .g .

) (x) =

x
(0, ).
4
ex

2.34. f, g \ , g D f

:
i) , f, g .
ii) , f, g .
x 3
3 5
iii) F(x) = 4(1 + e ) + 1 G(x) = 3(5 2x ) 9
.
2.35. f -

 2: -

93

2.36. f (x) = (1) x 1 + x + . f

.
[.0<<2]

( ) + ( 45 ) 1

2.37. ) f (x) = 3
5
x

\.

) : 3 + 4 = 5 .
[.)2]

2.38. 3x 2x = 1 .
2.39. f (x) =

log 0,3 x
+ ex , x (0,1). x

x.
2.40. f (x) = 6x

x 3 x 7 , -

.
[.f(3)=2]

2.41. f x2 4x+5 f (x) 2x2 8x+9 , x \ . -

f , .
[.f(2)=1]

2.42. 1-1.
2x + 3
i) f (x) =
ii) g(x) = 2 + 3x 4
x 1

iii) h(x) = 3x 6x+1, x 1

2

2.43. 1-1.
2

i) f (x) = x + x 2

ii) g(x) = 4 3.2 + 2

x

x 1

x =1

iii) h(x) = 2( x 1)

2.44. ) f , 1-1.
) f 1-1;

2.45. f (x) =

x 2
x +1

) f 1-1.
) \ , :

3 2 2 + 1 2 =
3 2 2 + 1 + 1

2 + 4 2 .
2 + 4 +1
[.)-1, 3 ]
2

2.46. f (x) = x +

x 1 .

) f .
) ,

2 2 + 1

2 + 7 = 6 + 2.
[.)-2, 3]

2.47. f (x) = lnx + x.

) f .
) ln = (1).

 1: - -

94

[.)=1]

2.48. f (x) = ex lnx.

) f ..
) , ln =

1 1 .
2
e
e
[.)=1]

2.49. f (x) = ex1 + x + 1.

) f 1-1.
) f (x) = 3.
x1
) e + x 2 > 0.
[.)x=1 )x>1]

2.50. f (0,+ ), -

g(x) = f (x) 2lnx , x > 0.

) g .
) (1,2) f,
(i) f (x 1) = 2 + 2ln(x 1)
2
(ii) ln(lnx) < f (lnx) 2
[.)i)x=2 ii)1<x<e]

2.51. f (x) = x5 + x3 + x.
) f .
) f .
5
5
3
3
) , ( 5) + ( 3) + ( 5) + ( 3) = 8 2.
[.)4]

2.52. f: \ \ , : f (f (x)) + f 3(x) = 2x + 3 , x \ .

) f .
3
) f (2x + x) = f (4 x), x \ .
( 1998)

2.53. f : \* \ , f (x) f (y) = f ( x ) ,

y

x, y \* . f (x) = 0 .
i) f (1) = 0.
ii) f 1-1.
2
2
iii) , f () + f ( + 3) = f ( + 1) + f ( + 1).
[.iii)=1]

2.54. f : \ \ , f D f = , (x) = x . -

f 1-1.
2.55. ) g D f 1-1, f 1-1.
1 x 1
x g(x) = x
) f (x) =

1+ x
0 x < 1  x > 1

g 1-1.
2.56. ) f, g : \ \ 1-1 g D f

1-1.

 2: -

95

) f : \ \ 1-1,

h(x) = [f (x)]3 + 2f (x) 3 1-1.

2.57. f : (0,+ ) \ f (x.y) = f (x) + f (y) -

x, y > 0. f (x) = 0 .
) f (1) = 0
) f (

1 ) = f (x)
x

) f 1-1
) f (x)

+ f (x2+1) = f (x+8)
[.)x=2]

2.58. , , :
) f (x) = 3x 5 , x 1

) g(x) = 2

3 x

) h(x) =

2x +1
x 1

2
2.59. f f (x) = 3x2 10 x + 8 .
3x 13x + 12

i) .
ii) f .
iii) f .
[.iii)f-1(x)= 3x-2 x \ -{1, 2 }]
x-1

2.60. , , :
x
3
ex
) f (x) =
) g(x) = ln(e 1)
) h(x) = ln(x 1)
1+ ex
[.)f-1(x)= 3 ex +1 x \ ]

2.61. f : [1, + ) \ f (x) = 1 ex1.

) f .
1
) f (x) = 1 + ln(1 x) , x ( ,0].
1
) f f

[.)f:(1,0) f-1:(0,1)]

2.62. f (x) = (x 1)4 + 1 x 1.

) f 1-1.
1
) f .
1
) f
y = x.
[.)(1,1), (2,2)]

6 x 5

2.63. f (x) = 3 x
6

x3

. f -

x=3

, .
2.64. f (x) =

x 1
.
x 3 x +2

i) f (x) =

x +1 .
x 2

 1: - -

96

ii) f .
iii) f .

( x-1 )

[.iii)f-1(x)= 2x+1

x (- ,-2) (-2,- 1 ] (1,+ )]

2

2.65. f , g : \ \ (x) = x , x \ .
g D f = f D g = , g = f 1 = f = g 1.
2.66. f (x) = x + , 0.
i) f .
1
ii) , f = f .
[.=1,=0 =-1, \ ]

2.67. f (x) =

x
0 2 , x

f 1 = f .
2.68. f (x) = ln( x 2 +1).
i) f .
ii) f .
1
iii) f
.

[.f1(0)=2]

2.69. f (x) = x3 3x2 + 3x , .

2.70. f : \ \ , ,

(3,1) (1,2).
i) f .
1 2
ii) , : f (4 + f ( + )) = 1.
[.ii)-2,1]

2.71. f : \ f ( \ ) = \ , -

(1,5) (6,4).
i) f ;
1
ii) f
\ .
1
2
iii) f (1 + f (x 2x 4)) < 6.

[.i) ii)x (-1,3)]

2.72. f : \ \ , [f (x)]5 + f (x) x = 0, -

x \ .
i) f 1-1.
1
ii) f .

2.73. f : \ \ , f ( \ ) = \ , (f D f )(x) + x = 0 ,

x \ . :
) f .
1
) f f = f .
) f .
) f .

 2: -
x

2 x

97

x <1

f (x) = x 2 1 x 2 .

2.74.

x>2

i) f .
1
ii) f, f
.

2.75. f (x) = x 1 + 2x + 1. f 1(x) = 1 x 3 + 2 x 1.

3
3
2.76. f : \ \ f ( \ ) = (1,1), .
1

i) f , f
.
ii) f ;

2.77. f : \ + \

f (x.y) = f (x) + f (y) , x, y \ + . f :

f 1().f 1() = f 1( + ) , , \ .
2.78. f : \ \ f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) , x, y \ .

f () = 0 = 0. :
i) f .
ii) f .
1
1
1
iii) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y), x, y \ .

2.79.

, y = x.
2.80. ) f (x) = x5 + x + 1.

f 1 f (x) = f 1(x).
x
) f (x) = x.e , x 0 , g(x) = x.lnx, x 1 h(x) = x.x ,
x [0, ]
2

.
(: 2.26)

[.)x=-1 )(0,0),(e,e) (0,0),( , )]

2

2.81. f (x) = x x .
) f, .
1
) f f .
[.)(-1,1),(0,0),(1,-1)]

2.82. f : \ \ : f (x2) f 2(x) 1 , x \ .

4
) f (0).
) f 1-1.

 1: - -

98

2.83. ,

2 + 1 + 2 +3 = 2 + 1 + 2 +3 = .
2.84. f (x) =

3
3

1+ x 3 1 x .
1+ x + 3 1 x

) 1-1.
) .

2.85. f : \ \ f 1 = f.

f (x) = x , x \ .
2.86. f (x) = lnx e + x.
x
) f .
1
) f (x) = f (x).
[.)x=e]

2.87. f \ . x \
(f D f )(x) = x + 2. :
i) f .
1
ii) f (x) = f (x) 2 , x \ .
iii) f y = x.

2.88. ) f : g : A, f (A) = g() = .

g D f = I g 1-1 g1 = f.
2
1
) f (x) = x x + 1, = [ ,+ )
2
g(x) = 1 + x 3 .
4
2
i) f, g .
ii)

x2 x + 1 = 1 +
2

x 3 .
4
[.)ii)x=1]

2.89. ) f : g : . : g D f = I
f D g = I f , g .
( , ..)
x , x (1,1) g(x) = x , x \ ,
) f (x) =
1 x
1+ x

.
2.90. f : [0,1] [0,1] f (x) =
i) = 0

( x +1)( x + )
. :
x 2 +1

ii) f 1-1.

______________ _______________________________________
2.91. . -

 2: -

I.

f : \ .

99

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
x1, x2 x1 x2,
x1 x2

f .
.
III. f (2,3), (1,2)
. f .
II.

IV.

f (x) = 5 ( ,0) (0,+ ).

x

f (, ] [, ) ,
(, ).
VI. f ,
.
V.

VII.

f : \ (0,+ ). f \ 1
f

\ .
VIII. f , 1-1.
IX. f 1-1,
.
X. f 1-1, g, h \
f (g(x)) = f (h(x)) x \ , g = h.
XI. 1-1, .
1
XII. f . f
f.
x
XIII. f (x) = 2 g(x) = log2x.
1
XIV. 1-1 f C , C f f
. C , C y = x.
XV. 1-1 f
y = x, f 1.
1
XVI. f f

y = x.
XVII.

f (2, 9 ,)
2

f 1 (4,5 , 2)
1
XVIII. f : f (A) . f (f (x)) = x ,
x A.

2.92. . -

.
f x0,
x0.
II. f x0,
x0.
III. f , 1-1.
IV. f , .
V. f 1-1, .
I.

 1: - -

100

f f 1. ,
, y = x.

VI.

2.93. . I.

.
:
. f (x) = x , x [
. (x) =

x2
x +1
2

,]
2 2

. g(x) = x 1
. k(x) = ln(x 2), x > 2.

. h(x) =

2 ex
3

 3: X0 \

101

x0 \


250 .
RICHARD COURANT

,
. ,
.
.
, x .
, .

.
x x0 l.
l . f (x) = 1 x3,
8

x x0 = 2 l.

f (x) = 1 x3
8

3
2
2 x 2 ( x 1)
f (x) = 2 x 2 x =
= 2x2

x 1

x 1

 1: - -

102

3
2
f (x) = 2 x 2 x x

x 1

x0 = 1 2. 1 f. x
1, f 1 1.

x2

x < 1

x 2
x

f (x) = 1/ 2 x = 1

3.1. :

f (x) =

x > 1

x <1

x >1

f
(, x0) (x0, ). f x0 l,
> 0 > 0 , x (, x0) (x0, )
0 < x x0 < , : f ( x ) l < .
f x0, , lim f (x).
x x0

lim f (x) = l, f x0
x x0

l.
3.2. :

f x0 .

3.3. :

()

lim f (x) = l

lim [f (x) l] = 0

()

lim f (x) = l

lim f (x0+ h) = l.

3.4. :

x x0

x x0

x x0

lim f ( x ) l = 0.
x x0

h0

f
(, x0) (x0, ), :
lim f (x) = l lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = l.
x x0

x x0

x x0

3.5. :

:
() lim x = x0
x x0

()

lim c = c
x x0

 3: X0 \

103

3.6. : f x0 .

x x0.
f (x) =

x 1
x0 =
x 1

1, (0,1) (1,2) .
x (0,1) f (x) =

( x 1)
= 1 lim f (x) = lim (1) = 1,
x 1
x1
x1

x (1,2) f (x) = x 1 = 1 lim+ f (x) = lim+ 1 = 1. lim f (x).

x 1

x1

x1

x1

f
(,1) (1, ) , < 1 > 1, (1,1) (1,5)
(0,997 ,1) (1, 1,0002). .
, ,
. f (x) =

x
x

x0 = 0 -

(,0) (0,) f. f (x) =

4x
x

x0 = 0

( ,0) (0, )
4

______________ ___________________________________________
3.7. f (x) = (

1 ) x 0.
x

(,0) (0,)

1
1.
l
f
x 0.
x
0
.



.
lim f (x) = l. = 1 , > 0 x
2

x0

0 < x 0 < 0 < x <

x2 =

1
2 +

f ( x ) l < 1 . ` x1 = 1
2

0 < x1 < 0 < x2 < .

2
1
f ( x1 ) l <
f ( x2 ) l < 1 .
2
2

 1: - -

104

f (x1) = (2) = 0 f (x2) = (2 + ) = = 1.

2

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) = ( f ( x1 ) l ) + ( l f ( x2 ) ) f ( x1 ) l + l f ( x1 ) = f ( x1 ) l + f ( x1 ) l <
1 + 1 = 1. , f ( x ) f ( x ) < 1 0 1 < 1 1 < 1 .
1
2
2
2

lim f (x).
x0

___________________________________________________________________
3.8. ,

, lim f (x).
x x0

x3
i) f (x) =
ln
1

x
+

iii) h(x) =

1 x 2

ii) g(x) = 2
e x

x <1
, x0 = 1
x 1

(3 x ) x 2 4 x + 4
x 2

x<0
x = 0 , x0 = 0
x>0

, x0 = 2
[.i)1 ii)1 iii) ]

3.9.
x 2 + x +
f (x) =
. lim f (x) = l,
x
x 3

l.
[.l=4]

3.10. f (1, ) (, + 2) lim f (x) = 3 + 3

x

lim+ f (x) = 2 22. lim f (x) .

x

[.=-3]

3.11. f (x) = ( 1 ). lim f (x).

x0
x

______________ _______________________________________
3.1. .

.
f x0, l. x0
.
II. f, x x0 , .
III. f x0 .
I.

 3: X0 \

105

IV.

f 0.
lim f (x) = f (0).
x 0

V.

x0 , .

3.2. . I.

.
f (1,2) (2,3) lim+ f (x) = 3 lim f(x) = 2.
x2

x 2

lim f (x) :
x 2

. = 1

. = 2

. = 2

. = 1

. = 3

 1: - -

106

x0,
, .
.
,
.
.
,
.
, .
:

;

, ,
.
4.1. :

( )

lim f (x) > 0 , f (x) > 0 x0.

lim f (x) < 0 , f (x) < 0 x0.

x x0
x x0

4.1.1. : . ,

f (x) = x 1 > 0 x (0,1) (1,2) lim f (x) = 0.

x1

4.1.2. :

x0 . x0 , .
, .

 4:

107
x

1: f (x) =

x5 7 x2 + 8

1. , lim ( x5 7x2 + 8) = 2 > 0,

x1

x (,1) (1, ) x5 7x2 + 8 > 0.

1 + 5 x x 3 1
,
x+2

2: f (x) =

lim (1 + 5x x3) = 1 < 0, 1 + 5x x3 < 0 x (,2) (2, ).

x 2

1 + 5 x x 3 1
x+2
2
3
3
( x + 2)( x 2 x 1)
= x2 2x 1.
= x 5 x 11 = x 5 x 2 =
x+2
x+2
x+2

x f (x) =

0
2

5
4

2
2

f, g x0 f (x) g(x)
x0 ,
lim f (x) lim g(x) .

4.2. :

x x0

x x0

4.2.1. : f (x) < g(x)

x0 , , , . ,
lim f (x) lim g(x).
x x0

x x0

, f (x) = x4 g(x) = x2 , x \* ,
x (1,0) (0,1) f (x) < g(x),
lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0.
x 0

4.3. :

( )

x 0

f g x0
1 , :
1. lim (f (x) + g(x)) = lim f (x) + lim g(x)
x x0

x x0

x x0

2.

lim (.f (x)) = . lim f (x) ,

3.

lim (f (x) . g(x)) = lim f (x) . lim g(x)

4.

x x0

x x0

x x0

lim
x x0

x x0

lim f ( x )

f ( x)
= xx0
lim g ( x )
g ( x)

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )

6.

lim

lim g(x) 0
x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

5.

f ( x) =

lim f ( x ) ,
x x0

f (x) 0 x0 .

4.3.1. : (i)

f, g x0, .

 1: - -

108

, lim (x. 1 ) = lim x. lim 1 ,

x

x0

x0

x0

lim 1 .
x0
x
(ii) ,
f, g,
1 . , f (x) = x 2 1
g(x) = 1 x 2 lim f (x) = 0 lim g(x) = 0. (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) =
x1

x 1 +

1 x

x1

x {1,1} lim [f (x) + g(x)]

x1

, f, g
, f, g .

(iii)

x
, : lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim 0 = 0,
x0
x0
x
f ( x)
.
lim [f (x) g(x)] = lim (1) = 1 lim
= lim (1) = 1, x0
x0
x0 g ( x )
x0

, f (x) =

x
x

g(x) =

f, g 0.
(iv)
x
f (x) =
x

5.

lim f ( x ) = lim
x0

x0

. ,
x
x
= lim
= lim 1 = 1,
x0 x
x0
x

f 0.
4.3.2. : 1. 3. -

. :
lim [f (x)] = lim [ f ( x ) f ( x ) ... f ( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) ... lim f ( x )
 

x x0
x x0 
x x0
x x0
x x0

 


= lim f ( x ) , `* . , lim x = x0 .
x x0
x x0

4.4. :

P(x)
lim P(x) = P(x0), x0.
x x0

: P(x) = .x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0 x0 \ .

: lim P(x) = lim (.x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0)

x x0

x x0

= lim (.x) + lim (1.x1) + + lim (1.x) + lim 0

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

= . lim x + 1. lim x1 + + 1. lim x + lim 0

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

= . x0 + 1. x0 1 + + 1.x0 + 0
= P(x0).
4.5. :

Q(x) Q(x0) 0
lim
x x0

P ( x0 )
P( x )
=
.
Q ( x0 )
Q( x)

 4:

: Q(x0) 0

lim
x x0

109

lim P ( x )
P ( x0 )
P( x )
= x x0
=
.
lim Q ( x )
Q ( x0 )
Q( x)
x x0

f , x x0, h g. , x0
f
h
g. h g, x x0, l.
f
l, x x0. ,
Sandwich
.
4.6. :
f, g , h.
(

h(x) f (x) g(x) x0

)

lim h(x) = lim g(x) = l ,

x x0

x x0

lim f (x) = l.
x x0

4.6.1. : (i) lim (x. 1 ) `* .

x0
x
1
1

x 0 : x = x
x 1 = x x x. 1 x .
x
x
x

lim ( x ) = lim x = 0 ,
x0

x0

lim (x 1 ) = 0.
x0
x
.

(ii)

lim (x. 1 ) = 0, `* .
x0

 1: - -

110

x 1 . x 0 :
x
1
1
x 1 = x
x = x
x
x
x x 1 x .
x
lim ( x ) = lim x = 0 ,
(iii)

f (x) =

x0

x0

lim ( x 1 ) = 0.
x

x0

4.6.2. : : lim f (x) = l lim f ( x ) = l .

x x0

x x0

l = 0, ,
lim f (x) = 0 lim f ( x ) = 0.
x x0

x x0

.
, x (, x0) (x0, ) f ( x ) f (x) f ( x ) .
, lim ( f ( x ) ) = lim f ( x ) = 0 lim f (x) = 0.
x x0

x x0

x x0

.
4.7. :
x \ x x .
x = 0.
4.8. :

(i)

lim x = x0

4.9. :

(i)

lim

x x0

x 0

x
=1
x

(ii)

(ii)

lim x = x0.
x x0

lim x 1 = 0.
x 0

u = g(x) f (x).
4.10. :

lim g(x) = u0 , g(x) u0 x0

x x0

lim f (u) = l ,

u u0

lim f (g(x)) = lim f (u) = l.

x x0

u u0

lim f (g(x)) , x x0

: g(x) u0 x0 .
x
). f (x) = lnx
x
x
x
u = g(x) =
> 0 x ( ,0) (0, ), u0 = lim
= 1.
x0
x
x
2
2

4.10.1. : lim ln(

x0

 4:

lim ln(
x0

111

x
) = lim lnu = ln1 = 0.
u1
x

______________ ___________________________________________

f x0,
.
x x0 (, x0) (x0, ) Df .

x x0+ (x0, ) Df .

x x0 (, x0) Df .

,
.

0
0

, , .
0
0

P( x )
f (x) =
, P(x) , Q(x) ,
Q( x)

lim f(x), f(x) xx0.

x x0

( ) +( )

+ ... +

( )

f ,
lim
x 0

x

x

x
= 1.
x

, .. ,
x0.

4.11. f (x) =
i) lim f (x)
x 1

x +1

x 2 2 x 3 . , , :
ii) lim f (x) .
x 3

:
i)

f ,
x +1 0
. 2
x 2x 3 0

x
x+1
x22x3

3 +

0 +
0 0

+
+

 1: - -

112

.
f Df = {1} [3,+ ).
1 , .. (2,1) (1,0) Df . lim f (x).
x 1

ii)

3 (3,) Df .

, lim f (x) = lim+ ( x + 1

x 3

x 3

x 3

32 2 3 3 =

3 +1

x 2 2 x 3 ) = lim+
4

x + 1 lim+
x 3

x2 2x 3

0 = 2.

4.12. :
) lim
x 2

27
1 .
3
x3
x 27

3 x 3 10 x 4
3 x 2 12

) lim
x 3

:
)

3
f (x) = 3x 210 x 4 . f ,

3x 12
3x 12 0 3x 12 x2 12 x2 4 x 2 x 2.
3
2

Df = \ {2,2} = ( ,2) (2,2) (2,+ ), lim f (x).

x 2

x Df :
( x 2)(3x + 6 x + 2)
f (x) = 3x 210 x 4 =
2

0
6

10
12

4
4

3( x 4)

3x 12

2
( x 2)(3x 2 + 6 x + 2)
= 3x + 6 x + 2 .
3( x 2)( x + 2)
3( x + 2)

2
2
lim f (x) = lim 3x + 6 x + 2 = 3 2 + 6 2 + 2 = 26 = 13 .

x 2

x 2

3( x + 2)

3(2 + 2)

12

27 1 . f ,
) f (x) = 3
x 3
x 27

x 3 27
x 3 27
x 3 27 0
x 3

x 3.

x 3
x 3
x 3 0
x 3

Df = \ {2} = ( ,3) (3,+ ), lim f (x).

x 3

27
x Df : f (x) = 327 3 1 =
1
x 3
x 3
( x 3)( x 2 + 3x + 9)
x 3

=
=

2
2
27 ( x 2 + 3x + 9)
= 27 x 2 3x 9 = x 32 x + 18
2
( x 3)( x + 3x + 9)
( x 3)( x + 3x + 9)
( x 3)( x + 3x + 9)

( x 3)( x 6)
= 2 x 6 .
( x 3)( x 2 + 3x + 9)
x + 3x + 9

lim f (x) = lim

x 3

x 3

x 6 =
3 6
= 9 = 1 .
3 9
3
x + 3x + 9
32 + 3 3 + 9
2

3
3

18
18

 4:

113

4.13. :
x +5 2
8 x 3

) lim
x 1

1 x + 2 x +7 6 x
x +3

) lim
x 3

) lim
x 2

x 3 x2 4
3
4x 2

f (x) =

x + 5 2 . f ,
8 x 3

x +5 0
x 5
x 5
x 5

x 8 x 8 x 8 .
8 x 0

8 x 9
x 1
8 x 3 0

8 x 3

Df = [5,1) (1,8], lim f (x).

x Df : f (x) =

(
(

)
)

x + 5 22

2
2
8 x 3

(
(

)
x + 5 + 2)

x +5 2 =
8 x 3

(
(8 x 9) (

8 x +3

( x + 5 4)

)
x + 5 + 2)

x +5 +2

f (x) =

)(
8 x 3)(

)(
8 x + 3)(

x +5 2

8 x +3

lim f (x) = lim 8 x + 3 =

x 1
x 1

(
(

x 1

x +5 +2

)
x + 5 + 2)
8 x +3

( 8 x + 3)
( x + 1) ( x + 5 + 2 )
( x + 1)

= 8 x +3
x +5 +2

8 +1 + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6 = 3 .
2+2
4
2
1+ 5 + 2

1 x + 2 x + 7 6 x .
x+3

f ,
1 x 0
2 x + 7 0

6 x 0
x + 3 0

x 1
x 1

7
2 x 7
x

2


x 6
x6
x 3

x 3

3,

7 x 1 x 3. ,
2
0
0

Df = [ 7 ,3) (3,1], lim f (x).

2

x 3

x Df : f (x) =
=

1 x 2 +
x+3

2 x + 7 1
x+3

1 x + 2 x + 7 6 x =
x+3

1 x 2 + 2 x + 7 1 6 x + 3
x+3

6 x 3 = ( 1 x 2)( 1 x + 2) + ( 2 x + 7 1)( 2 x + 7 + 1)
x+3
( x + 3)( 1 x + 2)
( x + 3)( 2 x + 7 + 1)

1 x 22
2 x + 7 12
6 x 32
( 6 x 3)( 6 x + 3)
=
+

=
( x + 3)( 1 x + 2)
( x + 3)( 2 x + 7 + 1)
( x + 3)( 6 x + 3)
( x + 3)( 6 x + 3)

( x + 3)
1 x 4
2 x + 7 1
6 x 9
+

=
+
( x + 3)( 1 x + 2)
( x + 3)( 1 x + 2)
( x + 3)( 2 x + 7 + 1)
( x + 3)( 6 x + 3)

2( x + 3)
( x + 3)
1

=
+
( x + 3)( 2 x + 7 + 1)
( x + 3)( 6 x + 3)
1 x + 2

lim f (x) = lim (

x 3

lim

x 3

x 3

2
+ lim
x 3
2 x + 7 +1

2
+
2 x + 7 +1

1
.
6 x +3

1
2
1
1
+
+
) = lim
+
x 3
1 x + 2
2 x + 7 +1
6 x +3
1 x + 2
1
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 + 12 + 2 = 11 .
4
6
12
12
12
12
6 x +3

 1: - -

114

3
2
f (x) = x3 x 4 . f ,

4x 2

4x 0

x 0
x0
3

4
x
2

4 x 8

3
4 x 2 0

x 0
.
x 2

f Df = [0,2) (2,+ ) , lim f (x).

x 2

x Df :
( x 2)( x + x + 2)[( 4 x ) + 4 x 2 + 2 ]
f (x) = x3 x 4 =
2
2
3
3
3
3

4x 2

1
2

0
2

4
4

( 4 x 2)[( 4 x ) + 4 x 2 + 2 ]

( x 2)( x 2 + x + 2)[( 3 4 x ) 2 + 2 3 4 x + 4]
( x 2)( x 2 + x + 2)[( 3 4 x ) 2 + 2 3 4 x + 4]
=
3
3
4x 8
( 3 4x ) 2

( x 2)( x 2 + x + 2)[( 3 4 x ) 2 + 2 3 4 x + 4]
( x 2 + x + 2)[( 3 4 x )2 + 2 3 4 x + 4]
=
.
4( x 2)
4

lim f (x) = lim

x 2

x 2

( x 2 + x + 2)[( 3 4 x ) 2 + 2 3 4 x + 4]
(2 2 + 2 + 2)[( 3 4 2) 2 + 2 3 4 2 + 4]
=
4
4

8 (4 + 4 + 4)
= 24.
=
4

4.14. i) f (x) =

x 3 + x2 9
. , ,
x 2 5 x +6
x 3x 4 + x 1

lim f (x).
x 3

ii) , ,

lim
x -1

x2 + x 2

:
i)

f , x2 5x + 6 0 x 2 x 3.
Df = \ {2,3} = ( ,2) (2,3) (3,+ ), lim f (x).
x 3

2
2
( x + 2)( x 3)
x (2,3) f (x) = x +2 3 + x 9 = x2 x 6 =
= x+2
x2
( x 2)( x 3)
x 5x + 6
x 5x + 6
2
2
( x 3)( x + 4)
x (3,4) f (x) = x 2 3 + x 9 = x 2 + x 12 =
= x+4 .
x 2
( x 2)( x 3)
x 5x + 6
x 5x + 6

, lim f (x) = lim x + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5 lim+ f (x) = lim+ x + 4 = 3 + 4 = 7.

x 3

x 3

x2

3 2

x 3

x 3

x 2

3 2

lim f (x).
x 3

ii)

g(x) =

x 3 3 x 4 + x 1
x2 x 2

. g ,

x2x2 0 x 1 x 2.
Dg = ( ,1) (1,2) (2,+ ), lim g(x).
x 1

lim (x33x4) = (1)3 3(1) 4 = 1 + 3 4 = 2 < 0 ,

x 1

, x33x4 < 0 , x (,1) (1, )

3
3
( x +1)( x 2 + x + 3)
g(x) = x + 23x + 4 + x 1 = x2 + 4 x + 3 =

x x 2

= x + x +3 .
2

x 2

x x 2

( x +1)( x 2)

0
1

4
1

3
3

 4:

115

2
( 1) 2 + ( 1) + 3
lim g(x) = lim x + x + 3 =
= 1 1 + 3 = 1 = 1 .

x 1

x 2

x 1

1 2

4.15. f lim f (x) = 2 f (x) 2 , f (x) 2

x 1

1. o o:

lim

2 f 2( x) 5 f ( x) 2
f ( x) 2

x 1

g(x) =

2 f 2 ( x) 5 f ( x) 2
f ( x) 2

1.

lim f (x) = 2 > 0 1 f (x) > 0 lim (2f 2(x) 5f (x))

x 1

x 1

= 2.22 5.2 = 8 10 = 2 < 0 1 2f 2(x) 5f (x) < 0

, g(x) =

2 f 2 ( x) + 5 f ( x) 2
( f ( x ) 2)(2 f ( x ) 1)
=
= (2f (x) 1) = 2f (x) + 1.
f ( x) 2
f ( x) 2

lim g(x) = lim [2f (x) + 1] = 2.2 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 3.

x 1

x 1

.
. , . .
4.16. f : \ \ lim [2f (x) x2 + 42 x + 5] = 6,
x +1

x 1

lim f (x).
x 1

g(x) = 2f (x) x2 + 42 x

+ 5 , x \ . lim g(x) = 6.

x 1
x +1
x \ g(x) = 2f (x) x2 + 42 x + 5 g(x) + x2 42 x 5 = 2f (x)
x +1
x +1
2
f (x) = 1 g(x) + x 22 x

x +1

5.
2

lim f (x) = lim ( 1 g(x) + x 22 x

2

2
2 x 1
x +1
1
1

2
5
1
5
= 6 +
= 3 + + 1 = 4 2 = 2.
2
2
1+ 1
2
2
2
x 1

x 1

2
5 ) = 1 lim g(x) + lim x lim 22 x

x 1

x 1

x +1

4.17. f \ lim [8f (x) f 2(x)] = 16.

x

lim f (x).
x

g(x) = 8f (x) f 2(x) , x \ . lim g(x) = 16.

x

5
2

 1: - -

116

x \ g(x) = 8f (x) f 2(x) f 2(x) 8f (x) = g(x)

f 2(x) 8f (x) + 16 = 16 g(x) [f (x) 4]2 = 16 g(x).
lim [f (x) 4]2 = lim [16 g(x)] = 16 lim g(x) = 16 16 = 0.
x

f ( x ) 4 = 0 lim [f (x) 4] = 0 lim f (x) = 4.

[ f ( x ) 4] = 0 lim
x
x
x
2

lim
x

4.18. f, g \ . :
lim
x 2

f (x)
=3
x2 4

lim [g(x)(x32x4)] = 5.
x 2

lim [f (x).g(x)].
x 2

f ( x)
x \ {2,2} lim h(x) = 3.
x 2
x2 4
f ( x)
2
f (x) = (x 4).h(x) = (x2)(x+2).h(x).
h(x) = 2
x 4

h(x) =

(x) = g(x).(x32x4) x \
3

lim (x) = 5.
x 2

x 2x4 = 0 (x2)(x +2x+2) = 0 x2 = 0 x2+2x+2 = 0

x = 2.
( x )
=
(x) = g(x).(x32x4) g(x) = 3

0
2

2
4

4
4

x 2x 4

( x )
x \ {2}.
( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
( x )
( x + 2) h(x) ( x )
=
( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
x2 + 2 x + 2
lim( x + 2) lim h( x ) lim ( x )
( x + 2) h(x) ( x )
x 2
x2
= x 2
= 4 3 5 = 6.
lim [f (x).g(x)] = lim
2
x 2
x 2
10
lim( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
x + 2x + 2

x (1,2) (2,3) : f (x).g(x) = (x2)(x+2).h(x)

x2

4.19. lim
x 1

x 3 +x 2 +
= 5 , , .
x +1

x 3 +x 2 +
x 1 lim f (x) = 5.
x 1
x +1
x 3 +x 2 +
x3+x2+ = (x+1).f (x).
x 1 f (x) =
x +1

f (x) =

lim (x3+x2+) = lim [(x+1).f (x)] lim (x3+x2+) = lim (x+1). lim f (x)
x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

(1) + .(1)2 + = (1+1).5 1 + + = 0 = 1 (1).

3

x 3 +x 2 + (1) x 3 +x 2 + 1
( x 3 + 1) + ( x 2 1)
( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1) + ( x + 1)( x 1)
=
=
=
x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1
( x + 1)[( x 2 x + 1) + ( x 1)]
2
= x x + 1 + (x1).
=
x +1

f (x) =

lim f (x) = 5 lim [x2 x + 1 + (x1)] = 5 (1)2 (1) +1+(11) = 5

x 1

x 1

1 + 1 + 1 2 = 5 2 = 2 = 1 (1) = 1 (1) = 2.

 4:

117

.

.
.
, .. .
4.20. f : \ \ :
2
x(x22f (x)) f (x) x3 + x(x2f (x)) x \ .
lim f(x).
x 0

x \ : x(x22f (x) f 2(x) x3 + x(x2f (x))

x3 2x.f (x) f 2(x) x3 + x2 2x.f (x)
x3 f 2(x) + 2x.f (x) x3 + x2
x + x f (x) + 2x.f (x) + x2 x3 + 2x2
x3 + x2 [f (x) + x]2 x3 + 2x2 .
3
2
lim (x + x ) = 0 lim (x3 + 2x2) = 0
3

x 0

x 0

2
f ( x ) + x = 0 lim [f (x) + x] = 0
[ f ( x ) + x ] = 0 lim
x 0
x 0

lim [f (x) + x]2 = 0 lim

x 0

x 0

g(x) = f (x) + x , x \ . f (x) = g(x) x lim g(x) = 0.

x 0

lim f (x) = lim [g(x) x] = lim g(x) lim x = 0 0 = 0.

x 0

x 0

x 0

x 0

4.21. f \
lim [ f 3 ( x ) 4 f 2 ( x )+6 f ( x ) 4] = 0.
x 1

lim f (x) = 2.
x 1

lim f (x) = 2 lim [f (x) 2] = 0.

f (x) 2,

,

.

x 1

x 1

x \ : f 3(x) 4f 2 (x) + 6f (x) 4

= f 3(x) 2f 2(x) 2f 2(x) + 4f (x) + 2f (x) 4
= f 2(x).[f (x) 2] 2f (x).[f (x) 2] + 2[f (x) 2]
= [f (x) 2].[f 2(x) 2f (x) +2].
2
f (x) 2f (x) + 2 = f 2(x) 2f (x) + 1 + 1 = [f (x) 1]2 + 1 1
f ( x ) 2 f ( x ) 2 f 2 ( x ) 2 f ( x ) + 2
= f 3 ( x) 4 f 2 ( x) + 6 f ( x) 4 .

 1: - -

118

f 3 ( x ) 4 f 2 ( x ) + 6 f ( x ) 4 f (x) 2 f 3 ( x ) 4 f 2 ( x ) + 6 f ( x ) 4 ,
lim f 3 ( x ) 4 f 2 ( x ) + 6 f ( x ) 4 = 0 = 0. , lim [f (x) 2] = 0.
x 1

x 1

,
lim f (x). x, y
x

.
f (x+y) lim f (x) = lim f (x0+h).
h 0

x x0

, f (x+y) ,
xx0 = h x = x0 + h. x x0 h 0.
lim f (x) = lim f (x0+h).
h 0

x x0

f (x.y) h = x

x0

x = x0.h , x0 0,

x x0 h 1.
lim f (x) = lim f (x0.h).
h 1

x x0

4.22. f : \ \ :
f (x+y) = f (x) + f (y) + 2xy 1 x, y \ ,
f (1,1).
lim f (x) = f (0) lim f (x).
x 0

) f (0) f (2).
) lim f (x) = f (0)
x 0

lim f (x).
x 2

:
)

x = y = 0 f (0+0) = f (0) + f (0) + 2.0.0 1 f (0) = f (0) + f (0) 1

f (0) = 1.
Cf (1,1) f (1) = 1.
x = y = 1 f (1+1) = f (1) + f (1) + 2.1.1 1 f (2) = 2f (1) + 2 1
f (2) = 2(1) + 1 f (2) = 2 + 1 = 1.
lim f (x) = lim f (h) = f (0) = 1.
x 0

h 0

, lim f (x) = lim f (2+h) = lim [f (2) + f (h) + 2.2.h 1]

x 2

h 0

h 0

= f (2) + lim f (h) + 4. lim h 1 = 1 + 1 + 4.0 1 = 1.

h 0

h 0

4.23. f : \ \ :
f (x+2y) = f (x) 2f (y) + 2xy x, y \ .
lim f (x) = f (0) lim f (x).
x 0

 4:

119

x = y = 0 f (0+2.0) = f (0) 2f (0) + 2.0.0 f (0) = f (0) 2f (0) = 0

f (0) = 0. lim f (x) = 0.
x 0

x = 2h x = + 2h. x h 0.
lim f (x) = lim f (+2h) = lim [f () 2f (h) + 2h] = f () 2 lim f (h) + 2 lim h
x

h 0

h 0

h 0

h 0

= f () 2.0 + 2.0 = f ().

4.24. f : \ \ :
f (x.y) = (x).f (y) (y).f (x) x, y \ .
lim f (x) = f (1) lim f (x) = f (x0).
x 1

x x0

x = y = 1 f (1.1) = .f (1) .f (1) f (1) = f (1) + f (1) f (1) = 0.

lim f (x) = f (1) = 0.
x 1

h = x

x0

x = x0.h. x x0 h 1.

lim f (x) = lim f (x0.h) = lim [(x0).f (h) (h).f (x0)]

h 1

x x0

h 1

= (x0). lim f (h) lim (h).f (x0) = (x0).0 .f (x0) = (1).f (x0) = f (x0).
h 1

h 1

lim f (g(x)) ,
x x0

u = g(x) , u0 = lim g(x) g(x) u0 x0 ,

x x0

lim f (g(x)) = lim f (u).

x x0

4.25. : lim
x 1

u u0

x x .
x 1

x0
x 0
x 3 x . H f x 0
4

.
4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1 0

f (x) =

f Df = [0,1) (1,+ ), lim f (x).

x1

u = 12 x , u6 = x , u4 = 3 x , u3 = 4 x .
x 1 u 1 u = 12 x 1 x0 = 1.
lim
x1

= lim
u 1

u 4 (u 2 1)
u 4 (u 1)(u +1)
x 3 x = lim u 6 u 4 = lim
= lim
2
2
3
u 1
u 1 (u 1)(u + u +1)
u 1 (u 1)(u + u +1)
u 1
x 1

u 4 (u +1)
14 (1+1)
= 2
= 2.
2
3
u + u +1
1 +1+1

 1: - -

120

4.26. : lim
x 0

1+ 2 x 2 x 2
.
x4

1 + 2 x 2 x 2
. f Df = \* , x4

f (x) =

lim f (x).
x 0

1 + 2 x 2 x 2
=
x4

x \* : f (x) =

1 + 2 x 2

x4

= 2.

) x
2

1 + 2 x 2 + x 2

1 + 2 x 2 2 x 2
x4

1 + 2 x 2 + x 2

1 + 2 x 2 x 2
x

x4

)(

1 + 2 x 2 + x 2

1 + x + x
2

2 x 2 + 2 x 2
1 + 2 x 2 + x 2

2
2 x 2
1
1
. x

=
2
.

2
4
2 2
2
2 2
x
x
1 + x + x
1 + x + x 2

u = x2 , x 0 u 0 u = x2 0 x0 = 0.
2

x 2
u
2
1
lim 2 = lim
=

= 1 = 1 lim
2 2
x 0
u 0 u
x 0
x

1 + x + x 2
2

x 2
lim f (x) = 2. lim 2 lim
x 0

x 0

x 0

1
= 1.
2
1+ 0 +1

1
= 2.1 1 = 1.
2
2
2
1 + x + x
2

4.27. f \ lim
x 0

, , lim
x 0

f (x)
= 3.
x

f ( x )
.
x

x (,0) (0, )

f ( x )
f ( x ) x
=
.

x
x
x

u = x. x 0 u 0 = 0 , lim
x 0

lim
x 0

f (u )
f ( x )
= lim
= 3.
u 0
u
x

f ( x )
x
f ( x ) x
f ( x ) .
= lim
= lim
lim
= 3.1 = 3.

x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
x
x

___________________________________________________________________

4.28. f (x) =

4 x + 2 3 x 2 5 x + 4 . :

i) lim f (x)

ii) lim f (x)

x 4

4.29. :
2 x 2 3x 5
) lim
x 1
x3 +1

x1

) lim
x 2

2 x 2 5x + 2
x2 5x + 6

) lim

x 1

x3 7 x 6
x 2 1

 4:

) lim
x1

3x 4 2 x 1
4 x2 + x 5

) lim
x 1
2

121

8x3 1
2 x2 + 7 x 4

2 x2 1
4 x4 1

) lim

x 1
2

[.)- 7 )-3 )2 ) 10 ) 2 ) 1 ]
9

4.30. :
1
1

) lim

x 4 x 4
x 2 7 x + 12

) lim
x 2

12 1

x3 8 x 2

) lim lim
x 3 x1

2 3

x2 1 x3 1

[.)1 )- 1 ) 1 ]
2

4.31. :
3 x 1
x x , > 0
) lim
) lim
x 2
x
x
x +7 3

) lim

x 2

5 2x 3
2 x + 3x 2 + 4

[.)-3 ) 3
2

)- 2 ) 5 ]
3

32

4.32. :
) lim
x 3

x + 1 4 3x + 7
x 3

) lim
x1

x 1
x 1

) lim

x
2

x 3 x
2 x
[.) 5

32

) 1 )- 1 ]
6

4.33. :
) lim+
x2

x2 4 + x 2
x2

x 2 1 + x 1
x 1

) lim+
x 1

) lim+
x 2

x2 4 + x 2
x2

[.)3 ) 2 )2]

4.34.

1+ x 1 x

x
f (x) =
2
x 3x

1 x < 0

x>0

lim f (x).
x 0

[.=- 1 ]
3

x
x3 1 + + 2

4.35. f (x) =
5
x 2 + 2 x

x 1

x <1

x = 1 .

x >1

lim f (x) f yy 4.
x1

[.=3, =-1]

4.36. :
) lim
x 0

x2 + 3 x
x2 3 x

) lim
x 2

x2 4 x + 3 1
x2

) lim+
x 2

x + 2 + x2 + 2 x
x2 4

 1: - -

122

) lim+
x 3

x2 2 x + x 3 x
x3
[.)-1 )0 )- 3 )0]
4

4.37.

lim

x4 x3 1 x2

x1

4.38. :

x 1
) lim
x1

= 6.
x + 3 x 2
x 1

) lim
x1

x+7 x+3
x 1

[.) 5 )- 1 ]
6

4.39. : ) lim
x 1

x x2
2 x 3x + 1

x 2 5x + 4
x x 3x + 2 x

lim
x 1

[.) 1 )6]
2

4.40. :
x
) lim
x 0 3 x
) lim
x 0

) lim

( x + ) + ( x )
x

) lim

1+ x 1 x
x

x 0

1 2 x
x2

x 0

[.) 1 )2 ) )1 )1]
3

4.41. : i) lim
x 0

2 1+ x
2 x

1+ x x
x

ii) lim
x 0

[.i) 2
8

4.42. :

) lim
x 0

2 x + x 1
x

) lim
x 0

ii) 1 ]
2

1 + x x 2 x
2 x
[.)1 )3]

4.43. :
x
x
) lim
) lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
x
x
) lim
) lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
4.44. :
x + 2 x + ... + ( x )
) lim
x 0
x

) lim
x 0

) lim
x 0

x
x

1 x 2 x

2 x
x2 x
[.) (+1) ) 1 ]
2

x + 2 x + ... + ( x )
= 36
x
x 2 x ... ( x )
ii) lim
= 120
x 0
x

4.45. : i) lim
x 0

[.i)8 ii)5]

 4:

123

4.46. f, g :
f ( x)
) lim f (x) = 0 ,
lim g(x) = 0
lim
= 3.
x 0
x 0
x 0 g ( x )
f ( x)
) lim f (x) = 0 , lim g(x) = 0 lim
= 2.
x 2
x 2
x 2 g ( x )
4.47. f \ ,

lim [x.f (x) x2 + 5x 3] = 8. , , lim f (x).

x1

x1

[.7]

4.48. f, g 2.

lim [5f (x) + 2g(x)] = 4 lim [3g(x) 4f (x)] = 17, lim f (x)
x 2

x 2

x 2

lim g(x).
x 2

[.-2, 3]

4.49. f \ ,

lim [2f (x) + f 2(x)] = 1. lim f (x).

x5

x5

[.-1]

4.50. lim
x 0

f ( x)
= l \ , lim f (x) = 0.
x 0
x

4.51. f, g (4, 2) (2,0),

f ( x)
: lim 2
= 1 lim [g(x).(x3+8)] = 6. lim [f (x) g(x)]
x 2 x 4
x 2
x 2
8
[. 1 ]
4

4.52. f \ lim
x1

lim
x1

f ( x) 1
= 7 .
x 1
2

x f ( x) 1
.
x 1
[.4]

4.53. f \
lim [( 3x + 1 1).f (x)] = 6. lim [f (x).x].
x 0

x 0

[.4]

4.54. f \ lim
x 2

lim
x 2

f ( x) 1
= 7 .
x2
2

x f ( x ) 2
, `* .
x2

[.(+7)2-1]

4.55. , lim

x 1

x 3 + x +
= 0.
x 2 1
[.=-3, =-2]

 1: - -

124

4.56. , lim

x +3 + x 5 3
x 2 5x + 4

x 4

= 7.
[.=3, =-18]

x 2 + x + 3

x 3
4.57. , , f (x) =
x +

x 2 3x

x<3

,
x>3

, x 3. .
[.=-4, =6, =-18 , lim f(x)=2]
x3

4.58. 0
x 2 ( 1 )
1
x
i) lim (x.( ))
ii) lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
x2 +1 1

( 1 )
x
x

x 1

)]
x +1

x 3 3x 2 9 x + 27

( 1 )
x
3

x3

iv) lim
x 0

iii) lim [(x+1).(

v) lim
x 3

x 2
1
x x

4.59. f (x) =
1

3 2
x x + 1 1

x<0
x = 0 . , ,

lim f (x).
x 0

x>0
[.0]

4.60. f :

f ( x)

x + 1 1 x 2 ( 1 ) ,
x
x

x [1,0) (0, ]. lim f (x) = 1 .

2

x 0

4.61. f : \ \ :

f 2(x) 2x.x 2x.f (x) + 2x , x \ . lim f (x).

x 0

[.0]

4.62. f : f 2(x) 2x.f (x) , x (1,1).

: lim f (x) = f (0) = 0.

x 0

[.0]

4.63. f : \ \ lim [f 3(x) + 3f 2(x) + f (x) + 3] = 0.

x 2

lim f (x).
x 2

[.-3]

4.64. f : \ \ : f 3(x).x x3 , x \ .

lim f (x) = l \ , l = 0.
x 0

 4:

125

4.65. f : \ \ :

f (x + y) = f (x).2y + f (y).2x , x, y \ .

lim
x 0

f ( x)
f ( x) f ()
= 1, \ lim
= 2.
x
x
x

4.66. f : \ \ :

f (x.y) = x.f (y) + y.f (x) , x, y \ .

lim f (x) = f (1) , lim f (x) = f (x0).
x x0

x1

4.67. :
6 x
i) lim
x 0 3 x
4 x
iii) lim
x 0
1 + x 1

ii) lim

( x )
, , 0
( x )

iv) lim

5 x 3 x
x

x 0

x 0

[.i)2 ii)

x 2
2 x

4.68. : i) lim
x 0

ii) lim
x 0

) iii)8 iv)2]

( x )
( x )
[.i)0 ii)1]

4.69. :
2
x
i) lim

x 0
x

ii) lim
x 0

( x )
, 0
x

iii) lim
x 0

(1 x )
x2

[.i)1 ii) ) iii)1]

4.70. f :
x 2 f ( x ) x 3x x4 1 x \* . :
x
3x
3x
2
1
)
x
f (x)
+ x2 1 , x \* .
x
x
x
x
) f \ , x = 0.

()

( )

( )

[.)f(0)=3]

4.71. f f 3(x) + 2x.f 2(x) = 2x2.f (x) x2.3x ,

f ( x)
x \ . lim
= l \ , :
x 0
x
i) l.
ii) lim f (x).
x 0

[.i)-3 ii)0]
x
1 x
4.72. lim 9 + 3 x 4 = 1 .
x 0
2
1 9

4.73. , ,

lim
x 0

( x )
.
x
[. ]

4.74. i) f lim f (x) = l \ , lim f (x) = l.

x

 1: - -

126

ii) f lim f (x) = l \ , lim f (x) = l.

x

4.75. f, g : \ \ f (x) 0 g(x) x \ . lim [f (x) g(x)] = 0, x

: lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0.

x

4.76. f

lim [(x).f (x) 2x2 x + 6] = 10. lim f (x) lim f (x).

x 3

x 3

x 3

[.-5,5]

4.77. f, g \ :
f 2(x) + g2(x) x2 , x \ .
i)

f ( x ) x g ( x ) x , x \ .

ii) lim f (x) lim g(x).

x 0

x 0

4.78. f, g \

lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim [f (x).g(x)] = 0.

x

lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0.

x

4.79.

3 2 = 1.

3
2
1 x 1 x

lim
x1

x = .
4.80. : lim 1
2
x 0
2
x

4.81. f , :

1x2 f (x) 1+x2 , x \ . :

) lim f (x) = 1
x 0

4.82. lim
x x0

) lim
x 0

f ( x) x +1
=1 .
2
x

f ( x) l
= 0, lim f (x) = l.
x x0
f ( x) + l

4.83. x \ : (x) + (x) (x) , , , -

, + = .
4.84. x \ :

.x + 2x 3x.

 4:

127

______________ _______________________________________
4.85. . -

.
lim [f (x) + g(x)] = l, f, g x0.

I.

x x0

II.
III.

lim [f (x) g(x)] = 0, f, g .

x

lim [f (x).g(x)] lim [f (x).g(x)] = lim f (x). lim g(x).

x x0

IV.
V.

x x0

x x0

x x0

lim (x. 1 ) = lim x. lim 1 .

x

x 0

x 0

x 0

lim f (x) = l, lim (x) = 0 f (x) = l + (x).

x x0

VI.

x x0

lim [f (x)+g(x)], lim [f (x)g(x)] , x

lim f (x) , lim g(x).

x

VII.

lim f ( x ) = 5 lim f (x) = 5 lim f (x) = 5.

x

VIII.
IX.

lim f ( x ) = 0 lim f (x) = 0.

x

lim f (x) = , lim g(x) = f (x) , lim g(f (x)) = .

x

4.86. . -

.
f f 2(x) < f (x) x (x0, x0) (x0, x0+)
lim f (x) = .

I.

x x0

. ( ,0)

. (0,1)

. (1,+ )

. [0,1]

x (, x0) (x0, ) f , g
[f (x) + g(x)]2 2[f 2(x) + g2(x)]. lim f (x) = l lim g(x) = m,

II.

x x0

. l > m

. l = m

. l < m

x x0

. l = 2m

 1: - -

128

x0 \

f
(, x0) (x0, ).
1 , x
xx x0,
f(x) . f x0 + lim f (x) = + .
x x0

2 , x
xx x0,
f (x) ( > 0).
f x0
lim f (x) = .
x x0

5.1. :

f
(, x0) (x0, ), :
(i)
lim f (x) = + lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = + .
x x0

(ii)

5.2. :

lim f (x) =
x x0

x x0

x x0

lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = .

x x0

x x0

,
x0.

 5: X0 \

129

lim f (x) = + , f (x) > 0 x0 ,

x x0

lim f (x) = , f (x) < 0 x0 .

x x0

lim f (x) = + , lim (f (x)) = ,

x x0

x x0

lim f (x) = , lim (f (x)) = + .

x x0

x x0

1 = 0.
f ( x)

lim f (x) = + , lim

lim f (x) = 0 f (x) > 0 x0 ,

x x0

x x0

x x0

lim
x x0

1 = + , lim f (x) = 0 f (x) < 0

x x0
f ( x)

x0 , lim
x x0

1 = .
f ( x)

lim f (x) = + , lim f ( x ) = + .

lim f (x) = + , lim

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

f ( x) = + .

5.2.1. : :
lim 12 = + lim 12 = + , `* .
x 0 x
x 0 x
1
lim+
= + lim+ 21+1 = + , ` .
x 0 x
x 0 x
1
lim
= lim 21+1 = , ` .
x 0 x
x 0 x
, f (x) = 21+1 , ` .
x

5.3. :

( )

x0 \
f :
g :

f + g :

\
+

+
+

 1: - -

130
5.4. :

( )

x0 \
f :
g :

f g :

>0
+

<0
+

>0

<0

0
+

+
+

5.4.1. :

, ,
, , .
.

:
(+ ) + ( )

0.( )
f
= f 1 , g
g

f g = f + ( g)

:
(+ ) (+ ) , ( ) ( )

0 ,
0

______________ ___________________________________________
5.5. : lim
x 2

x 2 7 x +10
.
x 4 5 x 3 +6 x 2 + 4 x 8

f (x) =
1

5
2

6
6

4
0

8
8

3
2

0
2

4
4

1
2

2
2

x 2 7 x + 10
.
x 5x3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x 8
4

x4 5x3 + 6x2 + 4x 8
= (x 2)(x3 3x2 + 4) (1)
(1) = (x 2)(x 2)(x2 x 2)
= (x 2)2(x2 x 2) (2)
(2) = (x 2)2(x 2)(x + 1)
= (x 2)3(x + 1)

f , x4 5x3 + 6x2 + 4x 8 0
(x 2)3(x + 1) 0 x 2 0 x + 1 0 x 2 x 1.
Df = \ {1,2} , lim f (x).
x 2

x Df :
f (x) =

( x 2)( x 5)
x 2 7 x + 10
x 5
=
=
= x 5 1 2 .
x + 1 ( x 2)
( x 2)3 ( x + 1)
( x 2) 2 ( x + 1)
x 5x3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x 8
4

 5: X0 \

lim x 5 = 2 5 = 3 = 1 lim
x 2

x +1

2 +1

lim f (x) = lim x 5 . lim

x 2

x 2

x +1

x 2

x 2

131

1
= + :
( x 2)2

1
= 1.(+ ) =
( x 2)2

5.6. : lim
x 2

x2 5
.
x 4 6 x 3 +12 x 2 8 x

f (x) =

x2 5
.
x 4 6 x 3 + 12 x 2 8 x

x4 6x3 + 12x2 8x = x(x3 6x2 + 12x 8) = x(x2)3.

f , x4 6x3 + 12x2 8x 0
x(x2)3 0 x 0 x 2 0 x 0 x 2.
Df = \* {2} , lim f (x).
x 2

x Df :
f (x) =

2
2
x2 5
x 5
= x 5 3 =
= x 5 1 3 .
2
2
x
x ( x 2)
( x 2)
( x 2) ( x + 1)
x 6 x + 12 x 8 x
4

1
= 1 .(+ ) =
4
( x 2)3

2
lim+ f (x) = lim+ x 5 . lim+

x 2

x 2

x 2

1
= 1 .( ) = + .
4
( x 2)3

2
lim f (x) = lim x 5 . lim

x 2

x 2

x 2

, lim f (x).
x 2

5.7. : lim
x 1

x 2x
.
( x 1) ln x

f (x) =

x 2 x , D = (0,1) (1,+ ) f
( x 1) ln x

.
x Df : f (x) =

x 2x
1
= (x 2x)
.
( x 1) ln x
( x 1) ln x

x (0,1) (1,+ ) (x1).lnx > 0 lim (x1).lnx = 0,

x 0

1
lim
= +.
x 1 ( x 1) ln x

, lim f (x) = lim (x 2x) lim

x 1

x 1

x 1

5.8. : lim
x 1

1
= 1.(+ ) = .
( x 1) ln x

x 2 3 x +2
.
x x 3 x +3 x 1

f (x) =

x 2 3x + 2
.
x x 3x + 3 x 1

 1: - -

132

x x 3x + 3 x 1 =

( x)

3( x) + 3 x 1 =

f ,

x0

x 1) .
3

x 0
x 0

.
x 1
x 1

x 1 0

Df = [0,1) (1,+ ) , lim f (x).

x 1

( x 1)( x 2)
x

3
x
+
2
x Df : f (x) =
=
=
3
3
x 1
x 1
2

( x 1)( x + 1)( x 2)

x 1

lim ( x +1) =
x 1

( x + 1)( x 2)

x 1

= ( x +1)(x2)

x 1

1 +1 = 2, lim (x2) = 12 = 1 lim

x 1

x 1

lim f (x) = lim ( x +1) . lim (x2) . lim

x 1

( x ) 1 ( x 2)
( x 1)

x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

= +.

= 2.(1).(+ ) = .

3
2
5.9. lim x x + 2

x x

x 0

.
:
3
2
f (x) = x x + 2 x (,0) (0, ).

x x

lim (x3x2+2) = 2
x 0

lim (x.x) = 0.
x 0

3
2
3
2
x 2 ( x 2)
x ( x 2)
= 2 f (x) = x 2 x + 2 2 = x 2 x =
=
= x2
x
x x
x x
x x
x

lim f (x) = lim x 2 =

x 0

x 0

x
x

lim( x 2)
x0

lim
x0

x
x

2 f (x) = (x3x2+2)

= 0 2 = 2.
1

1 .
x x

x (,0) (0, ) x.x > 0 , lim

x 0

2 > 0 > 2
lim f (x) = lim (x3x2+2). lim
x 0

x 0

x 0

2 < 0 < 2
lim f (x) = lim (x3x2+2). lim
x 0

x 0

x 0

1
= +.
x x

1
= (2).(+ ) = + .
x x
1
= (2).(+ ) = .
x x

2
5.10. , lim x2 x 1 = + .
x 1

x + x + 1

 5: X0 \
2
f (x) = x2 x 1

x + x + 1

133

lim f (x) = + . 1 f (x) > 0.

x 1

2
f (x) = x2 x 1 x2 + x + 1 = x x 1 x2 + x + 1 = (x2 x 1) 1 .
2

f ( x)

f ( x)

x + x + 1

lim (x + x + 1) = lim [(x x 1) 1 ] 1 + 1 = lim (x2 x 1). lim 1

x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1 f ( x )
f ( x)
2

2 = lim (1 + 1 1).0 2 = 0 = 2.
x 1

2
2
= 2 f (x) = x2 x 1 = x x 21 lim f (x) = + .

x + 2 x +1

( x + 1)

x 1

= 2.
___________________________________________________________________

5.11. , , :
x3 5x 1
x2 2 x 5
) lim
) lim
x 2 4 4 x + x 2
x 1
x +1

) lim

x 3

(x )
x2 + 6x + 9

x1

x 0

2x 3
x3 2 x2

[. )- ) )- )+ ]

5.12. , , :
x2 2 x +1
x2 x
) lim
) lim 2
x 1
x
2
x 1
x 4
) lim

) lim

) lim

x 1

x2 + 2 x 3
x 5x3 + 9 x 2 7 x + 2

1 x + ( x )
x +1

[.)+ ) )+ )- ]

5.13. , , : i) lim
x 0

5.14. , , :

) lim
x 0

x
x2

ii) lim
x 0

3x
x3

[.i)- ii)+ ]

3x 7
x 1

) lim
x 0

3 x
x

[.)+ ) ]

5.15. , , :
x 2 3x
x 2 + 5x
) lim 2
) lim 4
x 0 x x
x 0 x x

) lim
x 0

x
x

[.)- )+ )+ ]

5.16. , , :
x2
) lim
x1 1 3 x + 3 x 2 x 3
) lim

x 2

x 3 3x 2 13x 6
x 6 + 6 x 5 + 11x 4 + x 3 18 x 2 20 x 8

x 2 3x + 2
x 4 x + 4 x 2 16 x 64
x + 3 3x + 1
) lim
x1
1 2 x + x2

) lim

[.) )- )- ) ]

3
2
5.17. y = x 2 x + x 1 .
x + x2

x 2.

