Statics is the branch of mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of loads (force and torque, or "moment")

on physical systems in static equilibrium, that is, in a state where the relative positions of subsystems do not
vary over time, or where components and structures are at a constant velocity. When in static equilibrium, the
system is either at rest, or its center of mass moves at constant velocity.
By Newton's first law, this situation implies that the net force and net torque (also known as moment of force)
on every part of the system is zero. From this constraint, such quantities as stress or pressure can be derived.
The net forces equaling zero is known as the first condition for equilibrium, and the net torque equaling zero is
known as the second condition for equilibrium.
Rigid body is an idealization of a solid body in which deformation is neglected. In other words,
the distance between any two given points of a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of
external forces exerted on it. Even though such an object cannot physically exist due to relativity, objects can
normally be assumed to be perfectly rigid if they are not moving near the speed of light.
In classical mechanics a rigid body is usually considered as a continuous mass distribution, while in quantum
mechanics a rigid body is usually thought of as a collection of point masses. For instance, in quantum
mechanics molecules(consisting of the point masses: electrons and nuclei) are often seen as rigid bodies.
Force is any external effort that causes an object to undergo a certain change, either concerning its
movement, direction, or geometrical construction. In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to
change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate, or a flexible object
to deform, or both. Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull. A force has both
magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented
by the symbol F.
The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at
which its momentum changes with time. If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that
the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of
the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. As a formula, this is expressed as:

where the arrows imply a vector quantity possessing both magnitude and direction.
Related concepts to force include: thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases
the velocity of an object; and torque which produces changes in rotational speed of an object. In an
extended body, each part usually applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such forces
through the body is the so-called mechanical stress. Pressure is a simple type of stress. Stress usually
causes deformation of solid materials, or flow in fluids.





There are four basic types of force systems for a statically determinate condition:
Concurrent Coplanar
This force system exists when all the lines of action of all forces are acting within the same plane and
pass though a common point.

Non Concurrent Coplanar
This force system exists when all the lines of action of all forces are acting within the same plane but
not pass through a common point.
Concurrent Non Coplanar
This Force System exists when all the line of action of all forces are not acting within the same plane
but do pass though a common point.
Non Concurrent Non Coplanar
This force system exists when all the lines of action of all forces are not acting within the same plane
and do not pass through a common point.
Components of Force System
Forces acting at some angle from the coordinate axis can be resolved into mutually perpendicular forces
called components. The component of a force parallel to the x-axis is called the x-component, parallel to y-axis
the y-component, and so on.













Components of a Force in XY Plane





Given the slope of the line of action of the force as v/h (see figure to
the right)




Components of a Force in 3D Space
Given the direction cosines of the force:








Given the coordinates of any two points along the line of
action of the force (in reference to the figure shown, one of
the points is the origin):
Let d = distance OB





Vector Notation of a Force (Also called Rectangular Representation of a Force)

Where is a unit vector. There are two cases in determining ; by direction cosines and by the coordinates of
any two points on the line of action of the force.
Given the direction cosines:

Given any two points P
1
(x
1
, y
1
) and P
2
(x
2
, y
2
) on the line of action of the force:

Where:
i, j, and k are unit vectors in the direction of x, y and z respectively.







Note:


Also note the following:




Thus,


In simplest term

The above rectangular representation of a force is applicable in both 2D and 3D forces.