 1: - -

134

[. ]

5.18. , , lim

x x+
x3

x 0

, > 0.
[.- ]

5.19. , , :
1
1
) lim+
) lim 2
x 0 x x 2
x x
x 0

) lim
x 0

1
x 2 2 x

[.)+ )+ )+ ]

5.20. lim
x 0

x +1
.
x

[. 1, 1/2 =1]

5.21. lim
x

x 2 25
x 6x + 5
2

\ .
[. +5 1, =1]
-1

5.22. lim
x x0

f ( x)
= + lim f (x) = l \ , lim g(x) = 0.
x x0
x x0
g ( x)

5.23. lim f (x),

x 2

2x 8 = +
i) lim
x 2
f ( x)

ii) lim
x 2

f ( x)
=
x2

iii) lim [f (x)(3x 10)] = +

x 2

[.i)0 ii)- iii)+ ]

5.24. , lim
x 2

x 2 3x =
x + x + 4
2

[.=-4]

5.25. f (x) =

x+5
. ,
x 2 + x +

lim f (x) = + lim+ f (x) = + .

x 1

x 3

[.=-4,=3]

5.26. , , : ) lim
x1

x4
x3 x +2

) lim
x1

x2 2
x + x 2 x3
2

[.) )- ]

5.27. , \ , , , :
x 2 + 2 x +
3x 2
) lim
) lim
x 2
x 0
x
x2

 5: X0 \

135

5.28. .
4 + x ( x + 2)
lim f (x) ,
f (x) =
.
x 0
x3
[.+ < 1 , - > 1 , = 1 ]
4

5.29. \ .
2
3
lim f (x) , f (x) = x .
x 64
x 64
[.+ <-2 >2,- -2<<2, = 2]

______________ _______________________________________
5.30. . -

I. lim f (x) = + g(x) < 0 , lim [f (x).g(x)] = .
x

 1: - -

136

x x0.
x , ,

+ , . . .

, f, g, h (,+ ).
1 f
l. f + l
lim f (x) = l.
x +

2 g .
g + +
lim g(x) = + .

3 h .
h +
lim h(x) = .

x +

x +

f + , f (,+ ).

 6:

137

, f, g, h ( ,).
4 f
l. f l
lim f (x) = l.
x

5 g .
g +
lim g(x) = + .

6 h .
h
lim h(x) = .

f , f ( , ).
+
:
6.1. :

lim x = +

lim 1 = 0 , `* .

x +


+
lim x =
x


x +

lim 1 = 0 , `* .

6.2. :

P(x) = .x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0 0 :
lim P(x) = lim (.x)

lim P(x) = lim (.x).

x +

6.3. :

x +

f (x) =

x + -1 x 1 + ... + 1 x + 0
,
x + -1 x 1 + ... + 1 x + 0

0 , 0 :
x

lim f (x) = lim

x +
x +
x

lim f (x) = lim .

x
x
x

 1: - -

138

6.4. :

> 1 , :
lim x = 0 , lim x = +
x

x +

lim logx = ,
x 0

lim logx = +

x +

0 < < 1 , :
lim x = + , lim x = 0

x +

lim logx = + ,
x 0

lim logx =

x +

6.5. :

: `* \ .
() ,
().
`* = {1,2,3,4, }
, + .

+ .

6.6. :

() l \
lim = l ,

> 0, 0 `* , > 0

l < .
x +
.
.
______________ ___________________________________________

x +
.

f + ,

 6:

139

x + (,+ ) Df .

x ( ,) Df .

,
.

, , .

. ,
x,
0 < < 1.
(+ ) (+ ) ( ) ( )
.

0.( ), .
0.( )

0 ,

.
6.7. :
i) lim ( 12 5x3)
x
x

ii) lim ( x 2 2 x +3 +5x)

iii) lim ( 3 2 x 4 x 3 +4 x 2 5 3x5)

x +

f (x) = 12 5x3 Df = ( ,0) (0,+ ),

i)

.
: lim f (x) = lim ( 12 5x3) = lim 12 5 lim x3 = 0 5( ) = + .
x

f (x) = x 2 x + 3 + 5x. x 2x+3 0 = (2)2 4.1.3 = 412 = 8 < 0

x2 1 > 0. f Df = \ .
lim (x22x+3) = lim x2 = + ,
2

ii)

x +

x +

lim f (x) = lim ( x 2 2 x + 3 +5x) = lim

x +

iii)

x +

f (x) =

x +

x 2 2 x + 3 + 5 lim x = (+ ) + 5(+ ) = + .
x +

2 x 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 5 3x5. lim (2x4x3+4x25) = lim (2x4) = 2 lim x4

x

= 2(+ ) = + . < 0 , x <

2x4x3+4x25 > 0. , ( , ) Df , .
lim f (x) = lim ( 3 2 x 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 5 3x5) = lim
x

= (+ ) 3( ) = (+ ) + (+ ) = + .

2 x 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 5 3 lim x5
x

 1: - -

140

4 x 2 5 x +1
3x 7

6.8. : i) lim
x

ii) lim
x +

3 x 2 x
.
x2 + x

:
i)

x
1 +
4 x 2 5 x + 1 . f ,
2
4x
5x+1
+ 0 0 +
3x 7
x 1  x 1
4 x 2 5x + 1 0

4
. Df = ( , 1 ) (1, 7 ) ( 7 ,+ ),

4
3
3
3x 7 0

x7
3

f(x) =

. x ( ,0) : f (x) =

4 x 2 5x +1 =
3x 7

x 2 (4 5 1 + 12 )
x 4 5 1 + 12
4 5 1 + 12
x 4 5 1 + 12
x x
x x
x x
x x
=
=
=
.
3x 7
7
7
3 7
x (3 )
x (3 )
x
x
x

4 5 1 + 12
x x
= 4 5 0 + 0 = 2 .
lim f (x) = lim
x
x
3 0
3
3 7
x
3x 2 x
ii) f (x) =
. f ,
x2 + x

x2 + x 0 x(x+1) 0 x 0 x 1.
Df = ( ,1) (1,0) (0,+ ), + .
3x 2 x
x (0,+ ) : f (x) =
=
x2 + x

x
x
)
3 2
x2 =
x .
1
2
x (1 + )
1+ 1
x
x

x 2 (3

x
x
x
= 2 12 . 12 2 12 lim ( 12 ) = lim 12 = 0 2
x +
x + x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3 2
3 lim 2
x
x+ x
x
lim 2 = 0. , lim f (x) = lim
=
= 3 0 = 3.
x + x
x +
x +
1+ 0
1+ 1
1 + lim 1
x+ x
x

6.9. : i) lim (
x

9 x 2 5 x +2 + x)

ii) lim ( 4 x 2 +7 x 2 2x).

x +

:
i)

f (x) = 9 x 2 5 x + 2 + x. 9x25x+2 0 = 47 < 0.

f Df = \ , .
x ( ,0) : f (x) =

9 x 2 5x + 2 + x =

x 2 (9 5 1 + 22 ) + x = x 9 5 1 + 22 + x
x x
x x

= x 9 5 1 + 22 + x = x( 9 5 1 + 22 +1).
x

, lim f (x) = lim [x( 9 5 1 + 22 +1)] = lim x. lim ( 9 5 1 + 22 +1)

x

= ( ).( 9 5 0 + 0 +1) = ( ).( 9 +1) = ( ).(2) = + .

 6:
4 x 2 + 7 x 2 2x. 4x2+7x2 0 x 2 x 1 .

f (x) =

ii)

141

4
1
f Df = ( ,2] [ ,+ ),,
4
2
1
+ . x ( ,+ ) : f (x) = 4 x + 7 x 2 2x
4

( 4 x 2 + 7 x 2 2 x )( 4 x 2 + 7 x 2 + 2 x )
4x + 7x 2 + 2x
2

(
=

4x2 + 7x 2

) (2 x)
2

x 2 (4 + 7 22 ) + 2 x
x x

4 x2 + 7 x 2 4 x2 =
x 4 + 7 22 + 2 x
x x

x (7 2 )
7 2
7x 2
x
x
=
=
.

7
2
7
7
2
x 4 + 2 + 2x
4 + 22 + 2
x 4 + 2 + 2
x x
x x
x x

7 2
70
x
lim f (x) = lim
=
= 7 = 7.
x +
x +
2+2
4
+

+
4
0
0
2
7
2
4+ 2 +2
x x

x 1
x
6.10. f (x) = 3 x 5x+1 +2 . : i) lim f (x)

3 +5

:
i)

+1

f Df = \ . + .

()
()

()
()

1 3 1+ 2 1
3x 31 5x + 2
x
x
x
5
3

5
+
2
3

5
+
2
5
5
5
= x x
= x x
= 3 5x
: f (x) = x x+1
x
3 + 5 5 + 1
3 + 5 +1
3 + 5 5 +1
3 +5+ 1
x
x
x
5
5
5
5
5
x 1

()
()

()
()

1 lim 3 1 + 2 lim 1
x+ 5
x+ 5
lim f (x) = 3
x
x
x +
3
+ 5 + lim 1
lim
x+ 5
x+ 5
ii)

ii) lim f (x).

x +

1 0 1+ 2 0

= 3

0 +5+ 0

=1.
5

f .
lim 3x 31 lim 5x + 2
1
x
1
x
x
lim f (x) = lim 3 x 3 x 5 + 2 = x x
= 0 3 0 + 2 = 2.
x

3 + 5 5 +1

lim 3 + lim 5 5 + 1

0 + 0 5 +1

x 2
x+1
6.11. f (x) = x+1 3x 2 +1 , x + ,

+3 5
.

lim (x+1 + 3x2 5) = (+ ) + (+ )5 = + ,

x +

, x > x+1 + 3x2 5 > 0. f + .

 1: - -

142

> 3 :

() ()
() ()
x

1 3 3 + 1
x 2 3x 3 + 1
2
x
x
x

3
+
1

3
+
1

= x
= x
=
f (x) = x x2
x
+3 5
+ 3x 32 5
+ 3x 32 5
+ 1 3 5 1
x
x
x

9
x 2

x +1

()
()

( 1 )
( 1 )

1 3 lim 3 + lim
2
x+
x+

lim f (x) =
x
x +
+ 1 lim 3 5 lim
x+
9 x+

()
()

()
()

1 3+ 1
x 2 3x 3 + 1
2
x
x
x
3
3

3
+
1

3
3
3
f(x) = x
= x
=
x
x
2
x
2

3
5
+ 3 3 5

1
+
x

+ 5 1
3x
3x
3
3
9
3
2

()
()

( 13)
( 13)

1 lim 3 + lim
2 x+
x+
3

lim f (x) =
x
x +
lim + 1 5 lim
x+ 3
x+
9

1 0 3+ 0
2

=
= 3 = 27.
1
0 + 1 5 0
9
9

= 3 :

( 13)
( 13)

x
1 3x 3 3x + 1
26 +
26 3x + 1x
26 3x + 1
9 3 3
3

3
+
1
9
9
=
=
=
= 9
f (x) = x
28 3x 5
28 3x 5
3 3 + 3x 32 5
28 5
3 3 x + 1 3x 5
9
9
9 3 x 3x
9
x

26 + lim
x+
lim f (x) = 9
x +
28 5 lim
x+
9

( 13)
( 13)

1 3 0 + 0
1
2
2

=
=
= 13 .
1

+ 0 5 0
9

< 3 :
x

26 + 0
26
9
=
= 9 = 26 = 13 .
28
14
28 5 0
28
9
9

6.12. i) lim [x3.( 1 )]

x

ii) lim [x.( 1 )].

x +
x

:
i)

f (x) = x3.( 1 ) Df = ( ,0) (0,+ ),

x

u = 1 . x u 0 lim ( 1 ) = lim u = 0 = 1.
x

u 0

lim f (x) = lim x lim ( 1 ) = ( ).1 = .

x
x
x
x
3.

ii)

f (x) = x.( 1 ) Df = ( ,0) (0,+ ),

x

+ . : f (x) = x.( 1 ) =
x

u 0. lim f (x) = lim

x +

u 0

u
= 1.
u

( 1 )
x . u = 1 . x +
x
1
x

 6:

143
f (2 x )
= 5.
f (x)

6.13. f lim
x +

, , :
f (8 x )
i) lim
x +
f (x)

ii) lim
x +

f (8 x ) f ( x )
.
f (2 x ) f ( x )

f (8 x )
f (8 x ) f (4 x ) f (2 x )
f (2 x )
=
. lim
= 5.

x +
f ( x)
f (4 x ) f (2 x ) f ( x )
f ( x)

i)

f (4 x )
f (2u )
= lim
= 5.
u +
f (2 x )
f (u )

u = 2x. x + u + , lim

x +

w = 4x. x + w + , lim

x +

lim

x +

f (8 x )
f (2 w)
= lim
= 5.
w +
f (4 x )
f ( w)

f (8 x )
f (8 x ) f (4 x ) f (2 x )
f (8 x ) .
f (4 x ) .
f (2 x )
= lim
= lim
lim
lim

x + f (4 x ) f (2 x )
x + f (4 x ) x + f (2 x ) x +
f ( x)
f ( x )
f ( x)

= 5.5.5 = 125.
f (8 x )

ii)

f (8 x ) f ( x )
f ( x)
=
f (2 x )
f (2 x ) f ( x )
f ( x)

1
1

f (8 x )

f (8 x ) f ( x )
f ( x)
. lim
= lim
x + f (2 x ) f ( x )
x + f (2 x )
f ( x)

1
1

f (8 x )
1
f ( x)
f (2 x )
lim
1
x+ f ( x )

lim

x+

= 125 1 = 124 = 31.

5 1
4

___________________________________________________________________

6.14. :
6 x 3 5x 2 + x 3
) lim
x+ 4 x 2 2 x 3 + x + 1
2 x x (2 x 3) + 4 x 1
9 x4 + x3 8x + 2
9
x + x6 x2 +1
) lim
x
3x 4 + x 3 5
) lim

6.15. :
4 x 2 + x 5 3x + 1
) lim

x+

1+ x 2 x2

) lim

2 x 4 + x 3 3x 2 5
2 x 3x 3 + ( x 2 + 1)2 2

) lim

2 x 3 3x 5 + x + 4
7 x 3 3x + 6

x+

[.)-3 )2/3 )0 )- )+ ]

) lim

1 2 x 3x 2 x 2 + x

(2 x 5)2
[.)-2 )1/2]

6.16. P(x) P(0) = 5 :

lim

P( x) 4 x 3
= 3.
2x + 9

[.P(x)=4x3+6x+5]

 1: - -

144

6.17. :
) lim

x+

) lim

4 x 2 + 3 x 10
6x 5

) lim

8 x3 + x 2 + 4 x
x4 + x2 +1 + 2 x

x+ 4

x2 x + 2 x
x

) lim

x+

x2 + x 2 x
4 x 2 3x + 1 x

) lim

x + x +1
x + 1+ x
[.) 1 )-2 ) 2 )2 )1]
3

6.18. : ) lim

x+

x 3x 2 + 1
3 2 x x2

) lim

x 5 x 2 x 2
x2 + 5x 6

[.)3 )- ]

3x
x < 0

6.19. f (x) = x
. : lim f (x) , lim f (x) ,
x+
x 0
3
x + 3 x 0

lim f (x).

[.+ , 3, 0]

6.20. :
) lim ( 4 x 3x + 1 4x)
2

x+

) lim ( 25 x + x 26
2

x+

lim ( x 2 + 2 x 3 + 3x)

8 x 3 5x 2 3 )
[.)- )- )+ ]

6.21. :
i) lim ( 9 x + 3x 6 3x)

ii)

iii) lim ( ( x + )( x + ) x)

iv)

x+

x+

lim ( 4 x 2 x 3 + 2x)

lim ( 3x 2 6 x 1 + x 3 )

[.i) 1 ii) 1 iii) + iv) 3 ]

2

6.22. :
i) lim ( 4 x + x 5 +
2

x+

x 2 + 2 x + 3 3x)

ii) lim ( 4 x x 3
2

x+

8x3 + 2 x 2 + x )

[. i) 5 ii)- 5 ]
4

6.23. :
1
1
i) lim
ii) lim 2
x+
x
x
x
1
1
1
iv) lim
v) lim x.
x+ x
x+
x
x

( )
()

()
()

iii) lim

x+

12

()

1 1
x
x

` > 1
[.i)1 ii)0 iii)0 iv)1 v)0]

( )

6.24. : i) lim x3. 13

x+
x

6.25.

ii)

(x )

lim x5. 12

(x )

2
1
iii) lim x . 5
x+

[.i)1 ii)- iii)0]

2
lim ln 4 x 5 x2 3 .

x +4x

[. 0]

 6:

145

x +2
x
6.26. f (x) = ln e x x2+1 , x + .
e
2
+

[.2]

6.27.

x 1
x +2
x
lim log 10 x+1 5 x + x2+3

x+

+5 2

10

[.-2]

6.28.

lim ( 9 x 3x+1 + 2 3x).

x+

[.-3/2]

6.29. :
5 3 4 2 (2 1)3 + 5 2
i) =
1 + (3 1) 2
iii) =

ii) =

27 3 5 2 + 2 2
+1 + e

e 1

iv) =

[.i)- ii)+ iii)1 iv)-1]

6.30. f, g :
) lim f (x) = 0, lim g(x) = + lim [f (x).g(x)] = 5.
x+

x+

x+

) lim f (x) = 0, lim g(x) = + lim [f (x).g(x)] = + .

x+

x+

x+

) lim f (x) = + , lim g(x) = + lim [f (x) g(x)] = 2.

x+

x+

x+

) lim f (x) = + , lim g(x) = + lim [f (x) g(x)] = + .

x+

x+

x+

) lim f (x) = 0, lim g(x) = + lim

x+

x+

x+

f ( x)
= + .
g ( x)

6.31. \

lim

x+

(2 ) x 3 + ( + 1) x 2 3x + 2
.
x 2 + x + 1

6.32.

lim ( 9 x 2 + 6 x 8 + x)

2
6.33. f (x) = 4 x x . ,
x+3

lim f (x) = 0.

[.=4, =-12]

6.34. , :

lim ( x 2 + 2 x + 4 + x + ) = 11.

x+

[. =-1, =10]

x + x+1
6.35. , , : lim x+1
= 1
x
x+
+

=
> .
<

 1: - -

146

x
x +1
6.36. f (x) = 2 x + x1 . x
2 +

+ , .

6.37. () =

+ 2 +1 , 2 3 2 1

.
6.38. f : (0,+ ) \ f (x)

x 3 + x5 .
x2

lim f (x).
x+

[.+ ]

6.39. (i) lim

x+

x 1 = +
3 + x

(ii) lim

x+

x2 + x = + .
5 x

6.40. f :
2 x x 2 f (x).[f (x) 2] x 4 + 2 x , x > 2.
x 2 +1
x 2 x 4 1

lim f (x).
x+

[.1]

6.41. f \ f 2(x) 2x.f (x) , x \ .

lim

f ( x)
.
x2
[.0]

6.42. f \ lim

f ( x + 2)
= .
f ( x)

:
i) lim

f ( x + 4)
f ( x)

ii) lim

f ( x + 4) f ( x )
.
f ( x + 2) f ( x )
[.i)2 ii)+1]

6.43. () (1,2) -

x y .
) -

.
) ,

+ 1.

 6:

x 2 + ( 2) x 1 + x. ,

6.44. f (x) =

147

lim f (x) = 1 .

x+

[.=4, =-2]

______________ _______________________________________
6.45. . -

.
1 + 2x , x \ , lim f (x) = 0.
I. 0 f (x)
x+
x
II. f : [0,+ ) \ ,
lim f (x) = + .
x+

6.46. . -

.
f (x) x3 5x x < 0, lim f (x)

I.

. 0

. +

. 1

f (x) = 3x 2 5 x +1 . f (102008) 2

II.

4x + x 9

. 1
. 0,75

. 0,5

. 10

. 0,25

 1: - -

148

, , . , , .
, ,
. ,
.
. .
7.1. :

f x0 .
f x0 , lim f (x) = f (x0).
x x0

.
f x0, , f x0.
7.1.1. : , f
x0 :
) x0
) x0, , f (x0), x0.
f ,
.

, x0 \
lim P(x) = P(x0).
x x0

P , x0 Q

P ( x0 )
P( x)
=
.
lim
Q ( x0 )
x x0 Q ( x )

 7:

149

f (x) = x g(x) = x , x0 \
lim x = x0
lim x = x0 .

f (x) = x g(x) = logx , 0 < 1 .

x x0

7.2. :

x x0

f (, ) , (, ).
f [, ]
(, )
lim+ f (x) = f () lim f (x) = f ().
x

7.2.1. : f

[, ) (, ].

f [, ) ,
(, ) lim+ f (x) = f ().
x

f (, ] ,
(, ) lim f (x) = f ().
x

7.3. :

f g x0 ,
x0 :
f
f
f + g , c.f c \ , f.g ,
,
f

x0.
7.3.1. : I. f, g , ,

.
1
1

, f (x) =

x<0
1
g(x) =
x0
1

x<0

x0
f

0, (f +g)(x) = 0 , (f .g)(x) = 1 (x) = 1

g
\ .
II. f , f ( x) .
, f I. 0,
f ( x) = 1 \ .
7.4. :

f x0 g f (x0), g D f x0.

 1: - -

150

______________ ___________________________________________
x3 x x

x2 x

7.5. f f (x) =
1

0< x 1

x =0

x =1

f .
:

0 < x 1 (x) = x3. x

1(x) = x3 2(x) = x . g(x) = (x) 2(x) . H h(x) = x2 x .
f (x) =

x ( x 3 1)
=
x ( x 1)

f (x) =

g ( x)
.
h( x )
2
x ( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
= x + x +1 .
2
x
( x ) ( x 1)

2
x = 0 f (0) = 1 lim+ f (x) = lim+ x + x + 1 = lim+ (x2+x+1). lim+ 1

x 0

x 0

x 0

x 0

= 1.(+ ) = + . f x = 0.

2
x = 1 f(1) = 3 lim f (x) = lim x + x + 1 = 3 = 3.

x1

x1

, lim f (x) = f (1) f x = 1.

x1

f (0,+ ).

x 2 x +

x 2

7.6. f (x) =

x 2

x =2

, f .
:

x 2 f (x) =

x 2 x +
.
x2

f \ x0 = 2. lim f (x) = f (2) = 3.

x 2

x 2 f (x) =

x 2 x +
x2

x2 x + = (x2).f (x).

lim (x2x+) = lim [(x2).f (x)] lim (x2x+) = lim (x2). lim f (x)
x 2

x 2

x 2

x 2

x 2

22 .2 + = (22).3 4 2 + = 0 = 2 4.
2
x 2 4 ( x 2)
( x 2)( x + 2) ( x 2)
( x 2)( x + 2 )
f (x) = x x + 2 4 =
=
=

x2

x2

x2

x2

= x + 2 .
lim f (x) = 3 lim (x + 2 ) = 3 2 + 2 = 3 4 = 3 = 1
x 2

x 2

= 2.1 4 = 2 4 = 2.
7.7. f \ :

 7:

151

[f (x) + x][f (x) x] 2f (x).(x) +2(x) 2x , x \ .

f x = 1.
:

x \ : [f (x) + x][f (x) x] 2f (x).(x) + 2(x) 2x

f 2(x) x2 2f (x).(x) + 1 2(x) 2x

2
2
2
.
f (x) 2f (x) (x) + (x) x 2x + 1

[f (x) (x)]2 (x1)2

[ f ( x ) ( x )]

f ( x ) ( x )

( x 1)

x 1

x 1 f (x) (x) x 1

(x) x 1 f (x) (x) + x 1 .

x = 1 : (.1) 1 1 f (1) (.1) + 1 1 0 f (1) 0
, f (1) = 0.
: lim [(x) x 1 ] = (.1) 1 1 = 0 lim [(x) + x 1 ] = 0
x1

x1

lim f (x) = 0.
x1

lim f (x) = f (1) = 0 , f x = 1.

x1

7.8. f g :

f (x+y) = f (x).g(y) + g(x).f (y) , g(x+y) = g(x).g(y) f (x).f (y) x, y \ ,

f (0) g(0). :
) f (0) = 0 g(0) = 1.
) f , g x = 0, \ .

x = y = 0 :
f (0) = f (0).g(0) + g(0).f (0) f (0) = 2f (0).g(0) f (0) 2f (0).g(0) = 0
f (0).[12g(0)] = 0 f (0) = 0 12g(0) = 0 f (0) = 0 g(0) = 1 .
2

: g(0) = g(0).g(0) f (0).f (0) g(0) = g2(0) f 2(0).

o f (0) = 0 g(0) = g2(0) g(0) g2(0) = 0
g(0).[1g(0)] = 0 g(0) = 0 g(0) = 1. f (0) g(0) g(0) = 1.
o

g(0) = 1 1 = 1 f 2(0) f 2(0) = 1 1 = 1 .

2

, f (0) = 0 g(0) = 1.
) f, g 0, :
lim f (x) = f (0) = 0 lim g(x) = g(0) = 1.
x 0

x 0

x0 \ . x x0 = h x = x0 + h. x x0 h 0.
lim f (x) = lim f (x0+h) = lim [f (x0).g(h) + g(x0).f (h)] = f (x0) lim g(h) + g(x0) lim f (h)
x x0

h 0

h 0

h 0

h 0

= f (x0).1 + g(x0).0 = f (x0)

lim g(x) = lim g(x0+h) = lim [g(x0).g(h) f (x0).f (h)] = g(x0) lim g(h) f (x0) lim f (h)
x x0

h 0

= g(x0).1 f (x0).0 = g(x0).

h 0

h 0

h 0

 1: - -

152

x0, \ .
7.9. f : \ \ :
f 3(x) + f (x) = f 2(x) + x , x \ .
f x0 = 0.
:

x \ :
f 3(x) + f (x) = f 2(x) + x f 3(x) f 2(x) + f (x) = x f (x).[f 2(x) f (x) + 1] = x (1)
(y) = y2 y + 1 = 1 4 = 3 < 0 y2 y + 1 > 0
f 2(x) f (x) + 1 > 0.
(1) f (x) =

f ( x) =

x
.
f 2 ( x ) f ( x ) +1

(x)=x2+x+,
0

x
x
x

= 2
= 4 x.
3
3
f ( x ) f ( x ) +1
f 2 ( x ) f ( x ) +1

>0 (

<0
.

(y) = 3 = 3 .
4 x f (x)
3
x = 0 4 0
3
4
lim ( x ) = 0 ,
x 0
3

)= .
2
4

4
4
4
4 x , x \ .
3
f (0) 4 0 0 f (0) 0 f (0) = 0.
3
4
lim ( x ) = 0 lim f (x) = 0 = f (0).
x 0
x 0
3

f x0 = 0.
7.10. f \ :
f (x)

( x +1)2 x
x 2 +1

f ( x ) x

x 2 +1

x \ .

x \ : f (x)

( x + 1) 2 x
x +1
2

f ( x ) x

x2 +1

f (x) x 2 + 1 (x+1)2.x = f (x) x f (x) x 2 + 1 f (x) = (x+1)2.x x

f (x).( x 2 + 1 1) = [(x+1)2 1].x f (x).( x 2 + 1 1) = (x2+2x+11).x
f (x).( x 2 + 1 1) = (x2 + 2x).x
f (x).( x 2 + 1 1) = x.(x+2).x (1)
x 2 + 1 = 1 x2+1 = 1 x2 = 0 x = 0.

x2 +1 1 = 0

x ( x + 2) x

x 0 (1) f (x) =

x = 0 f \ ,

x 2 + 1 1

x = 0 , f (0) = lim f (x). x 0 f (x) =

x ( x + 2) x
x 2 + 1 1

x 0

) = x( x + 2) ( x +1 +1) x
( x +1 1)( x +1 +1)
( x + 1) 1

x ( x + 2) x
2

x 2 +1 +1
2

x ( x + 2)

x 2 + 1 + 1 x

x 2 + 1 12

 7:

x ( x + 2)

x 2 + 1 + 1 x

x + 11
2

f (0) = lim [(x+2)(

x 0

x ( x + 2)

153

x 2 + 1 + 1 x
2

= (x+2)( x 2 + 1 +1)

x
x
2
x + 1 +1)
] = lim (x+2). lim (
x 0
x 0
x

x
x

x
x 2 + 1 +1). lim
x 0

= 2.2.1 = 4.
x ( x + 2) x

f : f (x) =
x 2 +1 1

x0

x=0

7.11. f \ :
x.[x2.f (x) 5x + 1] f (x) 4 , x \ .
f (1).
:

f \ x = 1, ,
f (1) = lim f (x)
x1

x \ : x.[x2.f (x) 5x + 1] f (x) 4

x3.f (x) 5x2 + x f (x) 4 x3.f (x) f (x) 5x2 x 4
(x31).f (x) 5x2 x 4 (x1)(x2+x+1).f (x) (x1)(5x+4) (1)

x > 1 (1) f (x)

lim+ f (x) lim+

5x + 4
x2 + x +1

f (1) 52 1 + 4

lim f (x) lim

5x + 4
x2 + x +1

f (1) 52 1 + 4

f (x)

5x + 4 .
x2 + x +1

f (1) 9 f (1) 3 (2)

3
1 +1+1
( x 1)(5 x + 4)
x < 1 (1) f (x)
f (x) 52 x + 4 .
( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
x + x +1
x 1

( x 1)(5 x + 4)
( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)

x 1

x 1

x 1

1 +1+1

f (1) 9

f (1) 3 (3)

(2) (3) f (1) = 3.

___________________________________________________________________

7.12. :
4 x2 9 x + 2
x \ {2}

i) f (x) =
x0 = 2.
x2

x=2
x x 0

ii) g(x) = 1
x0 = 0.
x x < 0
7.13.

 1: - -

154

1+ x + x2 1 x + x2

1
i) f (x) =

x
x

x0

x=0

ii) f (x) = x

1 x

x2

iii) f (x) =

x<0

x=0

x0 = 0.

0 < x <

x0 = 0.

x0

x=0

2 x2 + 3 4

x 1

1
iv) f (x) =
3x 2 5 x + 2

x 1

x0 = 0.

x >1

x = 1 x0 = 1.

x <1
[.i) ii) iii) iv)]

7.14. f

3 + 1
x 3
f (x) =
1 x 1
x 2 4

, 0< x 2

.
,

x>2

\ x0 = 2.

7.15. :

1 x 2 3

f (x) = 2 32x 6
x + + x + 7
x 3
3

[.=-3]

x>2
x2

,
x0 = 2.

[.=1]

x ( x 1)

x 0
7.16. f f (x) =
.
x

1
x = 0

.
7.17. , \ f

3e x+1 + x

x 1

1 < x < 0 \ .
f (x) = 2 x 2 x + 3
x + x + 1
0 x

[.=4, = 5 ]
3

7.18. f

f x0 = 2.

f ( x ) x 2 , x \ . -

 7:

155

7.19. f : \ \ :
f ( x ) f ( y ) x y x, y \ > 0. :
i) f \ .
ii) (0,1) , f (x) = x , .

7.20.
x2 2 )
2
i) f (x) = ( 2
ii) g(x) = 1 x
x +2
3 x 1
iii) h(x) =
iv) (x) = (5x)
3 2 x
x ( x + x )
x 0

7.21. f (x) = x + x
.

0
x = 0
x ( 1 ) x 0

x
7.22. f (x) =
, `* .

x = 0
0

()

x 2 1

7.23. f : [0, ] \ f (x) = x

2

x 0

x=0

1 2 x
x +
x
7.24. f : [ , ) \ f (x) =
2

x 0

x=0

.
7.25. f, g
2 1 x 0
x
x
f (x) =
3
x = 0

x0

x=0

g(x) = x

i) f , g f + g.
ii) : f , g f + g .

7.26. f \ :

2f (x) +

2 x 2 x + 3 = 1 + x.[f (x) + 1] , x \ .

7.27. f (x) = 5e3x 2x.( 1 ) ,

x

\.
7.28. f (x) =

x , \ ,
31/ x +1

.
[. f(0)=0]

 1: - -

156

2 x 2 + x +

7.29. f (x) =
x+3

x 3

x = 3

, , f .
[.=11, =15]

x2 + x +

x2

7.30. f (x) =

4 x 2 + x

x2

x<2

x = 2 .

x>2

, f .
[.=-6, =-11]

7.31. f \ , x0 = 1
f ( x) + 2
lim
= 3.
x1 ( x 1) 2
i) f (1).
ii) f x1 = 1.
iii) lim

x 1

f ( x) 3
.
x2 +1+ 2 x

[.i)-2 iii)- ]

7.32. f x0 = 0 x \

x.f (x) x. f (0).

[.1]

7.33. f \ :
[f (x) + 2].[f (x) 2] 2x.[f (x) 2] , x \ .

f x = 2.
7.34. f, g: \ \ :
f 2(x) + g 2(x) 2x , x \ . :
i)

f ( x ) x g ( x ) x , x \ .

ii) f, g , ] .

7.35. f , g :

f 2(x) + g 2(x) + 4g(x) + 5 2f (x) + 2x , x \ . :

i) f (0) = 1 g(0) = 2.
ii) f, g 0.

7.36. f \ :

3f (x) = 2x + f (x) , x \ . :

) f ( x ) x , x \ .
) f x0 = 0.

7.37. f :f 3(x) + 3f (x) + 1 = x3 + 2f 2(x) , x \ . -

f x0 = 1.

 7:

157

7.38. f f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) , x, y \ .

f x = 0 , \ .
7.39. f : \ \* f (x + y) + x + y = ( f (x) + x)( f (y) + y), x, y \ x0 = 0. \ .
7.40. f : \ \ :
y .
) f (x) , x, y \ . f
f (x.y) = ( x ).f (y) + (
2
2

x0 = 1 , \ .
7.41. f : (0,+ ) \ :
f ( y)
f ( x)
+
, x, y (0,+ ). f x0 = 1 ,
f (x.y) =
x
y

(0, + ).
7.42. ) f \ . x0 \

lim [f (x0 + h) f (x0 h)] = 0.

h0

) ,

, x0

, x=0

f (x) = x

7.43. f
f (x + y) = ex.f (y) + ey.f (x), x, y \ .

f x = 0 , \ .
i) f (0) = 0
ii) f (x) =

f ( x)
, x \ .
e2 x

iii) f \ , 0.
iv) f \ , \ .

7.44. f : \ \ :

f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) , x, y \ .
i) f x = 0, \ .
ii) f , \ .

7.45. f : \ \* :

f (x + y) = f (x).f (y) , x, y \ .
i) f x = 0, \ .
ii) f , \ .
7.46. f : (0,+ ) \ :

f (x.y) = f (x) + f (y) , x, y > 0.

i) f x = 1, \ .

 1: - -

158

ii) f , > 0 \ .

7.47. f : [0,1] \ , [0,1]. x1, x2, x3

f ( x3 ) f ( x2 )
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
0 x1 < x2 < x3 < 1 , :

, f x3 x2
x2 x1

[0,1).
x

0 x < 1

: f (x) = 2

x =1

. f -

x = 1.

______________ _______________________________________
7.48. . -

.
3

I. f (x) = x x. + e .
II. f \ f (1) = 2 f (x) > 0
x (, 1) (1, ).
III. f \ f (1) = 2
g(x) =
IV.

1
(,1) (1, ).
f ( x) +1

f :
f f 2 .
V. f :
f f 3 .
VI. f :
f
f .

 8:

159

,
.
, , 1. , ,
,
.
Bolzano-Weierstrass, .
.
,
.
8.99 , 1-1
. ,
, , .
Bolzano
.

.

\ .
(supremum).
\ (infimum).

 1: - -

160
8.1. :
(
Bolzano2)

Bolzano

f, [,].

f [, ]

f () . f () < 0 ,
, , x0 (, ) , f (x0) = 0.
, , , f (x) = 0
(, ).

f [, ].
f () , f ()
.. f () < 0,
f () > 0. (, f ())
(, f ())
xx. f
(, ).

8.1.1.: . Bolzano .

, xx, ,
xx. ,
.
.
Bolzano

Bolzano : f
[,] f ().f () < 0.
;
x0 (, )
f (x0) = 0. 1 f [, ]
,
2 f () f () .
f (, ).

BERNARD BOLZANO (17911848).

, , . 1805
, .
.
.
.
G. Cantor Cauchy Weierstrass .
,
.

 8:

1


Bolzano;

161

Bolzano :
; , ;
, :
(i) : f [, ]
, , x0 (, ) , f (x0) = 0 , f [, ] f ().f () < 0;
(ii) 1 : f [, ] , , x0 (, )
, f (x0) = 0 , f ().f () < 0;
(iii) 2 : f
[, ] f ().f () < 0 , ,
x0 (, ) , f (x0) = 0, f ;
.

8.2. : Bolzano . -

x0 (, ) f (x0) = 0.
x0. ,
.
.
,
x0.
f [, ] f () < 0 , f () > 0.
x0 (, ) f (x0) = 0. f (

+
). 2

 1: - -

162

[,
[

+
] ,
2

+
, ]. [1, 1] 2

[2, 2].
[, ]
1 2 x0 2 1
x0 , .
8.3. :

f , x x , .
: x1, x2 , x1< x2, f (x1) , f (x2)
. f [x1, x2]
f (x1).f (x2) < 0 (x1, x2) f () = 0, f
. f (x) > 0 x f (x) < 0 x . f
.
8.4. : (i) f

, f (x) > 0 x
xx ( 1), f (x) < 0
x xx
( 2).

1
2
3
(ii) f
f ( 3).

f x.
:
1. f.
2. ,
f .
f .
8.5. :

(
)

f, [, ]. :

f [, ]

f () f ()
, f () f () ,
x0 (, ) , f (x0) = .

 8:

163

: f () < f (). f () < < f ().

g(x) = f (x) , x [, ], :
g [, ]
g() . g() < 0 ,
g() = f () < 0 g() = f () > 0.
Bolzano, x0 (, ) ,
g(x0) = 0 f (x0) = 0 f (x0) = .


.

f [, ].
f () , f ()
.. f () < < f ().
y =
f
(, ).

8.5.1.: f

[, ], , , .

8.6. :

= (, )

= [, )

f () f .

f () = [m, M]

f () = (f (), M]

= (, )

= [, ]

f () = [m, f ())

f () = [m, ]

 1: - -

164

f [, ]
.
8.7. :

f [, ], f [, ] m.
, x1, x2 [, ]. , , m = f (x1)
= f (x2) ,
m f (x) , x [, ].

8.8. :

f
(, ),
(, ),

= lim f (x) .
= lim+ f (x)

f
(, ), (, ).

(

)

= (, )

f () = (, )

= (, )

f () = (, )

8.9. :

.
: (x) = .x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0 , 0 .
o > 0 lim (x) = lim (.x) = lim x = .( ) =
x

lim (x) = lim (.x) = lim x = .(+ ) = + .

x+

x+

x+

, , \ < , () < 0 () > 0. (x) [, ] ().() < 0

(x) = 0 (, ). .
< 0 .

 8:

165

______________ ___________________________________________
f(x) = 0 ,
.

. Bolzano.
f (x) = 0
(, ) , . Bolzano
[, ].
(, ) , . Bolzano
[,] [,]. (, ) ,
f ().f () < 0 f ().f () < 0. [, ], =

+
.
2

[, ] [, ) (, ],
f ().f () 0.
f ().f () = 0 f () = 0 f () = 0
f ().f () < 0 . Bolzano.
.
f 0 f ().

8.10. x3 + x2 + x = 1, 1,
(1,1).
:

x3+x2+x = 1 x3+x2+x1 = 0.
f (x) = x3+x2+x1 [1,1].
o f [1,1]
o f (1) = (1)3+(1)2+(1) 1 = 1 + 1 1 = 1
f (1) = 13+12+.11 = 1 + 1 + 1 = +1
f (1).f (1) = (1)(+1) = (+1)2 < 0 , 1.
f (x) = 0 x3+x2+x = 1 , (1,1).
8.11. (0,) , + = 1,4.
:

f (x) = x + x 1,4 [0, ].

4

f [0, ]
4

.
f (0) = 0 + 0 1,4 = 0 + 1 1,4 = 0,4 < 0.
f ( ) = + 1,4 =
4

1,4 =

2 1,4 > 0.
f (0).f ( ) < 0.
4

2 + 2 1,4 = 2 2
2
2
2

[0,]
f(0)=0,4<0 f()=+1,4
= 11,4 = 2,4<0 . Bolzano. [0, ]
4

[ ,]
4

[0,]

166

1: - -

, . Bolzano (0, ) , (0,) ,

f () = 0 + 1,4 = 0 + = 1,4.

8.12. x3 + x2 + = 0, >0 +<1, (1,1).

f (x) = x3 + x2 +
[1,0] [0,1].
[1,1]
o f [1,0] [0,1] . 0.

o f (1) = (1)3 + (1)2 + = 1 + + < 0 , + < 1
[1,0]
1++ < 2.
[0,1]
f (0) = 03 + .02 + = > 0
f (1) = 13 + .12 + = 1 + + < 0 , + < 1 + + 1 < 0.
f (1).f (0) < 0 f (0).f (1) < 0.
f (x) = 0 x3+x2+ = 0 , (1,0)
(0,1). (1,1).
8.13. i) , , ,
2
2
2 + +
= 0, .
x +2
x
x 2

2 2
ii) 1 , 2 , : 1 + 1 =
.
2
1

:
i)

x \* {2,2}
2
2
2 + +
= 0 2x(x2) + 2(x+2)(x2) + 2x(x+2) = 0
x +2
x
x 2

f (x) = 2x(x2) + 2(x+2)(x2) + 2x(x+2).

o f [2,0] [0,2] .
o f (2) = 2(2)( 2 2) + 2( 2 + 2)(22) + 2(2)( 2 + 2) = 82 > 0
f (0) = 2.0( 2 2) + 2(0 + 2)(0 2) + 2.0(0 + 2)= 42 < 0
f (2) = 2.2(2 2) + 2(2+2)(22) + 2.2(2 + 2)= 82 > 0.
f (2).f (0) < 0 f (0).f (2) < 0.
f (x) = 0 (2,0) (0,2).
f (x) = 0 2x(x2) + 2(x+2)(x2) + 2x(x+2) = 0
2x2 22x + 2(x2 4) + 2x2 22x = 0 2x2 22x + 2x2 42 + 2x2 + 22x = 0
(2 + 2 + 2)x2 + 2(2 2)x 42 = 0 (1) 2 .
f (x) = 0 , (2,0)
(0,2). 2 , 0 2,
.
ii) 1, 2 (1). 1 + 2 =

2( 2 2 )
2 + 2 + 2

1 . 2 =

4 2
.
+ 2 + 2
2

 8:

+
, 1 + 1 = 1 2 =
1
2
1 2

167

2( 2 2 )
2 2
2 + 2 + 2
=
.
2
4
2 2
2
+ 2 + 2

8.14. f [0,1]. (1,1)

f.

x0 [0,1) , f (x0) + x0 e

x0

= 1.

(1,1) f f (1) = 1.
g(x) = f (x) + x.ex 1 , x [0,1].
o (x) = x.ex [0,1] .
g(x) = f (x) + (x) 1 [0,1] .
o g(0) = f (0) + 0.e0 1 = f (0) 1.
f [0,1] :
0 < 1 f (0) f (1) f (0) 1 f (0) 1 0 g(0) 0.
g(1) = f (1) + 1.e1 1 = 1 + e 1 = e > 0.
g(0).g(1) 0.
g(0).g(1) < 0 g(x) = 0 (0,1).
g(0).g(1) = 0 g(0) = 0 g(x) = 0 0.
x0 [0,1)
g(x0) = 0 f (x0) + x0 e x0 1 = 0 f (x0) + x0 e x0 = 1.
8.15. f (x) = x3 + x2 + , 0 9+5+3 = 0.
i) f (0) + f (1) + f (2).
ii) f (x) = 0,
[0,2].

:
i)

f (0) = , f (1) = .13 + .12 + = + + f (2) = .23 + .22 + = 8 + 4 + .

, f (0) + f (1) + f (2) = + + + + 8 + 4 + = 9+5+3 = 0.

(i) f (0) + f (1) + f (2) = 0 (1).

f (0) = 0 f (1) = 0 f (2) = 0 f (x) = 0 [0,2].

f (0).f (1).f (2) 0 , (1)

f (0) , f (1) , f (2) .
f [0,2] f (0).f (1) < 0
f (1).f (2) < 0 f (0).f (2) < 0 Bolzano f (x) = 0
(0,1) (1,2) (0,2).
f (x) = 0 [0,2].
ii)

8.16. i) f, g [,] , -

 1: - -

168

f () = g() f () = g().
x0 [,] , f(x0) = g(x0).
ii) 8.00 ..
4.00 ..
8.00 .. 4.00 .. .

.
:
i)

o
o

h(x) = f (x) g(x) , x [, ].

h [,] .
h() = f () g().
h() = f () g() = g() f ()
h().h() = [f () g()].[g() f ()] = [f () g()]2 0.
h().h() < 0 h(x) = 0 (,).
h().h() = 0 h() = 0 h() = 0 h(x) = 0

.
x0 [,]
h(x0) = 0 f (x0) g(x0) = 0 f (x0) = g(x0).
ii)

,
8 .
f (t) t [0,8]
g(t)
t [0,8] .
f (0) = g(8) f (8) = g(0).
f, g [0,8].
i) t0 [0,8] , f (t0) = g(t0).
,
.
8.17. 2 + ln(1ex) = ex .

2 + ln(1 ex) = ex 2 ex + ln(1 ex) = 0.

f (x) = 2 ex + ln(1ex).
1 ex > 0 1 > ex e0 > ex 0 > x.
f = ( ,0).
g(x) = ln(1 ex)
g1(x) = 1 ex g1(x) = lnx. f (x) = 2 ex + g(x)
.
x1, x2 x1 < x2 < 0.
x1 < x2 e x1 < e x2 e x1 > e x2 1 e x1 > 1 e x2
ln(1 e x1 ) > ln(1 e x2 )
e x1 > e x2
________________________________________(+)

e x1 + ln(1 e x1 ) > e x2 + ln(1 e x2 ) 2 e x1 + ln(1 e x1 ) > 2 e x2 + ln(1 e x2 )

f (x1) > f (x2). f .

 8:

169

f ,
f (A) = ( lim f (x), lim f (x)).
x

x 0

lim f (x) = lim [2 ex + ln(1 ex)] = 2 lim ex + lim ln(1 ex) = 2 e0 + lim+ lnu
x 0

x 0

x 0

x 0

u 0

= 2 1 + ( ) =
lim f (x) = lim [2 ex + ln(1 ex)] = 2 lim ex + lim ln(1 ex) = 2 0 + lim lnu
x

u 1

= 2 + ln1 = 2.
, f (A) = ( ,2). 0 f () f , f (x) = 0 .

f ,
x [, ] ,
f [, ] f () f ().
f [, ] f.

8.18.

(2 )( x + 1)

x2 + 2
f (x) = 2
+

x [ 2, 0]

( 0, ]
2

) , f .
) f 1 .
6

:
)

x [2,0] , f (x) =

(2 )( x + 1)
.
x2 + 2

x (0, ] , g(x) =

2 + x ,
2
g ( x)
.
f (x) =
x
f [2, ] x0 = 0.
2
2

f (0) =
.
2
(2 )( x + 1)
lim f (x) = lim
= 2 .
2
x 0
x 0
x2 + 2

< 0 : lim+ f (x) = lim+

x 0

x 0

2 + x
= lim+ ( 2 + x ) 1
x
x
x 0

= lim+ ( + x ) lim+ 1 = ( 2 + 0 ).(+ ) = ( ).(+ )

x 0
x 0 x
2

= + .

 1: - -

170

= 0 : lim+ f (x) = lim+

x 0

x 0

> 0 : lim+ f (x) = lim+

x 0

= lim+
x 0

= 1

x 1
x
= lim+

x
x 0
x
x

x
lim+ 1 = 1.(+ ) = + .
x
x 0
x

= lim+
o

x 0

2 + x 2

+ x +
2

x 0

2 + x
= lim+
x
x 0

= lim+
x 0

2 + x
x

)(

+ x +
2

x
1
= lim+
lim
x x 0+

0
+ x +
2

2 + x +

1
2 + x +

1
= 1 = 1 .
2
+
2 + 0 +

f x0 = 0 :
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (0)

x 0+

x 0

1 = 2
2
2

1 = 2 2 2 2 + 1 = 0

( 1)2 = 0 1 = 0 = 1.
x +1

x [ 2,0]
x 2 + 2
) = 1 f (x) =
.
1 + x 1 x (0, ]

x
2

2
+
1
1
f (2) =
=

4+2
6
1 + 1
2( 2 1)
2
2
2
f()=
= 2 1 =
=
>
= 1.
2

4(2 + 1)
( 2 + 1)
2
2
f (2) < 1 < f ( ) f [2, ] ,
2
2
6

1
, (2, ) f () = 1 .
2
6
6

8.19. f \ . x \
f 2(x) 3f (x) + 2 = 0. f .

1 : x \ : f (x) 3f (x) + 2 = 0.

= (3) 4.1.2 = 9 8 = 1.
2

f (x) = 3 1 = 3 1 =
2
2

3 1 = 2 = 1
2
2
3+1 = 4 = 2
2
2

. , f (x) = 1 f (x) = 2 , x \ .

f , < .. f () = 1
f () = 2. f (1,2), , {1,2}.
f , f (x) = 1, x \ f (x) = 2, x \ .
2
2 : x \ : f (x) 3f (x) + 2 = 0 f (x) = 1 f (x) = 2.

 8:

171

f f ( \ ) = {1,2}.
f ( \ ), f
, .
f , f (x) = 1, x \ f (x) = 2, x \
f (x) = 1 f (x) = 2 , x \
f (x) = 1 , x \ f (x) = 2 , x \ .

8.19.1.:

8.20. f \
(0,1) 1 3 . :
) f (x) > x , x \ .
) lim f (x).
x +

f (0,1), f (0) = 1.
1 3 y = x. Cf
f (x) x , x \ .
g(x) = f (x) x , x \ .
o g .
o g(x) = f (x) x 0 , x \ .
g \ . g(0) = f (0) 0 = f (0) = 1 > 0
g(x) > 0 f (x) x > 0 f (x) > x , x \ .
) lim x = + , f (x) > x , x \ , lim f (x) = + .
)

x+

x+

8.21. f : [0,3] \ . [0,3] ,

10.f () = f (0) + 2.f (1) + 3.f (2) + 4.f (3).
:

f [0,3] , m ,
. m f (x) M , x [0,3].

m f (0) M
m f (1) M 2m 2f (1) 2M
m f (2) M 3m 3f (2) 3M
m f (3) M 4m 4f (3) 4M
(+)
___________________________________________________

10m f (0) + 2.f (1) + 3.f (2) + 4.f (3) 10M

m

f (0) + 2 f (1) + 3 f (2) + 4 f (3)

M.
10

, [0,3] ,
f () =

f (0) + 2 f (1) + 3 f (2) + 4 f (3)

10

10.f () = f (0) + 2.f (1) + 3.f (2) + 4.f (3).

8.22. f : [,] \ . x [,] y [,] ,

:

f (y) 1 f ( x ) , [,] f () = 0.
2

f (x) 0 , x [, ]. f [, ] f (x) = f ( x ) 0 , x [, ]. f -

 1: - -

172

f (x0) = f ( x0 ) [, ]. y [, ]

f ( y ) 1 f ( x0 ) < f ( x0 ) , f ( x0 )
2

f [, ].

Bolzano,
,
.
, ..
.
8.23. f (x) =

x 2 +3

3 x +1 + x 1. :

i) f .
ii) f.
iii) f.
:

f x :

i)

3x+1 0 3x 1 x 1 . Df = [ 1 ,+ ).
3

g(x) = x + 3 h(x) = 3x + 1 Df . f Df .
2

f (x) = 0
x 2 + 3 3x + 1 + x 1 = 0
x 2 + 3 3x + 1 = 1 x
( x 2 + 3 3x + 1 )2 = (1x)2 x2 + 3 2 x 2 + 3 3x + 1 + 3x + 1 = 1 2x + x2
5x + 3 = 2 x 2 + 3 3x + 1 (5x + 3)2 = [2 x 2 + 3 3x + 1 ]2
2
25x + 30x + 9 = 4(x2+3)(3x+1) 25x2 + 30x + 9 = 4(3x3+x2+9x+3)
25x2 + 30x + 9 = 12x3 + 4x2 + 36x + 12 12x3 21x2 + 6x + 3 = 0 (1).
: 1 , 3.
(1) (x1)(12x29x3) = 0
12
21
6
3
1
x1 = 0 12x29x3 = 0
12
9
3

ii)

12

o
o

x = 1 :
4

49
16

1
4

1 +3
2

31 + 1 + 1 1 = 2 2 + 1 1 = 0

( ) + 3 3( ) +1 + ( 14 ) 1 =
1
4

1
4

1
+3
16

1 1 = 7 1 1 1 = 7 2 1 4 = 0.
4

x=1 x=1.

x = 1 :

3 +1 1 1 =
4
4

 8:

173

f ,
.
.
1777 > 72 +31

iii)

x0

7
24

( 1777 )2>( 72 +31)2

1777>72+2 72 .31+312

1777>72+62 72 +961
744>62 72

1777 72 31
24

f(x0)

3 2

+
0

, f (x) > 0 x ( 1 , 1 ) (1,+ )

3 4

67 +2

f(x)

12> 72 122>( 72 )2
144>72.

f (x) < 0 x ( 1 ,1).

4

8.24. f : [0, 2 ) \ ,
f 2(x) + 3x = 4 (0,2).
) f (x) =

4 3x , x [0, ).
2

) f.
:
) f

(0,2) f (0) = 2.

x [0, ) : f 2(x) + 3x = 4 f 2(x) = 4 3x (1)

2
1 x 1 3(1) 3x 3.1 3 3x 3
3 + 4 43x 3 + 4 7 43x 1, 43x > 0
(1) f (x) = 4 3x f (x) = 4 3x .
f (x) = 0 f 2(x) = 0 4 3x = 0 .
f [0, ) 2

4 3x , x [0, )
2
f (x) = 4 3x , x [0, ).
2

. , f (x) =

f (0) = 2 > 0 f (x) =

)

4 3 x , x [0, ).
2

x1, x2 [0, ) x1 < x2 x1 < x2 3x1 > 3x2

2

4 3x1 > 4 3x2

4 3 x1 >

4 3 x2

f (x1) > f (x2) f

[0, ). f

= [0, ) f (A) = ( lim f (x) , lim+ f (x)].

2
x0
x
2

lim f (x) = lim

x
2

lim+
x0

4 3 x =

x
2

4 3 x =

4 30 =

4 3
2

4 31 = 1

4 30 = 2. , f (A) = (1,2].

 1: - -

174

8.25. f : \ \
f 2(x) + x = 1 + 2x.f (x) , x \ .
:

x \ : f 2(x) + x = 1 + 2x.f (x) f 2(x) 2x.f (x) = 1 x

f 2(x) 2x.f (x) + x2 = 1 x + x2 [f (x) x]2 = x2 x + 1.
g(x) = f (x) x , x \
x \ g2(x) = x2 x + 1 g(x) = x 2 x + 1 g(x) = x 2 x + 1 ,
= 1 4 = 3 < 0.
g(x) = 0 g2(x) = 0 x2x+1 = 0 ( < 0).
g \ .
, g(x) = x 2 x + 1 , x \ g(x) = x 2 x + 1 , x \
f (x) x = x 2 x + 1 , x \ f (x) x = x 2 x + 1 , x \
f (x) = x + x 2 x + 1 , x \ f (x) = x x 2 x + 1 , x \ .
8.26. f \
f 2(x) + 2x = 1 + x2 x \ .

:
:

x \ : f 2(x) + 2x = 1 + x2 f 2(x) = 1 + x2 2x f 2(x) = (x1)2

f 2 ( x) =

f (x) = 0

( x 1)2

f ( x) = 0

f ( x ) = x 1 f (x) = x1 f (x) = x+1.

x 1 = 0 x1 = 0 x = 1.

f ( ,1) (1,+ )
.
x 1
x 1

, f (x) =

x + 1
x + 1

f (x) =

x 1
x + 1

f (x) =

x <1
= x 1 , x \
x 1

x <1
= x + 1, x \
x 1

x <1
= x 1
x 1

x + 1
x 1

f (x) =

x <1
= x 1 .
x 1

___________________________________________________________________

8.27. P(x) = 2x3 (3 22)x2 + (3 + 5)x 2 1 , \ ,

(0,1).
8.28. x = 3 + x, .
8.29. x.x = 1,5 (0, ).
8.30. f, g [,] f () < 0 < f ()

g() < 0 < g(). :

i) , (,) f () = 0 g() = 0.
ii) f (x).g(x) = ( x)( x) [,].

 8:

175

8.31. x3 + x 1= 0, > 0,

(0,1).
8.32. x = 3x (0, ).
2
2
8.33. , \ , x = x
2

(0, ].
2
8.34. , > 0, x = .x + -

+ .
8.35. lnx + x = 0, 0 < < e,
( 1 ,1).
e
8.36. x.2x = 1, .
8.37. \ , 0 < < 1. x .x + 1 = 0 ;

(2, 1).
8.38. , R (0 < < 1)
h. x = h R

x3 3x2 + 4 = 0.
i) [1,0] , [0,2] [2,3]
.
ii) ;

8.39. f : [0,1] (1,0).

(0,1) , f 2() + f () + = 0.

8.40. f [, ] f () + f () = 0.

f [, ].
8.41. f : [, ] \ f () f () . -

[, ] , f () = .
8.42. f \ :
f 3(x) 2f 2(x) + 3f (x) = 2 x3 , x \ . Cf xx

(1,2).

8.43. f : [0,2] (2,0). -

x0 (0,2) , f 2(x0) = f (x0) + 3x0.

8.44.

x
= x (1,2).
x 1
x2

8.45.

x
x
+
= 0
4x
3x

 1: - -

176
( , ).
4 3

8.46. , , > 0 < <.

+ + = 0
x
x
x

(,).
8.47. f (x) = x4 + x2 + , 0 2 + 2 + 3 = 0.
i) f (1) + f (0) + f (1).
ii) f (x) = 0, [1,1].

8.48. f, g \ .

f () + f () = g() + g(), < ,

, [, ].
8.49. i) f : [0,2] \ , f (0) = f (2).

[0, ] , f () = f ( + ).
ii) ,
.
.
iii)
.

( .)
8.50. f \ -

(1,5) , (4,2). Cf x y = 0 .
8.51. p(x) = x2+x , \* f (x) = p(x) 3x5. -

p(x) , f (x).
8.52. f [0,1] , :

(f 2(0) + 1).(f 2(1) + 1) ( f (0).f (1) 1)2

f (x) = 0, [0,1].
8.53. f : [0,1] [0,3] f ([0,1]) = [0,3].

y [0,1] , f (y) = 2y2 y + 1.

8.54. f [ , ]. 2
(, ). ( , )
2

, f () = . + .
8.55. f [0,1] f ([0,1]) = [0,3].

[0,1] : f () = 2 + 1.

8.56. f (x) = x2 + x + , > 0 x [0,1]. f

+ .

 8:

177

8.57. f [, ]. x0 [, ]
f ( ) + f ( )
f (x0) =
.
2
8.58. f [,]. f () f ()
f () + f ( )
, `* , f
.
+
ln(1 x ) + e x

8.59. f (x) =
x x

1 x 0
.
0 < x
4

y 1 = 0 f
(1, ).
4

( ln2  0,693).
8.60. f : \ \ , (f (x) + 1)( f (x) 3) = 0

x \ . f .
8.61. f 3(x) = f (x) ,
x \ .
8.62. f : \ _ , -

(1,2). f .
8.63. f : [0,1] \ f (x) x [0,1].
f (0) = 2 , f (1).
[.f(1)= 2 ]

8.64. f, g \ . x \
f (x).g(x) 1 f (x) , f \ .
8.65. f : [, ] \ f (x) 0 x [, ].

f (s).f (t) > 0 s, t [, ].

8.66. f [, ] f ().f () > 0.

f [, ].
8.67. f (x) = x3 + x 1.
i) f
ii) f.

\.

iii) f (x) = 0, (

1 ,1).
2

8.68. f (x) = x2 2 x x [0, ].

2
) f .
) f.
) f .
2
[.)[-3, -8 ]

 1: - -

178

8.69. f (x) = 2 lnx ex, x (0,1].

i) f .
ii) f.
x
iii) lnx + e = 2 -

.
8.70. lnx + ex = 0 (0,1).
8.71. f (x) = x

2 x 1 , x (0, ].
4

) f .
) f .
) f .
)

x.( 2 x + 1) = x +

.
4
8.72. f : [0,1] [0,3] f ([0,1]) = [0,3]. y [0,1]

f (y) = 2y2 y + 1.

8.73. f \ -

(1,2) y = x2. :
2
) f (x) > x , x \ .
) lim f (x) = + .
x

8.74. f : \ \ 1-1, f (1) < f (0) < f (2).

f .
8.75. f : [1,9] \ , .

f (1).f (3).f (9) = 27 :

) f (9) > 0.
) f (1) < 0 x1 [3,9] , f (x1) = 0.
) f (1) > 0 x2 [1,9] , f (x2) = 3.
8.76. f \ , :
x < f (x) < x + 1 , x \ .

f \ .
8.77. f [, ] x1, x2 [, ],

[, ] , : 2.f (x1) + 3.f (x2) = 5.f ().

8.78. f [, ] x1, x2, , x [, ], [, ] , : f () = 1 [f (x1) + f (x2) + + f (x)].

8.79. :
) f (x) = 2 x + 1 x 1
) g(x) = 2x

2 x , x [0,].

8.80. f f (1) = 1,

 8:

179

f 2(x) 2(x+1).f (x) 1 = 0, x \ .

) f \ .
) f.
[. f(x)=x+1- x2 +2x+2 ]

8.81. f : \ \ , :

f 2(x) + x = 1+ x2 , x \ .

8.82. f \

: f 2(x) = 2f (x).x + 2x , x \ .
8.83. f : \ \ , : f 2(x) = x4 ,

x \ .
8.84. f,

= [0,2] :
i) f , 3 0.
ii) f [0,2), 0 .
iii) f [0,2), 3.
iv) f (0,2), 0 2, 1.
v) f [0,1) (1,2], .
vi) f (0,2) 1 3.
vii) f [0,1) (1,2] .
8.85. f, g \ -

: f 3(x) g3(x) = x3 + 3x 1, x \ . Cf , Cg .

8.86. 1 1 , 2 , , [0,1]. :

x 1 + x 2 + + x = , [0,1].
2
8.87. f , (1,5) lim f (x) = 2 ,
x 1

lim f (x) = 3. f (x) = 0 (1,5).

x 5

8.88. f : [, ] (, ) . > 0. f ( )

= .
< < ,

8.89. f : [, ] \ . (, f ()) , (, f ())

Cf 1 .

(, )

f ( )
f ( )
=
.

8.90. f , g [, ]. f 2 = g2 f (x) 0

x [, ], :

 1: - -

180

f (x) = g(x) , x [, ]

f (x) = g(x) , x [, ].
f g f (x0) = 0 x0 [, ].
8.91. f , \ , f (x) x, x \ .
i) g(x) = f (x) x \ .
ii) (f D f )(x) x x \ .

8.92. f, g: [0,1] [0,1] :

(i) f D g = g D f
(ii) f .

[0,1] , f () = g() = .
8.93. f : \ \ f (4) = 6 f (x) + f ( f (x)) = 10
x \ . f (5).
[.5]

8.94. f \ , f(6) = 5
f (x) . f ( f (x)) = 1 x \ . f (2).
[. 1 ]
2

8.95. f, g : [0,1] [0,1] f ([0,1]) = [0,1].

[0,1] f () = g().
8.96. A. f, g: [0,1] \ , .

[0,1] f () = g().
. , m.

8.97. f : [0,1] \ f (0) = f (1). :

.) g(x) = f (x) f (x + 1 ) , g(0) + g( 1 ) + g( 1 ) + g( 3 ) = 0.
4
4
2
4
)

f (x) = f (x + 1 ) .
4

f (x) = f (x + 1 ) , `* .

8.98. f : \ \ :

f 2(x) + (1 x)(2ex + x 1) = e2x, x \ .

) f ( ,0)
(0,+ ).
) f .

8.99. f : \ 1-1. :
i) , , < < , f () < f () < f ()
ii) , , , < < < ,

f () < f () < f () < f ()

iii) f .

f () > f () > f ().

f () > f () > f () > f ().

 8:

181

______________ _______________________________________
8.100. . -

.
f [,] x0 (, ) f (x0) = 0. f ().f () < 0.
II. f [, ] f ().f () > 0. f (x) 0 , x [,].
I.

f [, ] f ().f () > 0. f () = 0 , [, ].
IV. f [3,2] f (3) = 2 , f (2) = , x0 (3,2) , f (x0) = e.
V. , ( < ) f : \ \ , f
(, ).
2
VI. f \ f (x) = 4, x \ . f .
VII. f : (, ) \ ,
.
VIII. f = [0,3).
f (A) = \* .
III.

IX.

f [, ],

f ( ) + f ( )

2

.
f [, ] f () f () f ()
f ().
XI. f : [, ] \ . [f () , f ()].
X.

f [, ],
[f () , f ()].
XIII. f [, ]. x [, ] f
x [, ] f , x < x.
XIV. \ .
XII.

XV.

f [, ] f (x) 0 x [, ]. f (

+
)= 2
2

f (x) < 0 x [, ].
f \ , , \ .

XVI.

XVII.

f (,) : lim+ f (x) =

x

lim f (x) = + f (,).

8.101. . I.

.
x3 + x = x2 +2 ;
. (2,1)
. (1,0)
. (0,1)
. (1,2)
. (2,3)

8.102. f, g \ . f

182

1: - -

g, f (2) = g(2).
.
) f (e) g(e)
) f () g()
) f (0) g(0)
) f (2) g(2)
) f (3) g(3)

183

________________________________________ ________________________

9.1. f (x) = 6 2 x .
i) f .
ii) f .
iii) , f.

9.2. f (x) = ln 1 + x .
1 x
) f .
) f 1-1.
) .

9.3. f : \ \ : f (x) + f (x) x = 0 ,

x \ .
i) f .
ii) f.
iii) f .
[.iii)(,) ] ]

9.4. f : \ \ .f (x) + .f (1x) = x27x+4,

x \ . Cf (2,12) (3,2).
i) .
ii) lim f (x) = 0, lim f (x)
x1

x 0

[. i)=2,=-1 ii)2]
2
9.5. f (x) = 1 + 1 x , x (0,1).
x

) f .
) .
) , , .

9.6. f (x) = ln(1lnx). :

) o .
) o .
) , .

9.7. f : \ \ f ( \ ) = \ . f
: f 3(x) + 3f (x) + 1004 x = 0, x \ .
) f .
) (i) lim f (x)
x1000

(ii) lim

x+

f 1 ( x ) x
x5
[.)(i)-1 (ii)0]

9.8.

2 1x + 2

f (x) = 1x
2 +1

, x 0
, x =0

 1: - -

184

) lim f (x) , lim f (x) , lim+ f (x) , lim f (x).

x+

x 0

x 0

) f ;
[.)3/2, 3/2, 1, 2 ) ]
1/ x
9.9. f (x) = 1 21/ x , \ ,
1+ 2

.
[. ]

9.10. f [0,1]. -

f 2(0) + f 2(1) + 5 = 2[2f (0) + f (1)] :

i) f .
ii) x0 (0,1) ,

f ( x0 )
= 2.
x0

9.11. f (x) = e x x.

i) f f .
1
ii) f (x) = 1 x.
[.x=0]

9.12. f : [0, +) \ ,

f 2(x) ex = x2003 (0,1).

) f.
) f 1-1.

) [0, ] : e e
= ()2003 ()2003 .
2
9.13. f : [2,4] \ . lim
x 2

f ( x) 3
x 2

f (2).f (4) =15 :

) f (2) = 3.
) y = 4 f
(2,4).

9.14. f : \ \ ( f D f )() = , -

\ . f (x) = x .
.

9.15. f (x) =

9.16. f (x) =

x + 2 . : lim f (x) = 0

2
2
x 0
x +
+

< 0 < 0
> 0 < 0
< 0 > 0
> 0 > 0

x + , lim f (x) , \* .
x 0
2 x
2

[.0 >0 <0,

,<0, -

,>0, <0 >0]

185

2.

Rolle

de L Hospital

17
Fermat (16011665),

Leibniz (16461717)

Newton (16421727).


.
, Calculus, .

,
,


,
, , , ,
...
,
,

,
.
Rolle, ,
. , , .



.

 1:

187

, .
HOWARD EVES

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia

Mathematica (1687)

17
,
.
,
..

;
Newton
Leibniz .

.
O Newton1 .
. .
. ,
(fluxional calculus).

ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727).

Cambridge.
Isaac Barrow (1630-1677)

. 1664-1665 ,
Woolsthorp.
,
. ,
. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica,
, ,
.

 2:

188

Leibniz2
1684,
, .

,
. S(t) t.

S(t) t . t0
0 h, t = t0+h, . t0 t
S(t) S(t0). ,
S (t ) S (t0 )
.
t t0

h , t t0,
t0. , t t0,
t0 (t0).
(t0) = lim
t t0

S (t ) S (t0 )
.
t t0

1.1. : , t0

S (t ) S (t0 )
> 0, t t0

(t0) 0, , , t0
S (t ) S (t0 )
< 0, (t0) 0.
t t0

GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646-1716).

, .
: , , , , , . .

, .

.

 1:

189

,
, .

y = x2
(1,1) , y = x3
(1,1) .

: ;

.

. , o .

.

f (x0, f (x0)) .
(x, f (x)), x x0, f
. x x0, x > x0, . f .

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
, x x0

 2:

190

Cf (x0, f (x0)) lim

x x0

1.2. :

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
.
x x0

f (x0, f (x0)) Cf.

lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
,
x x0

Cf ,
.
Cf (x0, f (x0))
y f (x0) = (x x0) = lim
x x0

1.3. :

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
.
x x0

f x0
, lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
x x0

.
f x0 f ( x0 ) .
,

f ( x0 ) = lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
.
x x0

1.4. :
:

f x0,
.

x x0 f (x) f (x0) =

lim [f (x) f (x0)] = lim

x x0
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 ) .
(x x0) ,
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x ) f ( x0 ) .

( x x0 ) = lim
lim (x x0)
x x0
x

x
x x0
x x0
0

= f ( x0 ) .0 = 0 , f x0.
, lim f (x) = f (x0) , f x0.
x x0

1.4.1. : (1)

. , f x0
. f
(x) = x x0 = 0,
, lim+
x 0

lim
x 0

f ( x ) f (0)
= lim+ x = 1,
x 0
x 0 x

f ( x ) f (0)
= lim x = 1.
x 0
x
x 0

(2)
, ,
, .

 1:

191

1.5. : .

(x), R(x) (x) , . F(x) f (x) , ,

g(x) h(x) , .
1.5.1. : ,

, , .
f (x) = x 1 x0 = 1.
f (x) = x 1 + x 2 x1 = 1 x2 = 2,
f (x) = x 2 1 x1 = 1 x2 = 1.
f (x) = x , x = ,
] .

\ .

; , -

 2:

192
!*.

______________ ___________________________________________

.

f , :
x0 Df .
x0 Df
, , (, x0) (x0, )
(, x0) (x0, ) Df .
x0 .
x0.
f
x0 Df f x0
x0 .

1.6. f f (x) =

x+2 + x 2 x 6

x1=0 , x2=2 x3=3.

:

f ,
x+2 0
2
x x 6 0

x
x+2
x2 x 6

0 +
+
f Df = {2} [3,+ )
+ 0 0 +
f x1 = 0 Df .
x2 = 2 , (,x2) Df (x2,) Df .

x > 3 :
=

x+2 5
( x 3)

)(

f ( x ) f (3)
=
x 3

x+2 + 5

x+2 + 5

x + 2 + x2 x 6 5
=
x 3

) ( )
2

x+2 5
+
x 3
2

x+2 5
x2 x 6 =
2
( x 3)
( x 3) x + 2 + 5

x2 x 6
x 3

( x + 2) ( x 3)
( x 3)2

1872 Karl Weierstrass \ .

.

f (x ) =

21 (3 x) .
n

n =0

 1:

=
=

( x 3)

x + 25
x+2 + 5

1
+
x+2 + 5

lim+
x 3

x+2 =
x 3
x 3
( x 3) x + 2 + 5

193

x+2
x 3

1 .
x 3

x+2

f ( x ) f (3)
1
= li m+
+
x 3
x 3
2
x
+
+ 5

x+2

1
1
+
= lim
x 3+
x3
x+2 + 5

li m+ x + 2 1 = 1 + 5 ( + ) = + .
x 3
2 5
x3
f x3 = 3.

1.7. f f (x) =

3 ( x )
x 0

x3

0
x =0

i) f x=0.
ii) f x=0.
:
i) f (0) = 0.

x > 0 : lim+ f (x) = lim+

x 0

3 ( x )
x3

x 0

( x )
( x )
= 3. lim+
x
x
x 0

= lim+
x 0

u
3 3
3.
3
= 3. lim+
= .1 = 1 = .
u 0

lim+ f (x) f (0) , f x = 0.

x 0

ii)

f x = 0 .
1.8. ,

x +

x 2 +1
2
x + x 1

f (x) =

x 1
x >1

x0=1.
:

f x0 = 1,
.
f (1) = 1 +2

( 1) + 1

= 1 .
2

lim f ( x ) = li m x2+ = 1 +2

x 1

x 1

x +1

( 1) + 1

= 1 .
2

lim f ( x ) = l im+ ( x + x 1) = (1) + (1) 1 = 1 1 =

2

x 1+

x 1

f (1) = lim f ( x ) = l im+ f ( x ) 1 = 1 = 2 = 12 (1)

x 1

x +1 2

x 1

x 1

x 2 + x 1

x > 1

f (x) = x 2 + 1

 2:

194

x + 1 2 + x2 +
x +1 2
x +1 2
( )
+
2
2
2
f ( x ) f ( 1)
x +1
li m
= li m x + 1
= li m x + 1
= lim
=
x +1
x +1
x 1
x ( 1)
x +1
x 1
x 1
x 1
2

li m

x 1

li m

x +1+ x
2

( x + 1) ( x + 1)

( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1)

x + 1 + ( x 1)
2

( x + 1) ( x + 1)

= li m
x 1

1+ x
2

x +1

= li m
x 1

( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ( x 1)
( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1)

1 + ( 1)
1
1 2
=
=
.
1+1
2
( 1) 2 + 1

2
2
x + x 1 ( )
x + x 1+
f ( x ) f ( 1)
= l im+
= l im+
=
x ( 1)
x +1
x +1
x 1
x 1

l im+

x 1

l im

x 1

( x + 1) (1 + x )

x 1

x 1+

= li m

( x + 1) ( x 1) + ( x + 1)
( x + 1) ( x 1 + )
= l im+
= lim+ ( x 1 + ) = 1 1 + = 2
x +1
x +1
x 1
x 1

f x0 = 1
li m

x 1

f ( x ) f ( 1)
f ( x ) f ( 1)
= l im+
x ( 1)
x ( 1)
x 1

1 2
= 2 12 = 24
2

4 = 5 = 5 .
4

(1) = 1 2 5 = 1 5 = 3 .
4

, .

f
x0 .
g .
, f
. x0
.
f g f.
g, x0
.

1.9. f 1 x \ :
[f (x) + 3].x = 2 + x3 + f (x) .
, , f x=1.

x \ : [f (x) + 3].x = 2 + x3 + f (x) x.f (x) + 3x = 2 + x3 + f (x)

x.f (x) f (x) = x3 3x + 2 (x1).f (x) = x3 3x + 2.

x 1 0 x 1 :
( x 1) ( x + x 2)
f (x) = x 3x + 2 =
= x2 + x 2.

0
1

3
1

2
2

x 1

x 1

 1:

195

x = 1 f 1 :
f (1) = lim f (x) = lim (x2 + x 2) = 1 + 1 2 = 0.
x1

x1

x 2 + x 2 x 1
.
, f (x) =
0
x = 1

2
f ( x ) f (1)
( x 1) ( x + 2)
x 1 :
= x + x2 =
= x + 2.
x 1
x 1
x 1
f ( x ) f (1)
= lim (x+2) = 1 + 2 = 3. f (1) = 3.
lim
x1
x1
x 1

1
1

2
2

1.10. f \ :
f ( x ) x x2 ,

x \ .

f x=0.
:

x \ :

f ( x ) x x2 x2 f (x) x x2

x x2 x + f (x) x x + x2 x x2 f (x) x + x2 .
x = 0 : 0 02 f (0) 0 + 02 0 f (0) 0 f (0) = 0.
x 0 :

f ( x ) f (0)
f ( x)
=
.
x
x 0

x > 0 : x x2 f (x) x + x2

x
f ( x)
x
x

+x
x
x
x

x + x = 1 + 0 = 1
x = 1 0 = 1 l im+
l im+

x 0 x
x

l i m+
x 0

f ( x ) f (0)
= 1.
x 0

x < 0 : x x2 f (x) x + x2

x
f ( x)
x
x

+x
x
x
x

x + x = 1 + 0 = 1
x = 1 0 = 1 li m
lim

x 0 x
x 0 x

lim
x 0

f ( x ) f (0)
= 1.
x 0

f x = 0 f (0) = 1.

1.11. f \ , 3
lim
x3

i) f (3) = 3

f ( x ) 2x +3
= 2 . :
9
x2 9
ii)

f (3) = 1.

:
i)

x (2,3) (3,4) g(x) =

f ( x) 2 x + 3
x2 9

f (x)

2 x + 3 = (x2 9)g(x)

l im g(x) = 2 .
x 3
9
f 3 , :
f (x) = (x2 9)g(x) +

2x + 3

 2:

196

f (3) = l i m f (x) = l im [(x2 9)g(x) +

x 3

x 3

= (3 9).( 2 ) +
2

x 3

x 3

x 3

2 3 + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3.

ii)

x (2,3) (3,4)

( x 2 9) g ( x )
+
x 3

= (x + 3)g(x) +

2 x + 3 ] = l i m (x2 9). l im g(x) + l im 2 x + 3

f ( x ) f (3)
( x 2 9) g ( x ) + 2 x + 3 3
=
x 3
x 3

2 x + 3 3 = ( x 3) ( x + 3) g ( x ) +
x 3
x 3

)(

2x + 3 3
( x 3)

2x + 3 + 3

2x + 3 + 3

2( x 3)
2x + 3 9
= (x + 3)g(x) +
( x 3) 2 x + 3 + 3
( x 3) 2 x + 3 + 3

2
2x + 3 + 3
f ( x ) f (3)
= l i m [(x + 3)g(x) +
, l im
x 3
x 3
x 3

= (x + 3)g(x) +

= l im (x + 3). l im g(x) + l i m
x 3

x 3

x 3

2
]
2x + 3 + 3
2
= (3 + 3) 2 + 2 = 6 2
3+ 3
9
9
2x + 3 + 3

( )

( ) + 13 = 43 + 13

= 3 = 1. f (3) = 1.
3

1.11.1. : (1) g(x) 3

(2,3) (3,4).
(,3) (3,) g.
(2) f 3 .

f (x0)
f(x+y) l i m
h 0

f ( x0 + h ) f ( x0 )
h

f (x.y) h = x

x0

x = x0.h , x0 0,

x x0 h 1. l im
x x0

l i m
h1

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
x x0

f ( x0 h ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 h ) f ( x0 )
= 1 lim
.
x0 h x0
h 1
x0 h1

1.12. f :[0,+ ) [0,+ ) :

f (x+y) = f (x) + f (y) + f (x).f (y) , x, y \ .
f x = 0, f
\ .
:

x = y = 0 : f (0 + 0) = f (0) + f (0) + f (0).f (0) 0 = f (0) + f (0).f (0)

0 = f (0)[1 + f (0)] f (0) = 0 , f (0) 0 1 + f (0) > 0.

 1:

197

f x = 0 :
f (0) = l im
x 0

f ( x ) f (0)
f ( x)
= l im
x 0
x
x 0

(1)

f \ , x0 \ .

f ( x0 + h ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) + f ( h ) + f ( x0 ) f ( h ) f ( x0 )
f ( h ) [1 + f ( x0 ) ]
=
=
h
h
h
f (h)
= [1 + f (x0)]
.
h
f ( x0 + h ) f ( x0 )
f (h)
= [1 + f ( x0 ) ] l im
(1) : f ( x0 ) = l im
h 0
h 0
h
h

h 0 :

= [1 + f ( x0 ) ] f (0) .
f \ f ( x ) = [1 + f ( x ) ] f (0) , x \ .

1.13. f : (0,+ ) \ :
f (x.y) =

f (x)
f ( y)
+
,
x
y

x, y>0.

f (1) = 1 , f (0,+ ).
:

f (1)
f (1)
+
f (1) = f (1) + f (1) f (1) = 0.
1
1
f ( x ) f (1)
f ( x)
f (1) = 1 l i m
= 1 lim
= 1 (1)
x1
x1 x 1
x 1

x = y = 1 : f (1.1) =

f (0,+ ),
x0 (0,+ ).
x > 0. h = x x = x0.h. x x0 h 1.
x0

x x0 :

=
=

f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
h

x0 ( h 1)

f (h)
x0

x0 ( h 1)

f ( x 0 ) f ( x0 ) h
h

x0 ( h 1)

f ( x0 ) f ( h )
+
f ( x0 )
h
x0

x0 ( h 1)

f ( x0 ) (1 h )
f (h)
f (h)
=
+ 2
x0 h ( h 1)
x02 ( h 1)
x0 ( h 1)

f ( x0 ) ( h 1)
f ( x0 ) 1
f (h)
f (h)
+ 12
+ 2
=
.
x0 h ( h 1)
x0 h
x0 ( h 1)
x0 h 1

, l i m
x x0

(1)

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 h ) f ( x0 )
=
=
x x0
x0 h x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) 1
f (h)
+ 12
= l i m [
]
x x0
h1
x0 h
x0 h 1

f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) .
f ( x0 )
f (h)
l im 1 + 12 l i m
=
.
1 + 12 .1 = 12
h1 h
h
1
h
1
x0

x
x0
x0
x0
x0
0

f ( x)
.
f (0,+ ) f ( x ) = 12

 2:

198

x0.

f
x0 .

.
, , ...
.

1.14. f 1 f (1) = 2 053

2
(1,1933). lim
x1

x f ( x ) 193 3
.
x -1

f (1,1933) f (1) = 1933.

f (1) = l im
x1

f ( x ) f (1)
f ( x ) 1 93 3
= l im
= 2053 .
x1
2
x 1
x 1

f 1 1.
1 :

x (,1) (1, )

x f ( x ) 193 3
=
x 1

x [ f ( x ) 1 93 3] + 1 93 3( x 1)
=
x 1

f ( x ) 1 93 3
( x 1) ( x + 1)
+ 1933
x 1
( x 1) ( x + 1)

f ( x ) 1 93 3
x 1
+ 1933
=
x 1
( x 1) x + 1

lim x = 1 l im
x 1

x1

x f ( x ) 19 33 x + 1 93 3 x 1 9 33
x 1

f ( x ) 1 93 3
+ 1933
x 1

1 .
x +1

1
= 1.
2
x +1

x f ( x ) 1 93 3

f ( x ) 1933

= lim x
+ 1933 1
x1
x 1
x 1
x +1
f ( x ) 1 93 3
2053
1
x l im
+ 1933 l i m
= 1.
+ 1933. 1 = 3986 = 1993.
x1
x1
2
2
2
x 1
x +1

, l im
x1

= lim
x1

x (,1) (1, ) g(x) =

f ( x ) 1 93 3
x 1

f (x) 1933 = (x1).g(x)

f (x) = (x 1).g(x) + 1933

x f ( x ) 1 93 3
=
x 1

l im g(x) = 2053 .

x [ ( x 1) g ( x ) + 1 93 3] 19 33
=
x 1

x ( x 1) g ( x )
+ 1933 x 1933 =
x 1
x 1

x g(x)+1933

1 . ,
x +1

x1

x ( x 1) g ( x ) + 19 3 3 x 19 33
x 1

x 1
x g(x) +1933 x 1 = x g(x)+1933
x 1
( x + 1) ( x 1)

l im
x1

x f ( x ) 1 93 3

= l i m x g ( x ) + 1933 1
x1
x 1
x +1

 1:

= lim
x1

x l im g(x) + 1933 l i m
x1

x1

199

1
= 1. 2053 + 1933. 1 = 3986 = 1993.
2
2
2
x +1

___________________________________________________________________

()

x x x
1.15. f f (x) =

x0

x=0

. f (0) = 0.

1.16. x = 0.
i) f (x) = x

ii) f (x) = x

iii) f (x) = x

12

x
x

e
1.17. f f (x) =
0
x0 = 0.

x
1

1.18. f f (x) = 1 + e x
0

, x0

iv) f (x) = x

x 0 . f -

x=0

[.f(0)=0]

. f x0 = 0.

, x=0
[. ]

1 1 x2

1.19. f f (x) =

x0 = 0.
1.20. f f (x) =

( x 2) 2 x0 = 2.

x 2 3x
2 + 2 + 1
1.21. f (x) =
x2+

x +1

x < 1

x 1

, f 1.
[.1]

1.22. , , 0, f

x2 +
1< x 0

f (x) =
x +1
3x 3 + 3x 2 2 x +
x>0
[.==2]

x +1

x2 +1
1.23. f (x) =
x 2 + x + 1

f x0 = 1.

x 1
x >1

. , \

 2:

200

[.=- 5 , = 5 ]
4

3 x 2 2 x
1.24. f (x) =
5 x + 4

x <1
.
x 1

f
i) 1
ii) 1.
[.i)=1 =-2 ii)=1]

x2 + x + 2
x 2 + 1
1.25. f f (x) = 2
x + x +
x + 2

x 1

x >1

x = 1.

, .
[.=- 3 , = 13 ]
2

x 2 + x + 3 , x < 1

2
, x = 1 , , f 1.26. f (x) =
x 3 + x + 2 , x > 1

1.
[.=3, =-4, =-1]

1.27. \
\
i)
ii) 1 2
iii) 1, 2, 3, , ( )
iv)
iv)

1.28. f f (0) = 3 f (0) = 2, g (0) ,

2
i) g(x) = 2x .f (x) x

ii) g(x) = f (x)

x
f ( x)

1.29. \ . f
f (x) = x (x) , x \ . f ,

() = 0.
1.30. f \ :

f ( x ) x x2 , x \ .

f x0 = 0.
1.31. f \ :

[.f(0)=1]

f ( x ) x 2x ,

x \ . f x0 = 0.
1.32. f, g, h :
() f (x)

h(x) g(x) , x \

[.f(0)=1]

 1:

201

() f () = h() = g() f ( ) = g ( ) , \ .

h x = h ( ) = f ( ) = g ( ) .
1.33. f, g :

f ( x ) g ( x ) , x \

f 0.
(i)

(ii) g(0) = g(0) = 0.

1.34. f :
2x.x + f 2(x) 2x.f (x) + 2x , x \ . f (0) = 1.
1.35. f \ x0 = 0. f

: x f ( x ) x ( x ) x4 , x \* , f x0 = 0.

[.f(0)=]

1.36. f f (0) = 0

f ( x)

x 2 , x \* .

f 0.
1.37. f : \ \ f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) , x, y \ .

f x = 0, \
f ( x ) = f (0) .
1.38. f 0 x, y \

f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + 5xy , f x \ .

1.39. f, g \ :
() f (x + y) = f (x).f (y) , x, y \
() f (x) = 1 + x.g(x) , x \
()

lim g(x) = 1.
x 0

f \ f ( x ) = f (x).
1.40. f \ x0 = 0.

f (x + y) = f (x).f (y) f (x) 0 , x, y \ f

\ f ( x ) = f (0) . f (x).

1.41. f : (0,+ ) \ :

f (x.y) = x.f (y) + y.f (x) , x, y > 0. f (1) = 1 , f

(0,+ ) f ( x ) = 1 +

f ( x)
.
x

1.42. f x0 = 0

f 3(x) x.f 2(x) x2.f (x) = x2.x, x \ . f (0) = 1.

1.43. f .
f 2 ( + h) f 2 ()
lim
= 2f () f ( ) .
h 0
h

 2:

202

1.44. f > 0, :
i) lim
x

f ( x ) f ()
x

2
2
( f ( x) ) ( f () )

ii) lim

1.45. f f (0) = 0 f (0) = 1. :

f ( x ) f (2 x ) f (3x ) ... f ( x )
lim
= !.
x 0
x
f ( x)
= , \ , :
x

1.46. f 0 lim
x 0

i) f (0) = 0

ii)

f (0) =

1.47. f 2 lim

x 2

i) f (2) = 0

ii)

f ( 2) = l

f ( x)
= l \ , :
x+2

1.48. f : \ \ lim
x 0

i)

ii) f (0) =

f (0) = 0

) \ :

x + ( f ( x) )
2

lim
x 0

2 x2 + ( f ( x))

f ( x) x
= 5.
x2

= 3.
[.)8]

1.49. f \ lim
x1

i) f (1) = 3

ii) f (1) = l

f ( x) + 3
= l \ , :
10 x 2 19 x + 9

1.50. f 2 l i m
x 2

i) f (2) = 2

ii) f (2) = 1

6 x f ( x)
= 3 , :
x2
4

1.51. f f (2) = 1 f (2) = 5.

lim
x 2

f 3 ( x) +1
.
x2 + x 6
[.3]

1 , x0

g ( x )
x
1.52. f (x) =
g(0) = g(0) = 0, f
0
, x=0

0.
1.53. f x0,
f ( x)
, x x0

g(x) =
x0.

(
)
(
)
(
)
,
f
x
x

x
+
f
x
x > x0
0
0
0

1.54. f \ . > 0
f ( ) f ( ) , , \ , f ( x ) , x \ .

 1:

203

()

x 1

x
1.55. f f (x) =

x0

x=0

i) f 0.
ii) f 0.

1.56. f (x) = 3x + x g(x) = 3 x 1 x .

4
4

( f D g ) (0) ,

f (0) , g(0) .

1.57. f, g

f 2(x) + g2(x) x2.2x , x \ . :

) f ( x ) x x g ( x ) x x , x \ .
) f g 0.
1.58. f :

f 3(x) + f (x) = x.x , x \ .

:
) f ( x ) x x , x \ .
) f 0.

1.59. f : \ \ , f (0) = 0, x = 0

f (x) + f (2x) + f (3x) + + f (100x) 101.(100x), x \ .

N f (0) = 2.
1.60. f f () 0, -

1.61. f , \ :
f ( x) + f ( y)
f(x).f(y) 1, x, y \ . f
f (x + y) =
1 f ( x) f ( y)
0, f (0) = 1, f \ f ( x ) = 1 + f 2(x).
1.62. f : f (x + y) f (x) . f (y) , x, y \ .
f \ f (0) = f (0) = 1,

f ( x ) = f (x) , x \ .
1.63. f

, f (1) = 0 f (1) = 1. : f (.) f () + f () , , \*+ ,

f ( x ) = 1 , x > 0.
x

 2:

204

1.64. f g \ :

f (x + y) = f (x).g(y) + g(x).f (y) g(x + y) = g(x).g(y) f (x).f (y) x, y \ .

f, g x = 0 f (0) = 1 g(0) = 0,
\ f ( x ) = g(x) g ( x ) = f (x).

______________ _______________________________________
1.65. . -

.
f x0, f .
II. f x0 , Cf (x0, f (x0)).
III. () f , .
IV. f (x0 , f (x0)),
Cf .
V. f ( x ) 0 x ,
.
VI. f x0 .
VII. f x0 .
VIII. f x0 ,
.
I.

1.66. . I.

.
f x0 :
. lim

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f (x0)
x x0

. lim

f ( x0 + h ) f ( x0 )
+
h

x x0

h 0

. lim f ( x ) = f (x0)
x x0

. lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
lim+
x x0
x x0
x x0

.
II.

lim
x 0

f (0) f ( x )
= 2 , :
x

. f 0

. f (0) = 2

. f (0) = 2

. f 0

f
(x0 , f (x0))
. f x0
. f ( x0 ) 0

III.

. lim
0

f ( x0 + ) f ( x0 )
=0

. lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
=1
x x0

 1:

IV.

lim
h 0

. f ( )
. f ( )
.

205

f ( h) f ( )
= 3 , :
h

= 3

=3

. lim

f .
h 0

f ( + h) f ()
=3
h

 2:

206

.
CHARLES HERMITE

,

... .
, , ,

.

2.1. :

f . :
f ,
x0 A.
f (, ) ,
x0 (,).
f [, ] , (, )

lim

x +

f ( x ) f ()
\
x

lim

f . 1
,
x 1 f ( x )
f : 1 \
x f ( x ) ,
f f.
f

f ( x) f ( )
\ .
x

df
.
dx

,
f , , f f .

 2:

207

f, 3
f ().
, f () = f ( 1) , 3.

2.2. :

f (x) = c, \
f ( x ) = 0 , ( c ) = 0.

: x0 \ , x x0 :

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
= c c = 0.
x x0
x x0

, lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
= lim 0 = 0, ( c ) = 0.
x x0
x x0

2.3. :

f (x) = x, \
f ( x ) = 1 , ( x ) = 1.

: x0 \ , x x0 :

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
x x0
=
= 1.
x x0
x x0

, lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
= lim 1 = 1, ( x ) = 1.
x x0
x x0

f (x) = x, ` {0,1} \
f ( x ) = x1 , ( x ) = x1.

2.4. :

: x0 \ , x x0 :

x x0
( x x0 )( x 1 + x 2 x0 + ... + x01 )
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
=
=
= x1 + x2.x0 + + x0 1 ,
x x0
x x0
x x0

, lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
= lim (x1 + x2.x0 + + x0 1 ) = x0 1 + x0 1 + + x0 1 = x0 1 ,
x x0
x x0

( x ) = .x1.

2.5. :

f (x) =
f ( x ) =

x (0,+ )

1 ,
2 x

( x ) = 2 1 x .

: x0 (0,+ ), x x0 :

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
=
x x0

( ) (
2

x x0
x x0
( x x0 )( x + x0 )
x x0
=
=
=
x x0
( x x0 )( x + x0 )
( x x0 )( x + x0 )
( x x0 )( x + x0 )

1
, ,
x + x0

lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
= lim
x x0
x x0

1
=
x + x0

1
= 1 ,
2 x0
x0 + x0

 2:

208

( x ) =

1 .
2 x

2.5.1. : f (x) =
f ( x ) f (0)
lim
= lim+
x 0
x 0
x 0

f (x) =

2.6. :

x 0. ,

x 0 = lim x = lim
x
x 0
x 0+
x 0+

( )
x

x Df = [0,+ ) f ( x ) =

= lim+ 1 = + . ,

1
2 x

x 0

D f = (0,+ ).

f (x) = x \
f ( x ) = x , ( x ) = x.

: x \ h 0 :

f ( x + h) f ( x)
( x + h ) x
x h + x h x
x ( h 1) + x h
=
=
=
h
h
h
h
h
h

1
+ x
. lim
= 1 lim
= 0 ,
= x
h 0
h 0
h
h
h
h
f ( x + h) f ( x)
lim
= x.0 + x.1 = x. , ( x ) = x.
h 0
h

2.7. :

f (x) = x \
f ( x ) = x , ( x ) = x.

: x \ h 0 :

f ( x + h) f ( x)
( x + h ) x
x h x h x
x ( h 1) x h
=
=
=
h
h
h
h
h
h

1
x
. lim
= 1 lim
= 0 ,
= x
h 0
h 0
h
h
h
h
f ( x + h) f ( x)
lim
= x.0 x.1 = x.
h 0
h

, ( x ) = x.

2.8. :

f, g x0 ,
f + g x0 :
( f + g )( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) .

x x0, :

( f + g )( x ) ( f + g )( x0 )
f ( x ) + g ( x ) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
g ( x ) g ( x0 )
=
=
+
.
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0

f, g x0, :
lim
x x0

( f + g )( x ) ( f + g )( x0 )
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
g ( x ) g ( x0 )
= lim
+ lim
= f ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) ,
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0

, ( f + g )( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) .

 2:

209

2.8.1. : , x : ( f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x ) .
2.8.2. : -

. , f1 , f2 , , f , ,
( f1 + f 2 + ... + f )( x ) = f1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x ) + + f ( x ) .

2.9. :

f, g x0 ,
f . g x0 :
( f g )( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) .

2.9.1. : , x :

( f g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) .

2.9.2. : .

f, g, h , x
:

( f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) ) = ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) h( x ) = ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) h( x ) + ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) h( x )
= [ f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x )] h( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x )
= f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x ) .

2.10. :

f, g x0 g(x0) 0

f
g

x0 :

f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
f
.
g ( x0 ) =

[ g ( x0 )]2
2.10.1. : ,
f
f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
x g(x) 0, x : ( x ) =
.
g

[ g ( x )]2

2.11. :
:

f (x) = x, `* . f
1
1
\* f ( x ) = x , ( x - ) = x .

x \* :

(1) x 1 ( x )
( x ) = 1 =
= x2 = .x12 = .x1.
2

(x )

 2:

210
2.12. :

f (x) = x. f
\ 1 = \ {x / x = 0} f ( x ) =

( x ) =
:

1 .
2 x

x \ x 0 :
x

( x ) =
=
x

1
,
2 x

( x ) x x ( x )
x x x ( x )
=
2 x
2 x

2 x + 2 x
= 12 .
2 x
x

2.13. :

f (x) = x. f
\

= \ {x / x = 0} f ( x ) = 12

( x ) = 12 .
x

x \ x 0 :

( x ) = x =
x

( x ) x x ( x )
x x x x
=
2 x
2 x

2 x 2 x
2 x + 2 x
=
= 12 .
2
x
2 x
x

2.14. :

g x0 f g(x0), f D g
x0

( f D g ) ( x0 ) =

f ( g ( x0 ) ) g ( x0 ) .

2.14.1. : g f

g(), f D g

( f D g ) ( x ) = ( f ( g ( x ) ) ) =

f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) .

y = f (u) u = g(x) Leibniz

dy
dy . du
=
dx

du

dx

.
2.14.2. : .

f D g x0, g f x0
g(x0) . 1.56.

 2:

211

f (x) = x, \ ] (0,+ )

f ( x ) = .x1, ( x a ) = .x1.

2.15. :

f (x) = x = eln x = e ln x . u(x) = .lnx, f (x) = eu(x).

, f ( x ) = ( e u ( x ) ) = eu ( x ) u ( x ) = e ln x 1 = x = .x1.
:

, ( x ) = .x1.

2.15.1. : > 1 f -

x0 = 0 f (0) = 0. f ( x ) = .x1 , x [0,+ ).

f (x) = x, > 0 \
f ( x ) = x.ln ( x ) = x.ln.
ln x
x
: f (x) = = e
= e xln . u(x) = x.ln, f (x) = eu(x).
,
f ( x ) = e u ( x ) = e u ( x ) u ( x ) = e xln ln = x.ln.
2.16. :

, ( ) = x.ln.
x

2.17. :

f (x) = ln x \*
f ( x ) = 1 , (ln x ) = 1 .
x

( ln x ) = ( ln x )

= 1 .

x > 0 ,

x < 0 , ln x = ln( x) , u(x) = x , f (x) = lnu(x).

,

f ( x ) = ( ln u( x ) ) =

( ln x ) =

1 u ( x ) = 1 ( x ) = 1 .(1) = 1 .
u( x )
x
x
x

1.
x

1. ( f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x )
2. ( f g )( x ) = f ( x ) g(x) + f (x) g ( x )
( c f )( x ) = c f ( x )

f
f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
3. ( x ) =
g
[ g ( x )]2

4.

( f D g ) ( x ) =

f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x )

 2:

212

1. (c) = 0
2. (x) = 1
3. ( x ) = .x

, ` {0,1}

( x ) = .x1, ]* , x \*
( x ) = .x1, \ ] , x (0,+ )
4. ( x ) =

1 , x (0,+ )
2 x

(f

( x ) ) = .f 1(x) f ( x ) , ` {0,1}

(f

( x ) ) = .f 1(x) f ( x ) , ]* , f (x) \*

(f

( x ) ) = .f 1(x) f ( x ) , \ ] , f (x) (0,+ )

f ( x)

) =

f ( x )
, f(x) (0,+ )
2 f ( x)

5. ( x ) = x , x \

( f ( x ) ) = f (x) f ( x )

6. ( x ) = x , x \

( f ( x ) ) = f (x) f ( x )

1
= 1 + 2x ,
2 x
x + , ]
2

7. ( x ) =

1 = (1 + 2x) ,
8. ( x ) =
2 x

f ( x )
= [1+2f(x)] f ( x ) ,
2 f ( x )

( f ( x ) ) =

f (x) + , ]
2

( f ( x ) ) =

f ( x )
= [1 + 2f(x)] f ( x ) ,
2 f ( x )

x , ]

f (x) , ]

9. ( e ) = e , x \

( e ) = ef (x) f ( x )

x
x
10. ( ) = .ln , > 0, x \

( ) = f (x).ln f ( x ) ,

11. (ln x ) =

f ( x)

1 , x (0,+ )
x

*
(ln x ) = 1 , x \
x

12. (log x ) =

f ( x)

( ln f ( x ) ) =

( ln

1 , 0 < 1,
x ln

x (0,+ )

*
(log x ) = 1 , 0 < 1, x \
x ln

>0

f ( x )
, f (x) (0,+ )
f ( x)

f ( x )
f ( x ) ) =
, f (x) \*
f ( x)

( log

f ( x ) ) =

( log

f ( x ) ) =

f ( x )
, 0 < 1 , f (x) (0,+ )
f ( x ) ln
f ( x )
, 0 < 1 , f (x) \*
f ( x ) ln

______________ ___________________________________________

, .
,

 2:

213

, .

:
, .
, .

2.18. f lim
x0

f (x) 2
=3
x

f(0) = 2.

2
g g(x) = 3x x +4 . :

f (x)

i) f 0.
ii) g 0.
:
i)

f (0) = lim
x 0

f ( x ) f (0)
f ( x) 2
= lim
= 3.
x 0
x 0
x

h(x) = 3x2x+4 \ h ( x ) = (3x2x+4) = 6x1.

h(0) = 4 , h (0) = 1 , f(0) = 2 f (0) = 3. g -

ii)

x = 0 g (0) =

h (0) f (0) h(0) f (0)

= 1 2 2 4 3 = 14 = 3,5.
4
f 2 (0)
2

g 0 3,5.

2.19. ) f f (0) =2. g(0) g(x) =

f (x)
.
x 2 +3

) g(x) = f ( x ), f
4 f (4) = 12. , , g 16.

:
)

x, g , :
f ( x)

f ( x ) ( x 2 + 3) f ( x ) ( x 2 + 3)

f ( x ) ( x 2 + 3) f ( x ) 2 x

g ( x ) = 2 =
=
.
( x 2 + 3) 2
( x 2 + 3) 2
x +3
f (x) h(x) = x2 + 3 x = 0

h(0) = 02 + 3 = 3 0. g (0) =
)

f (0) (02 + 3) f (0) 2 0

= 23 = 2 .
9
3
(02 + 3) 2

x, g , :
g ( x ) = f ( x )

( x ) =

f ( x )

1 .
2 x

h(x) = x x = 16 f h(16) = 16 = 4. g 16
g (16) = f ( 16)

1 = f (4) 1 = 12 1 = 12 = 3 .
24
8
8
2
2 16

 2:

214

2.20. f (x) = x2.(x) e1x. f 1.

:

g(x) = (x) \
g1(x) = x g2(x) = x. (x) = x2.g(x) \
. h(x) = e1x \
h1(x) = 1 x h2(x) = ex.
f(x) = (x) h(x) \
f ( x ) = x 2 ( x ) e1 x = x 2 ( x ) e1 x

(
) (
) ( )
= ( x ) (x) + x2 ( ( x ) ) e1x (1 x )
2

= 2x.(x) + x2.(x).(x) e1x.(1)

= 2x.(x) + x2.(x) + e1x.
f (1) = 2.1. + .12. + e0 = 2.1.0 + .12.(1) + 1 = + 1.

2.21.
) f (y) = y.ex+y + x.exy

) g(u) = xu u 2x2.ln u 2 + 1 .

:
)

Df = \ . h(y) = ex+y \ h1(y) = x + y h2(y) = ey. H H(y) = y.h(y)

\ . (y) = exy \ 1(y) = x y h2(y) = ey.
H (y) = x.h(y) \ .
f (y) = H(y) + (y) \
f ( y ) = ( y e x+ y + x e x y ) = ( y e x+ y ) + ( x e x y ) = ( y ) e x+ y + y ( e x+ y ) + x ( e x y )

= ex+y + y.ex+y.(x+y) + x.exy.(xy) = ex+y + y.ex+y x.exy = (1+y).ex+y x.exy.

2
3/2
) g Dg = [0,+ ) g(u) = xu u 2x .ln u 2 +1 = x.u
2
x2.ln ( u 2 +1 ) = x.u3/2 x2.ln(u2+1). h(u) = u3/2
[0,+ ) , u 1. H (u) = ln(u2+1)
[0,+ )
1(u) = u2+1 2(u) = lnu. g(u) [0,+ )

g (u ) = ( x u 3/ 2 x 2 ln(u 2 +1) ) = x ( u 3/ 2 ) x2 ( ln(u 2 + 1) ) = 3 xu1/2 x2. 1 (u2+1) =
2

u 2 +1

2
= 3 x u x2. 21 2u = 3x u 22x u .

u +1

u +1

2.22. f f (x) = 2 x .
:

f Df = [0,+ ).

 2:

215

x > 0 f

g(x) = x , h(x) = x (x) = x2 f ( x ) = 2 x = 2 x x

= 2 x x

( x ) = 2

x x

2 x

2 x

2 x

).

x = 0 f (0) = 2 0 = 0

x
f ( x ) f (0)
2 x
lim+
= lim+
= lim+

x
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x

f [0,+ )

2.23.

u= x

= 12 = 1.
lim
+
u

0
u

=
+

x0 u0+

2 x

2 x

f ( x ) =

x>0 .

x=0

x 3 4x 2
x2 x

i) f (x) = 0
2 2x

x <0
x =0 .
x >0

ii) f .

:
2
3
2
x( x2 4 x)
x < 0 f (x) = x 2 4 x =
= x 4 x -

i)

x ( x 1)

x x

x 1

2
( x 4 x )( x 1) ( x 2 4 x )( x 1) (2 x 4) ( x 1) ( x 2 4 x ) 1
f ( x ) = x 4 x =
=
2
2
2

x 1

( x 1)

( x 1)

2
2
= 2 x 2 x 4 x + 42 x + 4 x = x 2 x +2 4 .
( x 1)
( x 1)
2

x > 0 h(x) = 22x h1(x) = 2x , h2(x) = x h2(x) = x2. f (x) =

h( x )

x

2 2x ( 2 2 x ) x 2 2 x ( x )
=
x2
x

f ( x ) =
=

22 x (2 x ) x 2 2 x
22 x 2 x (2 x ) x 2 2 x
2 x 4 x 2 2 x
=
=
.
2
2
x
x
x2
2

f ( x ) f (0)
x = 0 f (0) = 0 lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
x 0

x 4x
x 1

= lim
x 0

x ( x 4)
x ( x 1)

= lim x 4 = 0 4 = 4.
x 0

0 1

x 1

f ( x ) f (0)
l i m+
= l im+
x 0
x 0
x 0
u =2 x

x0+ u0+

2x
x

= l im+
x 0

2 2 x
2 2 x
2 x
= 4 l i m+
= 4 l im+

2
x 0
x 0 2 x
4 x2
x

u
2
4 l im+
= 4.1 = 4. , f (0) = 4.
u 0

 2:

216

x2 2 x + 4

( x 1) 2
f ( x ) =
2
2 x 4 x 2 x

x2

f \

x0

.
x>0

2
x < 0 f ( x ) = x 2 x +2 4 .

ii)

( x 1)

x > 0 h(x) = 22x , (x) = 4x

1(x) = 4x , 2(x) = x g(x) = (x) h(x)
. f ( x ) =

g ( x)
x2

x = 0 f (0) = 4 l im f ( x ) = l im
x 0

x 0

2 x 4 x 2 2 x
x2

2 x 4 x 2 2 x
24 x 2 2 x

= l im
= lim
.
2
2
2
x

24x
4 x
= 8 lim
l im
x 0
x 0
x
4x
x 0

x 0

u =4 x

8 l im+

x0 u0

u 0

u
2 2x
= 8.1 = 8 l i m
=4.
x 0
u
x2

24x
2 2x
l im f ( x ) = l i m
lim
= 8 4 = 4 = f (0) , f
x 0
x 0
x
x 0
x2

x = 0. f \ .
2.24.
) f (x) =

(1 x )4 ( x 2 +1)
5
(2 x )2

) f (x) = (5 x)x5 .

:
)

f , 2x 0 x 2. Df = \ {2}.
f Df , .

x \ {1,2} : f (x) =

(1 x )4 ( x 2 + 1)
5

(2 x )

ln f (x) = ln 3

(1 x )4 ( x 2 + 1)
5

(2 x ) 2

(1 x ) 4 ( x 2 + 1)
= 1 ln
= 1 [ln(1x)4 + ln(x2+1) ln 5 (2 x )2 ]
2

(2 x )

= 1 .[4.ln 1 x + ln(x2+1) 2 .ln 2 x ] = 4 .ln 1 x + 1 .ln(x2+1) 2 .ln 2 x ].

3

( ln f ( x ) )

(3

= 4 ln 1 x + 1 ln( x 2 + 1) 2 ln 2 x
3

15

(1 x )
( x 2 + 1)
(2 x )
f ( x )
= 4
+ 1 2
2

3 1 x
3 x +1
15 2 x
f ( x)
f ( x )
4
2

=
+ 22x

3( x 1)
15( x 2)
f ( x)
3( x + 1)

f ( x ) = f (x).[
f ( x ) =

15

f ( x )
= 4 1 + 1 22 x 2 1
f ( x)
3 1 x
3 x + 1 15 2 x

4
2
+ 22x

]
3( x 1)
15( x 2)
3( x + 1)

(1 x )4 ( x 2 + 1) .
2
[ 4
+ 22x

].
5
3( x 1)
15( x 2)
3( x + 1)
(2 x ) 2

 2:

217

f ( x ) f (1)
=
x 1

x = 1 f (1) = 0 x (1,2)
3

(1 x )4
3
x 1

lim+
x 1

x 2 +1 =
(2 x )2

( x 1)4

( x 1)

f ( x ) f (1)
= lim+
x 1
x 1

x (0,1)

x 2 +1 =
(2 x )2

x 1 lim+

x 1

f ( x ) f (1)
=
x 1

x 1 3

(1 x ) ( x + 1)
5

(2 x )

x 1

x 2 +1
(2 x ) 2

x 2 + 1 = 0. 3 2 = 0.
(2 x ) 2
3

1 x 3

x2 +1
(2 x ) 2

(1 x )4 ( x 2 + 1)
3
5
f (1) = 0. , f ( x ) =
(2 x )2

f ( x ) f (1)
= 0.
x 1

lim
x 1

x \ {1,2}

x =1

5 x > 0 x > 5 x < 5.

x 5

x ( , 5) : f (x) = (5x)x5 = eln(5 x ) = e ( x 5)ln(5 x ) .

f ( x ) = e( x 5)ln(5 x ) = e( x 5)ln(5 x ) [( x 5) ln(5 x )]

(5 x )
= (5x)x5 [( x 5) ln(5 x ) + ( x 5) [ln(5 x )]] = (5x)x5.[1.ln(5x) + (x5)
]

= (5x)

x5.

5 x
x5.
x5.

1
1
[ln(5x) + (x5)
] = (5x) [ln(5x) + (x5)
] = (5x) [ln(5x) + 1].
5 x
x 5

2.25. f f (x) =
f ( ) ( x ) = ( 1) +1!

1 . x \ {1} :
x +1

( x +1)

`* .

f Df = \ {1}.
x \ {1} :
= 1 f ( x ) =

f ( x ) =

( x 1+1) = (1)( x (+x1)+1)1( x +1) = ( x +11)

2

f ( ) ( x) =

( 1) !

()

( 1) +1 ( + 1)!
.
( x + 1) +2

( 1) !

( x ) ) =
= ( 1) !
+1
( x + 1)

(1) ( x + 1) +1 1 ( ( x + 1) +1 )
( x + 1)

( 1) !
( x + 1) +1

f ( +1) ( x ) =

= +1,

(f

( 1)1 1!
1
=
.
( x + 1)2
( x + 1) 2

= `*

: f ( +1) ( x ) =

+1 2

= ( 1) !

1
=
+1
( x + 1)

( + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
( 1) +1 ( + 1)!
=
.
2 +2
( x + 1)
( x + 1) +2

 2:

218

2.26. f (x) = .x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0 ,

0 , 1 , , 1 , \ 0.
f ( ) ( x ) = !.

f ( ) ( x ) = 0 > .

f Df = \ .
o = 1 f (x) = 1.x + 0 f ( x ) = 1!.1 = 1 , .
o ` > 1.
o +1 ,
f (x) = +1.x+1 + .x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0 , +1 0, f ( +1) ( x ) = (+1)!.+1.
f ( x ) = (+1.x+1+.x+1.x1++1.x+0)
= (+1)+1.x + .x1 + (1)1.x2 + + 1.
f ( x ) ,
( f )( ) ( x ) = !.(+1)+1 f ( +1) ( x ) = (+1)!.+1. .
f ( ) ( x ) , 0.
f ( ) ( x ) = 0 , x \ , ` > .

2.27. ) (x) 2, (x)2 .

, (x) = (x)2.(x) () = () = 0.
) (x1)2
f (x) = x+1 x1 (2+1)x + 2 + 2 , ` 2.
) ,
(x) = x4 + (4)x2 + (+1)x + 3 4
(x+2)2.
:
)

(x) = (x)2.(x). (x) = [(x)2.(x)] = [(x)2].(x) + (x)2.(x)

= 2(x)(x).(x) + (x)2.(x)
= 2(x).(x) + (x)2.(x).
2.
() = () () = 0 () = 2().() + ()2.() = 0.
, () = () = 0.

(x) (x) = (x).(x).
: x (x)
(x) = [(x).(x)] = (x).(x) + (x).(x)
(x).
= (x) + (x).(x).
.
() = 0 () + () () = 0 () = 0.
, (x) = (x).(x) (x) = (x)(x).(x) = (x)2.(x).

f ( x ) = (x+1 x1 (2+1)x + 2 + 2) = (+1)x (1)x2 (2+1).

f (1) = .1+1 11 (2+1).1 + 2 + 2 = 1 2 1 + 2 + 2 = 0.
f (1) = (+1).1 (1).12 (2+1) = (+1) (1) 2 1 = 2 + + 1 2 1 = 0.
,

()

(x1)2 f (x).

(x) = [x4 + (4)x2 + (+1)x + 3 4] = 4x3 + 2(4)x + +1.

(x) (x+2)2

 2:
( 2) 4 + ( 4)( 2)2 + ( + 1)( 2) + 3 4 = 0
( 2) = 0

4( 2)3 + 2( 4)( 2) + + 1 = 0
( 2) = 0

16 + ( 4) 4 2( + 1) + 3 4 = 0

4( 8) 4( 4) + + 1 = 0

2 + = 2

3 + = 17 ( 1)

2 + = 2
3 = 17

219

16 + 4 16 2 2 + 2 + 3 4 = 0
32 4 + 16 + + 1 = 0

(+)

5 = 15 = 3.
2 + = 2 6 + = 2 = 8.

, ...
.

, ,
.
.
.

.
.. .
,

. , ,

.

2.28. f, g (0,+ ),
2

f ( x ) + f (x).g(ln(ex)) = 1 2x2 , x>0.

2

g(1) = 2 g(1) = 3, f(1) f (1) .

:
2

x = 1 : f ( ) + f (1).g(lne) = 1 2.12 [ f (1)] + f (1).g(1) = 1 2

2

2
[ f (1)] + 2.f (1) = 1 [ f (1)]2 + 2.f (1) + 1 = 0 [f (1)+1]2 = 0
f (1)+1 = 0 f (1) = 1.
2

x (0,+ ) h(x) = f ( x ) -

x
, h2(x) = x , h3(x) = f (x) h4(x) = x2.
h1(x) =
2

(x) = g(ln(ex)) 1(x) = ex , 2(x) = lnx 3(x) = g(x).

k(x) = f (x).(x) .
1 .
2 , .

 2:

220

f ( x ) + f ( x ) g (ln( ex )) = (12x2)

f ( 2 ) + ( f ( x ) g (ln( ex )) ) = 4x

2.f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( x ) g(ln(ex)) + f (x) ( g (ln( ex )) ) = 4x

2

) + f ( x) g(ln(ex)) + f (x) g (ln(ex)) (ln(ex) ) = 4x

2.f ( x ) f ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) + f ( x ) g(ln(ex)) + f (x) g (ln( ex )) 1 (ex) = 4x

2
2
2
ex
2
2.f ( x ) f ( x ) x
2

2.f ( x ) f ( x ) ( x ) + f ( x ) g(ln(ex)) + f (x) g (ln( ex )) 1 e = 4x

2
2
2
ex
2
f
(
x
)
x
x
x
.f ( ) f ( ) ( ) + f ( x ) g(ln(ex)) +
g (ln( ex )) = 4x .
2
2
x
2
f (1)
x = 1 : .f ( ) f ( ) ( ) + f (1) g(lne) +
g (ln e) = 4
2
2
1
2

.f (1) f (1) 0 + f (1) g(1) + f (1) g (1) = 4 2 f (1) + (1).3 = 4

2 f (1) 3 = 4 2 f (1) = 1

f (1) = 1 .
2

2.29. i) , , , \ .
.ex + .ex = 0 , x \

= = 0.

ii) 1, 2, , , 1, 2, , \ , `* 1, 2, ,
. :
x
x
x
1 e 1 + 2 e 2 + + e = 0 , x \ 1 = 2 = = = 0.

:
i)

= = 0 .ex + .ex = 0.ex + 0.ex = 0.

e x 0

, x \ .ex + .ex = 0

A e x + B e x = 0
e x
e x

.exx + = 0 .e()x + = 0 (1).

g(x) = e()x \
g1(x) = ()x g2(x) = ex. f (x) = .e()x +
\ .
( A e( ) x + B ) = 0 .e()x.[()x] = 0 .().e()x = 0 = 0

0. (1) 0.e()x + = 0 = 0.
ii)

1 = 2 = = = 0 1 e 1 x + 2 e 2 x + + e x
= 0 e 1 x + 0 e 2 x + + 0 e x = 0.
, x \ 1 e 1 x + 2 e 2 x + + e x = 0.
= 1 1 e 1 x = 0 1 = 0.
= `* ,
x \ 1 e 1 x + 2 e 2 x + + e x = 0 1 = 2 = = = 0.

 2:

221

x \
1 e 1 x + 2 e 2 x + + e x + +1 e +1 x = 0 1 = 2 = = = +1 = 0.
1 e 1 x + 2 e 2 x + + e x + +1 e+1 x = 0
A e x
A e +1 x
A1 e 1 x
A e 2 x
+ 2 +1 x + + +1 x + +1 +1 x
=0
+1 x
e
e
e
e

e +1x 0

1 e( 1 +1 ) x + 2 e( 2 +1 ) x + + e( +1 ) x + +1 = 0 (2).

[1 e( 1 +1 ) x + 2 e( 2 +1 ) x + + e( +1 ) x + +1] = 0
1 e ( 1 +1 ) x [(1+1)x] + 2 e( 2 +1 ) x [(2+1)x] + + e( +1 ) x [(+1)x] = 0
1.(1+1) e( 1 +1 ) x + 2.(2+1) e( 2 +1 ) x + + .(+1) e( +1 ) x = 0.
1.(1+1) = 2.(2+1) = = .(+1) = 0 1 = 2 = = = 0
1 , 2 , , +1 .
(2) +1 = 0.
2.30. f: (0,+ ) \ ,
f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) , x, y (0,+ ).

f ( x )
f ( y)
=
.
y2
x2

x y .
f (xy) (0,+ ) g(x) = xy f(x).
[f (xy)] = [f (x) + f (y)] f ( xy ) (xy) = f ( x ) y f ( xy ) = f ( x ) .
[ y f ( xy )] = f ( x ) y f ( xy ) (xy) = f ( x ) y2 f ( xy ) = f ( x )

f ( xy ) =

f ( x )
(1) .
y2

y x .
f (xy) (0,+ ) g(y) = xy f (y).
[f (xy)] = [f (x) + f (y)] f ( xy ) (xy) = f ( y ) x f ( xy ) = f ( y ) .
[ x f ( xy )] = f ( y ) x f ( xy ) (xy) = f ( y ) x2 f ( xy ) = f ( y )

f ( y )
(2) .
x2
f ( x )
f ( y )
=
.
(1) (2)
y2
x2

f ( xy ) =

,
.

S
, ,
S1 S1 = S. S1 .

 2:

222

2.31.

ii) S2 = ex + 2e2x + 3e3x + + ex , ` .

i) S1 = 1 + ex + e2x + e3x + + ex

:
i)

x 0 S1 +1
ex 1, x 0. : S1 =

ii)

( +1) x
( e x ) +1 1
= e x 1 .
x
e 1
e 1

x = 0 : S1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + + 1 = +1.

x 0
( +1) x
1 + ex + e2x + e3x + + ex = e x 1

e 1

2x.

3x.

x.

e + e (2x) + e (3x)+ + e (x) =

ex + 2e2x + 3e3x + + ex =
S2 =
S2 =
S2 =

e( +2) x ( + 1) e( +1) x + e x
( e x 1) 2

x = 0 : S2 = 1 + 2 + 3 + + =

[e( +1) x 1] ( e x 1) [e( +1) x 1] ( e x 1)

( e x 1)2

e( +1) x [ ( + 1) x ] ( e x 1) [e( +1) x 1] e x

( e x 1) 2

( + 1) e( +1) x ( e x 1) [e( +1) x 1] e x

( e x 1) 2

( + 1) e( +2) x ( + 1) e( +1) x e( +2) x + e x

( e x 1) 2

e x e( +1) x ( + 1) e x + 1

S2 =

( e x 1) 2

( + 1)
.
2

___________________________________________________________________

2.32. :
e .3 +

2 3
xt
) h(t) = t x .t + 1
e

) f (x) = 2lnx + 3x

) g() =

) () = . .e + log2

[.)f(x)= 2 +6x )g()= e -32 )()=-e )h(t)= x(1-t)

-3x2t2]
t

2.33. :
2
x 2 5
2t 3 x
) f (x) = x .lnx
) g(t) =
2
t+2
r
ln x e.ln
) h(r) = 2
+ 3xr
) (x) =
ln x +1
r +1
[.)f(x)=2xlnx, x>0 )g(t)=

2
7
1
, t -2 )h(r)= 1-r
+3x )(x)=
, x 1]
e
(t+2)2
(r2 +1)2
x(lnx+1)2

 2:

223

2.34. -

2.35. f : [1,4] \

f (0) = 1. f .
) f .
) f
.
[.)f(x)=x+1 -1 x<0, x2+1 0 x 1,
-2x+4 1<x 4 )[-4,2]]

2
2.36. g(x) = f (x) x 1 . f (1) = 1 f ( 1) = 2.
f ( x)

, , g 1.
[.4]

2.37. f lim
x 0

f ( x) + 1
=2
x

f (0) = 1.

g g(x) = (x + 2x 5).f (x).

) f 0.
) g 0.
2

[.)2 )-12]

2.38. f (x) = (x2 + x + 5).g(x) g

g ( x) 1
lim
= 1 g (0) = 1. f (0) = 6.
x 0
x
2.39. f (3,4) ,
3
2
. (x) = x + 4 x + x 4 .
f ( x)
i) 3.
ii) 3.
[.-1]

2.40. g(x) = f (x2) f (x), f 0

 2:

224

f (0) = 5. , , g 0.
[.-5]

2.41. :
1+ x , x > 0 , x 1
1 x
1 ex(33x 3x)
) f (x) =
10

) f (x) = 2xx (x 2)x

) f (x) =

) f (x) =

11
4 , x2
x2
2( x 2) 2

1
)f(x)= 4x+32
(x-2)
x (1 x )2

[.)f(x)=x2x )f(x)=

)f(x)=e-x3x]

2.42. :
) f (x) = 3x. x + x
2

) f (x) =

) f (x) =

1 3x x + x , x ( , )
3
2 2

) f (x) =

x
2

1 3x.(32x 5)
15

) f (x) = ln( 1 + e 1) ln( 1 + e +1)

x

2
x 2 2 ln(x+ x 2 2 ) , > 0 , x >
2

[.)f(x)=3x.2x )f(x)=3x.2x )f(x)=4x )f(x)=

1
)f(x)= x2 -2 ]
ex +1

2.43. :
3
) f (x) =
2

+ 18 x. 6 x + 9 x.
7
5

+ 6 x2.
13

x x > 0 , f ( x ) =

(1 + x )
3

x + x
2
x (0, ) f ( x ) =
.
4
x x
2 x 1
x x
2
) f (x) =
x (0, ) f ( x ) =
.
2 x + 1
2
x + x
1 x
2
) f (x) =
x (0, ) f ( x ) =
.
1 + 2x
2
1+ x
) f (x) =

2.44. :

x
) f (x) = .ln

) f (x) =

x (0, ) , > 0

1 .ln 1 + e x

x
2
1 e

2
2.45. f (x) = 2x
1+ x

x 0 , 0

f ( x ) =

f ( x ) =

e x
.
e 1
2 x

f ( ) 3 f ( ) = 3.
4

2.46. g(1) = 4, g(1) = 3 g(1) = 2. f (4) = 6,

f (4) = 1 f (4) = 5. f D g x = 1;
[.-3, 47]

2.47. :
) f (x) = x 2

x + 2ln(1+ x ) , x > 0

) f (x) = ln + x + 2 x + x

 2:

) f (x) = ln

( x x1)

) f (x) =

[.)f(x)=

x
1+ x

)f(x)=

1
2x+x2

225

[ ( x ) (x ) ] e x
2 + 2

)f(x)=- 12 x-1 )f(x)=ex(x)]

x
x

2.48. :
i)

x2 3 x + 5

2
2
f (x) =
2

x +3

x 1

x >1

2.49. f

x +1

x2 +1
ii) f (x) = 2
x + 3x + 1
2
2

()

x 3 1
x
f (x) =

x 0

x 1
x < 1

. f

x = 0

\ .
2.50. :
2

i) f (x) =

ii) g(x) =

2
x , x [0, )
4

2.51. :
) f (x) = .x + .x

f ( x ) + f (x) = 0
x
2x
.
.
) f (x) = e + e

f ( x ) + f ( x ) = 2f (x)
x.

) f (x) = e x f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + 2f (x) = 0
) f (x) =
) f (x) =

x 3
x+4

2x x 2

) f (x) = x e

2
x
2

2 [ f ( x ) ]

[ f ( x ) 1] f ( x )

[ f ( x )]

f ( x ) = 1

x f ( x ) = (1 x2).f (x)

2.52. (x) , (0) = 0 , P(1) = 1 , P(2) = 2

P(3) = 3.
[. (x)= 1 x3-2x2+ 7 x]
2

2.53. f (x) = 2(x) , x \ a \ .

f ( x ) + 42.f (x) = 2 , x \ .
( 1999)

2.54. ) f (x) = ex \ . f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) = 3f (x) x \ .

) , , 1, 2 \ 1 2. g(x) = e

+ e 2 x x \ .
x0 g(x0) = g ( x0 ) = 0.
= = 0.
1 x

( 1996)

2.55. P(x) x \ :

[ P( x )]2

= 4P(x)

P(0) = 4.

 2:

226

[.(x)=(x+2)2 P(x)=(x-2)2]

2.56. f f (x) = x3.ex. , , ,

x \ : f ( x ) + f ( x ) + f ( x ) = 12xex.
[.=2, =-4, =2]

2.57. - :
x

ii) f (x) = (0 < 1)

i) f (x) = e

()

[.i)f

(x)= e

()

ii)f

iii) f (x) = lnx

x

-1 (-1)!
]
x

(x)= (-1)

()

(x)= (ln) iii) f

2.58. . :

(x) = .(x + ), `* .

()

) f (x) = (x) f

2
), `* .
) f (x) = (x) f (x) = (x +
2
.

()

. - :
) f (x) = 3x.x

) f (x) = x
[.)f

) f (x) = x

(4x+ )+21.(2x+ ) )f()(x)=-21.(2x+ )

2
2
2

21.

()

(x)=2

)f()(x)=21.(2x+ )]
2

2.59. - :
1
x 3 , > 2.
i) f (x) =
ii) g(x) =
1 x
1 x
[.i)f()(x)=

2.60. - f

!
(1-x)-1

ii)g()(x)=

!
]
(1-x)+1

f (x) = ln(1+2x) , x ( 1 ,+ ).
2

+1

[.f()(x)= (-1) 2 (-1)!

]

(1+2x)

2.61. :
x2 + 2 + x
m ln(x22) + n ln x
) f (x) = ln
) f (x) =

2
2
x+
2
2
x + x

( )

) f (x) =

( )

1 ln x x
2
2
2 2 x

) f (x) =

x 2 + 1 ln 1 + x + 1
x

) f (x) = ( x).( x)
2

2
x2 +2

[.)f(x)=

)f(x)= mx+n
x2 2

2.62. :
x
) f (x) = x.ln

x +1

( )

) f (x) = e
) f (x) =

1
1 + x + ln x

)f(x)=-

2
1
)f(x)= x +1 ) f(x)=-(2x)(2x)]
x
3x

x 3 f ( x ) = [ x f ( x ) f ( x )]

f ( x ) x f (x).ln f (x) = 0
x

df ( x )
= f (x).[f (x).lnx 1]
dx

 2:

) f (x) = e

+ 1x
e

) f (x) = x + 1 + x

227

x f ( x ) + 1 f ( x ) = 1 f ( x )
2

(1 + x 2 ) f ( x ) + x f ( x ) = 4 f ( x )

f (x) = x + 1 + x 2 .
i) .
2
ii) f (x) = 2 1 + x f ( x ) .
2
iii) 4 (1 + x ) f ( x ) + 4x f ( x ) = f(x).

2.63. A. f

. f (x) =

x + 1 + x 2 . 2.(1 + x2). f ( x ) + 2.x f ( x ) = f (x).

2.64. g, \ ,

g(1) = 7. f f (x) = 3(x 2)2.g(2x 5) f \ f (2) .

( 1990)

2.65. f f (x) = x.[.(lnx) + .(lnx)] , x > 0.

: x 2 f ( x ) + (1 2) x f ( x ) + (1 + ).f (x) = 0.
(x 2 )

2.66. . f f (x) =
x

x0

x=0

i) f.
ii)

f x0 = 0.

(x )

. f (x) = x 1

( x )

. f (x) = x 1

x0

x=0

x0

x=0

, ` , > 1.

, ` , > 1.

2 ( x )
x 1

2.67. . f (x) = x 1
.

0
x = 1
i) f.
ii) f x0 = 0.

(x )

. f f (x) = ( x 1) 1

. f

2.68. :

( x )

f (x) = ( x )1

x 1

x =1

x=

` > 1.

` > 1 \ .

 2:

228

f ( x ) = 2 x +2 x 1 .

i) f (x) = x x + (x 1) x 1
2

5 (1 x) x 1 + x + 7x 3
2
2
2

ii) f (x) =

f ( x ) = 5 x 1 + x + 7

2.69. :
x 2 + 1 3 x 2 x +1
4 4
x + 2 6 x6 + 3

i) f (x) =

ii) g(x) =

(2 x ) 3 x 2
( x 1) 3 x

[.i) f (x) =f(x)[ 1 ln(x2+1)+ 1 ln(x2-x+1)- 1 ln(x4+2)- 1 ln(x6+3)] ii) g(x)=g(x)]

2

2.70. :
) f (x) = x

, x>0

) f (x) = x

) f (x) =

( 1x )

,x>0

1
x

) f (x) = ( x ) , x (0,)
1
x

) f (x) = x , x > 0

,x>0

) f (x) = ( x )

, x (0, )
2

2.71. :
i) f (x) = x

x2

, x>0

ii) f (x) = x

xx

, x>0

2.72. ) f f (x) > 0 , x \ .

F F(x) = [f (x)]x, x \ .

) > 0. g g(x) =

x 2 +1

, x \ .
( 1991)

2.73. f : \ (0,+ ) . -

:
) g(x) = [f (x)]

) h(x) = x

2.74. f

f (x)

x 2 + 1
2
f (x) = x + x + 1
2

x + 1

) (x) =

[ f ( x )] x

x0

. f (0) = 1.
x>0

x+
x 0

2.75. f f (x) = 2
x + x + 1 x < 0

0. -

, , f x0 = 0.

[.=1, =-1/8, =1/2]

2.76. :
2
-1
*
i) S1 = 1 + 2x + 3x + + x , ` .
2

2 2

2 -1

ii) S2 = 1 + 2 x + 3 x + + x

x+1 -(+1)x +1

(x-1)2
[.i)S1=

(+1)

, `* .
1+x-(+1)2x +(22 +2-1)x+1 -x+2

(1-x)3
ii) S2=

(+1)(2+1)
x=1

x 1

x 1

x=1

 2:

229

2.77. f, g \ . x \
3

2f (x) x g ( e x+1 ) = 10x2 f (1) = 1 , f ( 1) = 1. g(1) g(1) .

[.g(1)=2, g(1)=-5/6]

2.78. f : [1,4] [1,3] , f (1) = 1 f (4) = 2.

g(x) = e f ( x ) x.f (x). x0 (1,4) , : f (x0) = f ( x0 ) ( e f ( x0 ) x0 ) .

2.79. f : \ \ ,

f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) , x, y \. f ( x ) f ( y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) .
2.80. f \ ,

f (x + y) + f (x y) = 2f (x).f (y), x, y \.
f ( x ) f ( y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) .
2.81. ) (x) 3,

(x) = (x )3.(x) () = () =() = 0.

3
) (x 1)
f (x) = x2+1 (2 + 1).x+1 + (2 + 1).x 1, `* .
4
3
2
) (x) = x x + 4x (4 + 5)x + 2 , , , \ .
, , (x + 1)3.
[.)=1, =2, =-3]

2.82. . , (x) , (x) , -

() 0 (x) 2. f (x), (x).(x) = (x )2.f (x), () = () = 0.

. 1. ,
Q(x) = x.(x3 + x2 + x + 8) (x 2)2.

( 1994)

2.83. f f (x) = ex.x . :

f ( ) ( x ) = 2 2 e x x + , `* .
2

2.84. f f (x) = ex .(x.). :

x..

f () ( x) = e

(x. + ) , `* .

2.85. f (x) = ln x , x > 0. `* :

x
()

!
1

f ( x ) = ( 1) +1 ln x 1 + + ... + 1 .
2

x

 2:

230

2.86. f (x) = x , x > 0. :

1
(2 2)!
x 2 , `* .
f ( ) ( x ) = ( 1)+1
2 1
( 1)! 2
2.87. ) f f (x) =

1
, x , 0. :
x

!
, `* .
( x )+1
x +
) f f (x) =
, x , 0. :
x +

f ( ) ( x) =

f () ( x) =

( 1)+1 ! 1

( x + ) +1

2.88. f f (x) =

, `* .

1
, x , 0.

2 2 x2

i) , :

f (x) =

+
.
x
+ x

ii) - f.

!
1

+ (-1)
[.i)== 1 ii) f()(x)=
2 (-x)+1 (+x)+1
2

2.89. f \ f ( ) ( x )
f ( x)
x \ . g(x) = f ( x ) . : g ( ) ( x ) =
f ( ) ( x ) `* .
f ( x )
2.90.

(x) = 1 + x + x + + x . (x)

1!

2!

.
2.91. f , g \ -

g(x) 0 x \ . .

f ( )
f ( ) A g ( )
=
. \ {},
g ()
g ( )
f ( x)
( x )
A
=
+ B +
x \ {},

x
g ( x)
( x )2
( x )2 g ( x )

lim (x).
x

( 1997)

2.92. f f (x) = 1.x + 2.2x + + .x

1, 2, , \ f ( x ) x , x \ . f (0)

1 + 22 + ... + 1 , `* .
2.93. f (x) = lnx , x > 0 :
P( x )
f (x) =
P(x) Q(x) x.
Q( x)

 2:

231

2.94. f (x) = x3 + x2 + x + , , , \ 0.

1, 2, 3 , :
)

3
1
2
+
+
=0
f ( 1 )
f ( 2 )
f ( 3 )

32
12
22
+
+
= 1.
f ( 1 )
f ( 2 )
f ( 3 )

2.95. (x) = .x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , , . x \ {1, 2,, } :

P ( x )
)
= 1 + 1 ++ 1
x 1
x 2
x
P( x )
) [(x)] P(x).(x)] 0.
2

2.96. ) (x). (x) , > 1,

(x) 1.
) (x). (x) () = 0,

(x) + 1.

______________ ________________________________________
2.97. . -

.
f (x) =

I.

x .

II.

f 2, [ f (2) ] = f (2) .

III.

h +2
2
lim e e .

IV.
V.

h 0

d ( x + 5)
dx

= 5.
x =5

f ( x ) = 4x3 f (x) = x4.

f , f
.
VII. f x0 f x0.
VI.

f , f .
IX. f , f .
X. f \ , f .
XI. f , f 1 .
XII. f + g x0, f, g x0.

VIII.

2.98. . -

 2:

232

I.

f, g [0,2] , g(x) = f (x).

g ( ) :
. 0
. f (0)
. f (1)
. f (0)
. f (0)

II.

f (x) = e2x , f (1 0) ( x )
2x

. 2e

. 1024.e

2x

11 2x
. 2 .e

(e )

2 x 10

. 10.e

2x

 3:

233

, .
S.S. CHERN

,
.

.. ,
.

______________ ___________________________________________
.

f (x0, y0) , :

x0 f (x0) , f ( x0 ) ,
y f (x0) = f ( x0 ) (xx0).

y0 , f (x0) = y0
x0. f ( x0 )
.

f ( x0 ) = , x0, f (x0)
.

xx, =

: y = x + , =
: y = .x+ , . = 1.

 2:

234

3.1. f

f (x) = x.lnx .
:

f Df = (0,+ ). f (0,+ )
f ( x ) = (x.lnx) = (x).lnx + x.(lnx) = lnx + x. 1 = lnx + 1.
x

(x0, f (x0)) Cf , y = x.
f ( x0 ) = 1 lnx0 + 1 = 1 lnx0 = 0 x0 = 1.
f (1) = 1.ln1 = 0. :
y f (1) = f (1) (x 1) y 0 = 1.(x 1) y = x1 .

y = x +

f, (x0, f (x0)) Cf ,
f ( x0 ) = x0 +
.
f ( x0 ) =

(x0, f (x0))
, .
x0 ,
Cf .
3.2. f f (x) = x3+x22x+5 (): 2x+y = 1.

i) () f .
ii) () Cf.
:
i) (): 2x + y = 1 y = 2x + 1.

f ( x ) = ( x 3 + x 2 2 x + 5) = 3x2 + 2x 2.

f \

(x0, f (x0)) Cf () .
() Cf (x0, f (x0)) :
x 3 + x02 2 x0 + 5 = 2 x0 + 1
x 3 + x 2 + 4 = 0
f ( x0 ) = 2 x0 + 1
0
02 0

2
3x0 + 2x0 2 = 2
f ( x0 ) =

3x0 + 2x0 = 0

x03 + x02 + 4 = 0

x0 (3x0 + 2 ) = 0

x + x + 4 = 0
x + x + 4 = 0
x + x + 4 = 0

=
+
=
x
0

3
x
2

0
x
=
0
3 x0 + 2 = 0
0

0
0
3 3 x0 2
4 = 0
2 x 3 3x03 + 8 = 0
x03 + x02 + 4 = 0
x0 2 x0 + 4 = 0
0

3x
3x
3x0
x0 = 0
= 0
= 0

2
2

3
0

2
0

3
0

2
0

3
0

2
0

 3:

235

x03 = 8
x0 = 3 8 = 2
x =2

0
.

3x0
3
2

= 3
= 2
= 2

f (x) = x3 3x2 2x + 5 f (2) = 23 3.22 2.2 + 5 = 8 12 4 + 5 = 3.

() Cf (2,3) = 3.
ii)

() Cf
:
f (x) = y x3 3x2 2x + 5 = 2x + 1 x3 3x2 + 4 = 0.
Horner :
1

3
2
1

0
2
2

4
4
0

x3 3x2 + 4 = 0 (x2)(x2x2) = 0
1
x2 = 0 x2 x 2 = 0 x = 2 x = 1.
x = 1 y = 2.(1) + 1 = 2+1 = 3. ()
Cf (1,3).
3.3. f (x) = x.ex1 g(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x. -

Cf (1, f (1)) , Cg.

:

f, g \
f ( x ) = x e x 1 = (x).ex1 + x. e x 1 = ex1 + x.ex1 (x 1) = ex1 + x.ex1 = (x + 1).ex1

g ( x ) = (x + 3x + 5x) = 3x + 6x + 5.
f (1) = 1.e0 = 1 , f (1) = (1 + 1).e0 = 2.
() Cf :
() : y f (1) = f (1) (x 1) y 1 = 2(x 1) y 1 = 2x 2 y = 2x 1.
() Cg (x0 , g(x0)) :
3

x 3 + 3 x 2 + 5 x0 = 2 x0 1
x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x0 + 1 = 0
g ( x0 ) = 2 x0 1
0 20
0 2 0

g ( x0 ) =
3x0 + 6 x0 + 5 = 2
3x0 + 6 x0 + 3 = 0
x03 + 3x02 + 3x0 + 1 = 0
x03 + 3x02 + 3x0 + 1 = 0
x03 + 3x02 + 3x0 + 1 = 0

2
( x0 + 1) 2 = 0
x0 + 1 = 0
x0 + 2 x0 + 1 = 0

( 1)3 + 3( 1) 2 + 3( 1) + 1 = 0
1 + 3 3 + 1 = 0

x0 = 1.

x0 = 1
x
=

() Cg (1,3).
3.4.

f (x) = 2x x2 g(x) = x2 + 4x + 1.
:

f, g \ f ( x ) = 2 2x g ( x ) = 2x + 4.
(, f ()) Cf. () Cf : y f () = f ( ) (x ) y = f ( ) x + f () f ( )
y = (2 2)x + 2 2 (2 2) y = (2 2)x + 2 2 2 + 22
y = (2 2)x + 2.

 2:

236

() Cg (, f ()) :
g ( ) = (2 2 ) + 2
2 + 4 + 1 = (2 + 4) + 2
2 + 4 + 1 = (2 + 4) + 2

g ( ) = 2 2
2 + 4 = 2 2
2 = 2 2

2 + 4 + 1 = (2 + 4) + ( 1) 2
2 + 4 +1 = 2 2 + 4 + 2 + 2 +1
2 2 + 2 = 0

= 1
= 1

= 1
= 1
2 ( + 1) = 0
=0

.
=0
= 1
= 1

:

:

= 1 = 0 (1,3) (0,1). (1) : y g(0) = g (0) (x 0) y 1 = 4x y = 4x + 1.

= 0 = 1 (0,0) (1,2). (2) : y f (0) = f (0) (x 0) y 0 = 2x y = 2x.

f g f (x ) = g(x )

0
0
x0 ,
. f ( x0 ) = g ( x0 )
.

(, f ()) , (, f ()) Cf , Cg ()
. () :
y f () = f ( ) (x ) y = f ( ) x + f () f ( ) (1)
y g () = g ( ) (x ) y = g ( ) x + g () g ( ) (2)
f ( ) = g ( )
.
f ( ) f ( ) = g ( ) g ( )

(1) (2) :

3.5. f (x) = (x1).ln(x+1) + (x+1) g(x) = e3x + .(x1)3 + 5.

i) , x0 = 0.
ii) .
:
i) f (1, + )

f ( x ) = ( ( x 1) ln( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ) = ( x 1) ln( x + 1) + ( x 1) ( ln ( x + 1) ) + ( x + 1)

= ln(x+1) + (x1) 1 ( x + 1) + = ln(x+1) + x 1 + .

x +1

x +1

g \
g ( x ) = ( e 3 x + ( x 1)3 + 5) = ( e 3 x ) + ( ( x 1)3 ) = e 3 x ( 3x ) + 3 ( x 1)2 ( x 1)

= 3e3x + 3(x1)2.
Cf , Cg x0 = 0 ,
:

 3:

f (0) = g (0)

f (0) = g (0)
= 6

= 2 + 3

237

(0 1) ln (0 + 1) + (0 + 1) = e 30 + (0 1)3 + 5
= 1 + 5

0 1 + = 3e 30 + 3 (0 1)2
+
+
ln
(0
1)
1+ = 3 + 3

0 +1

= 6

2 + 3 = 6

= 6
4 = 8

= 6 2
= 4

.
= 2
=2

= 4 = 2 f (0) = g(0) = 4 f (0) = g (0) = 3.

Cf , Cg :
y f (0) = f (0) (x0) y 4 = 3x y = 3x + 4.

ii)

3.6.
f (x) = x2 + 6x + 1

g(x) = x2 4x + 6.

\ f ( x ) = ( x 2 + 6 x + 1) = 2x + 6
g ( x ) = ( x 2 4 x + 6 ) = 2x 4.

() Cf (, f ()) Cg
B(, f ()). () Cf :
y f () = f ( ) (x ) y = f ( ) x + f () f ( )
y = (2 + 6)x + 2 + 6 + 1 (2 + 6) y = (2 + 6)x + 2 + 6 + 1 22 6
y = (2 + 6)x 2 + 1 (1)
Cg :
y g () = g ( ) (x ) y = g ( ) x + g () g ( )
y = (2 4)x + 2 4 + 6 (2 4) y = (2 4)x + 2 4 + 6 22 + 4
y = (2 4)x 2 + 6 (2)
(1) (2) () :
=5

=5
2 + 6 = 2 4
2 2 = 10
2 2

2
2
+ 1 = + 6
=5
( )( + ) = 5
5 ( + ) = 5
= 5

+ = 1 (+)

2 = 6 = 3 + = 1 3 + = 1 = 2.
, (): y = 2x 3 Cf Cg (2, 7) (3, 3) .

___________________________________________________________________

3.7. C f f (x) = x3 + x2 + 9x 12. -

, (2,10) C C
3.
[. =1, =-6]

238

2:

3.8. f f (x) = x4 14x2 + 24x. C . -

, , C , C ,
, xx.
yy.
3.9. f f (x) = 1 x3 5 x2 + 7x 1, x \ . C 3
2
f, C (1, 23 ).
6

xx.
3.10. f f (x) = x3 x

xx.
.
[. 4 2 ]
3

3.11. f (x) = (x ).lnx (x 3) \ .

i) () Cf 1.
ii) () .

[.ii)(2,1)]

3.12. f (x) = x2 + x + , \ . , ()

f x = 2
yy y0 = 3.

[.=1]

3.13. f f (x) = x2 + x +
+

x =
2

(, f ()) , (, f ()).
3.14. f (x) = x2 2x 6 + 7, \ .
) , f -

.
) , Cf xx.

[.i)M(-3,16) ii)-7, 1]

3.15. f (x) = x3 ( + 1)x 6 + 1, \ .

i) f , -

.
ii) , f

, (3,9).
[.i)M(2,-1) ii)=1]

3.16. f f (x) = x + ln(ex) -

2x y + 1 = 0.
[.y=2x]

3.17. f \ . g g(x) =

f ( x)

ex

x0 = 0. f
g x0 = 0.

 3:

239

3.18. f y = 2x + 1 Cf
f 2 ( x) 1
.
1. lim
x 1
x +1
[.-4]

x
3.19. f (x) =
x

x<0
. x0

f x1 = 1 x2 = 1 .
3.20. f , g f (x) = 2 g(x) = x2 3 x + 5 .
2
2
x

.
3.21. (): 3x y + 2 = 0

f (x) = x3 g(x) = 1 + 5x x2.

3.22. f \ g g(x) = f (x).x.

f g x0 = 0.
3.23. f \ . g , h

g(x) = f (x).x , h(x) = f (x).ln(1 + x). g h

x0 = 0.

3.24. f (x) = x.(x) g(x) = ln x + x 2 + 1 .

Cf ( 1 , f ( 1 )) Cg.
2

3.25. f \ f ( x ) 0. f ( x)
, x \ . g xx
g g(x) =
f ( x )

(x0,0) g
x + y + 5 = 0.
3.26. f (x) = x3 x2 + 4x+ 1.

f (1, f (1)).
[.y=9x+4 , y=5x]

3.27. y + 1 = 0,
2
f (x) = x , .
4
3.28. f : \ \ .

, .
3.29. f : \ \ .

,
xx, yy.
3.30. A. f, g \
g(x) = f (x) x , x \ . , x0

 2:

240

f, g . f , g
, yy.
B. g(x) = f (x) + x.
3.31. (x) 3 P ( x ) 0, x\ .

.
3.32. f (x) = lnx, x > 0.
i) C f

(x0, f (x0)).
x0 ;
ii) () C
(, f ()) (, f ()) , = .
3.33. f (x) = e2x x. Cf -

xx. ;

[.=2e, M( 1 ,0)]
2

3.34.

f (x) = x2 + x g(x) = x2 3x + 4.

[.y=x, y=-3x+4]

3.35. f (x) = x2 + 3x + 1 g(x) = 1 x2 + 7x + 4. 2

.
[.y=5x+2, y= 19 x+ 34 ]
3

3.36. (5,5)
2
25 x x 5
f (x) =
.
x 5 x > 5
[.y=5 , x-20y+95=0]

f (x) = 2000 + ln( x 1) . c

2000. y = c f
, . f, , .

3.37. f : (1,+ ) \

( 2000)

3.38. f (x) = x2 , x ( ,0).

i) f .
1
ii) f .
iii) , , f f

[. y=-x- 1 ]
4

 3:

241

3.39. f (x) = ex g(x) = log1/ex. , Cf

, Cg , Cf , Cg .

______________ _______________________________________
3.40. . -

.
, , .
2
2
II. f (x) = x , g(x) = x + 4
2
h(x) = x 10 x = .
III. f (x) = x + , , f.
IV. ,
.
I.

 2:

242

4.1. :

x, y y = f (x),
f x0,
y x x0 f ( x0 ) .

4.2. : (1) t -

t0 (t0), t t0.
(t0) t0
(t0). (t0) = (t0) = S(t0).
(2) , ,
x . , (x0) x, x = x0 x0.
x0 , (x0) x0 ,
(x0).

______________ ___________________________________________
4.3. H. , h,

,
Km/h.
i) V
1
..
V =
1 h/H

ii) V .
:
i) S(t)

y(t)
. = S (t ) V =
y (t ) . :
= B y (t ) S (t ) = h y(t).H S(t).H = y(t).h

H
y (t )

y(t).H y(t).h = S(t).H y(t).(H h) = S(t).H

y(t) =

S (t ) H
1 S (t ) .
y(t) =
H h
1 h / H

 4:

V = y (t ) =
ii)

243

(1 h1/ H S (t)) = 1 h1/ H S (t) = 1 h1/ H ..

1

1 h / H

h/H. h 0, V , h H, V
.

___________________________________________________________________

4.4.
= 3 .
2
[.()= 3
3

, 2]

4.5. S t sec
S(t) = t3 9 t2 + 15t + 4 , 0 t 5
2
i) .
ii) 9 m/sec;
[. i)15m/sec ii)1 2 sec ]

4.6. t sec S

S(t) = t3 t2 + 3t + 2 , 0 t 10. :
i) .
ii) 4 m/sec;
2
iii) 10 m/sec ;

[.i)3m/sec ii)1sec iii)2sec]

4.7. -

t S(t) = 2t. t0 = 2 .
3

[.i)- 3 ii)1]

4.8. x
x

(x) = I 0 e 2 , 0 .
i) x.
ii) ;
[.i) -

I0
2 ex

ii) .]

4.9. , -

2cm/sec 10cm.

[.600cm3/sec]

4.10. r = 7 2t.
i) .
ii) .
[.i)V(t)= 4 (7-2t)3,t [0, 7 ] ii)-8(7-2t)2]
3
2

 2:

244

4.11. 1,2m 8dm

50cm. 6dm3/min.
12cm.

[.0,0625 dm/min]

4.12. 6 dm 8 dm3/min.

;
[. 2

dm/min]

4.13. x

g(x) . g(x) = 0 + (1 ex) , x 0, 0,

, g(x). 0;

( 1998)

4.14. x O y 10m

y x . = 2m/sec x
s(t) = .t, t [0,5] t ( ).
) (t) .
) (t)
6m.
( 1993)

4.15. 3m 15Km/h.

8m , :
) T t.
) T .
[.)24 Km/h )9 Km/h]

4.16. x, y 3cm/sec

2cm/sec . t
t0 x = 30cm y = 40cm.

[.180 cm2/sec]

4.17. 10cm3/sec. :
i) r =

5cm.

ii) 2cm /sec.

[.i)4cm2/sec ii)10cm]

4.18. t sec r cm. -

.
[.r=1/8 cm]

4.19. -

2km 3km/h.
t
t0 .
3

 4:

245

[. 3 3 km/h]
2

4.20. 2cm/sec,

, = 50cm2.
i) , ) 5cm , ) 10cm;
ii)
;
[.i))-4cm/sec )2cm/sec

ii)5 2 cm]

4.21. f (t)

t t 0 f : [0,+ ) \
f ( t ) = 1 2

t
499

. t,

1
16

t0 = 0.

( 1996)

4.22. 20m.

4m .
g = 10m/s2 ,
2 .
[.4 m/s]

4.23. 150m. -

20m/s , , (. ) 250m;
[.16 m/s]

4.24. 16km/h, , 32km

, 12km/h.
i) 1

;
ii) 2 ;
iii)

;
[.i) 5,6km/h

ii) 12km/h

iii)1,28h ,
19,2km]

4.25. 1cm3/sec.

4cm 8cm, ,
2cm .
[.- 1

cm/sec]

246

2:

______________ _______________________________________
4.26. . -

.

.
II. y = x + , y x.
I.

 5: ROLLE

247

5.

ROLLE1

,
. x0 xx f ( x0 ) = 0.
f ( x ) = 0.
.
.
5.1. :
f :
( Rolle)
[, ]
(, )
f () = f ()
, , (, ) , : f ( ) = 0.

Rolle

f
Rolle.
, ,
(,) ,
Cf (, f ()) xx.

Michel Rolle (16521719). , ,

L Hospital, .
L Hospital,
Leibniz. , , Descartes.
. Traite d Algebre 1690. ,
Lagrange (1736-1813) . , 1691, .
.

 2:

248

5.2. :

. , f ( x ) = 0
(, ). .

1 f [, ], 2
(, ) 3
f () = f ().

(, ) f ( ) = 0. !
3

f ( x ) = 0
(, ), (!)

.
.
(, ) f ( ) = 0.

. ,
, (, )
f ( ) = 0 :
f [, ] , f (, ) ,
f () = f () , .
______________ ___________________________________________

Rolle
.

, [, ], (, )

 5: ROLLE

249

f () = f ().
, f ( ) = 0 (, ).

,
. ,
.

5.3. ) f ,

. 1 , 2 , 1 < 2,
f (x) = 0, f ( x ) =0 (1, 2).
) f ,
. f (x) = 0
, f ( x ) =0 1 .
:
) f [1, 2] , (1, 2)

f (1) = f (2) = 0. Rolle (1, 2) f ( ) = 0.

) 1 , 2 , , 1 < 2 < <
f (x) = 0. () i (i, i+1) ,
1 i 1 f (i ) = 0. f ( x ) = 0 1
.
5.4. ) f ,

. 1 , 2 , 1 < 2, f ( x ) = 0, (1,2) f (x) = 0.

) f ,
. f (x) = 0
, f ( x ) =0 1 .
) f (x) = .x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0 , i \ 0 i
0. f (x) = 0 , f ( x ) = 0 1 .

:
)

f (x) = 0 , < ,
(1, 2). f [, ] , (, ) f () = f ()
= 0. Rolle (, )
f ( ) = 0. 1 < < < < 2 f ( 1 ) = f ( ) = f ( 2 ) = 0, 1,
2 , . ,
f (x) = 0 (1, 2).
) 1 , 2 , , 1 < 2 < <
f (x) = 0. () i (i, i+1) ,
1 i 1 f (i ) = 0. f ( x ) = 0 1
.
) () f ( x ) = 0 1 . f ( x ) = 0 1 , 1
. 1
.

250

2:

5.4.1. : 1, 2, , f (x) = 0, ()

1, 2, , 1 f ( x ) = 0
f (x) = 0, i < i < i+1 1 i 1. .

5.5. ) f \ . -

f ( x ) = 0, f (x)=0 .
) f \ . f ( x ) = 0, f (x)=0 .
:
) f (x) = 0 1, 2 < 1 < 2.

f [1, 2], (1, 2) ,

\ f (1) = f (2) = 0. Rolle
(1, 2) f ( ) = 0. < 1 < < 2 f ( ) = f ( ) = 0,
f ( x ) = 0.
) ().

5.6. f f ( x ) = f (x) , x \
g(x) = f (x).x.
:
) 1, 2 (0,2) , g( 1 ) = g( 2 ) = 0.
) (0,2) , f() f ( ) = 2 f ( ) ..
:
) g [0,]

, [,2]
, .
g ( x ) = ( f ( x ) x ) = f ( x ) x + f (x).(x) = f ( x ) x + f (x).x.

g(0) = f (0).0 = 0 , g() = f (). = 0 g(2) = f (2).2 = 0.

, g(0) = g() = g(2) = 0.
. Rolle 1 (0,) 2 (,2) , g (1 ) = g ( 2 ) = 0.
)

g [1,2] .
g ( x ) = ( f ( x ) x + f ( x ) x ) = ( f ( x ) x ) + ( f ( x ) x )

= f ( x ) .x + f ( x ) .(x) + f ( x ) .x + f(x).(x)
= f ( x ) .x + f ( x ) .x + f ( x ) .x f(x).x
= f ( x ) .x + 2 f ( x ) .x f(x).x
g (1 ) = g ( 2 ) = 0.
. Rolle (1,2) (0,2) ,
g ( ) = 0 f ( ) . + 2 f ( ) . f(). = 0

 5: ROLLE

251
(1)

2 f ( ) . = f(). f ( ) . 2 f ( ) . = [f() f ( ) ].
2 f ( ) . = f() f ( ) f() f ( ) = 2 f ( ) ..

(1) 0 = = 0, .

5.6.1. : 1 , 2

[0,2] [0, ] [, 2].

.Rolle
g

x 2 + x + x <1
.
3
x + x +1 x 1

5.7. f (x) =

) , , , Rolle f [1,2].
) (1,2) Rolle.
:
) Rolle f [1,2] :
(i) f [1,2]
(ii) f (1,2)
(iii)
f (1) = f (2)
(i): f [1,1) (1,2]
. [1,2]
x0 = 1. ,
lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = f (1) lim (x2 + x + ) = lim+ (x3 + x + 1) = 1 + + 1
x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

+ 1 + = + 2 = + 2 + 1 + = + 2 = + 1 (1)
(ii): f (1,1) (1,2) . (1,2) x0 = 1. :

lim
x 1

f ( x ) f (1)
x 2 + x + ( + 2)
= lim
x 1
x 1
x 1

(1)

lim
x 1

x 2 + x + ( + 1 + )
=
x 1

( x 1) ( x + 1) + ( x 1)
x + x + 1
( x 1) + ( x 1)
= lim
= lim
=
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
( x 1) [ ( x + 1) + 1]
lim
= lim (x++1) = 2 + 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
2

lim

x 1

lim+
x 1

f ( x ) f (1)
x 3 + x + 1 ( + 2)
x3 + x +1 2
( x 3 1) + ( x 1)
= lim+
= lim+
= lim+
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) + ( x 1)
( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1 + )
= lim+
= lim+ (x2 + x + 1 + ) = + 3
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
f x0 = 1 2 + 1 = + 3 = 2 2 (2)

= lim+

f (1) = f (2) (1)2 + (1) + = 23 + .2 + 1 1 + = 8 + 2 + 1

= 2 + 10 (3)

(iii):

 2:

252

(1) , (2) , (3) :

= 1
= +1
= 2 2 + 1

= 2 2
= 2 2
= 2 2
= 2 + 10
= 2(2 2) + 10
= 4 4 + 10

= 7 1
= 9

2
= 1
= 1

= 2 2 = 2 7 2 = 9
= 2 2
2

3 + 6 = 1

2 = 7
=7
=
2

= 1

= 2 2

= 3 6

( )

, ,

7 x + 1
2
3x 9

f ( x ) =

x <1
.
x 1

Rolle (1,2) f ( ) = 0.

(1,1) f ( ) = 0 7 + 1 = 0 = 1 .

[1,2) f ( ) = 0 32 9 = 0 2 = 3

3
1
= 3.
=
7

= 3 .

, ,
... .

f (x) = 0

, + 1 .
Rolle f
. , .
Rolle
f , f ...
.

, ,
, Bolzano, .

Bolzano , g g ( x ) = f (x) Rolle g .

5.8. x2007 = 2007x+ , \

:

(0,1).

 5: ROLLE

253

x2007 = 2007x + x2007 2007x = 0

(0,1) , 1 , 2 , 3
0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 1.
f f (x) = x2007 2007x

[ 1, 2] [ 2, 3] .
( 1, 2) ( 2, 3)
f ( x ) = ( x 2007 2007 x ) = 2007x2006 2007.

f ( 1) = f ( 2) = f ( 3) = 0.
, . Rolle 1 (1,2)
2 (2,3) f (1 ) = 0 f ( 2 ) = 0.
f ( x ) = 0 2007x2006 2007 = 0 2007x2006 = 2007 x2006 = 1
x = 1 x = 1 , (0,1).
5.9. 2x3+7 = 9x2+24x (1,2).

2x3 + 7 = 9x2 + 24x 2x3 9x2 24x + 7 = 0.

f (x) = 2x3 9x2 24x + 7 , [1,2]
f [1,2] .
f (1) = 2(1)3 9(1)2 24(1) + 7 = 2 9 + 24 + 7 = 20 > 0
f (2) = 2.23 9.22 24.2 + 7 = 16 36 48 + 7 = 61 < 0
f (1).f (2) < 0
, Bolzano, f (x) = 0
(1,2).
1, 2 (1,2)
1 < 1 < 2 < 2.
f [1, 2] , (1, 2), , f ( x ) = ( 2 x 3 9 x 2 24 x + 7 ) = 6x2 18x 24 f (1) = f (2) = 0.
, Rolle (1, 2)
f ( ) = 0.
f ( x ) = 0 6x2 18x 24 = 0 x2 3x 4 = 0 x = 1 x = 4
= 1 = 4 , 1 < 1 < < 2 < 2.
f (x) = 0 2x3 + 7 = 9x2 + 24x (1,2).
5.10. 2x + x = 2 + x , >0, , 0 1.

x = 0 : 20 + 0 = 2 + .0 1 + 1 = 2 + 0 2 = 2.
x = 1 : 21 + 1 = 2 + .1 2 + = 2 + .
0 1.
, 0 < 1 < .
f (x) = 2x + x 2 x.

254

2:

o
o

f [0,1] , [1, ] .
f (0,1) , (1, ), ,
f ( x ) = ( 2 x + x 2 x ) = 2x.ln2 + x.ln

o f (0) = f (1) = f () = 0.
, Rolle 1 (0,1)
2 (1, ) f (1 ) = f ( 2 ) = 0.

f ( x ) = 2x.ln2 + x.ln [1, 2] :

o f [1, 2] .
o f (1, 2) ,

f ( x ) = ( 2 x ln 2 + x ln ) = 2x.(ln2)2 + x.(ln)2

o f (1 ) = f ( 2 ) = 0.
, Rolle (1, 2) f ( ) = 0.
f ( x ) = 0 2x.(ln2)2 + x.(ln)2 = 0 .

f (x) = 0 2x + x = 2 + x , 0 1.
0 < < 1 < 0 < 1.
5.11. 4x3 + 3x2 + 1 = 6x :

(0,1).

4x3 + 3x2 + 1 = 6x 4x3 + 3x2 6x + 1 = 0.

f (x) = x4 + x3 3x2 + x , [0,1].
f [0,1] , (0,1)

f ( x ) = ( x 4 + x 3 3x 2 + x ) = 4x3 + 3x2 6x + 1

f (0) = f (1) = 0
, Rolle (0,1)
f ( ) = 0 43 + 32 6 + 1 = 0
f (x) = 0 4x3 + 3x2 + 1 = 6x
(0,1).
5.11.1. : . Bolzano, (x) = 4x3 + 3x2 6x + 1 ,

(0) = 1 > 0 (1) = 2 > 0. . Rolle f

f ( x ) = (x).

___________________________________________________________________

5.12.

Rolle .
5.13. f (x) = x3 x2 5x 2

Rolle [1,3] (1,3), f ( ) = 0.

 5: ROLLE

255
[.=5/3]

5.14. f (x) = (x 2)3.(x + 1)6 + 5. Rolle f

[1,2] (1,2), f ( ) = 0.

[.=1]
3

5.15. f f (x) = x + ( + ).x2 + ( )x + , , , ,

3
2

+ = 0. (0,1)
+
3
2

f (, f ())
xx.
( 1990)

5.16. f f (x) = x4 + (

2
1)x3
x + ( + )x + .
2
4

+ = 0, x0 (0,1) ,
+
10

15

f (x0, f (x0)) xx.

5.17.

. .
5.18. f f (x) = (x ).(x ) , < , `* . :
i) Rolle f [, ].
ii) (, )

5.19.

= .

x 2 + x +

x 0
. x + 4 x + 4 x > 0

f (x) =

, , , Rolle [1,1].
[.==4, =-7]

x 2 x + 2 x 0
5.20. f f (x) = 2
.
x + x x > 0
i) , , , Rolle

[1,1].
ii) (1,1), f ( ) = 0.
[.i)=3,=-1,=-2 ii)=-1/6]

5.21. f : [, ] \ [, ] , (, ) -

g: \ \ g(x) = ef (x)(x )(x ) < . :

i) Rolle g [, ].
ii) (, )

f ( ) =

1 + 1 .

5.22. f [, ] , < , (, )

f () = f () = 0 g g(x) = f (x).ex. :
i) Rolle g [, ].
ii) (, ) \ :

f ( ) = .f ().

 2:

256

5.23. f, g :
(i) [, ] (, ).
(ii) x [, ] g(x) 0 x (, ) g ( x ) 0.
(iii) f ().g() f ().g() = 0.
:
) Rolle F F(x) =

f ( x)
, [, ].
g( x)

) x0 (, ) : F(x0) =

f ( x0 )
.
g ( x0 )
( 1991)

5.24. f [, ] , (, ) f (x) 0

x [, ] g g(x) = (x )(x ).f (x). :

i) Rolle g [, ].
ii) (, )

f ( )
= 1 + 1 .

f ( )

5.25. f, g [, ] ,

(, ) g(x) 0 x [, ] , g ( x ) 0 x (, )
(x) = f (x).g(x). f () = g() = 0 :
i) Rolle [, ].
ii) (, )

f ( )
f ( )
+
= 0.
g ( )
g ( )

5.26. f [, ] , 0 < <

f () = f () = 0 f ( x ) 0 x (, ). g
g(x) =

f ( x)
, x [, ]. :
x

i) Rolle g [, ].
ii) x f ( x ) f (x) = 0 x0 (, ).
iii) Cf (x0, f (x0)) .

5.27. f [, ] , > 0

(, ). f (0) = f ( ) = f () x0 ( ,)
f ( x0 ) = 0.

5.28. ex = x

ex.x = 1.
5.29. f (x) = (2 x)(2x + 5)x(x 1). f ( x ) = 0

.
5.30. f (x) = (3x + 5)(x + 4)(5x 7)(x2 + x 2).

f ( x ) = 0 .

5.31. f (x) = (2x + 1)(x3 3x)(3x2 x 2). -

f ( x ) = 0.

 5: ROLLE

257

5.32. f (x) = 2 x3 7 x2 + 3x + ,
3
2

x \

. f (x) = 0
(1,2).
( 1993)

5.33. x4 + 2x2 5x 3 = 0 .
5.34. x4 x3 + x2 4x 9 = 0 .
5.35. x2+1 (2 + 1)x2 + = 0 , `* , -

.
5.36. x = x (0, ).
5.37. x.ex = ex 1 .
5.38. x2010 + 22010 = (x+2)2010 .
5.39. x3 6x2 15x + 10 = 0 (1,5).
5.40. x5 + x3 + x = 2(x) + 2(x) + 2(x) , , , \

.
5.41. x4 + x3 + x2 + x + = 0 0 32 < 8. -

.
4
2
5.42. x + + 1 x3 + + + 2 x2 + ( 1)x 2 = 0 , \ ,
6
6
12

()

x
5.43. f (x) =

x 0

. :

x = 0

i) Rolle f [

1 , 1 ] , `* .
+1

ii) x = x ( , + ) .

5.44.

()

x 1

f (x) =

x 0

. :

x = 0

1 ] , ]* .
+

1
1
ii) ( ) = x (0 ,
).

x
i) Rolle f [0 ,

5.45. f (x) = x2 + x + , 0 +
+ = 0. f (x) = 0
3
2

(0,1).

 2:

258

5.46. +
+
+ = 0 0, x3 + x2 + x + = 0
4
3
2

(0,1).
5.47. f [0,1],
f (1) = f (0) + 1 . f ( x ) = x 2

(0,1).
5.48. i) f \ f ( x ) 0, x \ .

f xx .
x

ii) : e = (e 1)x + 1.

5.49. f [, ] -

f () = f () f ( ) = f ( ) = 0.
1, 2 (, ) f (1 ) = f ( 2 ) .

5.50. f \ :
f (x3) [ f (x)]2 1 , x \ .
4

(1,1) f ( ) = 0.

5.51. f : \ \ . f (1) = f (0) = f (0) = f (0) =

0. x0 (0,1) f ( x0 ) = 0.
5.52.

. .
5.53. f [, ] , (, ) f () = f () = 0

:
i) g g(x) =

f ( x)
, c [, ]. c0 (, )
xc

g ( c0 ) = 0.
ii) c [, ] c0 (, )
f (c0, f (c0)) (c,0).

( 1983)

5.54. g : [, ] \ , (, ). g() = g() = 5

g ( x ) 0 x (, ), :
g(x) < 5 x (, ) g(x) > 5 x (, ).

5.55. f \

xx . x0 \
, f ( x0 ) = f (x0).

 5: ROLLE

259

5.56. f [, ] , > 0. f () = ,

f (0) = 0 f () = , ( ,) , f ( ) = 0.

5.57.

+ 1 + + 1 + 0 = 0 , `* ,
2
+1

.x + 1.x1 + + 1.x + 0 = 0 , 0 (0,1).

5.58. , ,

= 200km, = 400km ( = 600km).

, 3 6 .
3 ,
, ( ).
5.59. f [1,2] f (2) > 4
f (2) f (1) = 7 .
3

f ( ) = 2.
ii) (1,2) f ( ) = 2.
i) (1,2)

5.60. 2x = 1 + x2 .

( , + 1) .
5.61. f : [0,1] (0,1) [0,1].

f ( x ) < 1 ,

x (0,1) , (0,1) , f () = .
;
5.62. f, g :
(i) [, ]
(ii) f () = g() = 0
(iii) f (x).g(x) 0 x (, ) 0 [, ].
f ( )
g ( )
(, )
+
= 1.

f ( )
g ( )
5.63. f, g [, ] :

f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) x [, ] f () = f () = 0.
(, ) g() = 0.

5.64. f (x) = .x + 1.x + + 1.x + 0 = 0, -

0. f (x) = 0 .
:
i) f ( x ) = 0 .
ii) f (x) = 0
f ( x ) = 0, .

5.65. f (x). f (x) = 0 -

, f ( x ) = 0 1 .

 2:

260

______________ _______________________________________
5.66. .

.
Rolle f ( x ) = 0.

I.

II.

. Rolle
.
III. f . Rolle [, ],
f ( x ) = 0 (, ).
f \ . [, ] f . Rolle.

IV.

5.67. . -

.
f (x) = c [, ]. (, )
Rolle :
. 1
. 2
. 2
.
.

I.

 6:

261

Rolle

(, ),
xx ,
.
, f () f () .
Cf
;
Rolle.
6.1. :

(
)

f :
[, ]
(, )
, , (, ) , :
f ( ) =

f ( ) f ()
.

f
.

, , (, ) ,

JOSEPH LOUIS LAGRANGE (17361813).

Joseph Louis Lagrange
(17361813), Theorie des Fonctions Analytiques
1797.
.
. Cauchy,
.

 2:

262

Cf (, f ())
, (, f ()) (, f ()).
6.2. :

. ,
(, ) f ( ) =

f ( ) f ()
,

1 f [, ], 2 (, ).
(, ) f ( ) =

f ( ) f ()
.

!

(, ), (!)

.
. (,)
f ( ) =

f ( ) f ()
.

. ,
, (, )
f ( ) =

f ( ) f ()
: f [, ] ,

f (, ) .
______________ ___________________________________________

 6:

263

6.3. ( Cauchy3) i) f , g [,]

(,). x0 (,) ,
[f () f ()]. g( x0 ) = [g() g()]. f ( x0 ) .

ii) f , g [,] (,). :

(1) f g (,)
(2) g() g() 0.

x0 (,) ,

f ( x0 )
f ( ) f ( )
=
.
g( x0 )
g( ) g()

:
i)

h : [,] \
h(x) = [f (x) f ()].[g() g()] [f () f ()].[g(x) g()].
o h [, ] (, ).
o h (, )
h ( x ) = f ( x ) .[g() g()] [f () f ()]. g ( x ) .
o h() = h() = 0
Rolle x0 (, )
h ( x0 ) = 0 f ( x0 ) .[g() g()] [f () f ()]. g ( x0 ) = 0
[g() g()]. f ( x0 ) = [f () f ()]. g ( x0 ) .

ii)

Cauchy (1), x0 (,)

[f () f ()]. g ( x0 ) = [g() g()]. f ( x0 ) (*).
g ( x0 ) 0. , g ( x0 ) = 0, [g() g()]. f ( x0 ) = 0
g() g() 0, f ( x0 ) = 0, f
g , .
,

(*)

f ( x0 )
f ( ) f ()
=
.
g ( x0 )
g ( ) g ()

6.3.1. : (1)

. , g(x) = x g ( x ) = 1
[f () f ()].1 = ( ). f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) =

f ( ) f ()
.

(2) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )

x0.

AUGUSTIN LOUIS CAUCHY (17891857).

. , ,
. , Cauchy , , . 789 .

 2:

264

.. , ,
= ( =). < ,
, [, ].
< < f ( ) ,

.
.. x, [, x] f (t),
f .
[x, ].

6.4. i) f
f (x) = ln(x) [,] 0<<< .
2

ii) :
( ). ln

( ). 0< < 2 .

f [, ] x > 0 x (0, ).

i)

f [, ]
f1(x) = x f2(x) = lnx .
f (, ) f1(x) = x f2(x) = lnx

( x )

f ( x ) = ( ln( x ) ) =

x
= x.
x

f [, ] ,
(,)
f ( ) =
ii)

f ( ) f ()

ln( ) ln( )
.

( )

= (). ln

(). 0 ln1 0

.
< (i) :
< < < < < <
<

ln( ) ln( )
ln( ) ln( )
< <
< (

). < ln < ()..

(). ln ()..

6.5. :
i)

x 1 lnx x1
x

x (0,+ ).

 6:

265

lim ln x = 1.

ii)

x 1

x 1

:
i)

x = 1, 0 ln1 0 .
x > 1, f (t) = lnt t [1, x].
f [1, x] (1, x)
f (t ) = 1 . , (1, x) ,
t

f ( ) =

f ( x ) f (1)
x 1

1 = ln x ln1 1 = ln x .
x 1
x 1

1 < < x 1 < 1 < 1 1 < ln x < 1 x 1 < lnx < x1.

x 1

0 < x < 1, f (t) = lnt t [x,1]. (x,1) , f ( ) =

f ( x ) f (1)
x 1

1 = ln x ln1 1 = ln x .
x 1

x 1

x < < 1 1 < 1 < 1 1 < ln x < 1

x 1

x1 > lnx > x 1

x

x1<0

x 1 < lnx < x1.

x

0 < x < 1 1 > 1 :

2 :

1 1
1 x
1
1
x
< ln < 1 x < ln1 lnx < 1 x x 1x < lnx < 1 x x 1 < lnx < x1.
1
1
x
x
x
x
x
x
ii)

(i)

x > 1 1 < ln x < 1. lim+ 1 = 1 lim+ ln x = 1.

x 1
x 1 x
x 1 x 1
ln
x
1
1
0 < x < 1 1 <
< . lim
= 1 lim ln x = 1.

x 1
x
x 1 x
x 1 x 1
ln
x
= 1.
lim
x 1 x 1
x

6.6. f : [0,+ ) \ , (0,+ ).

f ( x )

x , x > 0. : lim

x +

f (x)
= 0.
x2

x > 0. H f [0, x] (0, x).

x (0, x)
f ( x ) =

f ( x ) f (0)
f ( x ) f (0)
=
x 0
x

x > 0

f ( x )

f ( x ) f (0)

f ( x ) f (0) x x x x .

f ( x)
f ( x ) f (0) + f (0)
f ( x)
=
=

x2
x2
x2

f ( x ) f (0)
f (0)
f (0)
+
x 2x +
x2
x
x2
x2

 2:

266
f (0)
= 1 +
.
2

x
x
f (0)
f (0)
f ( x)
1
(
+
)
1 +
2
2
x
x2
x
x
x
f (0)
f ( x)
lim ( 1 +
) = 0 + 0 = 0 , lim
= 0.
x+
x+
x2
x2
x

f [, ]
[, ] [, ] =

+
.
2

. f
. . Rolle.

6.7. f [,].
+
f ()+ f ( )
, (,)
f
=

f ( ) = 0.
:

f [,

+
+
], [
, ]
2
2

+
+
), (
, ) [,].
2
2
+
+
) 2 (
,)
1 (,
2
2

(,

+
f () + f ( )
f () + f ( ) 2 f ()
f ()
f
f ()
2
f ( ) f ()

2
2

f (1 ) =
=
=
=

+
a

+ 2

2
2
2
+
f () + f ( )
2 f ( ) f () f ( )
f ( ) f (
)
f ( )
f ( ) f ()
2
2
2
f ( 2 ) =
=
=
=
.
+
a
2

2
2
2

f [1,2] (1,2) f [,] [1,2] [,].

f (1 ) = f ( 2 ) .
, Rolle, (1,2) f ( ) = 0.
(1, 2) (,) (, ).
6.8. f \ -

(4,11) (19,5). -

 6:

267

1, 2 , 2 f ( 1 ) + 3 f ( 2 ) = 2.

f (4,11) (19,5)
f (4) = 11 f (19) = 5. f [4,10] , [10,19] (4,10) , (10,19) \ .
1 (4,10) 2 (10,19)
f (1 ) =

f (1 0 ) f (4)
f (10 ) f (4)
=
6
10 4

f ( 2 ) =

f (19 ) f (10)
f (19 ) f (10)
=
9
19 10

f (10 ) f (4)
f (1 9 ) f (10)
f (1 0 ) f (4)
+ 3
=
+
6
9
3
f (19 ) f (10)
f (10 ) f (4) + f (1 9 ) f (1 0)
f (1 9) f ( 4 )
5 11
6
=
=
=
=
= 2.
3
3
3
3
3

2 f (1 ) + 3 f ( 2 ) = 2

6.8.1. : f (1 ) f ( 2 ) 2 3. -

2 + 3 = 5. 19 4 = 15
5 15:5=3. 1
2 2 3. [4,10] [10,19].
6.9. f [0,], f(0) = 0
f () = . :
i) (0,) f () = .
ii) 1, 2 (0,) f ( 1 ) f ( 2 ) = 1.

:
i)

g g(x) = f (x) + x , [0,].

g [0,] , f
.
g(0) = f (0) + 0 = 0 +0 = < 0
g() = f () + = > 0
, g(0).g() < 0
, Bolzano (0,)
g() = 0 f () + = 0 f () = .

ii) f [0,] , [,] (0,) , (,) ,

f [0,] [0,] , [,] [0,].
1 (0,) 2 (,)

f ( ) f (0)
= 0 =

0
f ( ) f ( )
( )
f ( 2 ) =
=
= + =

= 1.
, f (1 ) f ( 2 ) =

f (1 ) =

6.10. f [0,6] (0,6).

f (0,6), :

 2:

268

f (0) + f (6) > f (2) + f (4).

:

f [0,2] , [4,6] [0,6]

(0,2) , (4,6) (0,6).
1 (0,2) 2 (4,6)
f (1 ) =

f (2) f (0)
f (2) f (0)
=
20
2

f ( 2 ) =

f (6) f (4)
f (6) f (4)
=
.
64
2

0 < 1 < 2 < 4 < 2 < 6 f (0,6) f (1 ) < f ( 2 )

f (2) f (0)
f (6) f (4)
<
f (2) f (0) < f (6) f (4)
2
2

f (2) + f (4) < f (0) + f (6).

___________________________________________________________________

6.11. f [0,1] f (1) = f (0) + c.

(0,1) f ( ) = c.

6.12. f [,] f () = 2

f () = 2. f ( )x (22)y + = 0 , .

6.13. f (x) = x.lnx. :

i) (1, e) =

e e1 .
1

ii) (, ) =

1 .

6.14. f [, ] x (, )

0 < f ( x ) < 1. f () = , < f () < .

6.15. f (1) = 2 f ( x ) 3,2 1 x 6,

f (6);
[.14]

6.16. f (1) = 3 f ( x ) 1,4 1 x 8,

f (8);
[.12,8]

6.17. 1805,

Trafalgar4. .
175 8 8

(21 1805) ,
100 . () . .

 6:

269

,
.
6.18. :
)

1 0 4 10 < 0,2

) 2 1

1 < ln1,5 < 1

3
2

1
< ln3 < 2( 3 1)
3

6.19. : ( )1 ( )1 , 0 < < , `* .

6.20. : ( ) ( ) ,
6.21. :

,
2

0 < < .
2

0 < < .
2

6.22. A. f (x) = x , x [ , 23 ]. :
4 90
i) f .
ii)

+180 2
360

< 23 <

90

( +180) 2
.
360

iii) 46  0,71 .
0
. 44 .
[..0,69]

6.23. 0 < :

6.24.

(1 + ln)( ) ln (1 + ln)( ).

x.x x x , x [0, ].

6.25. x (0,1)

1 + x < ex < 1 + ex.

( 1992)

6.26. f [0,4].
f (0) + f (4)
f (2) =
(0,4) f ( ) = 0.
2
6.27. f [1,2],

(1,1) (2,2).

i) (1,2) f () = 3 .
ii) f (1,2),

1, 2 (1,2)

f (1 ) f ( 2 ) = 1.

6.28. f : [, ] \ [, ],

(, ) f () = 2 f () = 2.
i) f (x) = 2x (, ).
ii) 1, 2 (, )

f (1 ) f ( 2 ) = 4.
( 2001)

 2:

270

6.29. f [, ] < 0 <

f () f ( )
. (, ) , f ( ) = 0.
f (0) =

6.30. f [1,4]. f

(1,4), : f (2) + f (3) > f (1) + f (4).

6.31. f [, ] ,

(, ) f () = f (). 1, 2 (, )
f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) = 0.

6.32. f [5,17]. f

(5,2) (17,8) , 1, 2 (5,17) , f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) = 1.

6.33. f \

(2,3) (10,5). 1, 2 ,
f (1 ) + 3 f ( 2 ) = 1.

6.34. f \ .

f ( + 1) = e.f() , x0 ( , + 1)
, f ( x0 ) = f (x0).
6.35. f : [,] (0,+ ).

(, )

f ( )
=
f ( )

( ) f ( )
f ( )

6.36. f [, ] (, ).
) (, ) , 3.f () = f () + 2 f ()
) x1, x2 (, ) () f ( x1 ) = 2() f ( x2 ) .

6.37. f [0,3]. f -

(0,3), 3.f (1) > 2.f (0) + f (3).

6.38. f [0,1], f (0) = 3

x [0,1]

f ( x ) 1. x (0,1) : 2 < f (x) < 4.

6.39. f [1,2] f (1) = 1.

x [1,2]

f ( x ) 3 x (1,2) :

4 < f (x) < 2.

 6:

271

6.40. 3x + 4x = 2x + 5x , x1 = 0

x2 = 1.

6.41. 7x + 5x = 3x + 9x.
[.x=0, x=1]

______________ _______________________________________
6.42. . -

.
f [, ],
f.
II. f Rolle [, ], .
I.

6.43. . -

.
f [, ]. f
:
. f [, ].
. f .
. f (, ).
. f (, ) .
. f (, ).

I.

II.

f (x) = lnx , x1, x2 > 0

x1, x2 :
x
x
x x2

1
. ln 1 =
. ln 1 = 1
. ln(x1x2) = (x1 x2)

x2
x1 x2
x2

. ln

x1
= .(x1x2)
x2

. ln(x1x2) = .(x1x2)

 2:

272

,
0. ,
f (x) = c , c , x \ f ( x ) = 0.
:
f ( x ) = 0 x , f ;
, .
: ;
f .
f

f ( x ) = 0 ,

f .
x1, x2 f (x1) = f (x2).

7.1. :

x1 = x2 , f (x1) = f (x2).
x1 < x2 , [x1, x2] f
. , (x1, x2) ,
f ( ) =

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
x2 x1

(1)

, f ( ) = 0, , (1),
f (x1) = f (x2). x1 > x2 , f (x1) = f (x2).
, f (x1) = f (x2).
7.1.1. : 1 , x < 0
,
. , f (x) =
2 , x > 0
f ( x ) = 0 x ( ,0) (0,+ ), f
( ,0) (0,+ ).

 7:

273

f, g .

f , g

f ( x ) = g ( x ) ,
c , x :
f (x) = g(x) + c.
: f g x ( f g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) = 0.
, f g . , c ,
x f (x) g(x) = c f (x) = g(x) + c.
7.2. :

______________ ___________________________________________
7.1. x \ 2x + 2x = 1.
:

f f (x) = 2x + 2x \
f ( x ) = ( 2 x + 2 x ) = 2x ( x ) + 2x ( x )

= 2x.x + 2x.(x) = 2x.x 2x.x = 0.

f \ , f (x) = c x \.
x = 0 f (0) = c 20 + 20 = c 1 = c.
f (x) = 1 2x + 2x = 1 , x \.
7.2. f
x + f (x) f ( x ) = 0 x \ f(0) = 3.

i) g g(x) = f 2 ( x ) 2x .
ii) f.
:
i) g \ -

g1(x) = f 2(x) g2(x) = 2x

g ( x ) = ( f 2 ( x ) 2 x ) = 2f (x). f ( x ) + 2x = 2[f(x). f ( x ) + x] = 2.0 = 0.

g \ , g(x) = c x \.
x = 0 g(0) = c f 2(0) 20 = c (3)2 2.1 = c 9 2 = c c = 7.
g(x) = 7, x \.
x \ : g(x) = 7 f 2(x) 2x = 7 f 2(x) = 7 + 2x
f (x) = 7 + 2 x f(x) = 7 + 2 x 7 + 2x > 0.

ii)

f (x) = 0 f 2(x) = 0 7 + 2x = 0 x = 7 .
2

f \ .
f \ ,

1 x 1 2 2x 2 2+7 2x + 7 2+7 5 2x + 7 9

 2:

274

f (x) = 7 + 2 x , x \

f (x) = 7 + 2 x , x \.
f (0) = 3 < 0 : f (x) = 7 + 2 x , x \.
7.3. f \ f (x) 0 f ( x ) + 4x3. f 2 ( x ) = 0 x \ f (0) = 1. f.

x \ :

f ( x ) + 4x3.f 2(x) = 0

f ( x )
= 4x3 1 = x 4
f
x
(
)
f 2 ( x)

( )

f ( x ) = 4x3.f 2(x)

f ( x )0

1 = x4 + c , c .
f ( x)

1 = 0 + c 1 = 0 + c c = 1.
f (0)
1
1 = x4 + 1 f (x) = 1
, x \.
f ( x)
x4 +1

x = 0

7.4. A) f \ f ( x ) = 0 x \* f (0) = 1.
f.
B) f \
f (0) = 1 f ( x ) + x f ( x ) = 0, x \ . f.

:
) f

( ,0] f ( x ) = 0 , x ( ,0). f
( ,0], f (x) = c1 , x ( ,0]. f [0,+ )
f ( x ) = 0 , x (0,+ ). f (x) = c2 , x [0,+ ). f
f (0) = c1 = c2 c1 = c2 = 1. , f (x) = 1 x \ .
) x \ : f ( x ) + x f ( x ) = 0 ( x ) f ( x ) + x f ( x ) = 0

( x f ( x ) ) = 0.

c x f ( x ) = c x \ .

x = 0 0 f (0) = c c = 0.
, x f ( x ) = 0 x = 0 f ( x ) = 0, x \* . f \ ,
, f (0) = 1 f ( x ) = 0 x \* ,
f (x) = 1 x \ .

()

7.5. f \
x f ( x ) = 2 + f (x) , x \ .
) f \ .
) f,
(1,1).

:
)

x \ :

( x f ( x ) )

= ( 2 + f ( x ) ) ( x ) f ( x ) + x f ( x ) = f ( x )

f ( x ) + x f ( x ) = f ( x ) x f ( x ) = 0 x = 0 f ( x ) = 0.
x 0 f ( x ) = 0, f

 7:
c1

, x<0

c
2

, x>0

275

( ,0) , (0,+ ). , f ( x ) = f (0) , x = 0 c1, c2

. f \ ,
0. , lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (0) c1 = c2 = f (0) = .
x0

x0

, f ( x ) = , x \ .
) f (1,1), f (1) = 1.
x \ : x f ( x ) = 2 + f (x) x. = 2 + f (x) f (x) = x 2.
f (1) = 1 .1 2 = 1 = 3. f(x) = 3x 2 , x \ .
7.6. i) f f ( x ) = f (x) x \ . f ( x)
f (x) = cex , c ex

(x) =

.
ii) f \ :
[ f ( x ) f ( x )] (x2+1) = 2xf (x) , x \
(0,2).
f.

:
i)

x \ :

f ( x ) e x f ( x ) ( e x )
e x ( f ( x ) f ( x ) )
f ( x)
f ( x ) e x f ( x ) e x
( x ) = x =
=
=
=
2
2x
2x

(e )

f ( x ) f ( x )
f ( x) f ( x)
=
= 0.
ex
ex

\ , (x) = c x \ c .
(x) = c

f ( x)
= c f (x) = c.ex , x \.
ex

f (0,2) f (0) = 2.

x \ [ f ( x ) f ( x ) ] (x2+1) = 2x.f (x)

2
2
.
.
f ( x ) (x +1) f (x) (x +1) = 2x f (x)

ii)

f ( x ) (x2+1) 2x.f (x) = f (x).(x2+1)

f ( x ) ( x + 1) 2 x f ( x )
f ( x ) ( x + 1)
=
( x 2 + 1) 2
( x 2 + 1)2
2

f ( x ) ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1) f ( x )
f ( x)
= 2
( x 2 + 1)2
x +1

f ( x)
f ( x )
2 = 2
x +1
x +1

f ( x)
= c.ex
x2 +1

i)

c
f (x) = c.ex.(x2+1)

 2:

276

x = 0 : f(0) = c.e0.(02+1) 2 = c.1.1 c = 2.

f (x) = 2.ex.(x2+1) , x \.
7.7. f : \ \ , :
(i)
(ii)

f (x+y) = f (x) + f (y) + 3xy(x+y+2) , x,y \

f x0 = 0 f (0) = 1.

f \ .

x = y = 0 :
f (0+0) = f (0) + f (0) + 3.0.0.(0 + 0 + 2) f (0) = 0.
f x = 0
f (0) = 1 lim
x 0

f ( x ) f (0)
f ( x ) f (0)
f ( x)
= 1 lim
= 1 lim
= 1.
x 0
x 0
x
x 0
x

x0 \. h 0 :

f ( x0 + h ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) + f ( h ) + 3x0 h ( x0 + h + 2) f ( x0 )
f ( h ) + 3x0 h ( x0 + h + 2)
=
=
h
h
h
3x0 h ( x0 + h + 2)
f (h)
f (h)
+
=
+ 3x0.(x0 + h + 2).
=
h
h
h
f (h)
= 1 lim 3x0 ( x0 + h + 2) = 3x0.(x0 + 0 + 2) = 3 x02 + 6x0
lim
h 0
h 0
h
f ( x0 + h ) f ( x0 )
f (h)
lim
= lim
+ lim 3x0.(x0 + h + 2) = 1 + 3 x02 + 6x0
h 0
h 0
h 0
h
h

f \ f ( x ) = 3x2 + 6x + 1.

x \ : f ( x ) = 3x2 + 6x + 1

f ( x ) = ( x 3 + 3x 2 + x )

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + x + c c .
f (0) = 0 03 + 3.02 + 0 + c = 0 c = 0. f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + x , x \.
___________________________________________________________________

7.8. f f (x) = 6x + 6x + 3.2x.2x

.
[.f(x)=1]

7.9. f, g \ :

g ( x ) = g(x) ex g ( x )

f ( x ) = f (x) + ex f ( x ) x \.
h h(x) = f(x).g(x) f ( x ) g ( x ) \.

7.10. f \ :

f ( x ) + f (x) = 0 , x \ f (0) = f (0) = 0. :

i) g g(x) = [f (x)] + [ f ( x ) ] \.
2

ii) f \.

7.11. f :

 7:

i) f ( x ) =

1 1 , x (0,+ ) f (1) = 3
x2
2 x

iii) f ( x ) =

ii) f ( x ) =

2 x , x \ f (2) = 3ln2
x2 + 4

277
x
x +3
2

, x \ f (1) = 1

2
iv) f ( x ) = x.x , x \ f (0) = 0

7.12. f :
x x x
i) f ( x ) =
, x (0,+ ) f ( ) = 2
2

x2
x x
ii) f ( x ) =
, x \ f (0) = 1
ex
iii) f ( x ) = lnx + 1 , x (0,+ ) f (1) = 1

7.13. f : f ( x ) = 6x2 , x \ f (2) = 9 ,

f (1) = 3

[.f(x)=x3-x2+x+2]

7.14. f : f ( x ) = 6x + ex , x \

, (0,1) 1.

[.f(x)=x3+ex-2]

7.15. f : f ( x ) = 2 , x \ f (1) = 2 ,

f (1) = 8

[.f(x)=x2-3x+4]

7.16. f \ , f (0) = 1 :

[f (x) f ( x ) ]. e x = f ( x ) , x \.
i) g g(x) = ( e
ii) f.

+1).f (x) .
[.i)g(x)=2 ii)f(x)=

2 ]
e-x +1

7.17. f \ , f (0) = 1, :

[ f ( x ) + f (x)].e2x = f (x) f ( x ) , x \.
x
x
i) g g(x) = f (x).(e + e ) .
ii) f.
[.i)g(x)=2 ii)f(x)=

2
]
ex + e-x

7.18. f : [1,1] \

f (1) = f (1) = 0
x (1,1) : f ( x ) f (x) + x = 0.
2
2
i) g g(x) = f (x) + x .
ii) f.
[.i)g(x)=1 ii)f(x)= 1-x2

f(x)=- 1-x2 ]

7.19. f \ , f (0) = f (0) = 1,

f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + f (x) = 0 , x \.

) g g(x) = e f ( x )
) f.

.
[.)f(x)=(2x+1)e-x]

 2:

278

7.20. f, g :
(i) ,
(ii) f = g
(iii) 0 f (0) = g(0)
:
) x , f (x) g(x) = cx , c \
) f (x) = 0 1 , 2 g(x) = 0
[1, 2].

( 1989)

7.21. f, g \ .

f (0) = g(0) 1 , f (1) = g(1) f ( x ) = g ( x ) , x \ .

:
) g(x) = f (x) x + 1 , x \ .
) 1 , 2 1 < 1 < 2 f (x) = 0 x1 ( 1, 2)
g(x) = 0.
) x2
g(x) = 0, Cf 450
xx.

7.22. . f, g \ .

f g f = g
, g = f f g .
f + f = g + g = 0 h = f 2 + g2
.
. f g. x1 x2
f f (x) 0 x (x1, x2) , g (x1, x2).

( 1996)

7.23. f (0,+ ) -

: x f ( x ) = 1 f (x) , x (0,+ ) f (1) = 2.

[.f(x)=1+ 1 ]
x

7.24. f (0,+ ) -

: () x f ( x ) = f (x) + x , x (0,+ ) ()

f (1) = 1
[.f(x)=xlnx+x]

7.25. f :

f ( x ) = 2x.ex + f (x) , x \

f (0) = 1. f.
[.f(x)=(x2-1)ex]

7.26. f , f ( x 2 ) = 2x2 , x (0,+ ) f (1) = 1.

f (4).
[.16]

7.27. g \ :

g ( e x ) = x x , x \ g(1) = 1. g().
[.g()=.(ln)]

 7:

279

7.28. f \ f ( x ) + x f ( x ) = 0,

x \ f (0) = 1. f (x) = 1, x \ .
7.29. f \ \* . x \*
x f ( x ) = (x + 1).f (x) f (1) = e , f (1) = 1 . f.
e
-xex
x
xe

[.f(x)=

x<0
]
x 0

7.30. i) f f ( x ) = f (x) x \ -

(x) = f (x).ex f (x) = c.ex , c .

ii) f :
( f ( x ) + f ( x ) ) (2x + 1) = 2f (x) , x [0,+ ) (0,3). f.

[.ii)f(x)=-3(2x+1)e-x]

7.31. ) f \

f = f , f (x) = c.ex , c .
) g (

, ) :
2 2

g ( x ) x + g(x).x = g(x).x g(0) = 1992.

( 1992)

[.g(x)=1992ex.x]

7.32. f \

[ f ( x ) + f ( x )]2

= 4 f ( x ) f ( x ) , x \ f (0) = 2. f.
[.f(x)=2ex]

7.33. h : \ \ h(0) = 0

2x.h(x) = (x2+1)[h(x) h ( x )] + 1 , x \ .
x
[.h(x)= e2 -1 ]

x +1

7.34. h (0, )
: h ( x ) x h(x).x = h(x).x , x (0, ) h( ) = e .
2
[.h(x)=ex.x]

7.35. f (0,+ ) :

x f ( x ) = f (x)(x 1) , x (0,+ ) f (1) = e.

x
[.f(x)= e ]

7.36. f : \ \ : f (x+y) = f (x) + f (y) , x, y \

f x0 = 0 f (0) = 2. f
\ .
[.f(x)=2x]

7.37. f : \ \ :

f (0) = 1.
f (x+y) = f (x) + f (y) + 2xy , x, y \
f \ .

[.f(x)=x2+x]

 2:

280

f (0) = 0
.
.
f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) x y , x, y \ . f \ .

7.38. f f (0) 0

[.f(x)=x]

7.39. f \ :

f ( x ) f ( y ) x y , x, y \ . f \ .
7.40. \ f, g :

f ( x ) f (x) = g ( x ) g(x) , x \ f (0) = g(0). f = g.

7.41. f : (0,+ ) \ :

f (x) + f ( x ) lnxx = 1 , x > 0. : f (x) = 1 , x > 0.

7.42. f (0,+ ) :

f (x.y) = x.f (y) + y.f (x) , x, y (0,+ ).

i) f (1) = 0.
ii) f x0 =1 f (1) = 2004 f
(0,+ ) x > 0 x f ( x ) f (x) = 2004x.
iii) f.
[.f(x)=2004xlnx]

7.43. f , g [1,1] f (0) = g(0) = 1

g
f
f (0) = g(0) . F =
G =
[1,1]
f
g
F = G [1,1]. f = g [1,1].

______________ _______________________________________
7.44. .

.
f f ( x ) = 0, x \* . f

I.

\* .
II. f \

x \* f ( x ) = 0, -

f \ .
III.

f f ( x ) = 1 f (x) = lnx + c.
x

 8:

281

. ,
. ,
.

8.1. :

f , .
(i) f ( x ) > 0 x , f
.
(ii) f ( x ) < 0 x , f
.
: (i) x1, x2 x1 < x2. f (x1) < f (x2). , [x1, x2] f . , (x1, x2) , f () =

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
x2 x1

f (x2) f (x1) = f () (x2x1).

f () >0 x2 x1 > 0, f (x2) f (x1) > 0 f (x1) < f (x2).

(ii) x1, x2 x1 < x2. f (x1) > f (x2). , [x1, x2]

f . , (x1,x2)

, f () =

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
x2 x1

f (x2) f (x1) = f () (x2 x1).

f ( ) <0 x2 x1 > 0, f (x2) f (x1) < 0 f (x1) > f (x2).

8.1.1. : .

f ( ) f ( x ) > 0 ( f ( x ) < 0) x . ,
f (x) = x3 \ f ( x ) = 3x2
f (0) = 0. f ( x ) 0. f (x) = x3
\ f ( x ) 0.

 2:

282

______________ ___________________________________________
.

, f
. f ( x ) . f ( x )
f .

f
, f ( x ) .

8.2. f
3
f (x) = ln x x2 2x.lnx + 4x + 1 .
4
2
:

f Df = (0,+ ). f (0,+ )

( )

= ( ln x 3 ) x + ( ln x 3 ) (x ) (2x).lnx 2x.(lnx) + 4
2
4
2
4
= 1 x + ( ln x 3 ) 2x 2.lnx 2x. 1 + 4
2x
2
4
x

f ( x ) = ln x 3 x 2 2 x ln x + 4 x + 1
4
2

= x.lnx x 2.lnx + 2 = x.(lnx 1) 2.(lnx 1)

= (lnx 1)(x 2).
f ( x ) = 0 (lnx 1)(x 2) = 0 lnx 1 = 0 x 2 = 0 lnx = 1 x = 2
x = e x = 2.
x
2
e
+
0

x2

+
+
f ( x ) .
lnx1

+
, f f ( x )
+

+
(0,2] , [e,+ )
[2,e].
f(x)
8.3. f
x 2 +x+ 1

2
x + 2 x

f (x) =
:

x <0

0 x <

 8:

283

f (0) = 0 + 0 = 0 + 1 = 1 , lim f(x) = 1 lim+ f (x) = 1 .

2

x 0

x 0

f x0 = 0.

f ( ,0] ( ,0) -

f ( x ) = x 2 + x + 1

) = 2x + 1.

f ( x ) = 0 2x + 1 = 0 x = 1 .
2

f [0, ) (0, )

f ( x ) = x + 2 x
2

) = x + 12 (2x).(2x) = x 12 2x.2

= x 2x = x 2x.x = x.(12x).
f ( x ) = 0 x.(12x) = 0 x = 0 x = 1
2

x = x = x = 5
2

f ( x )

.

1
2

2x+1

5
6

+
+

x
12x
x.(12x)

f ( x )
f(x)

0 +

+ 0
+ 0
+ 0 0
+ 0 0

0 +
+ 0
+ 0

, f
( , 1 ] , [ , ] , [ 5 , ] 2

6
1
[ , ] , [ , 5 ].
2 6
2 6
6 2

8.4. f \ , :
f ( x ) + x f ( x ) > 3 f ( x ) , x \ .
f .

x \ : f ( x ) + x f ( x ) > 3 f ( x )

f ( x ) + x f ( x ) 3 f ( x ) > 0

f ( x ) + (x3) f ( x ) > 0 (x3) f ( x ) + (x3) f ( x ) > 0 [( x 3) f ( x )] > 0.

g(x) = (x3) f ( x ) x \ .

g ( x ) > 0 x \ , g \ .
g(3) = (3 3).f (3) = 0.
x < 3 g(x) < g(3) g(x) < 0 (x 3) f ( x ) < 0 f ( x ) > 0 x3 < 0.
f ( ,3], , ( ,3].

 2:

284

x > 3 g(x) > g(3) g(x) > 0 (x3) f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) > 0 x3 > 0.
f [3,+ ), , [3,+ ).
f ( ,3] [3,+ ),
\ .
8.5. f : \ \ :
f 3(x) + 2f (x) = f 2(x) + x , x \ .
:

x \ f(x) = y.
x \ . f 3(x) + 2f(x) = f 2(x) + x y3 + 2y = y2 + x y3 y2 + 2y x = 0.
, y,
.
h(y) = y3 y2 + 2y x , y \ . h \
h ( y ) = (y3 y2 + 2y x) = 3y2 2y + 2 > 0 , = (2)2 4.3.2 = 4 24 = 20 < 0.
h \ , .
x \ y = f(x), f.
8.6. f
f (x) = 3x3 (21)x2 + x + 5

\ .

f \ f ( x ) = 9x2 2(21)x + 1.
= 4(21)2 36 = 4[(21)2 9] = 4(21+3)(213) = 4(2+2)(24) = 16(+1)(2)
= 0 16(+1)(2) = 0 = 1 = 2.

1
2
+

+ 0 0 +
.
< 1 > 2 > 0 f ( x )
.
1 < < 2 < 0 f ( x ) > 0 x2 . f \ .

1/3
+
x
= 1 = 0 f ( x ) = 9x2 + 6x + 1 =
f ( x )
+
0
+
(3x+1)2 0 x \ .
f (x)
f
( , 1 ] , [ 1 , + ), 3

x
f ( x )

\ .
= 2 = 0 f ( x ) = 9x2 6x + 1
= (3x1)2 0 x \ .

1/3

f (x)

f ( , 1 ] , [ 1 ,+ ), 3

\ .
f \ 1 2.

 8:

285

f
, .. , .
f (()) = f (B()),
() = B(). f 1-1 , f , . .

.. ,
f (()) < f (B()),
() < B(), f () > B(), f
. f
f 1 .
.

8.7. i) f f (x) =
ii) [0,2] :
+ ln(3+2) = + ln(32).

:
i)

ex .
x 2 +1

f Df = \ . f \

f ( x ) = 2e =
x +1
x

( e x ) ( x 2 + 1) e x ( x 2 + 1)
e x ( x 2 + 1) e x 2 x
e x ( x 2 +1 2 x)
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
( x 2 + 1) 2

e x ( x 1)2
0.
( x 2 + 1)2

x
f ( x )

f ( x ) = 0 (x 1)2 = 0 x 1 = 0 x = 1.
f (x)
f ( ,1] [1,+ ),
f \ .
ii)

f \ , 1-1 . :
+ ln(3 + 2) = + ln(3 2)
= ln(3 2) ln(3 + 2)

( 3+ 2 )

= ln 3 2
2
e = 3 1 + 2
2

e
3 + 2 1

e = 3 2
3 + 2

2
e = 2 + 2

e
2 + 2 2

e =

2
e = 2(1 + )

2(1 + 2 )
e

e
e = 1 +
= e2
f () = f ()
2
2

+ 1
+ 1
e
1 +

= 1 =1 = = + = 5 .

4
4
4

f 11

3 (1 2 2 )
3 + (2 2 1)

8.8. i) f f (x) = ex

x + x
.
2e x

 2:

286

ii) , :
2( 1) + (2.ln) .(ln) < .(ln) (2.ln).

:
i)

f Df = \ . f \

x
x
x + x
1 (x + x ) e (x + x ) ( e )
x
f ( x ) = e x
= (e )
x 2
x

2e

(e )

(x x ) e (x + x ) e
e (x x x x )
= ex
2e 2 x
2e 2 x
2x
x
= ex
= ex + x = ex + ex.x = ex.(x1) 0.
e
2e x
x

= ex.(x)

f ( x ) = 0 ex.(x1) = 0 x1 = 0 x = 1 x = 2 + , ] .
2

f

[2 + , 2(+1) + ]

x
f ( x )
f (x )

3/2

2
2
] . f \ .
ii)

/2

5/2

f \ . :
2( 1) + (2ln) .(ln) < .(ln) (2ln)
2 .(ln) .(ln) < 2 (2ln) (2ln)

2
2
2 (ln ) (ln ) < 2 (ln ) (ln )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 (ln ) (ln ) < 1 (ln ) (ln )
2
2
2
2
2

2
2

2
2
1 (ln ) + (ln ) < 1 (ln ) + (ln )
2
2

2
2

9/2 +

(ln 2 ) + (ln 2 )
(ln ) + (ln )

< ln1 2
2
ln
e
2e
e
2eln
2
(ln 2 ) + (ln 2 )
(ln ) + (ln )

eln
< e ln
2
ln
2e
2eln
1

ln

f (ln) < f (ln2) ln > ln2 > 2 2 > 0

(1 ) > 0 0 < < 1.

0
1 +
0 + 0

___________________________________________________________________

8.9. :
3
2
x +5
i) f (x) = x 2x + x 5
ii) f (x) =
3x 2

iii) f (x) =

x + x +1
x +1
x

8.10. :
2
x3
1
2
i) f (x) = 2
ii) f (x) = x + 2 2
iii) f (x) = x 1 x
x +3
x

 8:

287

8.11. :
x

i) f (x) = ln(1+ e )

ii) f (x) =

ex

3 x

3 x
iv) f (x) = x .e

iii) f (x) = x e

8.12. :
2
i) f (x) = x .lnx

ii) f (x) = x 2x , x [0, )

iii) f (x) = x + x

8.13. :
x

ii) f (x) = x

i) f (x) = x 2

ln x 1

iii) f (x) = x

x 2 ln x

8.14. , 2
x 1
: i) f (x) = x 2 + 1
ii) f (x) =
x 1
x2 +1
[.i)f(A)=(- ,-1] (1,+ ) ii)[- 2 ,1)]

8.15. f (x) = ln(x 5) + 2x 12.

)
)
)
)

f ;
f .
f.
f (x) = 2006 f.

8.16. f \ , :
3x2 f ( x ) + x3 f ( x ) < f ( x ) , x \ . f

.
[. ]

8.17. , f (x) = 2x3 + x2 + 6x + 5

\ .
[.-6 6]

8.18. , f (x) = ( 1)x3 + ( 1)x2 + x + 1

\ .

[. 1]

x
8.19. , f f (x) = e2
,
x +1
\ .

[. -1]

8.20. :

i) f (x) = x + 2x 1 2x , x \ , .
3
ii) x + 2x 1 = 2x (0,1).
( 2001)

8.21. f [1, e] 0 < f (x) <1 f ( x ) 0

x [1, e] , x0 (1, e)
f (x0) + x0.lnx0 = x0 .

( 1994)

 2:

288
8.22. :

ii) e.lnx = x
x
x
x
x
v) 2 + 3 + 4 = 9

i) x + e = 1
x
x
x
iv) 5 + 12 = 13

iii) ln(x + 1) + x = 0
2004
vi) (x + 1)
= x2004 + 1

8.23. x2 + x.x + x = 2 , .
8.24. f, g f (x) = x3 + 2x 1

g(x) = e1x + 1 , (1,2).

8.25. f, g f (x) = ex 1

g(x) = x2 + x.ex . ;
8.26. x4 4x + 2 = 0 .
x +1
8.27. f f (x) = 1 + e x .
1+ e

) f \ .
x
x
x
x
) x < 0 f (5 ) + f (7 ) > f (6 ) + f (8 ).

8.28. f f (x) = ex + x.
) f .
x+2

) : e

e x = x2 x 2.
[.)-1 , 2]

8.29. f f (x) = 2x x.
) f .
) :

1 1 = , [0, 2].
2
2
[.)/4 , 5/4]

8.30. , \ : 3 + 2 = 3 + 2 , = .
8.31. , \ + e + e2a = + e + e2.

= .
8.32. f

f (x) = 2x 3x.

i) f .
ii) , :

+ 2 > 3 (1+ ).
2

[.ii)-1<<0]

8.33. f f (x) = ln x . f
x

, :
i)

( n)
1/

iii)

n+1

>

n +1

, n8

. 1/ e2/e, , > 0

8.34. f

f (x) = x .lnx.

) f .

ii) e >

 8:

289

e
2
) : e . > e .

8.35. f f (x) =

x .
1+ x

) f .
) :

+
1+ +

+
.
1+
1+

8.36. i) x \ f ( x ) > 0 g ( x ) < 0 -

f, g .

ii) f (x) = e + 2x g(x) = e

x3

yy.
8.37. f, g

[0,+ ) : f ( x ) = g ( x ) + 2x + ex x [0,+ ). : f (0) + g(x) < g(0) + f (x) , x (0,+ ).

( 1996)

8.38. f, g f (0) = g(0) f ( x ) > g ( x ) x \ , -

i) f (x) < g(x) x ( ,0)

ii) f (x) > g(x) x (0,+ )

8.39. f (x) =

e3 .

i) f.
1
ii) f , f

8.40. e x e2 = x 2.
8.41. 3ex = 1+ x +

x2
.
2

8.42. f \ f ( x ) > f (x) , x \

f (0) = 0. x.f (x) 0 , x \ .

8.43. f f (x) + lnx ( x f ( x ) ) > 0 , x > 0.

f (x) > 0 x (0, + ).

8.44. . ) f \ f ( x ) < 0 , x\ .

f () = .
f ( x ) > 0 , x\ .
. ) f \ f ( x ) > 0 , x\ .
f () + = 0.
)

 2:

290

f ( x ) < 0 , -

x\
8.45. f (, ),

f ( x ) 0 x (, ).

8.46. f f ( x0 ) > 0 f x0,

(x0 , x0 + ) f .
8.47. f [0,+ ). Cf

f (0,+ ). -

g g(x) =

f ( x)
(0,+ ).
x

______________ _______________________________________
8.48. . -

.
I.

f f ( x ) = 2x +

1 + 3, x [ , )
2
2 x

.
II. f ( x ) = g ( x ) +3 x , h(x) = f (x) g(x) .
III. f f ( x ) > 0, x (1,4). f (2) = 3,
f (3) = 2.
IV. f f ( x ) < 0, x \ , f (x) < 0, x \ .
f [0,5] f ( x ) > 0 x (0,3) (3,5) f
[0,5].
x
VI. f \ f ( x ) = e .5. f
\ .
2
x
VII. f ( x ) = (1 + 2x + x ).e , f (x) = 0 .
V.

 9:

291

9.

.
LEONARD EULER

9.1. :

(i) f , ,

x0 A , > 0,
f (x) f (x0) , x (x0 , x0 + ) .
x0 , f (x0) f.
(ii) f , ,
x0 A , > 0,
f (x) f (x0) , x (x0 , x0 + ) .
x0 , f (x0) f.
9.2. : (1) f (x) f (x0) x A, f -

x0 , f (x0).

(2) f (x) f (x0) x A, f x0

, f (x0).

(3) f ,

f ,
f .
9.3. : (i) -

 2:

292

(ii) f , -

, , .

.
f,
x0 . f
x0 , f ( x0 ) = 0.
: f x0 . x0 f , > 0 ,
(x0 , x0 + ) f (x) f (x0) , x ( x0 , x0 + ). (1)
9.4.

(Fermat):

f x0, f ( x0 ) = lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
= lim+
.
x x0
x x0
x x0

x (x0 , x0), , (1) ,

f ( x0 ) = lim
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
0
x x0

(2)

x (x0 , x0 + ), , (1) ,
f ( x0 ) = lim+
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
0.
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
0 ,
x x0

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
0 ,
x x0

(3)

(2) (3) f ( x0 ) = 0.
f x0 .
9.5. : Fermat, , -

f , . ,
f :
(1) f .
(2) f .
(3) ( ).
f
, f .

9.6. :

f (, ), x0 , f .
(i) f ( x ) > 0 ( , x0) f ( x ) < 0 (x0 , ) ,
f (x0) f .
(ii) f ( x ) < 0 ( , x0) f ( x ) > 0 (x0 , ) ,
f (x0) f .
(iii) f ( x ) ( , x0) (x0 , ) ,
f (x0) f
(, ).

 9:

293

______________ ___________________________________________

.

, f
. f ( x) .
f ( x) f . , ,
.

x0 f , , f ( x0 ) = 0, f
. f ( x)
x0.

9.7. f f (x) =

x x3 .

x
f , :
x x3
x x3 0 x(1 x2) 0
x(1x)(1+x) 0 x 1 0 x 1.
f Df = ( ,1] [0,1].
f Df
x ( ,1) (0,1) :

0 0 + 0

) = 2

2
1
( x x 3 ) = 1 3x
.
3
2 x x3
xx
f ( x ) = 0 1 3x2 = 0 3x2 = 1 x2 = 1 x = 1 x = 1 .
3
3
3

f ( x ) =

x x3

f ( x )
f.

x
f ( x )
f (x )

1
3

+
..

..

0
..

x = 1 f ,
1 ( 1)3 =

f (1) =

1 ( 1) =

1 + 1 = 0.

x = 0 f , f (0) =

x = 1

f ,

f( 1 )=
3

0 03 = 0.

1 1

3 3

1 1 =
3 3 3

2 .
3 3

x = 1 f , f (1) = 1 13 = 0.

..

 2:

294

f
x1, x2 , , ,
Fermat, f ( x1 ) = 0, f ( x2 ) = 0, .
, , .
, , .. f
f (x) f (x0) f (x) f (x0). f x0 , f .
Fermat , f ( x0 ) = 0
.

9.8. > 0 x 2x + x 3x + 4x ,
= 6.

x \ : 2x + x 3x + 4x 2x + x 3x 4x 0. (1)
f f(x) = 2x + x 3x 4x , x \ .
(1) : 2x + x 3x 4x 20 + 0 30 40
f (x) f (0) x \ .
f x = 0, \ f .
Fermat f (0) = 0.
x \ : f ( x ) = ( 2 x + x 3x 4 x ) = 2x.ln2 + x.ln 3x.ln3 4x.ln4
f (0) = 0 20.ln2 + 0.ln 30.ln3 40.ln4 = 0 ln2 + ln ln3 ln4 = 0
ln(2) = ln(3.4) 2 = 12 = 6.
9.9. f
2
(0,1) x (0,+ ) : x.f (1x) + lnx 1.
Cf .

f (0,1) f (0) = 1.
g g(x) = x.f 2(1x) + lnx x (0,+ ).
(0,+ ), h(x) = f (1x) h1(x) = 1 x h2(x) = f (x), (x) = h2(x)
(x) = x.h2(x) . g(x) = (x) + lnx

g ( x ) = ( x f 2 (1 x ) + ln x ) = (x).f 2(1x) + x ( f 2 (1 x ) ) + 1
x

 9:

295

= f 2(1 x) + x.2.f (1x) ( f (1 x ) ) + 1 = f 2(1 x) + 2x.f (1 x) f (1 x ) (1 x ) + 1 =

x

= f (1x) 2x.f (1x) f (1 x ) + 1

2

: g(1) = 1.f 2(11) + ln1 = f 2(0) + 0 = (1)2 = 1.

g(x) g(1) x (0,+ ), g
x0 = 1, (0,+ ) g .
Fermat
g (1) = 0 f 2(11) 2.1.f (11) f (1 1) + 1 = 0 f 2(0) 2.f (0) f (0) + 1 = 0
1

(1) 2.(1) f (0) + 1 = 0 1 + 2 f (0) + 1 = 0 2 f (0) = 2 f (0) = 1.

Cf :
y f (0) = f (0) (x 0) y (1) = 1.x y + 1 = x y = x 1.
2

9.10. A. f [,] :

f () < 0 , f ( ) > 0.
) (,) f
) f ( ) = 0.
B. ( Darboux) f [,]
f () f ( ) < 0 , (,) , f ( ) = 0.
. ( Darboux) f [,]
f () < < f ( ) x0 (,) , f ( x0 ) = .
. f f ( x ) 0 x f
.

:
. )

f [, ], .
f , [, ] , f (x) f ()
x [, ].
f ( ) < 0 lim+
xa

f ( x ) f ()
< 0. > 0 x (,+ )
x

f ( x ) f (a )
< 0 f (x) f () < 0 f (x) < f () x > .
x
f () f (x) < f ().
f ( x) f ( )
> 0. > 0 x (,)
f ( ) > 0 lim
x
x
f ( x) f ( )
> 0 f (x) f () < 0 f (x) < f () x < .

x
f () f (x) < f (). , , (, ).

f (, ) .
Fermat f ( ) = 0.
. f ( ) f ( ) < 0 f ( ) < 0 f ( ) > 0 f ( ) > 0 f ( ) < 0.
f ( ) < 0 f ( ) > 0 () (,)
, f ( ) = 0.
f ( ) > 0 f ( ) < 0.
)

 2:

296

g(x) = f (x) x x [, ]. g [, ]
g ( x ) = f ( x ) . g ( ) = f ( ) < 0 g ( ) = f ( ) > 0 ()
x0 (,) , g ( x0 ) = 0 f ( x0 ) = 0 f ( x0 ) = .
. f ( ) < 0 f ( x ) < 0 x .
< f ( ) > 0 Darboux (,)
f ( ) = 0, . f .
f ( ) > 0 f ( x ) > 0 x ,
f .
.

___________________________________________________________________

9.11. :
3

) f (x) = x 6x + 9x + 1
) f (x) = x 1 x

2
3
) f (x) = x .(x1)

) f (x) = (x3)

9.12. :
x x
1 x , x ( , )
) f (x) =
) f (x) =
, x [0, 2)
x
2 2
ex
x + x , x [0, ]
) f (x) = 1
2
9.13. f f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 12x + . x1, x2 -

f, (x1, f (x1)) (x2, f (x2)) , \ .

9.14. f f (x) = x3 3x2 9x . x1, x2 -

f, (x1, f (x1)) (x2, f (x2))

() x 8y + 4 = 0.

9.15. f f (x) = x4 2x2 + (x1, f (x1)) , (x2, f (x2))

(x3, f (x3)) , x1, x2, x3 f. :

i) .
ii) .

9.16. f (x) = x4 2x2 + , \ .

i) (x1, f (x1)) , (x2, f (x2)) , (x3, f (x3))

f x1 < x2 < x3 , .

ii) 0 < < 1, f (x) = 0

(1,0).
( 1995)

9.17.

f (x) = 2x

f : [0, ] \
2

2 x + 2 2 .
( 1991)

9.18. :

 9:

297
x 2 + 4 x 16 , x < 3

4x 2
, x <1
( x 2)( x 3) , x 1

) f (x) =

) g(x) =

5 x 2 9

x
9.19. f (x) = e
x

, x3

x>0 `* .

i) f .
x

ii) : e

( xe ) .

9.20. :
) f (x) = x + x , x [0,2] .
2

[.)-1, 5/4]

9.21. :
) f (x) =

) f (x) = 2 x + 2 3 x , x [0,]
2

4 x x2 3
2

) f (x) = x

2 x + 2 2 , x [0, ]
2

9.22. :
4
1
3x
) f (x) = x +
) f (x) = x + 1 +
) f (x) = 2
x
x +1
x +1
9.23. f f (x) = 3x3 x2 + x 3 , , \ . f x1 = 1 x2 = 5 , , .
9
[.=2, =-5]

9.24. f

2
f (x) = x + x 36 .

i) , f x0 = 3.
ii) f.
[.i)=-7]

9.25. f f (x) = (+1).ln(x + 1) x2 + x.

i) \ , f x0 = 1.
ii) .

[.i)=1]

f (x) = x3 + x2 12x.
i) , f
x1 = 1 x2 = 2.
ii) .

9.26. f

[.i)=2, =-3 ii).. f(-1)=7 .. f(2)=-20]

9.27. ) f

f (x) = x3 + x2 6x + 1 x1 = 1 x2 = 2.
) ,
.
[.)=1, =3/2]

 2:

298

9.28. , f (x) = .x.ex, f x = 1 , 1.

3
[.)=3e, =-3]

9.29. f f (x) = x2 + 2 + , (, \ ) x1 = 1
x

x0 = 2.

) , .
) .

[.)=8, =-17 ). f(2)=-5]

( 1989)

9.30. f f (x) = ex x , >0.

i) f .
ii)

.
9.31. f f (x) =

[.ii)y=(1-x)ex]

2x , 0.
x 2 + 2

i) f .
ii)

.
[.ii)y=1/x]

9.32. :
x

) e x + 1 > 0 x \
x
2
) 2e + 2x = x + 2 x = 0.
( 1994)

9.33. :
) x < 2x , x > 0

) x >

x3
+ x , x > 0.
3
( 1996)

9.34. i) x \ : ex 1 + x.
(1 + x )3
x
ii) f f (x) = x.e

3

.
[.ii)f(-1)=-1/e]
2
9.35. ) : ln(x + 1) > x x 1 , x [0,+ ).
2
5

) f [0,+ ),

2
3
[f (x)]5 + 2[f (x)]3 + 3f (x) = (x+1).ln(x+1) 4 x x + x + 182 , x [0,+ ).

f [0,+ ).
( 1999)

9.36. i) x > 0 : lnx x 1.

x 2
ii) f f (x) = x.lnx
2

 9:

299

ln = 2 2 = .

iii) ,

9.37. f (x) = ln(lnx) lnx.

) f .
) : ln(lnx) lnx 1.

9.38.

f (x) = .ln( 2 x ) ln( x + 1 ) , > 0.

x +1

) f .

) :

(2)

+1

+1

.
1

9.39. f f (x) = x x , x (0,+ ).

) f .
) ` , :
*

3.

9.40. ) x \ ex > x.
x
x 2 .
) f f (x) = e
2
2
2

) e e =
= .
2
9.41. i) x > 0 : x.lnx + 1 x.
ii) f f (x) =
iii) \ ,

ln x
x 1

( + 1)2.ln(2 + 5) = (2+4).ln(2 + 2 + 2)
[. iii)=3/2]

9.42. x0 (0,1)

f (x) = ex + x2 2x + 3 .

4
(+1) x 3
( 2 + 2) x 2
9.43. f (x) = x +
+
2x + 5.
3
2
4

f .
9.44. > 0 x x + 5x 2x + 10x ,

= 4.
9.45. > 0 x \ 2x + 3x + x 4x + 5x + 6x ,

= 20.
9.46. x \ x x.ln2 + 1 , > 0. = 2.
9.47. 5x+1 .x + 5 ,

x \ .

[.=5ln5]

9.48. > 0 x \ x x. N = e.

 2:

300

9.49. > 0 x > 0 x x , = e.

9.50. x > 1

log(x+1) x , 0 < 1.
[.=e]

9.51. x

x2 x logx , 0 < 1.
[.=e]

9.52. f \ , f (1) = 1
(x2 + 1).f (x) + e1x 3 , x \ .

f 1.
[.x+2y=3]

9.53. f

f (x) = x + x1 , > 0.
e

) () f .
) , () ;
[.)=1]

9.54. f f (x) = x.e2x , x > 0 > 0.

) () f .
) , () ;

[.)=1/e2]

9.55. p() = 1 3 + 72 + 30 + 300 25 35. 6

, .
[.30 , 3000]

9.56. 30 ,

.
[.20 , 10]

9.57. 2,

. .
[. , 2( 2 -1)]

9.58. x
1 x2 + 35x + 25 ( ) 50 1 x.
4
2
) ;
) -

, .
[.)10]

9.59.

N(t) = 5000.(25 + t e t / 20 ).
0 t 100.

 9:

9.60.

301

2 , Km/h.
1280

5 ,
540 Km .
[.80 Km/h]

9.61. , , 6,4 ,

32 cm2 20 cm2
. .

[.20 20 16]

9.62. 720 ,

1,5. 10 80. .
;
[.1,2 , 1152 ]

9.63. 20 , -

240 . 12 . 2
, 10 .
; ;
[. 7 , 5780 ]

9.64. 9 .. 130 Km .

20 Km/h 30 Km/h.
,
;
[. 11.., D=30 13 Km]

9.65. q1 = q > 0 q2 = 4q ,

() = d. , ;
; ( V r V=k qr k > 0)
[.()=d/3 , V(d/3)=9kq/d]

9.66. x (x) = x3 , x (0,+ ) 4

[ 2 , 9 ]. x
9 2

(x) = x2 , x (0,+ )
f (x) = E(x) K(x), x (0, + ).
) x ,
().
) [

2 , 9 ] () , 9 2

.
( 1993)

 2:

302

9.67. ( ) , t ,
P(t) = 4 + t 6 .
t 2 + 25
4
) .
) , .
) .
) , -

.
9.68. f, g f (x) = 2 x 1 g(x) = x + 1 , 0.
x 1
) .
) , , > 0 ()

.
[.)(0,1), ( +1 ,+2) )=1]

9.69. ) x.y = 8 1

(3,0).
) .
[.)(4,2)]

9.70. (1,2) xx

(,0) yy (0,) .
.
9.71. (1,3)

.
[.y=-3x+6]

9.72. y = 4 x2

;
[.( 2 3 , 8 )]
3

9.73. t, t +23
f (t) = 7 A e 14 , t 0 .
2

K(t), , t
K (t ) = A e 7 , t 0 (0) = 0.

, P(t) .
( 1995)

 9:

303

9.74. p, 2x3 3x2 + p = 0,

.
[. 0<p<1]

9.75. f [, ] , (, ) -

f () < f () < f () < f (). f ( x ) = 0 (, ).

1

9.76. f f (x) = xe x .
i) f.
x
x1
ii) x (0, + ) x e .

9.77. f \
2f (x2) f 2(x) 1 , x \ .

:
) x0 (0,1)

f ( x0 ) = 0 .

) f (0) = f (1)
) f ( x ) = 0 (0,1).

9.78. > 0. f (x) =

1 +
1
1+ x
1+ x

2 + . ;
1+

[.f()=(0, 2+ )]
1+

9.79. f (x) = x x 1

, _*+ . f

.
( + ) +

9.80. f f (x) = x

+ x

< x \ . -

f.
9.81. f f (x) = x1x.(1 x)x.
i) f .
ii)

( )
2

( 2 )

1 (0, ).
2

[.i)f( 1 )= 1 ]
2

9.82. xy 4x2 + y2 = 4

(x0 , y0) 1 .
xx yy ,
, . ;
[.( 1 , 2 ), min=2]

304

2:

______________ _______________________________________
9.83. . -

.
I. f [, ]
x0 [, ]. f ( x0 ) = 0
II.

f x0 , f ( x0 ) = 0.

\ f f (3) = 0, f
x0 = 3.
IV. f ,
f.
V. f .
VI. f .
4
VII. f ( x ) = (x 1) , x0 = 1 f.
III.

9.84. . -

I. f f 3 . f :
.
.
.
.
.

 10: -

305

10

10.1. :

f . :
(i) f
, f .
(ii) f
, f .

10.2. : (1) f ( )

, f
( ) .
10.3. :

f
.
f ( x ) > 0 x , f
.
f ( x ) < 0 x , f
.

10.4. :

f (, ),
x0.
f (, x0) (x0, ) ,
Cf (x0 , f (x0))
(x0 , f (x0))
f.

10.5. :

(x0, f (x0)) f f ,
f ( x ) = 0.

 2:

306

______________ ___________________________________________
-
.

, f
. f ( x ) .
f ( x ) f . , , .
f
, f ( x ) .

x0 (x0, f (x0)), ,
f ( x0 ) = 0, f .
f ( x )
x0.

10.6. f f (x) =

x3
x2 1

, , .
:

f ,
x2 1 0 x2 1 x 1 x 1.
f
Df = ( ,1) (1,1) (1,+ ).
f Df

f ( x ) = 2x =
x 1
3

( x 3 ) ( x 2 1) x 3 ( x 2 1)
=
( x 2 1) 2

3x 2 ( x 2 1) x 3 2 x
3 x 4 3x 2 2 x 4
x 4 3x 2
=
= 2 2
2
2
2
2
( x 1)
( x 1)
( x 1)

x 4 3x 2

f ( x ) = 2 2
( x 1)

=
=
=

( x 4 3x 2 ) ( x 2 1)2 ( x 4 3x 2 ) ( x 2 1) 2
( x 2 1)4
(4 x 6 x ) ( x 1)2 ( x 4 3x 2 ) 2( x 2 1) ( x 2 1)
(4 x 3 6 x ) ( x 2 1)2 4 x ( x 4 3x 2 ) ( x 2 1)
=
2
4
( x 1)
( x 2 1) 4
3

( x 2 1) (4 x 3 6 x ) ( x 2 1) 4 x ( x 4 3x 2 )
( x 1)
2

5
3
3
5
3
3
= 4 x 4 x 6 x 2 + 6 x3 4 x + 1 2 x = 2 x2 + 6 x3

( x 1)

( x 1)

 10: -

307

2 x ( x 2 + 3)
.
( x 2 1)3

f ( x ) = 0

2 x ( x 2 + 3)
= 0 x = 0.
( x 2 1)3
2 x ( x 2 + 3)
> 0 x(x2 1)3 > 0 1 < x < 0 x > 1
( x 2 1)3

f ( x ) > 0

f ( x ) < 0 x(x21)3 < 0 x < 1 0 < x < 1.

x
x
(x21)3
f ( x )
f (x)

0
0

+
+
+

..

f ( ,1) , [0,1) (1,0] ,

(1, + ). f (0) = 0. (0, f (0)) = (0,0) Cf.
10.7. f
f (x) = (1)x4 + 2(1)x3 + x2 + x + 1 \ .
:

f \
f ( x ) = 4( 1)x3 + 6( 1)x2 + 2x + 1
f ( x ) = 12( 1)x2 + 12( 1)x + 2 = 2[6( 1)x2 + 6( 1)x + 1].
= [6(1)]2 4.6(1).1 = 36(1)2 24(1) = 6(1)[6(1) 4) = 6(1)(664)
= 6(1)(610) = 12(1)(35)
= 0 12(1)(35) = 0 = 1 = 5 .

+ 0

5/3

< 1 > 5 > 0 f ( x )

3

. f \ .

1 < < 5 < 0 f ( x ) > 0 x \

3

x2 . f \ .
= 1 = 0 f (x) = x2 + x + 1 , f ( x ) = 2 > 0 x \ .
f \ .

1/2
x
= 5 = 0
3
f ( x )
+
0
2
5
5

f
(
x
)

f ( x ) = 2[6( 1)x + 6( 1)x + 1]

3

= 2(4x2 + 4x + 1) = 2(2x + 1)2 0 x \ .

f ( , 1 ] , [ 1 , + ) 2

 2:

308

x = 1 . f \ , f
2

\ .
f \ 1 5 .
3

10.8. f
(,). f (,) ( )
( ).

f (, ) x0 (, ) . x0 , f x0, Fermat f ( x0 ) = 0. f (, )
f (, ). < x < x0 f ( x ) <
f ( x0 ) f ( x ) < 0 f (, x0].
x0 < x < f ( x0 ) < f ( x ) 0 < f ( x ) f [x0, ). f x0.
f (, ) .

,
f ,

, ,
f x0 ,
y = f ( x0 ) x + f (x0) x0. f ( x0 ) .
f
, x f (x) y
f
, x f (x) y
x = x0.

Jensen, ( )
.
x1, x2

f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
x +x
f ( 1 2 ) , f
2
2
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
x1 + x2
f(
) , f .
2
2

, ) .
2 2
ii) f x0 = .
4

10.9. i) f f (x) = ln(x) , x (

iii) x ( , )
2

x + ln( 2 .x) .
4

 10: -

309

f ( , ) -

i)

2 2

g(x) = lnx h(x) = x,

x
f ( x ) = ( ln(x ) ) = 1 .(x) =
= x f ( x ) = ( x ) =
x

1 < 0.
2 x

f ( , ).
2 2

ii)

1 1
1
f ( ) = ln( ) = ln( 2 ) = ln( 2 2 ) = ln( 2 2 ) = 1 .ln2 f ( ) = = 1.

4
4

f x0 =
:
4
y f ( ) = f ( ) (x ) y + 1 .ln2 = 1(x ) y = x + 1 .ln2.
4
4
4
4
4
2
2

iii)

f ( , )

2 2
x0 = .
4

x ( , ) : f (x) y ln(x) x + 1 .ln2

2 2
4
2

x + ln(x) + ln 2
x + ln( 2 .x) .
4
4

10.10. i) f ,
x1, x2 :
f ( x1 )+ f ( x2 )
2

f(

x1 + x2
)
2

ii) f f (x) = ln(lnx) ,

+
, >1 :
ln ln ln(
).
2
:
i) x1 = x2 .

x1 < x2 . f [x1 ,

x1 + x2
x +x
] , [ 1 2 , x2]
2
2

x1 + x2
x +x
) , ( 1 2 , x2) f
2
2
x +x
. 1 (x1 , 1 2 )
2
x1 + x2
, x2) ,
2 (
2
x +x
x +x
x +x
f ( 1 2 ) f ( x1 )
f ( 1 2 ) f ( x1 )
f ( 1 2 ) f ( x1 )
2
2
2

f (1 ) =
=
=

x1 + x2
x1 + x2 2 x1
x2 x1
x1
2
2
2
x1 + x2
x1 + x2
x +x
f ( x2 ) f (
f ( x2 ) f (
f ( x2 ) f ( 1 2 )
)
)
2
2
2

f ( 2 ) =
=
=
.
x +x
x2 x1
2 x2 x1 x2
x2 1 2
2
2
2

(x1 ,

 2:

310

f , f .
x +x
x1 + x2
f ( x2 ) f ( 1 2 )
) f ( x1 )
2
2
<
1 < 2 f (1 ) < f (2 )
x2 x1
x2 x1
2
2
x1 + x2
x1 + x2
x1 + x2
f(
) f (x1) < f (x2) f (
) 2f (
) < f (x1) + f (x2)
2
2
2
x +x
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
f( 1 2 ) <
.
2
2
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
x +x
f ( 1 2 ).
x1, x2
2
2
f(

x2 x1 > 0

x > 0 lnx > 0 lnx > ln1 x > 1. f

Df = (1,+ ).
f (1, + ),
g(x) = lnx :
f ( x ) = ( ln(ln x ) ) = 1 (ln x ) = 1 1 = 1
ii)

ln x

ln x x

x ln x

1 ln x + x 1
1 = (1) x ln x 1 ( x ln x ) = ( x ) ln x + x (ln x ) =
x = ln x + 1 >
x ln x
( x ln x )2
( x ln x )2
( x ln x ) 2
( x ln x ) 2
0. f (1,+ ).
, (i) , (1,+ ) :
+
f () + f ( )
ln(ln ) ln(ln )
+
f(
)
ln ln(
)
2
2
2
2

+
+
ln(ln ) + ln(ln )
ln(ln ) + ln(ln )
ln ln(
)
ln ln(
)

2
2
2
2

1 .ln(ln.ln) ln ln( + ) ln ln ln ln ln( + ) ln ln ln( + ).

2
2
2
2

f ( x ) =

___________________________________________________________________

10.11. -

, , .
2
3
2
) f (x) = x + x + , 0
) f (x) = x 6x
4
3
2
4
) f (x) = x + x + 6x + x + 1
) f (x) = (x + 1)

) f (x) = 2x + 3x 1

10.12. f f (x) = x42x3+x1,

.
10.13. f f (x) = x2(x3) + 4 , x \ . x1, x2

f x3 .
(x1, f (x1)) , (x2, f (x2)) , (x3, f (x3)) .

( 1985)

10.14. f (x) = x2 2lnx x (0,+ ).

) f .

 10: -

311

) f

(1,f (1)) ,
.
( 1994)

10.15. -

, , .
x
2
) f (x) = xe
) f (x) = ln(x +1)
) f (x) =

( )

1 .ln 1+ x
1 x
2

) f (x) = 2lnx + x
) f (x) = x. e

) f (x) = ln(lnx)

1
x

10.16. -

, , .
) f (x) =

x 2 1

) f (x) =

x3 9 x
x 2 1

) f (x) =

x +2
x 2

) f (x) =

ln x
1 + ln x

10.17. , < f (x) = (x )5.(x )3

x \ .

f ( x )
= 5 + 3 x x .
x
x
f ( x)

) g(x) = ln f ( x )

( , ).
( 1995)

10.18. ,

.
2

) f (x) = x. e

x
2

) f (x) =

x +1
x2 +1

10.19. ) f f (x) = x x , x \

0 < < 1.
) , :

2 = (2 4) ( 2) 0 < < 1.
( 1992)

10.20. f f (x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + ,
8
, 2 > ..
3

f (x) = x4 (+1)x3 + (2+1)x2 x + 1.

, f \ .

10.21. f

10.22. f f (x) = .ln(x + ) x2 , 0. f

.
;
[. f <0 >0]

10.23. f f (x) = x3 + x2 + x + , 0.
i) f , (x0 , f (x0)).

312

2:
x1 + x2
.
2

ii) f x1, x2 x1 x2 , x0 =

10.24. f

f (x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 \ .

[.- 2 6 2 6 ]
3
3

10.25. f
f (x) = x4 + x3 + 3 x2 + 1 \ .
2
[.-2 2]

10.26. x0 = 1
f f (x) = x2 + 12 .
x
[.=-3]

10.27. , f

f (x) = x3 + ( + 1)x2 + (1 )x + 1 (1, 4).

[.==2]

10.28. , f

f (x) = x +
(1,4).
x
[.=3, =1]

10.29. , f (x) = x3 + x2 + x + 2 -

x1 = 2 x2 = 1.
10.30. , f (x) = x + ln

[.=-3, =-24]

x2 +1

(1,1), Cf .

[.=1, =2]

10.31. f (, ).

(x0, f (x0)) x0 (, ) f,
x0 .

10.32. f
4
3
f (x) = x + 2x + (2 2 + 5 ).x2 + (+7)x 52.
3
3
2

f .
( 1990)

10.33. ) f

(0,+ ). g g(x) = ln[f (x)] , x

2
, : f ( x ) f ( x ) [ f ( x )] , x .
2

) , g g(x) = ln(x + 2),

.
( 1992)

 10: -

313

10.34. f f (x) = (x )ex , \ . -

f.

[.y=2e-x]

f (x) = x3 3x2.2 + 2x.22 + 22 x \ \ .

f , , .

10.35.

( 2001)

10.36. f, \ f ( x ) 0

x \ g g ( x ) f ( x ) = 2f (x) x \ . , f (x0, f (x0)), g (x0, g(x0)),

y 2x + 5 = 0.
( 1995)

10.37. f \ x \ -

: [f (x)]2 x.f (x) + 3x2 = f (x). f

.
10.38. f (x) = ex Jensen, :

+
2

1 (e + e) , , \ .
2

10.39. f (x) = x x [0, ]. Jensen,

2
+
+
:

, , [0, ].
2
2
2
10.40. f (x) = x , x 0 1. Jensen,

21.( + ) ( + ) , , 0.

( 1x ) , 0 < x < 1 > 1.

10.41. f (x) = x +

i) f (x) (0,1).
ii) x, y (0,1) > 1

f(

x+ y
f ( x) + f ( y)
)
.
2
2

iii) , x > 0, y > 0, > 1 x + y = 1, :

( x + 1x ) + y + 1y
a

a
5a1 .
2

10.42. f [, ]

f () = f () = 0. f (x) > 0, x (,).

10.43. f \ . -

, < , f () = f (), :

 2:

314

i) f .
ii) lim f (x) = +
x+

10.44. f \ f ( x ) > 0

f (x) = f (2 x) , x\ . f .

[.. (- ,1] . [1,+ )]

10.45. , :
10.46. \ `*

+
.

(e + 2) + (e + 2) > 2.3.

10.47. , \ , , > 4,5 + = 12, : 1/ . 1/

10.48. f, g f ( x ) > 0 x , g ( x ) > 0

x f (), g D f .

6.

g ( x ) > 0

10.49. f -

x0 f ( x0 ) = 0 f
f.

(3)

(x0) 0, x0

10.50. f

f (x) = x.x , y2.(4 + x2) = 4x2.

______________ _______________________________________
10.51. .

.
3 .

II. 4
.
III. f (, ). f (, )
(, ) (, f ()) Cf.
I.

10.52. . -

.
I. f

,
. f ( x ) > 0 , x
. f ( x ) < 0 , x
. f ( x ) 0 , x
. f ( x ) 0 , x
. f ( x )

 11: - DE L HOSPITAL

315

11.

- DE L HOSPITAL1

11.1. :

x = x0 f, lim+ f (x) ,
x x0

lim f (x) + .

x x0

11.2. :

y = l f + ( ), lim f (x) = l
x+

( lim f (x) = l).

x

11.3. :

y = x +
f + , ,
lim [f (x) (x + )] = 0 ,
x+

lim [f (x) (x + )] = 0.

11.4. : y = x + = 0, 0

.
11.5. :

y = x +
f + , ,
f ( x)
= \
lim [f (x) x] = \ ,
x+
x
f ( x)
lim
= \ lim [f (x) x] = \ .
x
x
x

lim

x+

DE L HOSPITAL (16611704).
, , ,
Jean Bernoulli. Analyse
des infiniment petits (1696) .
00

lHospital. Traite analytique des sections coniques,

(260170 ..) .

 2:

316

11.6. : (1) 2

.
(2)

P( x )
,
Q( x)

, .
(3) ,

f :
o f .
o , f .
o + , ,
(, + ) , ( , ).
de l Hospital

lim f (x) = 0 , lim g(x) = 0 , x0 \ { ,+ } -

11.7. 1O:

x x0

( 0 )
0

x x0

f ( x )
lim
x x0 g ( x )

( ), :

lim
x x0

f ( x)
f ( x )
= lim
.
x x0 g ( x )
g ( x)

lim f (x) = + , lim g(x) = + , x0 \ { ,+ }

11.8. 2O:

x x0

( + )
+

x x0

f ( x )
lim
x x0 g ( x )

( ), :

lim
x x0

f ( x)
f ( x )
= lim
.
x x0 g ( x )
g ( x)

11.9. : (1) 2 + , , .
+
(2) , ,

, .
(3)
ln(1 + x )
f ( x )
. lim
lim
x 0
x x0 g ( x )
x

, lim ln(1+x) = ln1 = 0

x 0

lim x = 0. , ,
x 0

( ln(1 + x ) )
, lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
( x )
lim
x 0

1 (1 + x )
1+ x
= lim

x 0

1 = 1 = 1.
1+ x
1+ 0

ln(1 + x )
= 1.
x

(4) . , f (x) = x2.( 1 ) g(x) = ln(1+x) lim f (x) = 0, lim g(x) = 0.

x 0
x 0
x

(x)

( x)

f ( x ) = x 2 ( 1 ) = 2x.( 1 ) + x2.( 1 ) 1 = 2x.( 1 ) + x2.( 1 ) 12

x

 11: - DE L HOSPITAL

= 2x.( 1 ) ( 1 ) g ( x ) = ( ln(1 + x ) ) =
x

317

1 (1+x) = 1 .
1+ x
1+ x

2 x ( 1 ) ( 1 )
f ( x )
x
x = lim (1+x)[2x.( 1 ) ( 1 )]
lim
= lim
x 0 g ( x )
x 0
x 0
x
x
1
1+ x
lim ( 1 ).
x 0
x

lim
x 0

x 2 ( 1 )
x ( 1 )
f ( x)
x = lim
x = 0 = 0.
= lim
x 0 ln(1 + x )
x 0 ln(1 + x )
1
g ( x)
x

______________ ___________________________________________
11.10. f (x) =

x x
.
x 1

f Df = \ {1}.
lim+ f (x) = lim+
x 1

x 1

x x
= lim+ (x. x . 1 ) = lim+ (x. x ). lim+ 1 = 1.(+ ) = + .
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1

x = 1 Cf.
x x
x x
x x>0
x
x
f ( x)
lim
= lim x 1 = lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
= 1.
x+
x
x+
x+ x ( x 1)
x+ x 1
x+ x 1
x+ x
x

= 1.
lim [f (x) x] = lim (

x+

x+

2
2
2
x x
x 2 x ( x 1)
x) = lim ( x x) = lim
= lim x x + x =
x+
x+
x+
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

lim x = lim x = 1. = 1.
x+ x 1
x+ x

y = x+1 Cf x + .
x x
x x
x x<0
x
x
f ( x)
lim
= lim x 1 = lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
= 1.
x
x
x x ( x 1)
x x 1
x x 1
x
x
x
x

= 1.
lim [f (x) x] = lim (

2
2
2
x x
x 2 + x ( x 1)
+ x) = lim ( x + x) = lim
= lim x + x x
x
x
x
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

= lim x = lim x = 1. = 1.
x x 1
x x
y = x 1 Cf
x .

11.11. f (x) =

x

x

xx .
:

 2:

318

f Df = \* . lim f (x) = lim

x0

x0

x
= 1 f
x

\* , .

x 0

x
x
=
x
x

x
1 . 1
1
x

x
= 0. lim f (x) = 0.
lim ( 1 ) = lim 1 = 0 lim f (x) = lim
x

x+

x+

x+

x+

f xx + .
11.11.1. :

f ( ) x +
. 0.

___________________________________________________________________

11.12.
3x 2
5 x3
x3 + 8
) f (x) =
) f (x) =
) f (x) =
x2
x+3
x+2
11.13.
x (2 + x x 2 )
2 x 2 3x
x3 + x 2
) f (x) =
) f (x) =
) f (x) =
2
x 1
x2 1
x x +1
11.14. 2x + y 5 = 0

f + . :
) lim

x+

f ( x)
x

lim [f (x) + 2x]

) lim

x+

x+

f ( x ) 3x x
x f ( x) + 2 x 2 + 3
[.i)-2, 5 ii)-1]

11.15. y = 2x + 5

f + . :
) lim

x+

f ( x)
lim [f (x) 2x].
x+
x

lim

x+

f ( x) + 4 x
= 1.
x f ( x ) 2 x 2 + 3x
( 1994)

11.16. y = 4 6x

f .

 11: - DE L HOSPITAL

) :

lim

f ( x)
x

319

lim [f (x) + 6x]

) \ ,

f ( x ) + x + x 2 ( 1 )
x
= 2.
x f ( x ) + 6 x 2 + ( 4) x 1

lim

[.i)-6, 4 ii)5]

11.17. ,
2 x 2 + ( + 1) x 2
f (x) =
y = 2x5 , x
x 1

+ .

[.=-8]

11.18. f, g : \ \ \ ,

f (x) g(x) = x 4 , x \ .
y = 3x7 f, x + .
. : ) lim

x+

g ( x)
x

) lim

x+

g ( x ) 3 x + 2 x
.
x f ( x ) 3x 2 + 1

. y = 2x 3 g, -

x + .

( 2000)

11.19.

x2 2x + 3

) f (x) =

) f (x) =

x x2 +1
x 1

11.20.
x
x
) f (x) =
) f (x) = x +
x
x
[.)x=0, y=0 )y=x]

11.21. : (:
) lim

1 x
x

) lim

e x 1
1 x

x 0

) lim

e x + x 1
ln(1 + x )

) lim

x x x
x3

) lim

1 x ln(x )
x2

) lim

1 x + ln x
x 3 3x + 2

x 0

x 0

0
0

x 0

x 0

x1

[.)0 )2 )- 1 )2 )1 )- 1 ]
3
6

11.22. (:

0)
0

) lim

x 1 ln x
( x 1) ln x

) lim

) lim

(x ) ( x )
x2

) lim

x1

x 0

x1

x 0

x 1 ( x 1)
( x 1)2
e x e x 2 x
x x
2-2
[.) 1 ) (-1) )
)2]
2
2
2

 2:

320

11.23. :
) lim+
x 0

) lim

ln(x )
lnx

(: )

x
e
) lim 2
x+ x + 1

ln(1 + 2e x )
1+ x

x+

) lim+

11.24. :

x 0

x
2
) lim e .(x x )

) lim+

ln( x 1)
1

x 1

x+

e x1
ln(e x + e x )
) lim
x+
x

ln(2 x )
ln(x )

[.)1 )+ )0 )0 )1 )1 )1]

(: 0 ( ) )

) lim+ (x.lnx)

) lim+ (

2 2x
) lim+ (x .e )

) lim (x.ln(x)

x 0

x 0

x 0

x .lnx)

x
2

) lim+ (x. e x )
x 0

[.)0 )0 )+ )0 )0]

11.25. : (: 00)
x

) lim+ x

) lim+ x

x 0

x 0

) lim+
x 0

( x)

[.)1 )1 )1]

11.26. f \ f () = 3 ,
2 f ( x) 6
f ( ) = 4, : lim
.
x
x
[.-8]

11.27. f

1 + x , x

3
f (x) =
.
+ x , x >

2
3

, , f x0 =

[.=- 1 , = 1 ]
2
4

x + x ,
x0
11.28. f f (x) =
, , > 0.
(x ) + ( x ) , x > 0

, , f (1, 5 ) f x0 = 0.
2

[.=2, =

11.29.

1
1
= , =2]
2
2

f (x) = x + 1 + ln(x2 + 1).

) f.
) f xx .
[.) \ ]

11.30. f, \ , : lim
x 0

f ( x ) e 2 x +1
= 5.
2 x

) f (0).
) f x0 = 0.

 11: - DE L HOSPITAL

321

x
) h(x) = e .f (x), -

f h (0, f (0)) (0, h(0)) .

[.)0 )12]

x+
,
x 1

11.31. f (x) =
, \ .
x +1
(1
e
)
ln(
x
1)
,
x
(1,2]

1 e x+1 .
) lim
x1
x 1
) f x0 = 1.
) = 1 (1,2) ,

f ( , f ()) xx.
[.)1 )-1]

11.32.

x
1
f (x) =
x
1 + 2
0

x0

x=0

lim f (x).

i) , ,

x 0

ii) , ,

lim f (x) lim f (x).

x+

[. i) ii)0, 0]

x ln x
11.33. f f (x) =
e

, x 0
, x =0

11.34. . g g(x) = ex.

i) Cg 0.
ii) g - .
iii) x \ : 1 + x.e e .
x

e x 1

. f f (x) = x

x0

x=0

i) f.
ii) f .
iii)

f .
e 1/ x
0

11.35. f (x) =

x0
. x=0

 2:

322

______________ _______________________________________
11.36. . -

.
I. f \ .
II. f (x) = lnx, y = 0.
x

III. f (x) = e , x = 0.
IV. f (x) =

x + x
, .
x 2 90 x + 2026

V. , .

11.37. . -

.
I. f \
:
.
.
.
.
.
II. f \ , :
. +
. +
.
. +
.

 12: 323

12

______________ ___________________________________________
12.1. f (x) =

x3 2
.
( x 1)2

f Df = \ {1}.
f .
f Df ,

f ( x ) = x 22 =
( x 1)

( x 3 2) ( x 1) 2 ( x 3 2) ( x 1) 2
( x 1) 2

3x 2 ( x 1) 2 ( x 3 2) 2( x 1)( x 1)
( x 1) 4

3
2
3
3
2
( x 1)[3x 2 ( x 1) 2( x 3 2)]
( x + 1)( x 2)2
= 3x 3x 23 x + 4 = x 3x 3+ 4 =
4
( x 1)
( x 1)3
( x 1)
( x 1)

( x + 1)( x 2)2
= 0 x = 1 x = 2.
( x 1)3

1
x
. x = 1
f ( x )
+ 0

f ( x ) = 0

( 1)3 2
f (1) =
= 1 22 = 3 .
4
( 1 1) 2
( 2)

f ( x ) = x 3x 3+ 4 =
( x 1)
3

f(x)
..

( x 3 3x 2 + 4) ( x 1)3 ( x 3 3x 2 + 4) ( x 1)3
( x 1)3

(3x 2 6 x ) ( x 1)3 ( x 3 3x 2 + 4) 3( x 1) 2 ( x 1)
3x ( x 2) ( x 1)3 ( x 3 3x 2 + 4) 3( x 1) 2
=
( x 1)6
( x 1)6

3x ( x 2) ( x 1)3 ( x + 1)( x 2)2 3( x 1) 2

3( x 2) ( x 1)2 [ x ( x 1) ( x + 1)( x 2)]
=
6
( x 1)
( x 1)6

3( x 2)[ x 2 x ( x 2 2 x + x 2)]
3( x 2)[ x 2 x x 2 + 2 x x + 2)]
6( x 2)
=
=
.
4
( x 1)
( x 1)4
( x 1)4

 2:

324

6( x 2)
= 0 x = 2 x = 2.
( x 1)4

f ( x ) = 0

f .

3
f (2) = 2 22 = 8 2 = 6. (2,6)

f(x)

(2 1)

f ( x )

..

Cf.
3
lim f (x) = lim x 22 = lim [(x32).

x1

x1

( x 1)

x1

1
] = lim (x32). lim 1 2 = (1)(+ ) = .
x1
x1 ( x 1)
( x 1)2

x = 1 Cf.
x3 2
x3 2
x3 2
x3 2
f ( x)
( x 1)2
lim
= lim
= lim
=
lim
=
lim
=
x+
x+
x+ x ( x 1) 2
x+ x ( x 2 2 x + 1)
x+ x 3 2 x 2 + x
x
x

lim

x+

x3
= 1. = 1.
x3

3
x 3 2 x ( x 1) 2
x 3 2 x ( x 2 2 x + 1)
lim [f (x) x] = lim [ x 22 x] = lim
= lim
=
2
2

x+

x+

( x 1)

( x 1)

x+

x+

( x 1)

2
2
x 2 x + 2 x x)
lim
= lim 2 x2 x 2 = lim 2x2 = 2. = 2.
2
x+
x+
x+
( x 1)
x 2 x +1
x
3

lim

f ( x)
= 1 lim [f (x) x] = 2
x
x

y = x + 2 Cf + .
3
x = 0 y = f (0) = 0 22 = 2 = 2.

(0 1)

x 2 = 0 x3 2 = 0 x3 = 2 x =
( x 1) 2
3

y = 0 f (x) = 0

2.

, f yy (0,2) xx ( 3 2 , 0).
lim f (x) = lim

x+

x+

x3 2
x3
= lim 2 = lim x = +
x+ x
x+
x 2 x +1
2

f :
x
f ( x )
f ( x )

0
0

+
+

f (x)
..

.. 6

lim f (x) = lim x = .

 12: 325

___________________________________________________________________
12.2. :
2

) f (x) = 4 x x

) f (x) = x 2x 3
3

2 x
) f (x) = x .e

) f (x) = x 6x + 9x 4

12.3. :
x3
1
x3
) f (x) = 2
) f (x) = x + 2
) f (x) = 2
x +1
x
x 1
12.4. :
) f (x) =

( )

1 ln 1 x
2
1+ x

) f (x) =

ln x
1 + ln x

) f (x) = x x

12.5. f (x) =

x
.
1 x

 2:

326

________________________________________ ________________

e 1/ y
13.1. f : \ \ f (y) =
0

y>0
. f y0

\ . , f .
13.2. f : \ \ , : lim
x0

) : i) f (0) = 0

ii)

f (0) = 1

) \ , lim
x0

x2 + ( f ( x))
2 x2 + ( f ( x) )

f ( x) x
= 2005.
x2

= 3.

13.3. (t) = 2t + , t \ \ . -

E(t) , E(t) = (t 1).(t) , t 0

t . K(t) K(t) = (t + 4) , t 0 .
) P(t), t 0 ,
12 .
) ;

) 2 ;
) I =

111

0 P(t )dt .
( 1998)

13.4. f \ , f (x) = f (2 x) f ( x ) 0 x \ .
) f .
) f (x) = 0 .
) g(x) =

f ( x)
. f ( x )

g xx, 450.
13.5. f : \ \ f (0) = 1 ,

2x.f (x) + (x2 + 1) f ( x ) = ex, x \ .

) f (x) =

e x , x \ .
x +1
2

) f.
( 2000)

13.6. h(x) = 212.(e 4x e x) , x 0 , \ , > 4.

)

lim h(x) = h(0) = 0.

x+

) h(x).
) x1

h ( x ) x2 h ( x ) , x1

, x2 .
) =

334 ln 2 h ( x ) dx = 8.
75 0

327
( 1998)

13.7. f :(0,+ ) \ f (1) = 0

x f ( x ) 2f (x) = x , x (0,+ ).
) h(x) =

f ( x)
(0,+ ).
x2

) f.
x

) lim
x1

f (t )dt

(ln x )2

.
[.)f(x)=x2-x ) 1 ]
2

13.8. f, \ f ( x ) 0 x \ .
) f 1-1.
) Cf f (1, 2005) (2,1),

f 1(2004 + f (x28)) = 2.
) Cf, Cf
(): y = 1 x + 2005.
668

13.9. f \ , -

f (0) = 0 f (0,+ ).
) x > 0 (0, x) f (x) = x f ( ) .
) h(x) =

(0,+ ).
x

f ( x)
+ ex , x>0 1-1
x

) h(x) = e + x + x , I =

1 f ( x +1) dx .
[.) 10 ]
21

13.10. f : \ \ , :

f 3(x) + f (x) = 2x4 , x \ .

) f (0) = 0 f f (0).
) Cf (1, f (1)).
) f.
[.)y=2x-1]

13.11. f \ :

f 3(x) + 2f (x) = x x \ .
i) f (x) = 0 x = 0.
ii) f - .

13.12. f f (x) = ( 2 )x3 ( + 1 )x2 10x + 7 , x \ .

3
2
3
\ f x = . 2

f.
( 1986)

 2:

328

13.13. f \ f (x) =

xz x+z
2
x2 + z

z -

z = + i, , \ 0.
) lim f (x) , lim f (x).
x+

z +1 > z 1 .

) f,

) f.

( ) lnx , x > 0 \ ,

13.14. f f (x) = x
e

x > 0 f (x) 1.
i) = 1.
ii) f .
iii) f .
iv) f.
[.iv)x=0, y=0]

13.15. . x > 1 (1 + x).ln(1+ x) x.

ln(1 + x )
1 < x 0

x
. f f (x) =
.
x=0

1
i) , , f -

0.
ii) f.
iii) \ , :

(22 + 2 + 1).ln(2 + 2 + 3) (2 + 2 + 2).ln(22 + 2 + 2) < 0

[. .i)x+2y=2, iii)-1<<1]

13.16. f (x) = x.ln(x+1) (x+1).lnx , x > 0.

1.
) i) : ln(x+1) lnx <
x

ii) f (0,+ ).

1
) : lim x.ln(1+ ).
x+

+1

) (0,+ ) (+1) =

13.17. f [1,5] -

(1,5). x [1,5]

f ( x ) 2,

f (1) + f (5) 8.
13.18. f (x) = (1 x)ex.
) f.
) x (0,1) e <
x

1
2
1
4

1 .
1 x

e x dx < ln3.
x

13.19. f (x) = x2.lnx x , x > 0.

) f .

329

) f xx .

dx < 8 + ln3.
ln x

13.20. f (x) = x

+1

ln x , \ .

) () f.
) , () ;
[.)=0]

13.21. f (x) =

x 2 +1 x.

) lim f (x) = 0.
x+

) f, x

) : f ( x )
) :

x 2 +1 + f (x) = 0

1 dx = ln( 2 + 1)
x 2 +1
[.)y=-2x]

13.22. . g g(x) = x.lnx.

i) Cg 1.
ii) g - .
iii) x (0,+ ) : 1 + x.lnx x.

ln x

0 < x 1

. f f (x) = x 1

x =1

i) f.
ii) f .

f .

iii)

13.23. f \ .

()

f ( x ) , > 0 x \

f ( a ) f (b) a b , , b \ .

13.24. (x) , ex = (x) +1

.
13.25. 2 1 , 2 , , , 1 , 2 , , . -

[
=1

( x ) + ( x )] = 0 (0, 2).

13.26. f [, ] f () = ,

f () = . f (x) > x , x (, ).

13.27. g, \ , g(x) > 0

g ( x ) g(x) [ g ( x ) ] > 0 , x \ . :
2

 2:

330

)
) g(

x1
x
+ 2)
2
2

g
.
g

g ( x1 ) g ( x2 ) x1 , x2 \ .
( 1997)

331

3.

F(x) =

f (t ) dt

,
.
(287212 ..) , ...
.
17
.
. .

.
.
.

. , , . .

.

,
.
,
.

 1:

333

.
,
.
,
.
:
; , ;
;
;
1.1. :

f . f F

F (x ) = f (x) , x .

1.1.1. : (1) .

.
1

f (x) =

x<0
\ . ,
x0

.. F(x), F ( x ) = f (x) x \ , < 0

> 0 F ( ) = f () = 1 < 0 F ( ) = f () = 1 > 0 , Darboux1 (, ) F ( ) = f () = 0, .
1
2
x ( )

x 0

x =0

F(x) =

. -

( Darboux) f [, ]

f ( ) f ( ) <0, (, ) f ( ) = 0.

 3:

334

2 x ( 1 ) ( 1 )

x 0

x =0

F ( x ) = f (x) =

. f(x)

\ , F ( x )
f (x)
\ . , .
(2) f , .
1.2. :

f . F
f ,
G(x) = F(x) + c
f
G f
G(x) = F(x) + c , c \
:
G(x) = F(x) + c , c \ , f ,
G (x ) = (F(x)+c) = F (x ) = f (x) , x .
G f . x
F (x ) = f (x) G (x ) = f (x) , G (x ) = F (x ) , x .
c ,
G(x) = F(x) + c , x .

1.3. :

f f ,
f ( x ) dx .

:
f, ,
f ( x ) dx = f (x) + c , c \
. c .

.
x
.

1.

0 dx

= c

8.

2.

1 dx

= x+c

9.

3.

x dx

10.

4.

11.

= ln x + c ,

x0

+1
dx = x
+ c , 1, x \
+1

dx = x + c, x + , ]
2
dx = x + c, x , ]

dx = ex + c ,
dx =

x \

a x + c , 0 < 1, x \
ln a

 1:
1 dx = 2 x + c ,
x

x>0

x dx = x + c ,
x dx = x + c

x \

5.
6.
7.

335

, x \

1.4. : ,

x . 2
f (x) = 2 x x 1 \*

x
2
2 x x 1 dx =
x x x

2 x 2 x 1 dx =
x

(2 x 1 x ) dx = 2 x dx 1 dx x dx = x x ln x + c
1

\* , ( ,0) (0,+ ).
1.5. :

(
)

f g ,
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx , \*

( f ( x ) + g ( x )) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx

1.6. : F(x) f(x) ,

F(x+) f (x+)
(F(x+)) = F(x+).(x+) = f (x+).
1 F(x) f (x) , 0

1
( F(x)) = 1 F(x).(x) = 1 f (x). = f (x).

..

x + 3 dx

= ln x + 3 + c ,

5x

5x
dx = e + c ,

(2 x 1)
+ c.
(2 x 1) dx =
2

1.7. : f

.(
, , : ,
, , , ).
:
x
f (x) = e

, g(x) = e x

, h(x) =

x
x

, (x) = 1 .
ln x

______________ ___________________________________________

, .

 3:

336

1.8. :
)

( x +2)3 ( x 2)3

( x+1) ( x 1)
2

dx

(1+x +x )

dx .

( x + 2)3 ( x 2)3

( x +1) ( x 1)

=
=

dx =

x 3 + 3 x 2 2 + 3x 2 2 + 23 ( x 3 3x 2 2 + 3 x 2 2 23 )
dx
x 2 + 2 x +1 ( x 2 2 x +1)

12 x 2 16
+
dx
4x
4 x

+ 4ln x + c.

(1+ x + x ) dx = (1+ x + x + 2x + 2x + 2x x ) dx
(2 + 2x + 2x + 2 x) dx = 2 1 dx + 2 x dx + 2 x dx + 2x dx
2

12 x 2 +16
dx =
4x

x 3 + 6 x 2 +12 x + 8 x 3 + 6 x 2 12 x + 8

x + 2 x +1 x + 2 x 1 dx =
1
3
4

3x + x dx = 3 x dx + 4 x dx = 2 x
2

= 2x 2x + 2x 1 2x + c.
2

1.9. f [4,2].
.
(1,21), (4,39)
1.
) f (x) = 2x3 + 6x2 18x 1.
) f.
) .
)

f ( x ) = x+ 0 x [4,2]. f x0 = 1 ,
f ( 1) = 0 (1)+ = 0 + = 0 = . , f ( x ) = x+.

f ( x ) dx

2
= ( x + ) dx = x + x + c1 f ( x ) = x2 + x + c1, c1 \ .

2
2
3
2

2
f ( x ) dx = ( x + x + c1 ) dx = x + x + c1x + c2
2
2 3
2
3
2

f (x) = x + x + c1x + c2, x [4,2] c1, c2 \ .

6
2

Cf 1, f (0) = 1 c2 = 1.
(1,21), (4,39) Cf :

( 1)3 + ( 1)2 + c ( 1) 1 = 21

+ c1 = 22
1
6

f ( 1) = 21
2
6 2

3
2
f ( 4) = 39
( 4) + ( 4) + c1 ( 4) 1 = 39
64 +16 4c1 = 40
6

2
6
2
+ 3 6c1 = 132
2 6c1 = 132

2 6c1 = 132

=
32

24

12
c
120

=
64
16
4
c
40

8 12c1 = 120
1
1

6
3
2 6c1 = 132

2 3c1 = 30 ( + )

9c1 = 162 c1 = 162 c1 = 18.

9

 1:

337

2 6c1 = 132 3c1 = 66 3(18) = 66 + 54 = 66 = 12.

f (x) = 12 x3 + 12 x2 18x 1 = 2x3 + 6x2 18x 1.
6

f [4,2] (4,2)
f ( x ) = 0 6x2 + 12x 18 = 0 x2 + 2x 3 = 0
x
4

f
(
x
)
+

f ( x ) , f
(
x
)
.
.

f ( x ) = 6x2 + 12x 18.

x = 1 x = 3.
3
0
..

1
0

..

..

x = 4 f f (4) = 2.(4)3 + 6.(4)2 18.(4) 1

= 128 + 96 + 72 1 = 39.
x = 3 f f (3) = 2.(3)3 + 6.(3)2 18.(3) 1
= 54 + 54 + 54 1 = 53.
x = 1 f f (1) = 2.13 + 6.12 18.1 1
= 2 + 6 18 1 = 11.
x = 2 f f (1) = 2.23 + 6.22 18.2 1
= 16 + 24 36 1 = 3.
f 11 53.
f [11,53].
)

f 1 = [4,3].
f (1) = [f (4), f (3)] = [39,53] , 0 f (1). f
2 = [3,1]. f (2) = [f (1), f (3)] = [11,53] , 0 f (2). f
(3,1) f (3) >0 , f (0) = 1 <
0 . f
3 = [1,2]. f (3) = [f (1), f (2)] = [11,3] , 0 f (3). f (1,2) , . f , [4,2], .

) f
.
f ( x ) = 12x + 12 = 12(x+1).

x
f ( x )

f (x)
..

f [4,1]
[1,2].
f (1) = 2(1)3 + 6(1)2 18(1) 1 = 2 + 6 + 18 1 = 21. Cf
(1,21).
1.10. f \ . F f 2F(x) = f (x) , x \ f (2) = 1. f.
:

 3:

338

F f, F ( x ) = f (x) , x \ .
f (x) = 2F(x) F ( x ) = 2F(x)

( ln F ( x ) ) dx = 2 dx

F ( x )= 1 f ( x )0
2

F ( x )
=2
F ( x)

F ( x )

F ( x) dx = 2 dx

ln F ( x ) = 2x + c F ( x ) = e2x+c

F(x) = e2x+c F(x) = e2x+c. F(x) = 1 f (x) \ 2

, F(x) > 0 , x \ F(x) < 0 ,

x \ . F(2) = 1 f (2) = 1 1 = 1 > 0, F(x) = e2x+c , x \ .
F(2) = 1
2

4+c

, F(x) = e

2
= 1
2

2 x +ln 1 4
2

2
4+c = ln 1
2

= e2x4 e

ln 1
2

c = ln 1 4.
2

= 1 e2x4 f (x) = e2x4 , x \ .

2

1.11. :
i)

dx

ii)

f ( x ) dx

3x 2

x 1

x > 1

f (x) = 3

f (x) = x \ , .

i)

2
x ( ,0] f (x) = x F1(x) = x .

2
2
x
.
x [0,+ ) f (x) = x F2(x) =
2
x2
2 + c1 x 0
c1, c2 .
f F(x) = 2
x + c2
x 0
2
2
2
F 0 + c1 = 0 + c2 c1 = c2 = c.
2
2
x2
+ c x 0
= 1 x x + c.
x dx = 2 2
2
x
+c
x 0
2

ii)

x < 1 f (x) = 3x2 .

x > 1 f (x) = 3 .
x

f (1) = lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = 3. f \ , x1

x1

.
f ( ,1] F1(x) = x3, (1,+ ) F2(x) = 3lnx.
x3 + c

f F(x) =

3ln x + c1

x 1
.
x >1

H F \ , , x0 = 1,
F(1) = lim F(x) = lim+ F(x) 1 + c = 3.ln1 + c1 c1 = 1+ c.
x1

x1

 1:
x3 + c

f ( x ) dx = 3ln x +1 + c

339

x 1
.
x >1

___________________________________________________________________

1.12. :
)

(2 x 3 x ) dx

x + x

(5x 2x 3 )

dx

6x

12 dx
x

1
dx
3

[.)x2-3x-ln x +c )5x+2x- 3 x+c )2x3+ 1 +c )x-ln x - 1 2 +c]

x
2x

1.13. :
)

2
( x + 2) dx

(2 x 1)

dx

2
(3x + 4) dx

( x 1) dx
3

[.) 1 x3+2x2+4x+c ) 4 x3-2x2+x+c )3x3+12x2+16x+c ) 1 x4-x3+ 3 x2-x+c]

4
2
3
3

1.14. :
)

(x

+ 3)2 dx

)
[.)

(x

+ 1) 2 dx

(2 x 1)

dx

(x

+ 2)3 dx

1 5
1 7 1 4
x +2x3+9x+c )
x+
x +x+c )2x4-4x3+3x2-x+c ) 1 x7+ 6 x5+4x3+8x+c]
7
5
5
7
2

1.15. :
6 x 2 5 x + 2 dx
)
x
4
6
x
2 x 3 + x + 1 dx

)
x2

4 x 4 3x 3 + 2 x 2 x + 5 dx
x
5
6 x 4 + 5 x 3 7 x 2 + x 1 dx
x3

12 x
)

[.)3x2-5x+2ln x +c )x4-x3+x2-x+5ln x +c )2x3-x2+ln x - 1 +c )4x3-3x2+5x-7ln x - 1 + 1 2 +c]

x 2x
x

1.16. :
)

x 1
x

dx

1 dx
x

[.) 1 x3-2x- 1 +c ) 1 x2-2x+ln x +c]

2
3
x

1.17. : )

dx
x2

dx
x

dx

[.)3 3 x +c )- 2 +c )- 33 +c]
x
x

1.18. :
x 1 dx
) x 3 x dx
)
3
x

x 2 2 x dx
x

(1 x )

x dx

3
6 6
3 3 2
2 2
4
2
2 2
[.) 3 x2 x +c )
x x x +c )
x x x x +c )
x x x x +c]
7
7
2
5
3
3
5

 3:

340

1.19. : ) ( 2e x 1) 2 dx

(3e

1)3 dx

[.)2e2x-4ex+x+c )9e3x- 27 e2x+9ex-x+c]

2

1.20. : )

e x + 1 dx
e x

2 x 3x dx
2x

x
[.)x+ex+c )x- 1,5 +c]

ln1,5

1.21. :
2 x
2 x
dx
dx
)
)
x
x

2 x

x x

dx

2 x

x + x

dx

[.)2x+c )-2x+c )x-x+c )x+x+c]

1.22. :
)

dx

2 x + x
2

dx

x 2 x

1 + 2 x dx

1+ 2 x

1+ 2 x

12 x dx

[.)x+c )-x+c ) 1 x+ 1 x+c )- 1 x+ 1 x+c]

2
2
2
2

1.23. :

dx

x + x

2 x

x x
2

dx

[.)- 1 2x+c )-x-x+c]

4

1.24. : ) ( x + x ) 2 dx

) ( x x )

dx

[.)x- 1 2x+c ) x+ 1 2x+c]

2
2

1.25. :
)

1 dx +

x x

(x x )
1

dx

3x
dx
x

3x dx

[.)x-x-3x+c )2x+c]

1.26. : )

e 2 x + e x 12 dx
ex + 4

e3 x 3e x 2 dx
ex 2

[.)ex-3x+c ) 1 e2x+2ex+x+c]
2

1.27. :
x 2 + 2 x 8 dx
x 3 + 1 dx
)
)
x +1
x2

x 3 3x + 2 dx
x+2

2 x 4 + 5 x 3 11x 2 20 x +12
dx
2 x 1

[.) 1 x2+4x+c ) 1 x3- 1 x2+x+c ) 1 x3-x2+x+c ) 1 x4+x3-2x2-12x+c]

2
3
2
3
4

1.28. :

x 1 dx
x

x+

x 2 3x + 2
dx
x 2+ x2 x

[.)x-2 x +c ) 2 x x -x+c]
3

1.29. f f ( x ) =

1
+ 1 + 1 f (1) = 3.
x
x

 1:

341

[.f(x)=2 x +lnx+x]

x +1
xx
x

1.30. f f ( x ) =

1.
[.f(x)=x+lnx-1]

1.31. f f ( x ) = 6x 6 ,

(2,16) x0 = 2
x + y = 5.

[.f(x)=x3-3x2-x+2]

1.32. f f ( x ) = 12x2 2 ,

(1,2) 5x y = 3.

[.f(x)=x4-x2+3x-1]

1.33. f f ( x ) = 6x + ex. H

(0,3) x + 2y + 2 = 0. f.

[.f(x)=x3+ex+x+2]

1.34. f x \ f ( x ) = 6x 2 -

(2,5) (1,10).

[.f(x)=x3-x2+3x-5]

1.35. f x \ f ( x ) = 12x2 + 6x 2

(1,3) (2,7).

[.f(x)=-x4+x3-x2+x+3]

1.36. f f ( x ) = 3x2 + 2x + . Cf

(1,3). Cf.

[.(-1/3,65/27)]

1.37. f \ F 1-1

\ . \ f () = 0.

1.38. : i)

dx
e x + 2 + c , x < 0

[.i)

x
e +c

, x 0

1.39. f (1,1)

[.f(x)=-x2+2]

1.40. , , 1

x = 1 31 x = 3.

[.f(x)=x3-3x2-9x-4]

 3:

342

1.41. 25m/s. -

6m/s2, ;
[.625/12 m]

1.42. f F \ , F(x).F(1x) = F(x2) ,

x \ . f (1) = 0.
2

1.43. F \ f (x) = e x , x \ .
) lim F(x) = + .
x+

x F ( x)

) lim

ex

x+

.
[.)1/2]

______________ _______________________________________
1.44. . -

.
I. F(x) = x.x + x f (x) = x.x.
II.

F(x) = 1 f (x) = 12 \* .
x

III.

, .
IV. f
x0 , .
V. f .
VI. f
.

VII.

f(x) =
x ( ,1)

VIII.

ln( x + 2)
[1,+ )
x 2 3x + 4

dx

x 1

= ln(1x) + c.

IX.
X.

.
f, g ,
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx + f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f (x).g(x) + c

XI.

f \
f ( x ) dx dx = f (x) + c , c

1.45. . -

.
f (x) = 3x2 1. F
f (2, 4). F

. (2,6)
. (2,4)
. (3,8)
. (1,2)
. (3,4)

I.

 1:
II.

.
. f
. f

f ( x )
f (x) + c , c \

.
.

343

 3:

344

, .
JERRY KAZDAN

. , .
. . , , ,
.
2.1. :

f g
:
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f (x).g(x) f ( x ) g ( x ) dx .

2.2. :

f g
:
f ( g ( x)) g ( x ) dx = f (u) du u = g(x) du = g ( x ) dx.

(
)

(
)

______________ __________________________________________________

,


:

 2:

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

345

= f (x).g(x)

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

P ( x ) e

x +

dx , (x) x \*

2.3. : ) (4 x +10) e2 x+1 dx

2 x 2 dx .
e3x

:
)

(4 x +10)e

2 x +1

dx =

= (2x+5) e2x+1

4 2 e

1 2x+1
1
(4 x +10) e 2 x+1 dx = (4x+10) e

2
2

2 x +1

(4 x +10) 2 e
1

dx = (2x+5) e2x+1 2 e2 x+1 dx = (2x+5) e2x+1 2

2 x +1

dx

1 2x+1
e
+c
2

= (2x+5) e2x+1 e2x+1 + c = (2x+51) e2x+1 + c = (2x+4) e2x+1 + c = 2(x+2) e2x+1 + c .

)

2 x2
dx =
e3 x

(2 x

( x 2 2)e 3 x

e 3 x
) e 3 x dx = (2 x 2 )
3

e 3 x
3

x2 2
dx = 3e3 x

(2 x)

2
e 3 x
dx = (2 x )( 3 )

2x

3 e

3 x

2
dx = x 3 x2
3e

e 3 x
3

(2 x )
2

2 x e 3 x
3

dx

dx

3 x
2
2
3 x
3 x
= x 3 x2 2 x e + 2 x e dx = x 3 x2 + 2 xe 2 e 3 x dx
3 3
9
9
3e
3e
3 3

2
3 x
= x 3 x2 + 2 x3 x 2 e + c = x 3 x2 + 2 x3 x 2 3 x + c
9 3
9e
9e
27e
3e
3e
2

2
2
= 9 x 18 +3 x6 x + 2 + c = 9 x + 6 x3 x16 + c .

27e

27e

P( x ) ( x + ) dx

x \

P( x )( x + ) dx ,

(x)

2.4. : ) (4 6 x ) 2x dx

(x

+1) x dx .

:
)

(4 6 x) 2 x dx
= (3x2)2x

2 x dx = (46x)( 2 x )
2
2

(4 6 x)

(4 6 x)

2 x dx
2

2 x
dx = (3x2)2x 3 2x dx
2

= (3x2)2x 3 2x + c.
2

(x

+1) x dx = ( x 2 +1) ( x ) dx = (x2+1).x

(x

+1) x dx

= (x2+1).x 2 x x dx = (x2+1).x + 2 x ( x ) dx
= (x2+1).x +2x.x

( 2 x ) x dx

= (x2+1).x +2x.x 2x + c.

= (x2+1).x +2x.x 2x dx

 3:

346

P( x )ln( x + ) dx

, (x) x

2.5. :
)

(2x +1) ln( x +1) dx

(1 2x ) ln

x dx

ln x dx
x

x ln x dx

:
)

2
(2 x +1)ln( x +1) dx = ( x + x )ln( x +1) dx

= (x2+x).ln(x+1) ( x 2 + x ) ( ln( x +1) ) dx = (x2+x).ln(x+1) ( x 2 + x ) 1 ( x +1) dx

x +1
x ( x +1)
x2 + x
2
.
dx = (x +x) ln(x+1)
dx
x +1
x +1
= (x2+x).ln(x+1) x dx = (x2+x).ln(x+1) 1 x2 + c.
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
) (1 2 x ) ln x dx = ( x x ) ln x dx = (xx ).ln x ( x x ) ( ln x ) dx

= (x +x).ln(x+1)
2

= x(1x).ln x
2

( x x )2ln x ( ln x ) dx = x(1 x).ln x ( x x )2ln x x dx

2

= x(1x).ln2x 2 (1 x ) ln x dx = x(1 x).ln2x 2 x x ln x dx =

= x(1x).ln2x 2(x x ).lnx + 2 x x ( ln x )dx

2
= x(1x).ln x (2xx ).lnx + (2 x x 2 ) 1 dx = x(1x).ln2x x(2x).lnx +
x
2
2
x
= x(1x).ln x x(2x).lnx + 2x
+ c.
2
3 +1
3

ln x
ln x
ln x
x 2
dx =
)
dx = x 2 ln x dx =
dx =
ln x dx =
1
3
3
x x
+1
x x 2
x2
2
2

(2 x ) dx
1
x 2
1

ln x dx =

1 ln x dx = 2 ln x dx = 2 lnx 2 ( ln x ) dx =
x
x
x
2

x
= 2ln x 2 1 dx = 2ln x + 2 1 dx = 2ln x + 2( 2 ) + c = 2ln x 4 + c
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
2(ln x + 2)
2ln x + 4
=
+c=
+ c.
x
x

= 2 x 2 ln x dx =

f (x) = x ln x (0,+ ) .

4 x ln x dx

( 2 x ) ln x dx
2

= 2x2.lnx 2 x 2 ( ln x ) dx = 2x2.lnx 2x 2 1 dx
x

= 2x2.lnx 2x dx = 2x2.lnx x2 + k = x2(2lnx1) + k.

x (0,1] f (x) = 4x.lnx F1(x) = x2(2lnx1).
x [1,+ ) f (x) = 4x.lnx F2(x) = x2(2lnx1).

 2:

347

x 2 (2ln x 1) + c 0 < x 1
c, c1
2
x (2ln x 1) + c1 x 1

f F(x) =

.
F 12.(2ln11) + c = 12.(2ln11) + c1
1 + c = 1+ c1 c1 = 2 + c.

4 x ln x dx =

x 2 (2ln x 1) + c
0 < x < 1
.
2
x

(2ln
x

1)
+
2
+
c
x 1

x+

x+

( x + ) dx

( x + ) dx , , \

2.6. : ) e x 4 x dx

x dx .
e x 1

:
)

(e

4 x dx =

) 4 x dx = ex.4x

(4 x ) dx = ex.4x

4 x (4 x ) dx

= ex.4x 4 e x 4 x dx = ex.4x 4 (e x )4 x dx = ex.4x 4ex.4x +

4 e x (4 x ) dx = ex.(4x 44x) + 4 e x ( 4 x ) (4 x ) dx
= ex.(4x 44x) 16 e x 4 x dx .
,

4 x dx = ex.(4x 44x) 16 e x 4 x dx

17 e x 4 x dx = ex.(4x 44x) + c1
)

x 1

dx =

x e

1 x

dx =

( x ) e

1 x

4 x dx = 1 ex.(4x 44x) + c.
17

dx = e1x.x

x (e

1 x

) dx

= e1x.x x e1 x (1 x ) dx = e1x.x x e1 x dx = e1x.x (x ) e1 x dx

= e1x.x e1x.x + x (e1 x ) dx = e1x.(x x) + x e1 x (1 x ) dx
x
= e1x.(x x)
dx .
x 1

e
x
, 2
dx = e1x.(x x) + c1
e x1

x 1

dx = 1 e1x.(x x) + c.
2

f ( g ( x )) g ( x ) dx .
:

f ( g ( x)) g ( x ) dx

f (u) du

u = g(x) du = g ( x ) dx.

f (u) du

 3:

348

2.7. : ) x dx

x dx .
2

:
)

x x dx .

x dx = u du = ln u

x dx =
x

x dx =

u = x du = (x)dx du = x dx

+ c = ln x + c.

x dx = x ( x ) dx = x(x) ( x ) ( x ) dx = x.x + x dx
2

= x.x + ln x + c.

2.8. : ) x 3 x 2 +1 dx

1+e

dx .

:
)

u = x2+1 du = (x2+1)dx du = 2xdx 1 du = xdx u = x2+1 x2 = u1.

x +1 dx = x
2

2
1
1
1
x +1 xdx = (u 1) u du = (u 1) u du = (u u u ) du
2
2
2

+1

+1

1
1
3
1
2
2
= 1 u u du 1 u du = 1 u u 2 du 1 u 2 du = 1 u 2 du 1 u 2 du = 1 u 1 u + c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 3
2 1
+1
+1
2
2

2
2
= u u + c = 1 u 5 1 u 3 + c = 1 u2 u 1 u u + c = 1 (x2+1)2 x 2 +1 1 (x2+1) x 2 +1 +
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
1 2
1 2
2
2
2
2
(x +1) x +1 [3(x +1) 5] + c =
(x +1)(3x 2) x +1 + c.
c=
15
15

) 1 :

1+ e

e x dx = x
x

1+ e
1
1+ e

e x dx =

dx =

1+ e x e x dx =
1+ e x

x
x
1+ e e dx =

x
1+ e x

1+ e

e x dx = 1 dx

1 1+ e

1 e x dx . u = 1+ex du = (1+ex)dx du = exdx

x

1+ e
1

u du

= ln u + c = ln 1+ e x + c = ln(1+ex) + c.

ln(1+ex) + c.
2 :

1+ e

dx =

e x 1 dx =
(1+ e x )

1+ e

dx = x

e x dx .
+1

u = ex+1 du = (ex+1)dx du = ex.(x) dx du = ex dx du = ex dx

1+ e

dx =

1 e x dx = 1 dx = ln u + c = ln 1 + e x + c = ln(1+ex) + c.
u
+1

x
x ln(1+ex) = lnex ln(1+ex) = ln e x = ln

1+ e

1
= ln1 ln(1+ex) = ln(1+ex).
e x +1

2.9. : )
:

dx

x (1+lnx )

2x
dx .
e x

 2:
dx

x (1+ ln x)

349

(1+ ln x) (1+ ln x) dx
3

u = 1+lnx , du = (1+ ln x ) dx. :

dx

x (1+ ln x)

du =

3+1
2
du = u
+ c = u + c = 12 + c

3 +1

2u

1
+c
=
2(1+ ln x )2

2 x
dx =
e x

2x x
1
dx = 2 x x (x ) dx
e
e x

u = x , du = (x ) dx. :
2 x
1
u
u
dx = 2 u u du = 2 u e du = 2 u ( e ) du
e
e x
= 2u(e-u) 2 (u )( e u ) du = 2ue-u + 2 e u du = 2uu + 2(e-u) + c
e
2(
u
+
1)
2(
x
+
1)
+c =
+c.
= 2uu 2u + c =
e
e
eu
e x

2.10. : ) x dx

x dx .
3

:
)

x dx = x dx
1

x x dx = u (du) = u du = ln u

u = x du = (x)dx du = xdx du = xdx

+ c = ln x + c.

2 x
1
2 x
1 2 x
dx = x
dx

dx = x
2
2
2
2
x
x
x x
= x 1 2 1 dx = x 1 2 x dx = x 1 2 dx x dx
x
x
x

1
1

dx . u = x du = (x)dx du =
dx
x
2 x
2 x

x dx = x
3

x dx = x

2 x
1
u2
dx = u du =
+ c1 =
+ c1.
2
2
2
x

x dx = ln x

, 3 x dx =

+ c2

().

x
ln x + c.
2

x x dx , ,

.
2.11. : ) 2 x 3 x dx
:

x dx

 3:

350

x 3 x dx =

x 2 x x dx = 2 x (1 2 x )x dx

u = x du = (x)dx du = x dx

3
5
x 3 x dx = u 2 (1 u 2 ) du = (u 2 u 4 ) du = u 2 du u 4 du = u u + c1

3 x
5 x
=

+ c.
3
5
)

x dx = x x dx = x (1 x ) dx = x (1 2 x + x ) dx =
2
4
2
4
(x 2 x x + x x) dx = x dx 2 x x dx + x x dx

x dx = x + c1
2

x x dx . u = x du = (x)dx du = x dx
5

x x dx = u 2 du = u + c1 =
3

(1)

3 x
+ c1.
3

x x dx . u = x du = (x)dx du = x dx

x x dx = u 4 du = u + c2 =

5
2
1
3
5
, (1) = x x + x + c.
3
5

5 x
+ c2.
5

x x dx ,

.
2.12. : ) 4 x dx

x 4 x dx

:
)

2
1
1
1+22 x + 2 2 x
x dx = ( 2 x ) dx = 1+2 x dx =
dx = 1 dx + 2 x dx +
4
2
4
2

2 x
1
1 2 x
2 2 x dx = x +
+ 1 1+4 x dx = x +
+ 1 1 dx + 1 4 x dx
4
2
2 2
4
4
4
4
8
8
2 x
2 x
4 x
1 4 x
x
x
3
x
= +
+ +
+c=
+
+
+ c.
4
4
32
4
8 8 4
8

x 4 x dx = 2 x ( 2 x ) dx =
2

(1 2 2 x )(1+2 x )
1
1
2 2 x (1+2 x ) dx =
dx =
8
8
8
= 1 2 2 x dx + 1 2 2 x 2 x dx
8
8

1 2 x (1+2 x )
1 2 x 1+2 x

dx =

dx =
2
2
2
4

( 2 x + 2 x2 x ) dx
2

2x dx =
2

1 4 x
1
1
x 4 x + c .
dx =
1 dx 4 x dx =
1
2
2
2
2
8

2 x 2 x dx . u = 2x du = (2x)dx du = 2x.(2x) dx

du = 22x dx 1 du = 2x dx
2

 2:

351

3
3
3 2 x
2 x 2 x dx = u 2 1 du = 1 u 2 du = 1 u + c2 = u + c2 =
+ c2.

6
2 3
6
2
2
3
4 x 3 2 x
1 4 x 1 2 x
1
x
x
, x x dx =
+
+c=
+
+ c.
64
16
8 2 8 8
8
6
48
2

2.13. :
)

3x

3x 2
dx
2
4x + 2

41 3 x
dx
4 x 21

2 x 3 + x 2 9 x + 22
dx
x 2 + 2x 3

3x 7
dx .
4x + 4

3x 2
dx . u = 3x24x+2 du = (3x24x+2)dx du = (6x4)dx
4x + 2
du = 2(3x2)dx 1 du = (3x2)dx
2
11
1 1
1
3x 2
1
(3x 2) dx =
du =
du = ln u + c =

dx =
2 u
2
u2
3x 2 4 x + 2
3x 2 4 x + 2
1
1
ln 3x 2 4 x + 2 + c = ln(3x24x+2) + c.
2
2
4 +10 14
= =7
x1 =
4 100 4 10
2
2
2
.
.
) = (4) 4 1 (21) = 16 + 84 = 100 , x1,2 =
=
2 1
2
4 10 6
= = 3
x2 =
2
2

3x

x2 4x 21 = (x7)(x+3) x \ {3,7}

41 3x
= 41 3x = +
41 3x = (x+3) + (x7)
x
+3
(
7)(
3)
x

x
+
x

7
x 4 x 21
+ = 3 ( 3)
41 3x = x+3 + x7 41 3x = (+)x+37

3 7 = 41
2

3 3 = 9

3 7 = 41 ( + )

10 = 50 = 5 + = 3 5 = 3 = 2.
41 3x
dx =
4 x 21
= 2ln x 7 5ln x + 3 +c.

x 7 x + 3 dx

=2

x 7 dx 5 x + 3 dx

2x3 + x2
2x3 4x2
3x2
3x2

9x + 22
+ 6x_____
3x + 22
+ 6x 9
3x + 13

x2 + 2x 3
2x 3

3
2
2x3 + x2 9x + 22 = (x2+2x3)(2x3) + 3x+13 2 x +2 x 9 x + 22 = 2x3 +

x + 2x 3

(1)

3x + 13
x2 + 2 x 3

 3:

352

= 22 4.1.(3) = 4 + 12 = 16 , x1,2 = 2 16 = 2 4
2 1

2 + 4 2
= =1
2
2
2 4 6
= = 3
x2 =
2
2
x1 =

x2+2x3 = (x+3)(x1) x \ {3,1}

3x + 13 = 3x +13 = + 3x + 13 = (x1) + (x+3)
x 2 + 2 x 3 ( x + 3)( x 1) x + 3 x 1
+ =3
3x + 13 = x + x+3 3x + 13 = (+)x +3
+ 3 =13 ( + )

4 = 16 = 4
+ = 3 +4 = 3 = 1.
1
+ 4 .
x+3
x 1
2 x 3 + x 2 9 x + 22
dx =
x2 + 2 x 3

(1) = 2x3

,
1

x 1 dx = x

x \ {2}

2 x 3 x + 3 + x 1 dx = 2x dx 3 dx x + 3 dx +

3x 2ln x + 3 + 4ln x 1 +c.

3x 7
3x 7 = (x2) +
= 3x 7 = +
x 2 4 x + 4 ( x 2) 2 x 2 ( x 2) 2
=3
=3

+
=

= 1

3x 7 = x2 +

3x 7
dx =
4x + 4

x 2 ( x 2)

1
1
dx (1)
dx = 3 x 2 dx
(
x

2)2

x 2 dx = ln x 2 +c .
1
( x 2) dx . u = x2 du = (x2)dx

o
o

( x 2)

dx =

(1)

du =

du =

du = dx

1
+ c2 = 1 + c2 .
u
x2

1
3x 7
dx = 3ln x 2 +
+ c.
x 2
4x + 4

___________________________________________________________________

2.14. :
)

xe

dx

( x +1)e

dx

(2 x 1)e

dx

(3 x )e

dx

[.)(x-1)ex+c )xex+c )(2x-3)ex+c )(4-x)ex+c]

2.15. :
x
)
1 x e x dx
) (2 + x )e dx
2

(2 x 1) e
x

2x

dx

)
-x

(14 3x )e
2x

3x

dx

[.)(3/2-x/2)e +c )-(3+x)e +c )(x-1)e +c )(5-x)e3x+c]

 2:

353

2.16. :
x
x
) x dx
) 2 x dx
e
e

2 x dx
e3 x

[.)-

x +1
e

2.17. :
2
x
2
x
) ( x +1) e dx
) ( x 4) e dx

(2 x

2x

+c )

4e

) e x dx

2x + 1

+c )-

(x

3x - 5
3x

+c]

9e

x +1) e x dx

[.)(x -2x+3)e +c )(x -2x-2)e +c )x(2-x)e +c )(x2-3x+4)ex+c]

2.18. :
)

(x

4 x + 2) e x dx

(2 x

(x

x + 2) e4 x dx

(3x

6 x 2) e 2 x dx

2 x 6) e 3 x dx
2

[.)(2x-x2)e-x+c )(x2-4x+1)e2x+c )

4x

(8x 12x + 19)e

+c )(2-x2)e-3x+c]

32

2.19. :
)

( x 4) x

dx

(3x 5) x

dx

[.)(x-4)x+x+c )(5-3x)x+3x+c)

2.20. :

(2 x ) 2 x

(2 - x)2x
2

dx

(1 4 x ) 2 x

dx

2x
(4x-1)2x
+c )
-2x+c]
2
4

) (8 4 x ) 2 x dx

) ( x x ) x dx
2

[.)(x-x2+2)x+(1-2x)x+c )(2x2-5)2x-2x2x+c]

2.21. :
2
3
) x ln x dx
) x ln x dx
3

[.)

x (3lnx 1)
9

) (2 x +1) ln x dx

+c )

x (4lnx 1)
16

+c )x(x+1)lnx-

2.22. :
ln x dx
ln x dx
)
)
x2
x

) (3x 2 x +1) ln x dx

x
x
x
-x+c )x(x2-x+1)lnx+
-x+c]
2
3
2

ln x dx
x3

ln x dx
x

[.)2 x (lnx-2)+c )- lnx +1 +c )- 2lnx+1

+c )
x
4x2

2.23. : )

x ln x dx

(lnx )2
+c]
2

x ln x dx

3
[.) 2x x(3lnx-2) +c ) 3x x(4lnx-3) +c]
9
16

2.24. : )

(3

3 t ln t ) 2 dt

x ln x ) 2 dx

2
[.)t3(9ln2t-6lnt+2)+c ) 2x x(9ln x-12lnx+8) +c]
27

2.25. :
)

x dx

3x dx

( x + x ) dx

( x x ) dx

 3:

354

[.) 1 ex(x+x)+c ) 1 ex(3x-33x)+c )ex.x+c )-ex.x+c]

2
10

2.26. :
)

x e

x 2 +1

x e
e e
)
e +e

dx

e x dx
+2

2 x +1

x + x + 1 dx
x
)
x dx

dx

dx

[.) 1 ex +1 +c )-ex+c )ln(x2+x+1)+c )ln(ex+2)+c )ln(ex+e-x)+c )2 x +c]

2

2.27. : i)

3 x 2 +ln x

dx

ii)

x +e x

dx

[.i) 1 e3x +c ii) ee +c]

2

2.28. :
x x
3 x
)
)
dx
dx
2
x
2 x 2 x

x + 4 x ) dx

2 x + 3 x
dx
3 x

4x
+c )- 1 2x +c ) 1 3x+c )- 12 -3x+c]
4
3
2
x

[.)

2.29. :
i)

(x

+ x ) ln( x 2 +1) dx

ii)

x( x 1)(2 x 1) e

x2 x

dx

[.i) 1 (x2+1)2[2ln(x2+1)-1]+c ii)(x2 -x-1)ex x +c]

2

2.30. : )

1 x
dx
1+ x

[.)ln x+x

2.31. : )

dx
x +1 + x 1

4 x
dx
2 x

+c )x- 3 x+ 1 2x+c]
2
4

dx
x +1 x 1

[.) 1 (x+1) x+1 - 1 (x-1) x-1 +c ) 1 (x+1) x+1 + 1 (x-1) x-1 +c]
3
3
3
3

2.32. :

1+ e x+1

1+ e

dx
[.x+(e-1)ln(ex+1)+c]

2.33. : ) 5 x 4 x dx

) x x dx
4

5
7
9
4x 32x
[.)- x + 2 x - x +c ) x +c]
7
9
64
48
5
16

2.34. :
dx
dx
dx
)
)
)
x2 1
x2 9
x2 + 7 x + 6

3+ 2x x

dx

x+6
dx
+ 2x 8

[.) 1 ln x 1 +c ) 1 ln x 3 +c ) 1 ln x +1 +c )2ln x +1 +c ) 4 ln x 2 - 1 ln x +4 +c]

x +1
6
x +3
5
x +6
x-3
3
2
3

2.35. )

x +5
dx
2x 3

2 x 3 5 x 2 3x + 8 dx
x2 2 x 3

 2:

355

[.)2ln x 3 -ln x + 1 +c )x2-x+2ln x 3 -ln x + 1 +c]

2.36. )

4 x 3 + 3x 2 16 x + 4 dx
x2 4

3x 4 14 x 3 8 x 2 + 13x + 16 dx
x2 4x 5

[.)2x2+3x-4ln

2.37. i)

( x 1)

x +1 dx

ii)

x+2
+c )x3-x2-x+ln x 5 -2ln x + 1 +c]
x-2

x 2 + 2 dx

[.i) 2 (x+1)(3x-7) x+1 +c ii) 1 (x2+2)(15x4-24x2+32) x2 +2 +c]

15

105

2.38. (t), 0 t 20, , , ( ), dP = t et /10 ,

dt

0 t 20, t .
, 10000 .

2.39. :
i)
ii)
iii)

e x dx ,
x e x dx
x e x dx
x

e x dx
x e x dx
x e x dx
x

,
,

[.i)
ii)

1
2

xex(x-x)+

1
2

exx+c,
1
2

1
2

xex(x+x)-

ex(x+x)+c,

1
2

1
2

ex(x-x)+c,

exx+c iii)

1
2

ex(x+x)+c

x2ex(x-x)+xexx-

x2ex(x+x)-xexx+

1
2

ex(x-x)+c]

2.40. :
)

ln( x 2 + 5) dx

) x ln( x +1) dx

) (3x 2 x +1) ln(1 x ) dx

[.) 1 (x2+5)[2(x2-5)ln(x2+5)-x2+15]+c
8

x 1
x
x
ln(x+1)+
+c
2
4
2

)(x3-x2+x)ln(1-x)- 1 x3-x-ln(1-x)+c]
3

2.41. :

[.)

2.42. : )

(ln x ) dx
x
2

(ln x ) dx

[(lnx)-(lnx)]+c )

x
2

dx

x
2

[(lnx)+(lnx)]+c]

x x dx
2

 3:

356

x
[.)x.x+ln x +c )x.x+ln x +c]
2

2.43. : )

dx

x x dx
2

x
[.)-x.x+ln x +c )-x.x+ln x +c]
2

2.44. :

x dx
3

[.)

x dx
3

1
1
2x+ln x +c )2x-ln x +c]
2
2

______________ _______________________________________
2.45. . -

.
f , g , :
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

I.

II.

f, g , :
( f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x) g ( x )) dx = f ( x ) g ( x ) + c

III.

f ( x ) =

g ( x )

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

= x + c.

2.46. . -

.
f ,
f ( x ) dx + x f ( x ) dx :

I.

. x + c
II.

. f (x) + c

. x.f (x) + c

. c

. f (x) + x + c

f f (x) = lnx ,
xx 1, :
. (x 1)lnx+1
. x.lnx + 1
. (x + 1)lnx
. (x 1)lnx
. x.lnx x + 1

 3:

357

. 19

.

f (x) = x2 x [0,1].
. . :

[0,1] , x = 1 ,

x0 = 0 , x1 = 1 , x2 = 2 , , x1 = 1 , x = = 1.

f ( 1). f [0,1] [x, x+1] f (x). :
= 1 f (0) + 1 f ( 1 ) + 1 f ( 2 ) + + 1 f ( 1 )

 3:

358

( ) + ( 2 )

= 1 [f (0) + f ( 1 ) + f ( 2 ) + + f ( 1 )] = 1 [02 + 1

2
( 1) (2 1)
2
2
2
1
1
= 2 32 +1 .
= 3 [1 + 2 + + (1) ] = 3
6

()

2
+ + 1 ]

, , .
f ( 2). f [0,1] [x, x+1] f (x+1). :
= 1 f ( 1 ) + 1 f ( 2 ) + 1 f ( 3 ) + + 1 f ( )

( ) + ( 2 ) + ( 3 )

= 1 [f ( 1 ) + f ( 2 ) + f ( 3 ) + + f ( )] = 1 [ 1

+
1)(2

+
1)
= 2 + 32 +1 .
= 13 [12 + 22 + + 2] = 13
6

()

2
+ + 1 ]

, , .
. ,
lim lim .

lim = lim = 1 , = 1 .

f [,], f (x) 0 x [, ].

f,
xx x = ,
x = .

:
[, ]
,
x =

= x0 < x1 < x2 < < x = .

[x1, x] x f ().
:
S = f (1).x + f (2).x + + f ().x = [f (1) + f (2) + + f ()].x.
lim S.

lim S \

. ().
() 0.

 3:

359

f [, ].
:

[,] , x =

= x0 < x1 < x2 < < x = .

[x1, x], {1, 2, ,} :
S = f (1).x + f (2).x + + f ().x + f ().x
= [f (1) + f (2) + + f ()].x =

f (
=1

) x

S, lim f ( ) x \

=1
.
f
,

f ( x ) dx f .

f ( x ) dx = lim f ( ) x

=1

>
= , :

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx = 0

:
f (x) 0 x [, ],

f ( x ) dx () -

f, xx
x = , x = .

f ( x ) dx = ().

 3:

360

, f (x) 0 ,
3.1. :

f ( x ) dx 0.

c dx = c( ), c \ .

= ,

c dx = c dx = 0 = c( ) = c( ).

< , , f (x) = c [, ],

c dx = f ( x ) dx = lim [f (1).x + f (2).x + + f ().x]

[f (1) + f (2) + + f ()] = lim
(c + c + + c)
= lim

= lim
c = c().

> ,

3.2. :
:

c dx = c dx = c() = c().

x dx =

2 2
.
2

x dx = x dx = 0 =

2 2
.
2

= ,

< , , f (x) = x [, ], ;

x dx = f ( x ) dx = lim [f (1).x + f (2).x + + f ().x]

[f (1) + f (2) + + f ()]
= lim

[f (+
) + f (+2
) + + f (+
)]
= lim

[(+
) + (+2
) + + (+
)]
= lim

( +1)


1
+
2
+
...
+

2 ( )]
[+
( )] = lim
[+
= lim

( +1)

+
1
[+
()] = lim [( )[+
()]]
= lim
2

2 +
+
2 2
= ()(+
) = ( )
= ( )
=
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

> , x dx = x dx =
=
.
2
2
3.2.1. :

dx =

3 3
3

dx =

4 4
.
4

:
3.3. :
f, g [, ] , \ . (

 3:

361

f ( x ) dx

( f ( x ) + g ( x )) dx

= f ( x ) dx

g ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx +

[ f ( x ) + g ( x )] dx
3.3.1. :

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

= f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx .

f (x) = x
1

g(x) = x2 [0,1].

0 f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = 0 x x

4
4
1
dx = 0 x 3 dx = 1 0 = 1 .

2
2
3
3
0 x dx 0 x dx = 1 0 1 0 = 1 1 = 1 .
2
3
2 3
6

2
0 f ( x ) g ( x ) dx 0 x dx 0 x dx

f , , ,

3.4. :

(
)

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx .

: f (x) 0 < <

:

3.4.1.

() = (1) + (2) (1) =

(2) =

f ( x ) dx () =

f ( x ) dx ,
f ( x ) dx .

f [, ]. f (x) 0
x [, ] f
,

3.5. :

f ( x ) dx > 0.

3.6. : (1) f, g [, ]

f (x) g(x) f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx .

, f (x) g(x) f (x) g(x) 0 , [ f ( x ) g ( x )] dx 0

f ( x ) dx

g ( x ) dx 0

f ( x ) dx

g ( x ) dx .

f (x) g(x) x [, ] , f ( x ) dx > g ( x ) dx .

(2) f [,] m, M \
m( ) f ( x ) dx M( ).
, f [,] -

 3:

362

, m, M . m f (x) M x [, ].

m f (x) M m dx f ( x ) dx M dx m( ) f ( x ) dx M( ).
(3) f [, ] ,

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx .

, x [, ] f ( x ) f (x) f ( x ) ,

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx ,

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx 0.

______________ __________________________________________________
3.7. : =

dx
1+2 x

dx .
1+2 x

:
5
= dx x
1

1+ 2

dx =
x
5 1+ 2

dx +
1+ 2 x

1
=
+ x dx =
x
1 1+ 2
2 +1

x
1 + 2 dx =

x
x
2 +1

1+ 2
1

dx
1
x
2

1
1
1
1
( 1+ 2 + 1+ 2 ) dx = 1+ 2 + 1+
5

dx =
1+ 2 x

1+ 2 x dx =
1+ 2 x

1 1 dx = 1(51) = 4.

3.8. f :
1

0 f ( x ) dx

= 2 ,

f ( x ) dx = 8 ,

f ( x ) dx = 6 ,

f ( x ) dx = 1.

:
)

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx = 10 1 = 9.

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx +
0

f ( x ) dx = (2) + 8 = 2 + 8 = 10.

f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx = 9 6 = 3.
2

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx = 6 (1) = 6 + 1 = 7.

 3:

363

3.9. A. f : [,] \ f (x) 0 x [,]

f ( x ) dx = 0. f (x) = 0 x [,].

. g [,]

( x ) dx = 0. g (x) = 0

x [,].
:

. f 0 [, ], x0 [, ] ,

f (x0) > 0,

f ( x ) dx > 0, . , f (x) = 0 x [, ].

B. g [, ] g (x) 0 x [, ]

( x ) dx = 0. , :

g (x) = 0 x [, ] , g(x) = 0 x [, ].

3.10. :

1
dx 3.
x 2 2x + 2

f (x) =

1
[0,3]. f x2 2x + 2

( x 21x + 2 ) = ((xx 22xx++2)2) = ( x 22xx++22)

2

f ( x ) =

f ( x ) = 0 2x+2 = 0 2x = 2 x = 1
f.
x = 0 x = 3 f

x
f ( x )
f (x)

f (0) = 1 , f (3) =

1
= 1 .
96+2
5
1
1
M = f (1) =
= 1.
f m =
5
1 2 + 2
3
3
3
3
1 f (x) 1 1 dx 0 f ( x ) dx 0 1dx 1 (3 0) 0 f ( x ) dx 1(3 0)
0 5
5
5
1
3 3
dx 3.
2
5
0 x 2x + 2
2

3.11. :

2 x
dx 6.
x

2x
dx
x

2x
dx =
x

2x
dx
x

42 x
4
2x
dx =
dx = 1 2 dx = 2(41) = 6.
1
x
x

3.12. A.( Cauchy Schwarz Buniakowsky) f, g [,], :

f ( x ) g( x ) dx

f 2 ( x ) dx g2 ( x ) dx .

. f : [0,1] \ .

f ( x ) dx

0 f

( x ) dx .

[0,1] ;

 3:

364
:

. f, g [, ], f.g,

f 2, g2 [, ], .
x [, ] \ : [.f (x) + g(x)]2 0

[ f ( x ) + g ( x )]

dx 0

[ f
2

( x ) + 2 f ( x ) g ( x ) + g 2 ( x )] dx 0

2 f 2 ( x ) dx + 2 f ( x ) g ( x ) dx + g 2 ( x ) dx 0 (1)

f 2 ( x ) dx = 0 x [, ] f 2(x) 0

f 2(x) = 0 f (x) = 0 x [, ].
, .

f 2 ( x ) dx > 0 (1) \

0 4

(
(

)
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx )
2

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx 4 f 2 ( x ) dx g 2 ( x ) dx 0
2

f 2 ( x ) dx g 2 ( x ) dx .

. g(x) = 1 x [0,1]. :

f ( x ) dx

) = (
2

f ( x ) 1 dx

0 f

( x ) dx 0 12 dx =

0 f

( x ) dx 1(1 0) =

0 f

( x ) dx .

[0,1] 1,
= 1.
: :

2.46.1.

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

f 2 ( x ) dx g 2 ( x ) dx .

___________________________________________________________________

3.13.

i)

f ( x ) dx = 8,

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx = 14

ii)

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx = 20, :
iii)

f ( x ) dx

iv)

f ( x ) dx

[.i)-14 ii)-22 iii)28 iv)42]

3.14.

f ( x ) dx = 6 ,

f ( x ) dx = 8 ,

f ( x ) dx = 10

f ( x ) dx = 2, -

:
i)

iv)

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

ii)

v)

3
4

f ( x ) dx

iii)

f ( x ) dx

vi)

3
5

f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx

[.i)-4 ii)10 iii)16 iv)6 v)4 vi)14]

3.15. : =

1
dx +
1 + 2 x

2 + 2 x dx .
1 + 2 x
[.]

 3:

3.16. , 2

365

x 2 1 dx = 8 + 6 1 1 dx .
x2 + 2
x2 + 2
[.5]

3.17.
i)

1 g ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx = 8

= 3 :

1 [4 f ( x ) 7 g ( x )] dx

ii)

5 [9 f ( x ) 12 g ( x )] dx

3.18. f , g \ :

f ( x ) dx

g ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

g ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx

g ( x ) dx = 0

3.19. f , , , , :

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx .

3.20. . f [, ] , -

(, ) f (x) 0 x [, ].

+
f () + f ( )
i) f ( x ) > 0 x (, ) ( ).f (
)
f ( x ) dx ( ).
.

2
f () + f ( )
ii) f ( x ) < 0 x (,) ( ).

f ( x ) dx ( ).f (

+
).
2

.
i)

2( )
2 2
< 1 dx <
, 0 < <
x
+
2

ii) 2 <

0 (3 x

x 4 ) dx < 43
16

3.21. f, g [, ]. g -

, m ,

m g ( x ) dx

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx .

3.22. f, g [, ]. f -

, ,

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx .

3.23. f [, ].

\ ,
3.24. :

f ( x ) dx ( ).

(2x ) dx >

(2x ) dx .

3.25. f , g : [, ] \

x0 [, ] , f (x0) = g (x0).
3.26. :

1 ln x dx

2 x 3 dx .
x+2

f ( x ) dx =

g ( x ) dx . -

 3:

366

2
3.27. : e

e x dx 2e.
x2

3.28. f, g \ . :

f ( x ) g (t ) dt dx =

f ( x ) dx

g (t ) dt

3.29. f , , , , , -

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx = 0.

3.30. f, g [, ]. f -

, [, ] ,

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = g() f ( x ) dx .

3.31. f [, ],

f 2 ( x ) dx 0.

f (x) = 0 , x [, ].
3.32. g \ .

f (x) = 4g2(x) 4g(x) + 1 , x \ , :

x

) f (t ) dt = 0

x 2 +2

f (t ) dt =

3x

f (t ) dt
[.)0 )1,2]

3.33. f : [, ] \ :

g: [, ] \

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = 0. f (x) = 0 x [, ].

3.34. f : [, ] \ :

g: [, ] \ g() = g() = 0

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = 0. f (x) = 0

x [, ].
3.35. \ . f : [0,1] \
1

0 f ( x ) dx = 1

0 x f ( x ) dx =

0 x

f ( x ) dx = .

f .
3.36. f , g : [, ] \ .

1
i) ( f ( y ) f ( x ) )( g ( y ) g ( x ) ) d y d x = ( ) f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

f ( x) d x

)(

g ( x) d x

 3:

ii) ( Chebyshev) f =

367

f ( x ) d x -

f, g (
f g f g . , : f g f g .
), :

______________ _______________________________________
3.37. . -

.
f [, ], .

I.
II.

f ( x ) dx =

III.

f \

IV.

V.
VI.

f ( x ) dx 0 , f (x) 0.

u f ( x ) du

f \

f ( y ) dy .

= u. f ( x ) du .
f ( x ) dx =

f (u ) du +

f (t ) dt .

f, g [, ] f (x) g(x) x [, ],

f ( x ) dx

g ( x ) dx .

3.38. . -

.
I.

. 2
II.

.
III.

. 2

2
x +5
x +1
dx
dx :
1 x +3
2 x + 3
. 6
. 3
. 6

/3

/6

ln(x ) dx

. 0

/6

/3

ln(x ) dx :

. 1

f (x) =

( x 1) 2 + ( x +1)2
xx x = 1 x = 4
x 2 +1

:
. 6

. 5

. 4

. 10

. 8

 3:

368

F(x) =

f ( t ) dt

f ,

f (t ) dt .

, F F(x) =

f (t ) dt

x . f F ,
x, x
x < .

F :
f. F f
.

4.1. :

f
,
F(x) =

f (t ) dt

, x ,

f . :

x
f (t ) dt = f (x) , x .

4.1.1. : F(x) -

f (x). .. h(x) = x2 + 1
f (x) = 2x, F . ,
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 x
2t dt = x + 1 t = x + 1 x = x + 1 = 1 = 1 .

 4: F(x) =

369

f (t ) dt

______________ ___________________________________________

f(x) =

h(x)

g(t) dt .

f (x) =

h( x)

g (t ) dt

:
Dg g Dg g . ,
= 1 2 . , ..
1 h(x) 1 Df.
g , G(x) =

g (t ) dt

. Df h(x)
f
h( x)

f ( x ) = g (t ) dt = g(h(x)) h( x ) .

4.2. f f (x) =

t 1 + t 2 4t + 3 dt .

i) f , , .
ii) f , , .
:
i)

g Dg = {1} [3,+ ).
g [3,+ ) , f
,
f ( x ) =

t 1 0
.
2
t 4t + 3 0
t

1
3 +
t1
0 +
+
t2 4t + 3
+ 0 0 +

t 1 + t 2 4t + 3 . g :

g(t) =

( (
x

t 1 + t 2 4t + 3 dt

) =

x 1 + x 2 4 x + 3 .

x (3,+ ) f ( x ) > 0 , f [3,+ ).

x = 3 f , f (3) =
ii)

3 g (t ) dt

= 0.

x (3,+ )

x 1 + x 2 4 x + 3 =

1 ( x 1) +
1
( x 2 4 x + 3)
2 x 1
2 x2 4x + 3
2( x 2)
1
1
1
1
=
+
(2 x 4) =
+
=
+
2 x 1 2 x 2 4 x + 3
2 x 1 2 x 2 4 x + 3
2 x 1

f ( x ) =

f [3,+ ). f .

4.3. f f (x) =
i) f.
ii) f.
:

1 t 2 dt . :

x 2
> 0.
x 4x +3
2

 3:

370

i)

g(t) = 1 t 2 . 1 t2 0 t2 1 t2 1 t 2 1
t 1 1 t 1. Dg = [1,1]. g [1,1] f x
:
x0
x0
x0


0 x 1. , Df = [0,1].

1 x 1
0 x 1
0 x 1

ii)

g [1,1] G(x) =

1 t 2 dt -

x (0,1] f
G(x) h(x) = x
f ( x ) =

1 t 2 dt

) =

x = 0 f (0) =

1 = 1 x .
2 x
2 x
f ( x ) f (0)
f ( x)
2
1 t dt = 0. x (0,1]
=
.
x
x 0
1 ( x )2 ( x ) =

1 x

H f 0 G(x) h(x), , lim+ f (x) = f (0) = 0. lim+ x = 0.

x0

x0

1 x

f ( x )
= lim+ 2 x
1
( x )
x0

1 x = lim 1 x 1
2
x0+
2 x
x
f ( x ) f (0)
1
= (+ ) = + . lim+
= +
2
x 0
x0

lim+
x0

= lim+
x0

= lim

x0+

1 x lim 1
2
x0+
x

f -

0.
1 x
2 x

f (0,1] f ( x ) =

x (0,1].

f(x) =

h2 (x)

h (x) g(t) dt .
1

f (x) =

h2 ( x )

h ( x ) g (t ) dt
1

:
Dg g Dg g . ,
= 1 2 . A x Dh1 , x Dh2 ,
h1(x) 1 , h2(x) 1 h1(x) 2 , h2(x) 2 h1(x) , h2(x) .
Df.
x Df h1(x) h2(x)
.. 1 1 :
f (x) =

h2 ( x )

h ( x ) g (t ) dt
1

h ( x ) g (t ) dt
1

h2 ( x )

g (t ) dt =

1 g , G(x) =

h1 ( x )

g (t ) dt

g (t ) dt +

h2 ( x )

g (t ) dt .

Df h1(x) , h2(x) -

 4: F(x) =

f1(x) =

h1 ( x )

371

f (t ) dt

g (t ) dt , f2(x) =

h2 ( x )

g (t ) dt -

. f
h1 ( x )
h2 ( x )

f ( x ) =
g (t ) dt +
g (t ) dt = g(h1(x)) h1( x ) + g(h2(x)) h2 ( x ) .

) (

4.4. f f (x) =

x2
1
x

t 2 3t +2 dt . :

i) f.
ii) f.
:
i)

g(t) = t 2 3t + 2 . t2 3t + 2 0 t 1 t 2.
Dg = ( ,1] [2,+ ). g Dg f x :
x 0 , x2 1 , 1 1

x 0 , x2 2 , 1 2.

x 0
x 0

2
2
x 1 x 1
1
1
1
1 0
x
x

x 0

x 0
x 0

1 x < 0

x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1
 x = 1
1 x
x (1 x ) 0
x < 0  x 1

x 0
x 0

2
2
x 2 x 2
1
1
2
2 0
x
x

x 0

x 0

x 2 x 2 x 2
1 2 x
x (1 2 x ) 0

x 0

x 2 x 2

0< x 1

, Df = [1,0) {1}.
ii)

x [1,0) ( ,1] :
f (x) =

x2
1
x

g (t ) dt =

1
x

g (t ) dt +

x2

g (t ) dt = x g (t ) dt +

g ( ,1] G(x) =
. h(x) =

1
x

x2

g (t ) dt .

g (t ) dt -

g (t ) dt -

G(x) 1(x) = 1 . k(x) =

x

x2

g (t ) dt -

G(x) 2(x) = x2. f [1,0)

f ( x ) = x g (t ) dt + g (t ) dt = g( 1 ) 1 + g(x2) ( x 2 )
2

=
=

( )+

1 3 +2 1
x2 x
x2

(x)

2
x 4 3x 2 + 2 2 x = 12 1 3x +2 2 x + 2 x x 4 3x 2 + 2
x
x

2 x 2 3 x +1 + 2 x x 4 3 x 2 + 2 = 2 x x 4 3 x 2 + 2
x2 x

2 x 2 3 x +1 .
x3

 3:

372

2 x 2 3 x +1 .
x3

f [1,0) f ( x ) = 2 x x 4 3x 2 + 2

, ..., .

, . ,
. ,
. , . .
4.5. f f ( x ) > 0 x \ f(0) = 0. :
x

f (t ) dt +

f (x)

f 1 (t ) dt = x.f (x) , x \ .

f ( x ) > 0 , x \ f , 1-1
. f \
F1(x) =

f (t ) dt \ . f

f 1, F2(x) =

f ( x)

f 1 (t ) dt \

F1(x) f(x). g(x) = F1(x) +

F2(x) \
f ( x)
x

g ( x ) = 0 f (t ) dt +
f 1 (t ) dt = f (x) + f 1( f (x)) f ( x ) = f (x) + x f ( x ) .

) (

h(x) = x.f (x) \

h ( x ) = ( x f ( x ) ) = (x).f(x) + x f ( x ) = f (x) + x f ( x ) .
, x \ g ( x ) = h ( x ) g(x) = f (x) + c
x

0
0

f (t ) dt +

f (t ) dt +

f ( x)

f (0)

f 1 (t ) dt = x.f (x) + c , c . x = 0 :

f 1 (t ) dt = 0.f(0) + c 0 +

f (t ) dt +

f ( x)

f 1 (t ) dt = 0 + c 0 = c.

f 1 (t ) dt = x.f (x) , x \ .

4.6. f : [0,1] \
0 = t0 < t1 < t2 < t3 = 1

t1

f ( x ) dx =

t2

0 f ( x ) dx = 1.

f ( x ) dx =

t3

f ( x ) dx = 1 .
3

f [0,1] F : [0,1] \ F(t) =

0 f ( x ) dx

, . F (t ) = f (t) > 0, F 0
1
[0,1]. F(0) = 0 f ( x ) dx = 0 F(1) = 0 f ( x ) dx = 1. 0 < 1 < 2 < 1

4: F(x) =

373

f (t ) dt

F(0) < 1 < 2 < F(1) t1, t2 [0,1]

3

F(t1) = 1 F(t2) = 2 . F
3

0 < t1 < t2 < 1 F(t1) = 1

3
t2
2
F(t2) = 0 f ( x ) dx = 2
3
3
t2
1
t1 f ( x ) dx = 3 ,
F(1) =1

t2

t1

f ( x ) dx = 1 ,
3

t1

f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx = 2
t1
3

t2

f ( x ) dx + t f ( x ) dx = 1
2

f ( x ) dx = 1 2
3

0 = t0 < t1 < t2 < t3 = 1

t1

f ( x ) dx = 2 1
3 3

t2

f ( x ) dx = 1 .
3

f ( x ) dx = t f ( x ) dx = t f ( x ) dx = 1 .
1
2
3
t2

t3

:
t
0 = t0 < t1 < t2 < tn1 < tn = 1 t f ( x ) dx = 1 k = 0, 1, , n1.
n

4.6.1.

k +1

___________________________________________________________________

4.7. f f (x) =

t 3 1 dt , x \ . f t t +1
2

.
4.8. f f (x) =

x
0

x dt . f ( x ) =
4
(2 + x 2 ) 2
2 + t2

x\ .
4.9. f f (x) =

x
0

1 t 2 dt , x\ .
1+ t2

.
[...(0,0)]

4.10. f :[0, ] \ f (x) =

t
dt .
1 + t

.
[...(/2,0)]

4.11. F F(x) =

x
0

4 t 2 dt .

i) .
ii) .
[.i)[-2,2] ii)(0,0)]

4.12. f (x) =
)
)

f.
f.

x3

t +1 2 dt . :
t

 3:

374

[.)(0,+ ) ) x=1 f(1)=0]

4.13. f f (x) =

2x

4 t 2 dt .

i) f.
ii) f ( x ) f ( x ) + 16x = 0, x (1,1).
[.i)[-1,1]]

4.14.
i) f(x) =

x2

t 2 16 dt

10

ii) g(x) =

x +1

4.15. f f (x) =

x 2 2 x

25 t 2
dt
t
[.i)(- ,-2] [2,+ ) ii)(-1,4]]

t +1 dt .

i) f.
ii) f ( x ) = 2(x1) x 1 .
iii) f .

4.16.
i) f (x) =

iii) h(x) =

x +5
x+3

1
4 t2

x2

2x

ii) g(x)=

dt

x +1

16 t 2
dt
t

x 1

t 4t dt

iv) (x) =

x
x

ln t
dt
t 1

[.i)(-5,-3) ii)[-3,-1) (1,3] iii)[2,+ ) {0} iv)(0,1)]

4.17. g(x) =

dt . g (1) g(1)
1+ t2

1/ x

.
4.18. f : [0,1] \

f (t ) dt =

x f (t ) dt

x [0,1]. f (x) = 0 x [0,1].

4.19. f \ . -

g g(x) =

x +2

f (t ) dt \ .

4.20. f : [, ] \* g g(x) =

f (t ) dt x f (t ) dt .

i) Rolle g [,].
ii) x0 (, ) ,

4.21. : i) lim
x 0

x
0

t 2 dt
x

x0

ii) lim+
x 0

f (t ) dt =

f (t ) dt .

x2
0

t dt
x3
[.i) 1 ii) 2 ]
3
3

4: F(x) =

4.22.

f (x) =

x2

375

f (t ) dt

e t 1 dt
x3
2

x>0

x=0

f .
1 x t t dt

4.23. f (x) = x 0
0

4.24.

ln

x>0
x=0

1+ et +1 dt = e 4x + 1 -

(0,1).
4.25. f \ , f (x) 2 x \ . -

g(x) = x2 5x + 1

x 2 5 x

f (t ) dt , x \ .

) g(3).g(0) < 0.
) g(x) = 0 (3,0).
( 1997)
x +1

4.26. f f (x) = x
4.27. f f (x) =

(0,1) (1,+ ).

x2
x

e ( t ) dt R .
2

1
dt t ln t

4.28. , 0 < < ,

f : (0,+ ) \

f (t ) dt = 0

x
g(x) = 2 + 1 f (t ) dt , x (0,+ ).

x0 (, ) :
) g (x0, g(x0))
xx.
) g(x0) = 2 + f (x0).

( 1995)

4.29. f

f (x) =

x +1

x ( t )
dt .
t

i) f [0,1].
ii) Rolle f [0,1].
iii) (0,1) ,

f ( )
( )
=
.
+1
2

4.30. p(x) ,
x +1
f (x) = p(x) 1 x1 p (t ) dt .
2

 3:

376

4.31. g, \ f (x) =

0 ( x t ) g (t ) dt .

f , g(x) 0 x \ .
( 1996)

4.32. f R :
x

2
x1
1 f (t ) dt x lnx e x (0,+ ). f (1).

[.0]

4.33. f R f (0) = 1 :
x

x
0 f (t ) dt x e x \ .

f (0, f (0)).
( 2001)

4.34. f, g [, ]

f ( x ) dx =

g ( x ) dx . (, ) , f () = g().

4.35. x > 0,

dt =
1+ t 2

4.36. g : \ \ , g(x) =

1/ x

dt .
1+ t 2
dt .
1+ t 2

g .
1

4.37. f [0,1] , 2 0 f ( x ) dx = 1.

x0 (0,1) , f (x0) = x0.

4.38. x 2, :

4.39. f(x) =

dt 1 + 1.
1 x
1+ t 2

ln t dt . : 0,08 < f (7) f (3) < 0,8.

1+ t 2

4.40. f \ ,
x3

f (t ) dt x3 x , x \ . (1,1)

f ( ) = 0.
4.41. f [0,+ ), f (0) = 0 0 < f ( x ) 1 ,

x > 0.
x
g(x) = 2 0 f (t ) dt f 2(x). :
i) f xx, x > 0.

 4: F(x) =

377

f (t ) dt

ii) g(x) 0.
x
iii) f (t ) dt

f 3 (t ) dt .

4.42. f : [0,+ ) \ .
x

g(x) = f (x) 0 f (t ) dt , G(x) =

f (t ) dt . :

i) G .
ii) G x = 0.
iii) f (x) = 0 , x \ .

______________ _______________________________________
4.43. . -

.
I.

II.
III.

f (0,+ )
f \

2
x

f (t ) dt

f (t ) dt

) = f (x) , x\ .

x .

) = f (x) , x (0,+ ).
x

f ( x ) dx =

f (t ) dt + c ,

 3:

378

,
, .
f [, ], G f
G .

5.1. :

f [, ]. G
f [, ],

f (t ) dt = G() G().

f [, ], F(x) =

f (t ) dt

f [, ].
G f [, ] , c \ ,
G(x) = F(x) + c.
(1)
(1) , x = , G() = F() + c =

f (t ) dt + c = c ,

c = G().
, G(x) = F(x) + G(). , x = ,
G() = F() + G() =

f (t ) dt + G()

f (t ) dt = G() G()

5.2. :

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = [ f ( x ) g ( x )]

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx .

 5: 379

5.3. :

f ( g ( x )) g ( x ) dx =

u2

f (u ) du ,

f , g , u = g(x) , du = g ( x ) dx
u1 = g() , u2 = g().
______________ ___________________________________________

f [, ] :
o [, ].
o
1,
. .

5.4.

2x + 4 x

f (x) =
+ 1

x 2 4x

x 2 x

x < 0
6

x =0

0< x <4

) , f .
) : =

f ( x ) dx

:
)

f Df = [ ,4).

6
2 x + 4 x
2 x + 2 2 x 2 x

x < 0 f (x) =
=
6
x
x

2 x ( + 2 2 x )
2 x x ( + 2 2 x )
=
= 2x.( + 22x).
x
x

(x) = 2x 1(x) = x
2(x) = 2x. g(x) = + 22x , f (x) .
2
0 < x < 4 f (x) = x 4 x =

x 2 x

x ( x 4)( x + 2)
=
( x 2)( x + 2)

x ( x 4)
( x )2 ( x 4)
=

2
( x ) 2 x
x ( x 2)

x ( x 4)( x + 2)
=
x 4

x ( x +2) = x + 2 x ,

.
x = 0 f (0) = + 1.
o lim f (x) = lim [2x.( + 22x)] = 20.( + 20) = 2(+2).
x 0

x 0

lim+ f (x) = lim+ (x + 2 x ) = .

x 0

x 0

 3:

380

f 0 lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = f (0)

x 0

2( + 2 ) =
2(+2) = = + 1
+ 1 =
2 + 5 = 0

2 4 = 2 ( + )

= 2

x 0

2 + 5 = 0

+ 2 = 1 ( 2)

+2 = 1 4 = 1 = 5.

10 x 82 x x < 0
6

x =0 .
) = 5 = 2 f (x) =
x+2 x +2
0 < x < 4

f [ ,1] ,
6

6 f ( x ) dx

6 (10 x 82 x) dx

= 10 x dx 8 2 x dx +
6

= 10 [ x ]

0 x dx

0 ( x + 2

x + 2) dx

+ 2 0 x dx + 2 0 1 dx
1

3
2 x
x 2 + 2 2 x 2 + 2 [ x ]1
8
+
0
2 0
2 6
3 0

3
3
2
2
0 ( 3 )

= 10(0 ( )) 8(

) + ( 1 0 ) + 2( 2 12 2 0 2 ) + 2(10)
2
2
3
3
2
2
6

3
1
= 10(0 + ) 8(0 2 ) + ( 1 0) + 2( 2 0) + 2
2
2
3
2
3
1
4
1
+ + + 2 = 7 2 3 + + 4 = 42 12 3 + 3 + 8 = 53 12 3 .
= 5 8
2
3
2
3
4
6
6

5.5. f (t) =

t .
1+ t 2

) f .
) :

:
) f

lim
x+

x+ x

t dt
1+ t 2

2
2
2
(t ) (1 + t 2 ) t (1 + t 2 )
1 (1 + t 2 ) t 2t
f (t ) = t 2 =
=
= 1 + t 2 22t = 1 t2 2 .
2 2
2 2

(1 + t )

1+ t

(1 + t )

(1 + t )

(1 + t )

1 t
= 0 1 t2 = 0 t2 = 1 t = 1 t = 1.
(1 + t 2 ) 2
2

f (t ) = 0

f (t ) > 0 1 t2 > 0 1 < t < 1

f (t ) < 0 1 t2 < 0 t < 1 t > 1.
f
[1,1] ( ,1] , [1,+ ).
x
f ( x )
f (x)

0 +

x 1 x t x +

x f (x) f (t) f (x + x )

 5: 381

x+ x

x+ x

f (x + x )

1 dt

f ( x + x ) [t ] xx +

x+ x

f ( x + x ) dt

x+ x

f (t ) dt

x+ x

f (t ) dt f ( x )

x+ x

x+ x

f (t ) dt f ( x ) [ t ] xx +

x+ x

f (x+ x ).(x+ x x)

f (x+ x ). x

x+ x x
1 + ( x + x )2

x
x+ x

x
x+ x

f ( x ) dt
1 dt

f (t ) dt f (x).(x+ x x)

f (t ) dt f (x). x

f (t ) dt

x x
1+ x2

x+ x
x x+x

f (t ) dt x x2 .
2
x
1+ ( x + x )
1+ x
1
x = 0 =0

lim x x2 = lim
x + 1 + x
x + 1
0 +1
+1
2
x
1 +1
0+0
x x
x
x
x
+
lim
= lim
=
= 0.
2
2
x + 1 + ( x + x ) 2
x +
0 + (1 + 0 )
1 + 1+ 1

x
x2

lim

x +

x+ x

f (t ) dt = lim

x +

t dt = 0.
1+ t 2

x+ x
x

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx =

[ f ( x ) g ( x )]

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

f , g [, ].
5.6. f \

[ f ( x )+ f ( x )] x dx = 5. Cf ( ,2) , 2

f ( ).
2
:

Cf ( ,2) f ( ) = 2.
2

[ f ( x ) + f ( x )]x dx

f ( x )x dx +

=5

[ f ( x )x + f ( x )x ] dx

=5

f ( x )x dx = 5

f ( x )(x ) dx +

( f ( x ) ) x dx = 5

 3:

382

[ f ( x ) x ]2

f ( x ) x dx + [ f ( x ) x ] 2

f ( ). f ( ).( )
2

f ( x ) (x ) dx = 5

f ( x ) x dx + f ( ). f ( ).( ) +
2

f ( x ) x dx = 5

f ( ).1 2.(1) + f ( ).0 f ( ).0 = 5 f ( ) + 2 = 5 f ( ) = 3.

2

x 0

x
x ln x

5.7. f (x) =

x >0

) f .
) : =

f ( x ) dx .

:
)

f Df = \ .
x < 0 f (x) = x .
x > 0 f (x) = x.lnx .
x = 0 f (0) = 0 = 0
o lim f (x) = lim x = 0 = 0
x 0

x 0

lim f (x) = lim+ (x.lnx) = lim+ ln x . lim+ lnx = lim+ 1 = + .

x 0+

x 0

1
x

x 0

x 0

x 0

1
2
(ln x )
lim+
= lim+ x = lim+ x = lim+ x = 0.
x
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
12
1
x
x

()

lim f (x) = 0 = f (0). f 0.

x 0

f \ .
)

f ( x ) dx =
0

f ( x ) dx +

0 f ( x ) dx

x dx

= [ x ]0 = 0 (()) = 0 +

I1 =

= 1 + (1) = 2.
I2 ,
g(x) =

x f (t ) dt

f ( x ) dx =

= I1 + I2.

= f (t ) dt . g(0) =
1

0 f (t ) dt

0 f ( x) dx

= I2.

f \ , g \ ,
. I2 = g(0) = lim g(x) = lim+ g(x) = lim+
x 0

x 0

x 0

x f (t ) dt .

x 0+ , x (0,1). 0 < x t 1 f(t) = t.lnt.

g(x) =

x f (t ) dt

x t ln t dt

t 2

t2

2 ln t dt = 2 ln t
x

1 2

t (ln t ) dt
2

 5: 383

2
2
= 1 ln1 x ln x

t 1 dt = 1 0 x 2 ln x 1 1 t dt = x 2 ln x 1 t 2
2
2
2
2 x
2 2 x
x 2 t

1 2

2
2
2
2
= x ln x 1 ( 1 x ) = x ln x 1 + x .
2

2
2
4
2
4
2
2
2
I2 = lim+ ( x ln x 1 + x ) = 1 lim+ [x.(x.lnx)] 1 + lim+ x
4
2 x 0
4
2
4
4
x 0
x 0
= 1 .0.0 1 + 0 = 1 . = 2 1 = 9 .
2
4
4
4
4
2

f ( g ( x )) g ( x ) dx

f , g , u = g(x) , du = g ( x ) dx
, u2 = g() . :

f ( g ( x )) g ( x ) dx =

u2

u1 = g()

f (u ) du

.
5.8. ) f [,]. :

f ( x ) dx =

f ( + x ) dx .

) o =
) o =

ln(1+ x ) dx .
1 dx .
1+ e x

:
)

f ( + x ) dx .

u = +x, du = (+x)dx du = dx du = dx,

x = u = + = x = u = + = .

I =

4
0

4
0

ln(1+ x ) dx =

1 x

dx = 4 ln
= 4 ln 1+
0
0
1+ x

4
0

f ( + x ) dx = f (u ) ( du ) = f (u ) du = f (u ) du = f ( x ) dx .

ln(1+ ( x )) dx =
4

dx
4
ln 1+

1+ x

1+ x +1 x
dx = 4 ln 2
dx = 4 [ln 2 ln(1 + x )] dx
0
0
1+ x
1+ x

4
0

= ln 2 dx ln(1+ x ) dx = ln2.( 0) I = ln2 I

4
4

I = ln2 I 2I = ln2 I = ln2.

4
4
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 dx =
) I =
dx =
dx =
dx =
1
1
x

x
1 1+ e
1 1+ e
1 1+ e
1
1+ 1x
e

1 : 2I =

1 dx + 1 e x dx 2I =
1 e x +1
1+ e x

1 dx = 1 e x dx .
1 e x +1
e +1
x
e
x

x
1 + e dx 2I =

x
x
1 1+ e
e +1

e x +1 dx
e x +1

 3:

384
1

2I = 1 dx 2I = 1 (1) 2I = 1+1 2I = 2 I = 1.
1

2 : u = ex+1, du = (ex+1)dx du = ex dx

x = 1 u = e1+1 x = 1 u = e+1.

( e +1) =

e+1
1
I = 1 x1 e x dx = e +1 1 du = [ln u ] ee+1+1 = ln(e+1) ln(e1+1) = ln e1+ 1

e +1

e( e + 1)
= lne = 1.
e +1

ln e + 1 = ln e + 1 = ln
1+ e
e

1 +1
e

5.8.1. :

() ,
f
.
x t = +x +
. 2

f (x)
g(x) = f (+x) x [, ],
+
. f
2

x=

,
xx x = , x = , .
5.9. ) f [,] , >0. :

f ( x ) dx = 2 0

i) f

f ( x ) dx = 0.

ii) f

) o =

:
) i)

f ( x ) dx .

ln 2 x dx .
2+ x

f f (x) = f(x) x [, ].

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx =
0

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx

f ( x )( x ) dx

u = x, du = (x)dx , u1 = () = u1 = 0 = 0.

ii)

f ( x ) dx = f (u ) du =

f (u ) du =

f ( x ) dx .

f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx .
0

f f (x) = f (x) x [,].

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx

f ( x )( x ) dx

u = x, du = (x)dx , u1 = () = u1 = 0 = 0.

 5: 385
0

f ( x ) dx =

f (u ) du = f (u ) du = f ( x ) dx .

f ( x ) dx = 0.

f (x) = ln 2 x .

2+ x
2

> 0 (2x)(2+x) > 0.

2+ x

x
(2x)(2+x)

0 + 0

Df = (2,2).
x Df x Df x Df :
f(x) = ln

( )

2 ( x)
= ln 2 + x = ln 2 x
2 x
2+ x
2 + ( x)

= ln 2 x = f(x)
2+ x

f ,
=

() (ii)

ln 2 x dx = 0.
2+ x

5.10. o =

3x 2

1+ t 4

dt dx .

0
1

3x 2 dt dx =

1+ t 4

3x 2

0
1

1 dt dx . f (x) =

1+ t 4

1 dt .
1+ t 4
g(x) = 1 4 \ f f ( x ) = 1 4 .
1+ t
1+ x
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
3
.
= 3x f ( x ) dx = ( x ) f ( x ) dx = x f ( x ) 0 x f ( x ) dx = 1 f (1) 0.f (0)
0
0
0

1 dx = 0 0
1+ x 4

x3

1 x 3 dx =
1+ x 4

1 x 3 dx .
1+ x 4

1 du = x3 dx.
4

u = 1+x4 du = (1+x4)dx du = 4x3 dx

x = 0 u = 1+0 = 1 , x = 1 u = 1+1 = 2
=

1 1 du = 1
2
u 4

1 du = 1 u 2 = 1 ( 2 1 ) = 1 ( 2 1) = 1 2 .
[ ]1
2
2
2
2
2 u

5.11. f \ g(x) =

0 t f ( x t ) dt .

) g.
) f \ g.
:
) u = xt t = xu du = (xt)dt du = dt

du = dt.

t = 0 u = x 0 = x , t = x u = x x = 0.
g(x) =
=

x ( x u) f (u) ( du)

0 x f (u ) du

0 u f (u) du

= x ( x u ) f (u ) du =
x

= x 0 f (u ) du

0 [ x f (u) u f (u)] du

0 u f (u) du .

h(u) = u.f(u) \ . g Dg = \ . F1(x) =

f (u ) du F2(x) =

0 u f (u) du

 3:

386

\ , g \ ,
x
x
x
x

g ( x ) = x 0 f (u ) du 0 u f (u ) du = ( x ) f (u ) du + x 0 f (u ) du x.f (x)

=
)

) (

f (u ) du + x.f (x) x.f (x) =

f (u ) du .

g \ g ( x ) =

f (u ) du

) = f(x).

f \ , ,
o
f (x) > 0 , x \ , g \

o
f (x) < 0 , x \ , g \ .

5.12. f (0,+ ) g(x) =

x1

f ( x t ) dt .

) g.
) f (1) = 1, Cg x0 = 1.
:
)

u = x.t du = (x.t)dt du = x.dt

1 du = dt.
x

t = 1 u = x 1 = 1 , t = 1 u = x.1 = x.
x

g(x) =

x
1
f (u ) du = 1
x
x

f (u ) du . f ( ,0) (0,+ ) -

1 (0,+ ) x (0,+ ). Df = (0,+ ).

F(x) =

f (u ) du (0,+ ), g -

(0,+ ) ,

x
x

x
g ( x ) = 1 f (u ) du = 1 f (u ) du + 1 1 f (u ) du

(x

= 12
x

) (x)

f ( x)
f (u ) du + 1 f (x) =
12

g(1) = 1
1

f (u ) du = 0 g (1) =

f (u ) du .
f (1)
12
1
1

f (u ) du = 1.

Cg :
y g(1) = g (1) (x 1) y 0 = 1.(x 1) y = x 1.

, , ,
1 2.
, .. 5 ,
.
.

 5: 387

5.13. =

(ln x )
dx , *.
x

) : = 2 e 21 , >1.
) 4 .
:

( 2 x ) (ln x )

(ln x )
dx =
x

dx = 2 x (ln x )
1

= 2 e (ln e) 2 1 (ln1)
= 2 e 1 2 1 0

2 x ( (ln x ) ) dx

2 x (ln x ) 1 (ln x ) dx

2 x (ln x ) 1 1 dx = 2 e 2
x
1

x (ln x ) 1

( x)

dx

(ln x ) 1
dx = 2 e 2.-1.
1
x
e
ln x dx = e 2 x ln x dx = 2 x ln x e e 2 x ln x dx
) 1 =
( )
1
1

1
1
x
e
e
= 2 e ln e 2 1 ln1 2 x 1 dx = 2 e 1 2 1 0 2 1 dx
x
1
1
x
e

= 2 e 2

= 2 e 2 [2 x ]1 = 2 e 2(2 e 2 1 ) = 2 e 4 e + 4 = 4 2 e .
2 = 2 e 2.2.1 = 2 e 4(4 2 e ) = 2 e 16 + 8 e = 10 e 16.
3 = 2 e 2.3.2 = 2 e 6(10 e 16) = 2 e 60 e + 96 = 96 58 e .
4 = 2 e 2.4.3 = 2 e 8(96 58 e ) = 2 e 768 + 464 e = 466 e 768.
e

5.14. =
) :

x dx , *.

1
2 , >2.
1

) 5 .
:
)

> 2 =

/4

x dx =

/4

2 x 2 x dx =

/4

2 x

2 x
dx =
2 x

/4
2 x 1 2 x dx = 2 x 1 2 2 x dx = 2 x 1 2 1 dx =
0
0
x
x
x x
/4
/4
/4
/4
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
0 x 2 x x dx = 0 x 2 x dx 0 x dx = 0 x (x ) dx 2 .

/4

/4

u = x du = (x) dx .
x = 0 u = 0 = 0 x = u = = 1.
4

= 0 u 2 du 2 = u 2 = 1 0 2 = 1 2 .
1 1
1
1 0
1

1 =

/4

x dx =

/4

x
dx =
x

/4

1 x dx .
x

u = x du = (x) dx du = x dx du = x dx
x = 0 u = 0 = 1 x = u = =
4

2 .
2

 3:

388

= (ln
3 = 1
2
5 = 1
4

2
2

1 ( du ) = 2 1 du = ln u 2 = (ln 2 ln1) = ln 2
[ ]1
1 u
1
2
2
u
1
1
1
2
2 ln2) = ln 2 + ln2 = ln 2 + ln2 = ln2 + ln2 = ln2.
2
2
1
1
1 = ln2
2
2
1
3 = ( 1 1 ln2) = 1 1 + 1 ln2 = 1 ln2 1 .
4
2
2
4
2
2
2
4

1 =

f ( )

x f ( x ) dx

f 1 ( y ) dy =

f ( )

, -

.
5.15. i) f ,
[,]

f ()
f ()

f 1 ( y) dy =

x f ( x ) dx .

ii) f (i),

f ()
f ( x ) dx +
f 1 ( x ) dx = .f () .f () ,

f ()

iii) > 0 f :[0,] [0,] ,

f ([0,]) = [0,],

f ( x ) dx +

f 1 ( x ) dx = 2.

iv) f (x) = x3 + 2x + 1 . f

: =

f 1 ( x ) dx .

i)

x f ( x ) dx = ( f 1 D f )( x ) f ( x ) dx = f 1 ( f ( x ) ) f ( x ) dx .

y = f (x) dy = f ( x ) dx . x = y = f () x = y = f ().

ii)

f ( )
f ( )

(i)

f ( x ) dx + .f() .f ()

f 1 ( y ) dy .

f 1 ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx + [ x f ( x )]

f ( x ) dx +

x f ( x ) dx

( x ) f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx = .f () .f ().

f f ([0,]) = [0,] f (0) = 0 f () = . -

iv)

f ( x ) dx +

iii)

f ( )

x f ( x) dx = f ( )

f ( x ) dx + f 1 ( x ) dx =
0

f ( x ) dx +

f ( )
f (0)

(ii)

f 1 ( x ) dx = .f() 0.f(0) = . = 2.

f \
f ( x ) = ( x 3 + 2 x + 1) = 3x2 + 2 > 0. f \ ,

1-1 . f .

 5: 389

=
=

0 (3x

f 1 ( x ) dx =

f (1)

f (0) f

0 x f ( x) dx

( x ) dx =

0 x (3x

+ 2) dx

4
+ 2 x ) dx = 3x + x 2 = 3 + 1 = 7 .
4
4
4
0

5.15.1. :

(ii) ,
f ,
.

f ( x ) dx

f ( )

f ()

f 1 ( x ) dx .

.f () .f () .
f
( ). , .
5.16. ( Young.) f :[0,+ ) [0,+ ) ,
, f(0) = 0 [0,+ ). , >
0 ,

f ( x ) dx +
f 1 ( x ) dx ..

f () = .
:

f () . f () = f () f () f () .

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx +

f ( )

f (0)

f 1 ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx +

f 1 ( x ) dx =

f f (x) f () x [,],

f ( x ) dx
f ( ) dx = f ().() = .().

f 1 ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx = .f () 0.f (0) + f ( x ) dx = . + f ( x ) dx .

f ( x ) dx +

f 1 ( x ) dx . + .() = . + . . = ..

f () .
= f () = f () f () = .

 3:

390

5.16.1. : f ,

. (ii) .
.

,
.

. .
. , .. . .
,
.
.
5.17. f , \ ,

x

0 x f (t ) dt

0 t f (t ) dt = x3 x2

x \ .

f \
. G(x) =

0 x f (t ) dt

= x 0 f (t ) dt \ -

G1(x) = x G2(x) =

f (t) . H(x) =

f (t ) dt ,
x

0 t f (t ) dt

\ h(x) = t.f(t) , .
(x) = x3 x2 \ .

x
x
x \ : x 0 f (t ) dt 0 t f (t ) dt = x 3 x 2

) ( )
(
( x f (t ) dt ) ( t f (t) dt ) = 3x 2x

(x) f (t ) dt + x ( f (t ) dt ) x.f (x) = 3x 2x f (t ) dt + x.f (x) x.f (x) = 3x 2x

f (t ) dt = 3x 2x ( f (t ) dt ) = ( 3x 2 x ) f (x) = 6x 2.
x

.
:
x

0 x f (t ) dt

0 t f (t ) dt

0 x (6t 2) dt
x

0 t (6t 2) dt
x

2t ) dt = x 3t 2 2t 2t 3 t 2 = x.(3x2 2x) (2x3 x2)

0
0
= 3x32x2 2x3+x2 = x3x2.
f (x) = 6x 2.

= x 0 (6t 2) dt

0 (6t

 5: 391

5.17.1. : , ..

x3 x2 + 1, f (x) = 6x 2.
, .

5.18. f , :
1

f (x) x f ( xt ) dt = 5 ,

x \ .

f \ . u = x.t du = (x.t)dt du = x.dt.

t = 0 u = x.0 = 0 , t = 1 u = x.1 = x.
: f (x)
f (x) =

0 f ( xt ) xdt = 5

f (x)

f (u ) du = 5

f (u ) du + 5 (1).

f \ F(x) =

f \ f ( x ) =

f (u ) du . ,

f (u ) du + 5

f ( x ) = f (x) f (x) = cex (2)

c .
x = 0 (1) : f (0) =

f (u ) du + 5 = 5. (2) f (0) = ce0 5 = c.

, f (x) = 5ex , x \ .
5.18.1. :

f (x) = 5ex , x \ , ,
x = 0, c.
A( x ) = B ( x )
.
A( x0 ) = B( x0 )

: (x) = B(x)

, ,
(x) = B(x) + c , (x0) = B(x0) + c c = 0, (x) = B(x).

5.19. f : \ \* ,
1 f (x) =
2

et dt + 2 ,
f (t )

x \ .

i) f (x) > 0 , x \ .
ii) f.
:
i)

1 f (x) =

et dt + 2 f (x) = 2
f (t )

et dt + 4. f
f (t )

f (x) 0 x \ , f
f (x) > 0 x \ f (x) < 0 x \ .
f (0) = 2

et dt + 4 = 2.0 + 4 = 4 > 0. f (x) > 0 x \ .

f (t )

 3:

392

ii)

t
g(x) = e

f (t )

G(x) =

0 g (t ) dt

\ ,

. , f (x) = 2G(x) + 4 -

\ . x \
t
x

x
f ( x ) = 2 e dt + 4 = 2 e
f (x) f ( x ) = 2ex
f ( x)
0 f (t )

( f 2 ( x) )

2f (x) f ( x ) = 4ex

= (4ex) f 2(x) = 4ex + c , c .

f 2(0) = 4e0 + c 42 = 4 + c 16 = 4 + c c = 12.

x \ f 2(x) = 4ex + 12 f (x) = 4e x +12 f (x) = 4e x +12 .
f (x) > 0 x \ ,
f (x) = 4e x +12 = 4(e x + 3) = 2 e x + 3 , x \ .

5.20. f :[0,+ ) \ f (x) 0 x > 0, x

f 2(x) = 2 f (t ) dt ,

x 0.

f (x) = x, x 0.
:
x

f 2(x) 0 2 0 f (t ) dt 0 0 f (t ) dt 0 f x

(0,+ ) 0 f (t ) dt > 0 f (x) > 0 x > 0.

x

x > 0 f 2(x) = 2 0 f (t ) dt f (x) =

2 0 f (t )dt f (x) = 2 0 f (t )dt

f (0,+ )
f (x) =

2 0 f (t )dt x [0,+ ) f (x) = 2 0 f (t )dt x [0,+ )

f (x) > 0 (0,+ ) f (x) =

f [0,+ ) F(x) =

2 0 f (t )dt x [0,+ ).

f (t ) dt ,

f [0,+ ).

( f 2 ( x ) ) = ( 2 0

f (t ) dt

2f (x) f ( x ) = 2f (x) 2f (x) [ f ( x ) 1] = 0 f ( x ) 1 = 0

f ( x ) = 1 f ( x ) = (x) f (x) = x + c. x = 0
0

f (0) = 2 0 f (t ) dt f (0) = 0. , f (0) = 0 + c c = 0. f (x) = x ,

x [0,+ ).
5.21. f :
ex.f (x) = x 2 + 2 ex +

e x+t f (t ) dt ,

x \ .

x \ ex.f (x) = x 2 + 2 ex + 0 e x+t f (t ) dt

2
2
ex.f (x) = x 2 + 2 ex + 0 e x et f (t ) dt ex.f (x) = x 2 + 2 ex + ex 0 et f (t ) dt
2

 5: 393
2
2
f (x) = x x 2 + 2 + 0 et f (t ) dt . 0 et f (t ) dt = c, f (x) = x x 2 + 2 + c.
e
e
2

0 et f (t ) dt = c

et t t 2 + 2 + c dt = c
e

0 ( t 2 + 2e
2

+ cet ) dt = c

t 2 2t + 2et + cet = c (2 4 + 2e2 + ce2) (0 0 + 2e0 + ce0) = c

2
0

2 + 2e2 + ce2 2 c = c ce2 2c = 4 2e2 c(e22) = 2(e22) c = 2.

, f (x) = x x 2 + 2 2 = x x 2 , x \ .
e

___________________________________________________________________

5.22. :
)

1 2 x dx

3
4

1 2 x dx

1+ 2 x dx

1+ 2 x dx

[.) 2 )2 ) 2 )2]

5.23. :
)

3
2

1 2 x dx
2

1 + 2 x dx
2

[.)2 )2]

5.24. ,

( x 2 2 x ) dx = 6.

[.-2, 3]

5.25. , :
2

2 3 2 x dx =

(1 2 x ) dx 4.
[.-3, 1]

5.26. x :

1 ( x 2) dt

x (2 x 5) dt

= 0.
[.1, 3]

5.27. , `*

5.28. f

(x

+ x ) dx = 1.

6 x 2 4 x + 1

5 2 x

f (x) =

x 1
.
x >1

i) f .
ii)

f ( x ) dx .
[.ii)I=3]

 3:

394

+ x

x2

5.29. f f (x) =
3

( ) x 2 x 1

x < 1
x = 1 .
x > 1

i) , f .
ii) =

2 f ( x ) dx .
[.i)=1, =-2 ii)I=4]

5.30. f f (x) = x 2 x x2.

f ( x ) dx .
[.I=- 19 ]
3

5.31. f f (x) = x + x 1 2.

1 f ( x ) dx .
[.I=-1]

x +1 x 1
.
x + 1 + x 1

5.32. f f (x) =

2 f ( x ) dx .
[.I=ln2]

5.33. :

2
0

x 4 + 2 x + 1 dx + 2 0 x + 1 dx = 2 .
2 x2 +1
3
x2 +1

5.34. f \

(1,2) (2,5).
2
1 f ( x ) dx .
[.7]

5.35. f \

(1,7) (4,1).

1 x f ( x

) dx .
[.3]

5.36. f : [, ] (0,+ )

f ( x ) = f 2(x) , x [, ] f () = 5f ().
=

f ( x ) dx .
[.=ln5]

5.37. f , :

f (x+1) 2f (x) + f (x1)=

x
x 1

y +1
y

f (t ) dt dy .

 5: 395

5.38. f f (x) =

x 2 1
x +1

. > 1

f ( x ) dx = 5.
[.4]

5.39. f f (x) = x3 + x + , x \ , , -

:
i) f .
ii) x0 = 1.
2
iii) f ( x ) dx = 2.
0
( 1992)

5.40. > 0

x ( x )( x 2 )( x 3 ) dx = 95.

5.41. f [1,4],

f ( x ) 3 , f (1) = 1 f (4) = 7.

5.42. f \ , f (0) = 2 f (0) = 1.

i) Cf 0.
ii) f (x) x 2 , x \ .
ii)

5.43. :

1 f ( x ) dx

9 , 1.
2

0 (t + t ) dt
x

x
(x+ x ) , x \ .
2

t dt = 1 x x , x \ .

5.44. :

5.45. :

5.46. :

( (1+ t ) dy ) dx

x dx = 1 ( ) , < .
2
x

(1 + t )( ) 2
.
2

5.47. ) f : [, ] \ . s [0,1]

f (t ) dt =

f (t ) dt .

) s (, );
) s f (x) = x [1,1]. ;
) () f ;

5.48. g(x) =

0 x t

dt , x \ .

i) g ( x ) = 2x x.x , x \ .
ii) g ,

( , g( )).
2

 3:

396

( 2001)

5.49. ) f [, ] , f (x) 0 ,

x [, ].

f ( x ) dx = 0 f (x) = 0 , x [, ].

) f [0,1],
1

0 f

( x ) dx + 3 = 6 x f ( x ) dx . f (x) = 3x , x [0,1].
0

1
+ 4 x > 0.
1 + x4

5.50. f (x) =

) f .
)

lim

x +

x +1
x

f (t ) dt .
( 1993)

5.51. f , +

y = 3. lim

x +

x+2
x

f (t ) dt .
[.6]

5.52. f (x) =

ln x .
1 + ln x

) f -

.
)

lim

x +

3x
x

f (t )
dt .
t

[.)f . (0, 1 ) ( 1 ,+ ) , y=1 )ln3]

e

5.53. :
)

0 ( x +1)e

dx

1 x e

dx

x x dx

x 3x dx

[.)e )- 2 )-2 )-]

e

5.54. :
)
)

0 x

0 x

e x dx

x dx

1 ( x
2

1 x

+1) e x dx

e 2 x dx

[.)e-2 ) 3e-6
e

02 x

x dx

e3 x dx

0 x

2
2
3
)-2 )-2 ) e (5e -1) ) 5e -2 ]

27

5.55. :
)

1 x ln x dx

x 2 ln x dx

e
1

ln x dx
x3

e
1

ln x dx
x

2
3
2
[.) e +1 ) 2e + 1 ) e -3
2

4e

)2(2- e )]

 5: 397
5.56. :
e

x ln x dx

x ln 2 x dx

x ln 2 x dx

ln 2 x dx
x2

ln 2 x dx
x

2
[.) 2(e e +2) ) e -1 ) 2e-5 ) 2(5e e-8) )10 e -16]

5.57. : )

x ln(1 + x ) dx

27

0 ln(1 + 2 x )

dx

[.) 3 ln3 ) 3 ln3-1]

2
2

5.58. :
)
)

e x x dx

e x 2 x dx

2
0

e x (x + x ) dx
2 x
dx
ex

[.)- e +1 ) e

5.59. =

e2 x 2 x dx J =

) + J

) 2(1-e ) )- 2(1+ e ) ]

5e

e2 x 2 x dx :

) J

) J
2
2
2
2
[.) e -1 ) e -1 )= 3(e -1) J= e -1 ]

5.60. g [0,1]
1

0 x g ( x ) dx

= 1993

0 g ( x ) dx

g x = 1.
( 1993)

5.61. f \ :

f (1) =

0 [ x f ( x) + f ( x )] dx .

5.62. g [0, ] g() = e.

0 ( g ( x ) + g ( x ) ) e dx
x

= 2 , g x0 = 0.
( 1992)

5.63. f \ , :

[ x f ( x ) + f ( x )] dx = . f ( ) . f ( ) .

5.64. f [0,] ,

f () = 2

0 [ f ( x ) + f ( x )] x dx = 5.

f (0).
[.3]

 3:

398

5.65. f \ , f \ , -

x0 = 2 (0,1).
2

8 , f (2).
3

[ x f ( x ) + 3 f ( x )] dx =

( 1994)

5.66. f (x) = ex.x.

i) =

ii) () =

f ( x ) dx , = 1 ( ) 1 ( )
2e

2e

f ( x ) dx , > 0 lim () = 0.
+

5.67. f : [, ] \ f () = f () = 0. f

i)
ii)

[ f ( x )]2 dx = 1. :

x f ( x ) f ( x ) dx = 1 .
2

( x [ f ( x) ] dx)( [ f ( x)] dx)

1.
4

5.68. :
)

x e x

+1

dx

x 2 e x +1 dx

ln 5

e x e x 1 dx

2
2
[.) e -e ) e -e ) 16 ]

5.69. :

1
0

1
dx
2 x +1

1
0

1
dx
(2 x + 1)3
[.) 3 -1 ) 2 ]
9

5.70. :
)

/2

2 x x dx

x 5 x dx

/2

x x dx

/2

e x x dx

[.) 1 )0 ) 2 )e-1]
3

5.71. :
)

1
0

2 x + 1 dx
x2 + x +1

2
0

2 x
dx
1 + 2 x

2
0

2 x
dx
1 + 2 x

2
3
2

x
dx
(1 + x ) 2

[.)ln3 )ln2 )ln2 )- 1 ]

2

5.72. :
1
2
x
)
)
dx
2
0
0
x +1
1
x
)
dx
0 3 x2 +1

6x2
dx
2 x3 + 9

2
1

(2 x + 1) x 2 + x 2 dx

[.) 2 -1 )4 ) 16 ) 3 ( 3 4 -1)]
3

5.73. f (x) = 1 + x 2 + x , \ .

 5: 399

lim

x+

f ( x)
= 1.
x

) =

x
dx .
f 2 ( x)

( 1996)

(ln x ) 2

5.74. f f (x) = x
x
xe e

x 1

x <1

i) f .
ii) =

f ( x ) dx .

[.ii)I= 4 -e]
3

5.75. =

2
0

x
dx J =
x + x

) + J

2
0

x
dx :
x + x

) J

) J
[.)

)0 )=J= ]
4

5.76. f : \ \

f ( x ) e f ( x ) dx = 0 , \ < . :

i) f () = f ()
ii) f ( x ) = 0 (, ).
( 2001)

5.77. f [, ] , > 0, :
a

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx .

5.78. ) f [0, ] , :

1
0 f ( x ) dx = 0 f ( x ) dx = 2 0 [ f ( x ) + f ( x )] dx .
1
x 2006
) =
dx .
2006
0 x
+ (1 x )2006

[.) 1 ]
2

5.79. f [0, ] , :

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx +

f (2 x ) dx .

5.80. f [, ] , > 0. :
a

f ( x ) dx =

[ f ( x ) + f ( x )] dx .

5.81. f [, ] , :

f ( x ) dx = ( ) f ( + ( ) x ) dx .
0

 3:

400

5.82.

f ( x ) dx =

f ( + x ) dx ,

f [, ].

2 x dx =

2 x dx -

) =

) =

x x dx .

x 2 x 3x dx .

) =

x + x

) =

/3

/6

1
dx .
(2 x + 1)( x 2 4)
)0 )0 )

0 x

x
dx .
x + x

1
dx .
1 + 2 x

[.)

5.83. , > 0,

4 x 2 x dx .

) =
)

dx J =

(1 x ) dx =

0 x

32

) )- 1 ln3]
12

(1 x ) dx .

5.84. f [1,1], :

02

02

f (x ) dx =

f (x ) dx .

5.85. f [, ] , 0 \

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x + ) dx

5.86. ) f [, ]

f (x) = f ( + x) x [, ] ,

x f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx

) :
2

1 [ x

i) =

+1

+ x (3 x ) ] dx , `*

ii) I =

x x
dx
4 2 x

) f [1,1], :

x f (x ) dx =
2

f (x ) dx .
+1
[.)i) 3(2 -1) ii) ln3]

+1

5.87. f [,]

f (x) + f ( + x) = c x [, ] , c .

+

( f ()+f ()).
: f ( x ) dx = ().f (
) =

( 1996)

 5: 401

5.88. : )
5.89. : i)
ii)

e
1

x x

x +2

dx

e x e x dx .
x 2 +1

dx = 2 e x dx .

1 ( x

) dx = 2 0 ( x 2 ) dx , [1,1].

5.90. : )

1 dt dx

1+ t 2

3x 2 dt dx .

1+ t 4

[.)1- 2 )- 1 ln2)]
4

5.91. f (0,+ ) g(x) =

f ( x ) dt .
t

g.
[. g(x) = f(x) , x (0,+ )]
x

5.92. f (x) =

e
x

ln( xt )
dt , x > 0.
t

i) f .
ii) f.
iii) .
[.i) x=1 1 ii)(- , 1 ]]
2

5.93. :
3
1
2 dx
x 1
)
)
dx
2
0
2 x 1
x 2 + 3x + 2

[.)ln(

x 3 dx
x 4
2

x 2 x 2 dx
x2 4x + 3

3
1
) )3ln3-5ln2 )
-4ln2+2ln3 )1-5ln2+2ln3]
2
2

5.94. i) , , :

1
= + 2 +
x
x +1
x 2 ( x + 1)
x
ii) : =

1
dx .
x3 + x2
[.i)=-1, ==1 ii) 1 +ln 3 )]
2

5.95. i) , , :

1
= +
+
x
x +1
x ( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)2
ii) : =

1
dx .
x3 + 2 x2 + x
[.i)=1, ==-1 ii)ln 4 - 1 ]
3

 3:

402

5.96. i) , , :
x +
1
= + 2
.
x
x +1
x ( x 2 + 1)
ii) :

1 dx .
x3 + x
[.i)=1, =-1, =0 ii) 1 ln 8 ]
2

5.97. =

x e x dx , `* .

) : = e .1 , >1.
) 5 .

5.98.

[.)-44e+120]

x dx , `* .
ex

1
0

1
) = + .1 , >1.
e
) 4 .
[.)24- 65 ]
e

5.99. =
) : =

x (ln x ) dx , `* .

e 2 . , > 1.
2
2 1

) 4 .
2
[.) e -3 ]

5.100. =

(ln x ) dx , `* .

) : = e .1 , > 1.
) 4 .

5.101. =

[.)9e-24]

x (ln x ) dx , `* 1.

1 .
[.= 1 (e+1--1)]
+1

5.102. =
) =

/2

/ 4

x dx , `* .

1 , > 2.
2
1

) 5.
[.)- 1 + 1 ln2]
4

5.103. =
) =
) 5 .

x x dx , `* .

( 1).2 , > 2.

 5: 403
[.)-54+602-240]

5.104. =
) : =

1
0

x dx , `* .
1+ x2

1 , > 2.
2
1

) 5 .
[.)- 1 + 1 ln2]
4

3x 2

5.105. f (x) =
2
x ln x

x0
.
x>0

) f .
e

1 f ( x ) dx .

) : =

2
[.)1+ e ]

xe x e x + 1 1

2
x2

5.106. f (x) =
0
x x x

x2

x<0

x=0 .

x>0

) f .
) : =

1 f ( x ) dx .
[.) 2-3e ]
2e

5.107. f f (x) = x.2x , x 0.

) f .
) : =

f 1 ( x ) dx .
2
[.ii) 2ln 2-2ln2+1
]
2

ln 2

5.108. i) f 1-1 [, ] f () =

f () = . :
ii)

( 2 x f ( x ) ) dx .

f 1 ( x ) dx =

f (x) = x3 x2 + x.

0 f

( x ) dx .
[.ii) 7 ]
12

5.109. i) f 1-1 [, ]

f () = f () = .
ii) f (x) =

f 1 ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx .

1 x2 4 x + 3 .
6
3
2

1 f

( x ) dx .
[.ii) 20 ]
9

5.110. f , (0,+ ),

x.f (x) +

f (t ) dt = 3x4 .

 3:

404

[.f(x)=4x3-1]

5.111. f : \ \ :

(1 + t 2 ) f (t ) dt = x2 +

0 6 x(t

) f (x) =

+ t ) dt , x \ .

2x + 5 .
x2 +1

) f

(0, f (0)).
( 2000)

5.112. f : \ \ :
x

x
f (t ) dt = e e e .f (x) x, \ .

( 1993)

5.113. f : ( , ) \ 2 2
x

f (0) = 1 1 + f (t ) t dt = 2x +

: f (0) = 1995 ,

f (t ) t dt .
( 1995)

5.114. f : \ \* , f (x) =

t 1 dt + 1.
f (t )

i) f (x) > 0 , x \ .
ii) f.
[.f(x)= x2 -2x+2 ]

5.115. f \ :

f (x) = x2 +

0 e

f ( x t ) dt , x \ .
3
[.f(x)= x +x2]

5.116. h : [1,+ ) \ :

h(x) = 1999(x 1) +

h(t )
dt x 1. :
t

) h(x) = 1999x.lnx , x 1.
) h [1,+ ).
( 1999)

5.117. f : \ \ , f ( x ) > 0 , x \ .

F(x) =

f ( x t ) dt , x \ , , ,

x0 \ F ( x0 ) = 0, F(x) = 0 x \ .
( 1995)

 5: 405

5.118. i)

( 1 x + 1 x + ... + (x ) + ( x ) ) dx .

ii) 1.x + 1.x + + .(x) + .(x) = 0 , `

*

1, 1, , , \ , [0, 2].

5.119. f : [0,1] \ . s [0,1]

1 2
f (s)
0 x f ( x ) dx = 3 .
5.120. f : \ \ \ . : \ \

(x) =

( f (t ) )

2 xt 2 f (t ) + x 2 t 4 dt , x \ .
1

x0 = 5 t 2 f (t ) dt .
0

( 2000)

5.121. f [0,2] f (1) = 1,

f (1) = 0 f ( x ) = f (2 x ) x [0,2].
) f (x) + f (2x) = 2 , x [0,2].
)

f ( x ) dx .
[.)2]

5.122. x \ f .f (x) + .f (x) = , + 0,

2
4
2 f ( x ) dx =
.
+
5.123. g [1, e]. [1, e]

1 g ( x ) ln x dx

= g().

5.124. : )

0 ln ( x +
1

x 2 + 1 dx

1
0

ln 2 + x dx .
2 x

[.)ln(1+ 2 )- 2 +1 )3ln3-4ln2]

5.125. =

2 x
dx .
2 x 2 x
[.ln3- 2 3 ]
9

5.126. f f (0) = 1, f (1) = f (0) =

1
f ( x ) f ( x )
f (1) = 0. =
dx .
0
ex

[.-1]

5.127. , ` , :
i)
iii)

( x ) ( x ) dx = 0

0
( x ) ( x ) dx =
=

ii)

0
( x ) ( x ) dx =
=

 3:

406

5.128. =

2 x 4 x dx J =

) + J

2 x 4 x dx :

) J

) J
[.)

32

5.129.
) =

2
0

) 1

)= + 1

24

64

48

J= - 1 ]
64

48

x dx , `* .

1 . , > 2.
2

) 5.
[.) 8 ]
15

5.130. =

x dx , `* .

1 . , > 2.
2

1 3 5 ... (2m 1)
= 2m
2 4 6 ... (2m) 2
) : =
2 4 6 ... (2m)
= 2m + 1
1 3 5 ... (2m + 1)
) =

5.131.
) : =

1/ 2
0

x +1 dx , ` .
1 x2

3
+ 2 , 2.
+1
( + 1) 2 +1

) 4.
[.) 8 - 49 3 ]
15

150

5.132. i) f (x) = e x , x [0,1]. , , f.

ii)

0 e

x2

dx +

ln x dx = e.

______________ _______________________________________
5.133. . .
I. f [, ]

f (x) = 0 x [, ].
II.

( )

1 dx = 1 = 1 1 = 1 1 = 2.
2
x 1
1
1
1 x

f ( x ) dx = 0,

 6:

407

.
.
3
f

xx x = , x = () = f ( x ) dx . f
.
.

f [, ] f (x) 0
x [, ].
f xx x = ,
x =

() = f ( x ) dx .

6.1. :

xx,
f xx x = , x = .

() = () =

( f ( x) ) dx

= f ( x ) dx .

6.2. :

f, xx x = , x = ( < ) , f (x) 0,
x [, ] , :
x
.
0 y f ( x )

(x,y)

 3:

408

f (x) 0, x [, ] , :
x
.
f ( x) y 0

(x, y)

,
x
.
0 y f ( x )

(x, y)
6.3. :

f, xx
x = , x =

() = f ( x ) dx .

f
[, ]
,
.

f xx
x = , x =
() = (1) + (2) + (3)

= f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
=

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx .

6.4. :

f, g [, ]
f (x) g(x) 0 x [, ],
f, g x =
x = .
() =

[ f ( x ) g ( x )] dx .

() = (1) (2) =
6.5. :

f ( x ) dx

g ( x ) dx

[ f ( x ) g ( x )] dx .

f, g [, ]
f (x) g(x) x [, ],

 6:

409

f, g x =
x = .
() =

[ f ( x ) g ( x )] dx .

f, g [, ], c \
f (x) + c g(x) + c 0, x [, ].
, ,
() = () =

[( f ( x ) + c ) ( g ( x ) + c )] dx =

6.6. :

[ f ( x ) + c g ( x ) c ] dx =

[ f ( x ) g ( x )] dx .

f, g [, ],
f, g
x = x = .
() =

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx .

f (x) g(x)
[, ]
,

f, g x = x =
1, 2 3.

() = (1) + (2) + (3)

= [ f ( x ) g ( x )] dx + [ g ( x ) f ( x )] dx + [ f ( x ) g ( x )] dx

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx +

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx .

______________ ___________________________________________
6.7.
( x )

f (x) =

2 x

0 x 1
x1

yy x = 4.

 3:

410

x [0,1) f1(x) = x

f2(x) = x.
x (0,4] .

f (1) = = 1 lim f (x) = lim ( x ) = = 1 ,

x1

x1

lim+ f (x) = lim+ (2 x ) = 2 1 = 1. f 1.

x1

x1

f [0,4].
0 x 1 f (x) = ( x ) 0 1 < x 4

1 < x 2 1 > x 2 2 1 > 2 x 22 0 2

, f (x) 0 x [0,4].
f ( x ) dx = 0 ( x ) dx =

1 =

( x )

4 dx
x
( )
4

1
( x )
4

1<

x < 1 0 f (x) < 1.

( x ) dx .

(4)

u = ( x ) du = ( x ) dx du = ( x ) x
4

du = ( x ) dx 4 du = ( x ) dx.
4

x = 0 u = 0 = 1 x = 4 u = ( ) =
4

2
2

1 ( 4 ) du = 4
u

2
4
1
= ln2 = ln2 ..

1 =

( )

2 =

2
2

2 .
2

1 du = 4 ln u 2 / 2 = 4 (ln 2 ln1) = 4 ln 2 1/ 2
[
]1
u

4
4
f ( x ) dx = 1 (2 x ) dx = 2 x 2 x 3/ 2 = 2 x 2 x x =
3 1
3

(8 2 4 4 ) (2 2 1 1 ) = 8 16 2 + 2 = 6 14 = 4 ..
3

3
3
2
= 1 + 2 = ln2 + 4 ..

6.8.
f (x) = x.2x yy y = x, x = .

f (x) = x.2x g(x) = x [0,].

f (x) g(x) = x.2x x = x.(2x1) 0 f (x) g(x) x [0,].

=

2
= x +

2 0

x 2 x dx = ( 0 ) + x 2 x

2 2
2
2 0

2
= + ( 2 0 0 ) 1

0 [ g ( x ) f ( x )] dx = 0 ( x x 2 x ) dx = 0 x dx 0 x 2 x dx

0 2 x dx =

( x ) 2 x dx
2

2 + 1 1 2 x
2
2 2 0
2

 6:

411

2
2 0
2 + 1 (00) = ( +1) ..
= + 1

6.9. . f (x) = 1 , x > 0.

x
) ()
f , x x = 1 , x = > 1.
) ()
f , x x = 1 , x = 0 < < 1.
) 1
f , x x = 1, 2
f , x = 0 y = 1.
. f (x) = 12 , x > 0.
x

:
. )

f [1, ] f (x) > 0 x [1,].

() =
)

f ( x ) dx =

1 dx = ln x = ln ln1 = ln ..
[ ]1
x

f [,1] f (x) > 0 x [,1].

() =
)

1
1

f ( x ) dx =

1 dx = ln x 1 = ln1 ln = ln ..
[ ]
x

1 = lim () = lim ln = +
+

2 = lim+ [() ] = lim+ (ln) 1 = ( ) 1 = (+ ) 1 = + .

0

. )

f [1,] f (x) > 0 x [1,].

() =
)

f ( x ) dx =

1 dx = 1 = 1 + 1 = 1 ..
x 1

x2

f [,1] f (x) > 0 x [,1].

() =
)

1
1

f ( x ) dx =

1
1 dx = 1 = 1 + 1 = 1 ..
2

x
x

1 = lim () = lim (1 1 ) = 1

1
2 = lim+ [() ] = lim+ ( 1) 1 = (+ ) 1 1 = (+ ) 2 = + .

0
0
+

6.9.1. : 1

(
x)

 3:

412

6.10. i) (): x + y = 0 -

f (x) = lnx x2.

ii) f () x = 1 x = , 0 < < 1.
iii) f () yy x = 1.

f (0,+ ) f ( x ) = (lnxx2) = 1 2x

i)

(x0, f (x0)) Cf. :

y f (x0) = f ( x0 ) (x x0) y = f ( x0 ) x + f (x0) x0 f ( x0 )
y = ( 1 2x0).x + lnx0 x02 x0.( 1 2x0) y = ( 1 2x0).x + lnx0 + x02 1.
x0

x0

x0

(): x + y = 0 y = x Cf
(x0, f (x0)) (),

1 2 x = 1
x = 1 x = 1 ( )
1 2 x02 = x0
2 x 2 x 1 = 0
0
x
0
2

0 02
0
0
2
+

=
+

=
ln
x
x
1
0
ln
x
x
1
0
2
0 0
0 0
ln x0 + x0 1 = 0
ln x0 + x02 1 = 0

x0 = 1

x0 = 1. f (1) = ln1 12 = 1, (1,1).

ln1
1
1
0
+

(x )

f (0,+ ) f ( x ) = 1 2x = 12 2 < 0.

ii)

f (0,+ ), () Cf.
f (x) g(x) = y = x x (0,+ ). f, g () =

[ g ( x ) f ( x )] dx = ( x ln x + x

) dx = x dx ln x dx + x 2 dx

2
3
2
3
1
1
1
= x ( x ) ln x dx + x = ( 1 ) [ x ln x ] + x (ln x ) dx + ( 1 )

=1+
2

(1.ln1.ln) + x 1 dx + 1 = 1 + +
3 3
2 2
x
3

3
1
.ln + 1 dx + 1

=1+
2

iii)

3
3
2
+ .ln + 1 + 1 = 5 + + .ln

 6:

413

3
2
= lim+ () = lim+ ( 5 + + .ln).

(ln )
lim+ (.ln) = lim+ ln = lim+
= lim+
0

( 1 )

12

2
= lim+ = lim+ = 0. , = 5 ..

x 0

x 0

6.11.

(2)

y = 2x , y = 1

y = 2, x = 2.

.
x = 1,
. , 1, -

(2)

f (x) = 2x, g(x) = 1

x = 1. , 2,

(2)

x
g(x) = 1 , h(x) = 2 x = 1, x = 2.

()

x
1

x
x
x

x 1
2
2

=
2
2
dx =
=

1 = 0 [ f ( x ) g ( x )] dx = 2
2
ln 2 ln 2 1
ln 2 ln 1
0

0
2 0

()

2x 1 = 2x + 1 = ( 2 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) = 2 + 1 1 1
ln 2 2 ln 2
ln 2 ln 2
ln 2 2 ln 2
ln 2 ln 2
ln 2 2 x ln 2 0 ln 2 2 x ln 2 0
= 1 ..
2 ln 2

()

1
2
2

1
2
dx = 2 x
= 2 x + x 1 = (4+ 1 )
2 = 1 [h( x ) g ( x )] dx = 2

2
4 ln 2
1

2 ln 2 1
ln 1

2 1

(2+ 1 ) = 4 + 1 2 1 = 2 1 ..
2 ln 2
4 ln 2
2 ln 2
4 ln 2
1
1
+2
= 2 + 1 ..
, = 1 + 2 =
2 ln 2
4 ln 2
4 ln 2

()

6.12. f (x) = lnx.

) f
yy 1.
) f ,
x, Oy.
:

 3:

414

f (0,+ ) f ( x ) = 1 . (x0, f (x0))

x

f
(0,1).
y f (x0) = f ( x ) (x x0) y lnx0 = 1 (x x0) y = 1 x + lnx0 1.
x0

x0

(0,1) 1 = 1 0 + lnx0 1 lnx0 = 2 x0 = e2.

x0

, y = 12 x + lne2 1 y = 12 x + 2 1 y = 12 x + 1.
e
e
e
)

= 1.
, =
1 =

e2

f ( x ) dx =

e2

ln x dx =

e2

2
(OA + AM ) OB
(1+ 2) e2
=
= 3e ..
2
2
2

e2

e2

( x ) ln x dx = [ x ln x ] 1 1 x (ln x ) dx

e
e
= e2.lne2 1.ln1 1 x 1 dx = 2e2.lne 0 1 1 dx = 2e2 (e21) = 2e2 e2 + 1 = e2 + 1 ...
x
2

2
2
2
, = 3e (e2 + 1) = 3e e2 1 = e 2 ..

6.13.
f (x) = 1 x2 Cf Ox 8 ..
2
3
:

f \
f ( x ) = ( 1 x2) = 1 2x = x.
2

(x0, f (x0)) Cf
Ox 8 ..
3

y f (x0) = f ( x0 ) (x x0)
y 1 x02 = x0(x x0) y = x0.x + 1 x02 x02
2

y = x0.x 1 x02 .
2

 6:

415

x
y = 0 0 = x0.x 1 x02 x0.x = 1 x02 x = 0 .

2
2
2
x0
x ( , 0). 1 Cf
2

xx x = x0,
= 1 8 =
3

x0

24

3
x
x
8 = 1 0 0 0
8
3
2 3 3

8 = 1 x 3 1 x0 x0
2 2 2
3
2 3 0

x3
8 = 0

f ( x ) dx 1 ()() 8 =

x0

x03 = 64 x0 =

64

x0

1 2
x dx 1 ()()
2
2

x3
x3
8 = 0 0
3

4 x 3 3x03
8 = 0
3

24

x0 = 4.

: y = 4x 1 42 y = 4x 8.
2

6.14. f (x) = 1 x3 + 1 x.

6
3
) f .
)
f f1.
:
) f \ ,

(6

f ( x ) = 1 x 3 + 1 x = 1 3x2 + 1 = 1 x2 + 1 > 0.
3

f \ ,
1-1 .
) f
f 1
y = x. f ,
f (x) = f 1(x) f (x) = x 1 x3 + 1 x = x
6

x3 + 2x = 6x x3 4x = 0 x(x2 4) =
0 x = 0 x2 4 = 0 x = 0 x2 = 4
x = 0 x = 2 x = 2.
y = x ,

= 2

f ( x ) x dx = 2

f ( x ) x dx + 2 f ( x ) x dx = 4 f ( x ) x dx

2
2
2
= 4 0 [ x f ( x )] dx = 4 x 1 x 3 1 x dx = 4 2 x 1 x3 dx
0 3
6
3
6
2
2
2
2
3
= 4 2 x dx 4 1 x 3 dx = 8 0 x dx 2 0 x dx
0 3
0 6
3
3
0

2
2
2
4
4
4
= 8 x 2 x = 8 ( 2 0 ) 2 ( 2 0 )
3 2 0
3 2
2
4
3 4 0
3 4

= 16 8 = 8 ..
3

 3:

416

6.15. y2 = 4x
y = 2x 4.

:
y2 = 4x
y 2 = 2( y + 4)
y2 2 y 8 = 0
y = 2  y = 4



.

x=4
=

+
=
=
+
y
2
x
4
y
4
2
x
2
x
y
4
x =1

2
1 2
1
1 : y = 4x x = y y = 2x 4 2x = y + 4 x = y + 2.
4
2
2
1
1
f (y) = y g(y) = y + 2 \ .
4
2
2
2
y
+
8

y
2 y + 8 y2
2
. g(y) f (y) = 0
=0
g(y) f (y) = 1 y + 2 1 y =
4
4
2
4

y2+2y+8 = 0 y = 2 y = 4.
y
g(y) f (y)

2 4 +
0 + 0

) (

g(y) f (y) 0 y [2,4].

=

2 [ g ( y ) f ( y )]dy

( 12 y + 2 14 y ) dy =
2

y3
y2
2
= 4 + 8 64 1 4 8 = 12 16 +3 2 = 15 6 = 9 ..
+

y
4
12
12
12 2
3
3

x = 1 . x = 1 y = 2 x y = 2x 4 x = 1. 3.
1 2, (1= 2).
2 :

1= 2 =
3 =

1 ( 2
4

0 2

1
x dx = 2 x1/ 2 dx = 2 2 x 3/ 2 = 2( 2 0) = 4 .
0
3
3
3
0
4

( 4 1 1 12 + 4) = 32 4 3 = 28 3 = 28 9 = 19 .
3

2
x 2 x + 4 ) dx = 4 x 3/ 2 x 2 + 4 x = 4 x x x 2 + 4 x = ( 4 4 4 4 + 16)
3
1
3
1
3

3
3
3
4
4
19
27
+ +
=
= 9 ..
, = 1 + 2 + 3 =
3
3
3
3

 6:

417

___________________________________________________________________

6.16. -

f (x) = 4x x2, xx x = 1 , x = 2.

[. 11 ..]
3

6.17. -

f (x) = 1 x2 xx.

[. 4 ..]
3

6.18. ,

f f (x) = x2.ex , xx, x = 1

x = 3.
( 1990)

6.19. ) ()

f (x) = 2x2 + x + 1, 0 , xx , yy x = 1.
) () ;

2
[.)()= 2 +3+6 )=- 3 ]

6.20. -

f f (x) = x3 x xx .

[. 1 ..]
2

6.21. f (x) = x , xx yy x = .
4
[.

1
ln2..]
2

6.22. f (x) = x3 6x2 + 9x + 1 , x \ .

) f f (x) > 0

x [1,3].

) f, -

xx x = 1 x = 3.
( 1999)

6.23. :

0 x

0 y x.x.
[.1..]

6.24. f f (x) = (x + 4)ex , x \ .

(x, y) 1 x 1 , 0 y f (x).

( 1992)

6.25. :
x 7 x y 0.
6
2

418

3:

[. 3 ..]
2

6.26. -

f (x) = x2 x, xx x = 1.

[.1..]

6.27.

x + y2 2y 4 = 0, yy y = 1, y = 2.

[.12..]

6.28. f (x) = x , > 0 , x 0

(x1, 0) (x1, f (x1)).

f Cf
;

[.f(x)=x3]

6.29.
g(x) = x f (x) = 2x1 x = 0.
( 1996)

6.30. x 2 + 1 x < 0

, xx x = 1, x = 1.
f (x) = x
1 2 x 0
[. 25 ..]
12

6.31. 6 x x 2 x 1

, xx x = 1,
f (x) = 8 x
x > 1
x 2 + 1

x = 3.
[. 34 +4ln5 ..]
3

6.32. f (x) = x +1 x 1 , xx x = 2 , x = 2.
[.6..]

6.33.
1 x x 1
, xx x = 1, x = e.
f (x) =
ln x x > 1
[.3 ..]

ex e

6.34. f f (x) = ln x
x

x <1

x 1

. f

,
f, xx x = 0 x = e.

 6:

419
( 1991)

6.35. -

f (x) =

x
1

(2 t )e t dt xx , yy.
[. 1 ..]
e

6.36. -

f (x) = 2x2 g(x) = 2x.

[. 1 ..]
3

6.37. -

f (x) = 4 x2 y = 2x + 1.

[. 32 ..]
3

6.38.
f (x) = x2 g(x) = x .
[.1/3 ..]

6.39.

x + y2 = 2 x + y = 0.

[.9/2..]

6.40. f

f (x) = x +

4
.
(1 + x )2

i) () f

y = x, x = 1, x = , > 1.
lim E ( ) .

ii)

[.i)

2 - 2
.. ii)2]
1+

6.41. f f (x) = 3x + 1 2 .
2x
) f.
) () -

f, y = 3x, x = 1 x =
> 1.
) () , .
( 1990)

6.42. f f (x) = x + 1 +

4
.
( x 1) 2

i) f.
ii) () f ,

x = 3, x = , > 3.
lim E ( ) .

iii)

[.i)x=1, y=x+1 ii) 2-6 .. iii)2]

-1

 3:

420

6.43.
2
f (x) = x g(x) = x , > 0.

2
[. ..]

6.44. f (x) = x , > 0 , yy y = .

2
[. ..]

6.45. f (x) = x , > 0, Cf (, ) -

x = 0 , x = 4.
2
[. 2 ..]

6.46. f f (x) = lnx.

i) () Cf , xx

x = 1, x = , 0 < < 1.
lim+ E ( ) .

ii)

[.i)()=ln-+1 .. ii)1..]

6.47. f f (x) =

ex .
ex +1

i) (t) Cf , xx

x = 0 , x = t, t < 0.
lim E (t ) .

ii)

[.i)(t)=ln2-ln(et+1) .. ii)ln2 ..]

6.48. f f (x) = ln2x .

x
i) () Cf , xx

x = 1 , x = , > 1.
lim E ( ) .

ii)

[.i)()= -1-ln .. ii)1..]

6.49. f , g f (x) =

2x
x2 +1

g(x) = 2 .
x

i) ()

f , g x = 1 , x = , > 1.
lim E ( ) .

ii)

2
[.i)ln 2
.. ii)ln2 ..]
2

+1

6.50.
f (x) = x, Cf ( , 0)
2

x = 0 , x = .
2
[. -2 ..]

 6:

421

6.51. f (x) = xx .
e

) () f -

.
) f, -

() x = 1 x = 1.
[.)y=x ) 2 ..]
e

6.52. xx , yy ,

y = 1 f (x) = lnx .
[.e-1..]

x ln x x > 0
6.53. f (x) =
.
x = 0
0
i) f .
ii) () Cf , xx

x = 1 , x = , 0 < < 1.
lim+ E ( ) .

iii)

iv) f ,

xx , yy x = e.
2
2
2
[.ii) ln + 1 - .. iii) 1 iv) e +2 ..]
2
4
4
4 4

6.54. f f (x) = (2x + ) [ , ].

2
4 4
) f

x0 = .
8

) ,

f Ox , Oy.

(8)

2
[.)= 2 +4 - 1 ..]

( 1989)

6.55. f (x) = x x.
i) f .
ii) -

f , f 1 x = 0 , x = .
[.ii)4..]

6.56.

x x x

x2

f (x) =

i) f .

x0

x=0

 3:

422

ii) f ,

xx , yy x = .
2

[.ii) -2 ..]

6.57. 3
f (x) = 2x2 , g(x) = x y = 2.
4
[. 5 ..]
3

6.58. -

f (x) = ex , g(x) = lnx , xx , yy x = e ,

y = e.

[.e2-2..]

6.59. x2 = y y2 = x.
[. 1 ..]
3

6.60. y2 = x

y = 2 x.
[. 9 ..]
2

6.61. f

f (x) = 1 + x x [0,3].
Cf x1 = 0 , x2 = 3.
2
[. 9 -8 ..]

423

_______________________________________ ________________

2
7.1. . f f (x) = x (2lnx 1) 2x(lnx 1) , x > 0.
4

f f x > 0.

) f .
. ) (t) =
) lim

t +

( x 2) ln x dx
1

t > 1.

E (t )
.
t ln t
( 1992)

x
7.2. f (x) = e x 1 .
e +1

) f , .
) f

) =

1
2

1
2

f 1 ( x ) dx .

7.3. f \ , -

f ( x ) >0 x\ . , \ < . :
) f (x) f () f ()(x ) , x [, ].

) 2 f ( x ) dx f ()( ) + 2f ()( )
2

( 1997)

7.4. f : \ \ f (x) = 2x + mx 4x 5x , m\ , m > 0.

) m f (x) 0, x \ .
) m () -

f xx yy
x = 1.
[.)m=10 )=

7.5. f (x) = x.ex , x \

9 - 4 - 1 ]
ln10 ln5 ln4

. f .
. : 2

e2.2.

x e x dx e.
( 1993)

7.6. G(x) =

) G(1)

f (t ) dt , f (t) =

3t

eu du x > 0 , t > 0 :
u
)

lim

x 0+

x G ( x ) 3
x +1 1

.
( 1995)

 3:

424

7.7. f : [0,+ ) [0,+ ) :

x

f ( x ) 0 f (t ) dt + f 2 ( x ) = 6x2.

:
) f (0) = 0.
x

) f ( x ) f ( t ) dt = 2x .
0

) f (x) = 2x.

7.8. f \ \ .
x

g(x) =

f (t ) dt h(x) =

g (t ) dt . h(x) = ( x t ) f (t ) dt .

7.9. f \ , f (x) =

f (t ) dt .

f .
1

i) +1
ii) 0

10 + x dx

7.10. =

, `* . :

, `* .

1 , `* .

1 , `* .
+1
286 1000.ln 11 .
iv) 3 =
3
10
iii) +1 + 10 =

7.11. f \ .
3
1 7 f ( x ) dx .
) f (2 x + 1) dx =
0
2 1
) 4.

f (2 x +1) dx =

7
1

f ( x ) dx + 2004.

, (1,7) , f () = 334.
( 2000)

7.12. f :

e1 x f ( x ) dx = f (x) + ex , x \ .

7.13. f : \ (0,+ ) . -

Cf , x = 2, 4..
g(x) =

0 [ f (t ) + f (2 t )] dt .

i) g , .
ii) g .
[.i)x=0 ii)..(1,4)]
2

2
7.14. f (x) =
x
x 1 x ln
2
x ( x 1)

) f .

x 1

x >1

425

) : =

f ( x ) dx .
[.)=ln2- 7 ]
6

7.15. f (x) = x2.lnx , x > 0.

i) f, -

xx.
ii) f,

xx x = x0 , x0 f.
( 2001)

7.16. f (x) = 2x + 4 , x > 0.

x
i) ()

f, xx x = x = + 1, > 0,
() = 2 + 1 + 4.ln(1+ 1 ).

ii) () .
( 2001)

7.17. f , :
) (x) =
2x

f (x) = 3 + 2 0 f (t ) dt , x \ .

f ( x)
.
e2 x

) f (x) = 3e .
) () -

f, xx x = 0 x = , > 0.
) lim+
0

E ( )
.

7.18. f f (x) =

x ln x ,
2 x

x > 0.

) f.
)

f, x x = 1 x = 4.
( 1991)

7.19. [, ]

(3 + 2 x x

) dx , -

. ;
[.[-1,3], 32 ]
3

7.20. f , \ f ( x ) > f (x)

x \ . f (0) = 0, :
i) x.f (x) > 0 x 0 ,
ii)

0 f ( x ) dx < f (1).

 3:

426

7.21. f (0,+ ) ,
x
t f (t )
f (x) = 1 +
dt , x > 0.
x
1
x2

) f (0,+ ).
) f (x) =

1+ ln x .
x

) f .
) f .
) f , -

xx x = 1, x = e.
[.)(- ,1] )x=0, y=0 ) 3 ]
2

7.22. f \ ,

f (x) = 2 x 2 +
1+ x

0 (1+ t

) f (x) =

) f (t ) dt , x\ .

2 x 3.
1+ x 2

) f,

xx, yy x = 1.
) f.
[.)3-ln2 .. )[-4,-2]]

7.23. i) f : [, ] \ . [, ]

f (t ) dt =

f (t ) dt .

ii)

f (t ) dt 0 (, ).

iii) f = = .

7.24. f (t) = 2t + 3 , t [1,4].

t+2
) =

) g(x) =
1

f (t ) dt
t

f (t ) x + 2 e x
x +1
t

dt , x > 0.

e x e x e x t [1,4] x > 0.
2

i) :

ii) lim g ( x ) .
x+

( 1999)

7.25. f , f (0) = 2 , f (0) = 1

f ( x ) f (x) +

( f ( x ) )

= f (x) f ( x ) , x \ .

) f.
) g:[0,1] [0,1] ,

2x

g (t )
dt = 1 , [0,1].
1 + f 2 (t )

427

2
7.26. f \ , f (x) = x +
2

1
2

2 x f (2 xt ) dt .

) f \ .
x
) f (x) = e (x + 1).
) f .
) lim f (x) lim f (x).
x

x+

[.)+ , + ]

( 2004)

7.27. A. f , g [, ] g -

. [, ]

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( ) g ( x ) dx .

. f : [0,1] \ . s [0,1]
1

0 f ( x ) x

dx =

f ( s)
.
3

7.28. f : (0,+ ) \ :

f (x) > 0 , x > 0 , f ( x ) + 2x.f (x) = 0 , x > 0

(1,1).
) f (0, + ) f.
f (t )
x1
, x > 1.
dt <
2
2t 2
x
1+ 1 f (t ) dt , x > 1.
) F(x) =

1
2t 2
)

x 1
f (x) <
2x2

) 2e

e t dt < 1 , x .
( 1998)

7.29. f [0, ] , > 0

x
g(x) = 0 f (t ) dt x.f ( x ) , x [0, ]. f 2

:
) g .

)
f (t ) dt > .f ( ).

428

2012

:
1. f . f ( x) > 0 -

x , f .
( 7)
2. f [ , ];
( 4)
3. f . f x0 A -

( 4)
4. -

.
.

.
. f 1-1 y

f (x) = y x.
. lim f (x) = + , f (x) < 0 x0.
x x0

. (x) =
.

1
, x \ {x / x = 0}.
2 x

f ( x) g ( x) dx = [ f ( x) g ( x) ] + f ( x) g ( x) dx , f , g

[ , ].
( 10)
:

z w :
2
2
z 1 + z + 1 = 4 (1)

w 5w = 12

(2)

1. z

= 1.
( 6)
B2. z1 , z2 z z1 z2 =

2 ,

z1 + z2
( 7)
B3. w

x2 y 2
+
= 1 9
4

w .
( 6)
B4. z , w (1) (2) :

1 zw 4
( 6)
:

f (x) = (x1)lnx 1 , x > 0.

429
1. f 1 = (0,1] -

2 = [1,+ ). f.

( 6)

x1

2. x

2013

=e

, x > 0 .
( 6)

3. x1 , x2 x1 < x2 2, -

x0 (x1 , x2) , .
f ( x0 ) + f (x0) = 2012

( 6)
4.

g(x) = f (x) + 1 x > 0 , xx x = e.

( 7)
:

f : (0, + ) \ , x > 0 :

f (x) 0
x x2
e
1
x
ln
t
t

dt f ( x)
ln x x =
f
t)
(
1

x 2 x +1

f (t ) dt

1. f .
( 10)
x

f (x) = e (lnx x) , x > 0 :

2. :

2
1

lim ( f ( x) )
f ( x) .
f ( x)

x 0+

( 5)
3. lnx x1, x > 0, -

F(x) =

f (t ) dt

, x > 0, > 0, ( 2). -

:
F(x) + F(3x) > 2 F(2x) , x > 0 ( 4).
( 6)
4. > 0.

( , 2) :

F() + F(3) = 2 F()

( 4)

2011

:
1. f x0 .

f x0 , : f ( x0 ) = 0.
( 10)

430
2. f \ . y = x +

f + ;

( 5)
3. -

.
. z 0 z0 = 1.
. f : A \ 1-1, x1 , x2 A
:
x1 x2 , f (x1) f (x2)
1
. x \1 = \ {x / x = 0} : (x) =
.
2 x
x
. : lim
= 1.
x+
x
. C C f f 1
y xO
y .
y = x xO
( 10)
:

z w z 3i, :
1
z 3i + z + 3i = 2 w = z 3i +
z 3i
1. z.
( 7)
B2.

z + 3i =

1
.
z 3i
( 4)

B3. w 2 w 2.
( 8)
B4. :

zw = z .
( 6)

f : \ \ , \ , f (0) = f (0) = 0,
: e x ( f ( x ) + f ( x) 1) = f ( x) + x f ( x)

x \ .

1. : f (x) = ln(ex x) , x \ .
( 8)
2. f .
( 3)
3. f .
( 7)
4. ln(ex x) = x (0,

).
2
( 7)

431
f , g : \ \ , x \ :
i) f (x) > 0 g(x) > 0
x
1 f ( x)
e2t
ii)
=
dt
2x
0 g(x + t)
e

iii)

1 g ( x)
=
e2 x

e 2t
dt
f (x + t)

1. f g \ f (x) = g(x)
x \ .
( 9)
2. :

f (x) = ex, x \ .
( 4)

3. :

lim

x 0

ln f ( x)
.
1
f
x
( 5)

4. -

F(x) =

f (t 2 )dt xx yy x = 1.
( 7)

2010

:
1. f . F f

, :
G(x) = F(x) + c f
G f

G(x) = F(x) + c , c \
( 6)
2. x = x0 -

f ;

( 4)
3. f .

f ;
( 5)
4. -

.
. +i +i
.
. f .
f ,
.
. f (, ),
(, )
= lim+ f (x) = lim f (x)
x

432

( x ) = x ,

x \

. lim f (x) < 0 , f (x) < 0 x0 .

x x0

( 10)
:

z +

2
= 2 z ^ z 0.
z

1. z1 , z2 .
2010
1

B2. z

+ z

2010
2

( 7)

= 0.
( 6)

B3. w w 4 + 3i = z1 z2 ,

w .
( 7)
B4. w B3 , 3 w 7.
( 5)
:

f (x) = 2x + ln(x2+1) , x \ .
1. f .
( 5)
(3 x 2) 2 + 1
2. : 2(x23x+2) = ln

4
x +1

( 7)
3. f -

f yy.
( 6)
4. =

x f ( x )dx
( 7)

f : \ \ x \ :
x
t
f (x) x
f (x) x = 3 +

dt
0 f (t ) t

1. f \ f ( x) =

2. g(x) =

f ( x)
, x \ .
f ( x) x
( 5)

2
( f ( x) ) 2x f (x) , x \ .

( 7)
3. f (x) = x +

x 2 + 9 , x \ .
( 6)

433

4.

x +1

f (t )dt <

x+2

x +1

f (t ) dt x \ .
( 7)

2009

1:
. f . f -

x f ( x ) = 0, f
.

( 10)
. f x0 ;
( 5)
.

.
. z1, z2 , z1 z2 = z1 z2 .
( 2)
. f () x0 A,

f (x) f (x0) x A.

( 2)

x 1
. lim
=1
x 0
x

( 2)
. f

.
( 2)
. f [, ] f (x) < 0

x [, ], f ,
x = , x = xx () =

f ( x ) dx .
( 2)

2:

z = (2+1) + (21)i , \ .
.. -

z, \ .

( 9)
. z0 = 1 i

( 8)
B. w
2

w + w 12 = z0
z0 .
3:

f (x) = x ln(x+1) , x > 1, > 0 1.

( 8)

434
A. f (x) 1 x > 1, = e.
( 8)
B. = e,
. f .
( 5)
. f (1,0]

[0,+ ).

. , (1,0) (0,+ ),

( 6)
f ( ) 1
f () 1
+
= 0 x 1
x2

(1,2).
( 6)
4:

f [0,2]

0 (t 2) f (t ) dt = 0.

H(x) = 0 tf (t ) dt , x [0,2]
x
H( x)
x 0 f (t ) dt + 3, x (0,2]

G(x) =
2
6 lim 1 1 t ,
x=0
2

t 0
t

. G [0,2].
( 5)
. G (0,2)
H( x )
G ( x ) = 2 , 0 < x < 2.
x
( 6)
. (0,2) () =

0.
( 7)
. (0,)

tf (t ) dt = 2 f (t ) dt .
( 7)

2008

1:
.1. f (x) = ln x , x \* \* :

( ln x ) = 1x
( 10)
.2. f [, ];
( 5)

435
.

.
. f : \ 1-1, f 1 :
f 1( f (x)) = x , x A

f ( f 1(y)) = y , y f (A)
( 2)
. f -

f .
( 2)
. z2 + z + = 0 , , \ 0 -

, ^ .
( 2)
. f \ -

, f ( x ) > 0 x.

( 2)
. f , ,

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx
( 2)

2:

z w
(i + 2 2 ) z = 6 w (1 i ) = w (3 3i ) :
. z.
( 6)
. w.
( 7)
. w .
( 6)
. z w .
( 6)
3:

x ln x, x > 0
f (x) =
x =0
0,
. f 0.
( 3)
. f .
( 9)

. x = e x -

.
( 6)
. f ( x +1) > f (x+1) f (x) , x > 0.
( 7)
4:

436
f \
2

f (x) = (10x3 + 3x) f (t ) dt 45

0

. f (x) = 20x3 + 6x 45
( 8)
. g \ .
g ( x ) g ( x h )
g ( x ) = lim
.
h0
h
( 4)
. f () g ()

lim
h0

g ( x + h) 2 g ( x) + g ( x h)
= f (x) + 45
h2

g(0) = g(0) = 1,

i. g(x) = x5 + x3 + x + 1
( 10)
ii. g 1-1
( 3)

2007

1:
.1. z1 , z2 , : z1 z2 = z1 z2 .
( 8)
.2. f g ;
( 4)
.3. y = l f + ;
( 3)
.

.
. f [, ] x [, ] f (x) 0

f ( x ) dx > 0.

( 2)
. f

x . f f ( x ) > 0
x .

( 2)
. f x0 g x0 ,
g D f x0.
( 2)
. f ,

g( x)

f (t ) dt

) =

f ( g ( x )) g ( x )

.
( 2)
. > 1 lim x = 0.
x

( 2)

437

2:

z = 2 + i \ .

+ 2i
. z (0,0)

= 1.
( 9)
2
+
i
= 0 = 2 . z1 , z2 z =
+ 2i

.
i. z1 z2.
2

ii. (z1)

( 8)

= (z2) .

( 8)

3:

f (x) = x3 3x 22 \ + , ] .
2

. f , -

.
( 7)
. f (x) = 0 .
( 8)
. x1 , x2 x3 f ,

(x1, f (x1)) , B(x2, f (x2)) (x3, f (x3))

y = 2x 22.

( 3)
. -

f y = 2x 22.

( 7)
4:

f [0,1]
f (0) > 0. g [0,1] g(x) > 0
x [0,1]. :
F(x) =

f (t ) g (t ) dt , x [0,1]

G(x) =

0 g (t ) dt

, x [0,1].

. F(x) > 0 x (0,1].

( 8)
. : f (x).G(x) > F(x) x (0,1].
( 6)
. :

F ( x)
F (1)

x (0,1].
G( x)
G (1)

( 4)
. :

lim

x 0+

) ( t dt ) .
( g (t) dt ) x

f (t ) g (t ) dt
x

x2

( 7)

438

2006

1:
.1. f , . :

f ( x ) > 0 x , f
.
f ( x ) < 0 x , f
.

( 10)
.2. f

. f ;
( 5)
.

.
2
. z z = z2.
( 2)
. lim f (x) > 0, f (x) > 0 x0.
x x0

( 2)
. f () f -

.
( 2)
. ( 3 ) = x.3x1.
x

( 2)
. I

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = [ f ( x ) g ( x )]

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx f , g -

[, ].
( 2)
2:

f (x) = 2 + (x 2)2 x 2.
. f 1-1.
( 6)
. f 1 f .
( 8)
. i. f f 1

y = x.
( 4)
ii.

f f 1.

( 7)
3:

z1 , z2 , z3 z1 = z2 = z3 = 1 z1 + z2 + z3 = 0.
. :
i. z1 z2 = z2 z3 = z3 z1 .
( 9)

439

ii. z1 z2

4 Re( z1 z2 ) 1.
( 8)

. z1 , z2 , z3 ,

( 8)
4:

f (x) = x +1 lnx.
x 1

. f.
( 8)
. f (x) = 0 2 .
( 5)
. g(x) = lnx (,ln)

> 0 h(x) = ex
B(, e) \ ,
f (x) = 0.

( 9)
. g h

.
( 3)

2005

1:
.1. f , [, ].

f [, ]

f () f ()

f () f () , x0 (, )
, f (x0) = .

( 9)
.2. y = x + f

+ ;

( 4)
.

.
. f [, ] f () < 0 (, ) f () = 0,
f () > 0.
( 2)
. lim (f (x) + g(x)), lim f (x) lim g(x).
x x0

x x0

x x0

( 2)
. f f

f
y = x, f 1.
( 2)

440

. lim f (x) = 0 f (x) > 0 x0 lim

x x0

x x0

1 = + .
f ( x)

( 2)
. f , x

f (t ) dt = f (x) f () , x .

( 2)
. f

, x x , .
( 2)

2:

z1, z2, z3 z1 = z2 = z3 = 3.
. : z1 = 9 .
z1
( 7)
z
z
. 1 + 2 .
z2
z1

( 9)
. : z1 + z2 + z3 = 1 z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 .
3

( 9)
3:

f f (x) = ex , > 0.
. f .
( 3)
. f,

, y = ex. .
( 7)
. () , -

f, yy, () = e 2 .
2

( 8)
.

2 ( )
lim
.
+ 2 +

( 7)
4:

f \ , 2 f ( x ) = e x f ( x )
x \ f (0) = 0.
x
. f (x) = ln 1+ e .

( 6)
x

. : lim
x 0

f ( x t ) dt
x

.
( 6)

441

. : h(x) =

x t

2005

f (t ) dt

2007
g(x) = x
. h(x) = g(x)

2007

x\ .
( 7)
.

x t

2005

f (t ) dt = 1
(0,1).
2008
( 6)

2004

1:
. f x0 .

f x0 ,
f ( x0 ) = 0.

( 10)
. f x0 ;
( 5)
.

.
. -

.
( 2)
. lim f (x) = l, lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = l.
x x0

x x0

x x0

( 2)
. f, g x0, f .g -

x0 : ( f g )( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )

( 2)
. f , . f ( x ) >0

x , f .
( 2)
. f [, ]. G f

[, ]

f (t ) dt = G() G()

( 2)
2:

f f (x) = x2.lnx.
. f,
.
( 10)
. f .
( 8)
. f.
( 7)
3:

442
g(x) = ex.f (x) , f \
f (0) = f ( 3 ) = 0.
2
. (0, 3 ) f ( ) = f ().
2

( 8)
2

. f (x) = 2x 3x, () =

g ( x) dx

, \ .
( 8)

. lim ().

( 9)
4:

f : \ \ f (1) = 1. x \ ,
x
g(x) =
z f (t ) dt 3 z + 1 (x1) 0 , z = +i ^ , , \* , :

. g \ g
( 5)
1
. z = z + .
z
( 8)
. Re(z2) = 1 .
2

( 6)
. f (2) = > 0, f (3) = > , x0 (2,3) -

f (x0) = 0.

( 6)

2003

1:
. , f x0,

( 8)
. ;
( 7)
.

.
. z z , z = z = z .
( 2)
. f -

. f ( x ) > 0 x , f .

( 2)
. f, ,

f ( x ) dx

= f (x) + c , c \ .
( 2)

443
. f , -

f .
( 2)
. f x0 .

f x0 f ( x0 ) = 0, f
x0.

( 2)

2:

z = + i, , \ w = 3z i z + 4, z z.
. Re(w) = 3 + 4
Im(w) = 3 .
( 6)
. , w

y = x 12, z y = x 2.
( 9)
. z,

y = x 2, .
( 10)
3:

f (x) = x5 + x3 + x .
. f f .
. , f (ex) f (1 + x) x \ .

( 6)

( 6)
. f (0,0) -

f f 1 .
( 5)
1
. f ,

x x = 3.
( 8)
4:

f [, ]
(, ). f () = f () = 0 (, ) , (, ),
f ().f () < 0, :
. f (x) = 0 (, ).
. 1 , 2 (, ) f (1 ) < 0 f ( 2 ) > 0.

( 8)
( 9)

. f.
( 8)

2002

1:
. f [,]. G f

444

[, ], :

f (t ) dt = G() G().

( 12)
.1. f (x) = x. f \ :

f (x ) = x

( 8)
.2.

.
. f [, ] (, ] , f [, ] .
( 1)
. , 1-1 , .
( 1)
. f x0 lim f ( x ) = 0, lim f (x) = 0.
x x0

x x0

( 1)
. f \ ,

f ( x )dx = x.f (x)

x f ( x)dx .
( 1)

. lim f (x) > 0 , f (x) > 0 x0.

x x0

( 1)
2:

z f () = i.z , `* .
. f (3) + f (8) + f (13) + f (18) = 0.
( 7)
.

z = Arg(z) = , f (13) = .[( +) + i.( +)]

2
2

z = 2 Arg(z) = , 3

( 8)

0 , z f (13).
( 10)
3:

f, g \ .
f D g 1-1.
. g 1-1.
( 7)
. : g( f (x) + x3 x) = g( f (x) + 2x 1)

.
( 18)
4:
. h g [, ]. h(x) > g(x) -

x [, ],

h( x)dx > g ( x)dx .

( 2)

. \ f, :

f (x) e f ( x ) = x 1 , x\ f (0) = 0.
i) f f.
( 5)

445

ii)

x < f (x) < x. f ( x ) , x > 0.

2

( 12)
iii)

f, x = 0, x = 1 xx, 1 < < 1 .f (1)

4

( 6)

2001

1:
. 1. z1, z2.

z1 z2 = z1 . z2
( 7,5)

2.

.
z :
2
2
2
. z = z. z
. z = z
. z = z
. z = z

iz = z
( 5)

.1. z1 = 3 + 4i z2 = 1

1. z1 z2

3 i ,

, .
( 7,5)

2. z

z = 1,

2
1

2.

3.

z2

4.

z1

5.

iz2

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

4
2
25
5
2
5
10

z = 1.
z

( 5)
2:

x2

, x3

x 3

, x>3

f : f (x) = 1 e x3
. f , =

1.
9

( 9)
. Cf f

(4, f (4)).

( 7)
. -

f xx x = 1 x = 2.
( 9)
3:

f, \ ,
: f 3(x) + f 2(x) + f (x) = x3 2x2 + 6x 1 x \ ,

446
, 2 < 3.
. f .
( 10)
. f .
( 8)
. f (x) = 0 (0,1).
( 7)
4:

\ ,
: (i) f (x) 0 , x \ .
2

(ii) f (x) = 1 2x t f ( x t )dt , x \ .

2

g g(x) =

1 x2 , x \ .
f ( x)

. f ( x ) = 2x.f 2(x).
( 10)
. g .
( 4)
. f : f (x) = 1 2 .
1+ x
( 4)
.

l im [x.f (x).2x].

x+

( 7)

2000

1:
1. f x 0 ,

f (x0, f (x0)).

( 4)

2. , f x0 -

, .

( 8,5)
1.

.
. f x0, f x0.
. f x0, f x0.
. f x0, f x0.
( 4,5)
2.

x0.

()
3

()

. f (x) = 3x , x0 = 1

1. y = 2x +

. f (x) = 2x, x0 =
2

2. y =

1
x+1
4

447

. f (x) = 3

x , x0 = 0

. f (x) =

x , x0 = 4

3. y = 9x 6
4. y = 9x + 5
5.

( 8)
2:

f (z) = 2 z + i , z ^ z 2i, z z.
z 2i
. : w1 = f (9 5i)

w2 = 2 f (9 5i )
3

( 6)

2004

( 6)

w
. = 2 1
3 0
.

0
w1 w1 w1

.
. =

. xx
. yy
. y = x
. =

2
3

. ., X :

. =
= .
2

( 8)
3:

f [0,1] f (x) > 0

x (0,1). f (0) = 2 f (1) = 4 :
. y = 3 f
x0 (0,1).
. x1 (0,1), f(x1) =

()

()

() ()

( 7)

f 1 + f 2 + f 3 + f 4
5
5
5
5
4

( 12)
. x2 (0,1), (x2, f(x2))

y = 2x + 2000.

( 6)
4:

448
t = 0 . f (t) =

t
1 + t

, t0

t .
15 6 .
. .
( 15)
. ,

12 , .
( 10)

449

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31. ,
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