Experiment 1 examined basic laboratory techniques. The objectives were to learn qualitative and quantitative laboratory skills and how accuracy can be affected. Volumetric flasks, pipettes, and burettes were calibrated by weighing them empty and with distilled water added. Calculations found the actual volumes were close to but not exactly the stated volumes. Pipettes were the most accurate at measuring volume. Repeating experiments improves precision and reduces errors.
Experiment 1 examined basic laboratory techniques. The objectives were to learn qualitative and quantitative laboratory skills and how accuracy can be affected. Volumetric flasks, pipettes, and burettes were calibrated by weighing them empty and with distilled water added. Calculations found the actual volumes were close to but not exactly the stated volumes. Pipettes were the most accurate at measuring volume. Repeating experiments improves precision and reduces errors.
Experiment 1 examined basic laboratory techniques. The objectives were to learn qualitative and quantitative laboratory skills and how accuracy can be affected. Volumetric flasks, pipettes, and burettes were calibrated by weighing them empty and with distilled water added. Calculations found the actual volumes were close to but not exactly the stated volumes. Pipettes were the most accurate at measuring volume. Repeating experiments improves precision and reduces errors.
Name of Lab Partner : Ahmad Harith Bin Amiruddin (2014206332)
Date of experiment : 16 July 2014
Lecturess Name : Dr. Rohaiza Binti Saat
Title : Basic Laboratory Techniques Objectives : 1) To learn the qualitative and quantative aspects of common laboratory experiment. 2) To expose student to the factors that affects the accuracy of experiment. Procedure : A. Calibration of Volumetric Flask
1). 25 mL of volumetric flask is cleaned and died then it is weighed using analytical balance. The mass of empty volumetric flask is recorded. 2). Distilled water is added until calibration mark( A dropper is used to add last few drops of distilled water and weigh again ( same balance is used). The mass of distilled water and volumetric flask is recorded. 3). The temperature of the distilled water is recorded. 4). From the table 1, determine the actual volume of the volumetric flask.
B. Calibration of Pipette
1). A 50 mL of beaker is cleaned and dried then it is weighed accurately using analytical balance. The mass of empty beaker is recorded. 2). A pipette (20 or 25 mL) is cleaned and it is rinsed with distilled water. 3). The pipette is filled with distilled water using the procedures that have been discussed in the introduction part. 4). The distilled water is drained into the beaker and it weighed again. The mass of distilled water and beaker was recorded. 5). Step 1-4 is repeated one more time and and the temperature of distilled water is recorded. 6). From the table 1, the actual volume of the pipette is determined. C. Calibration of Burette
1). A 50 mL of beaker is cleaned and it weighed accurately using analytical balance. The mass of empty beaker is recorded. 2). The burette is cleaned and rinsed using distilled water and filled in the burette with the distilled water until the zero mark. ( Make sure there are no bubbles in the tip of the burette. 3). 5 mL of water from the burette into the beaker and it weighed as soon as possible. The mass is recorded. 4). Step 3 is repeated by draining water from the burette until the following burette reading become 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 Ml . ( Each time 5 mL distilled water has been added from the burette). The mass ( distilled water + beaker ) every time after adding 5 mL of water. 5). The temperature of the distilled water is recorded. 6). From the Table 1. The actual volume for every addition of 5 mL of distilled water.
Results:
Data:
a. Calibration of Volumetric Flask
Mass of empty volumetric flask (g) 20.9430 Mass of volumetric flask+ distilled water(g) 45.7233 Mass of distilled water (g) 24.7803 Temperature of distilled water ( 0 C ) 30 Density of water ( from Table 1) ( g/ml) 1.0053
b. Calibration of Pipette ( ) ( ) Mass of empty beaker (g) 37.7119 37.7120 Mass of beaker + distilled water (g) 62.5609 62.5648 Mass of distilled water (g) 24.8490 24.8528 Temperature of distilled water ( 0 C ) 30 30 Density of water (from Table 1) (g/ml) 1.0053 1.0053
c. Calibration of Burette
Mass of empty beaker (g) : 37.7122
Temperature of distilled water : 30 0 C
Density of water ( from Table 1) (g/mL) : 1.0053
After the addition of distilled water :
Reading of burette (mL) Mass of beaker + Distilled water (g) Mass of distilled water (g) Mass of distilled water for each 5mL burette reading (g) 5 42.5137 4.8015 4.8015 10 47.5293 9.8801 5.0786 15 52.6603 14.9481 5.0680 20 57.5502 19.8380 4.8899
Calculation :
a. Determine the actual volume of the volumetric flask based on calculation.
Actual volume of volumetric flask : 45.7233 = 45.4822 ml 1.0053
b. Determine the actual volume of the pipette based on calculation for experiment ( I ) and ( II ). Average Mass of beaker + distilled water = 62.5609+62.5648 2 = 62.5629 g
Actual volume of pipette = 62.5629 g 1.0053 g/ml = 62.2330 ml
c. Determine the actual volume of distilled water ( in mL ) for each 5 mL burette reading based on calculation.
Reading of burette (mL) Volume of water (mL ) 0-5
4.8015 = 4.7762 1.0053 5-10
5.0786 = 5.0518 1.0053
10-15
5.0680 = 5.0413 1.0053 15-20
4.8899 = 4.8641 1.0053
DISCUSSION From the experiment we know that the most accuracy apparatus to calculate the density of water by using pipette. It is because pipette showed the nearest reading to density of water which is 1.0 g/L. The scale of pipette is the smallest compare to burette, beaker and measuring cylinder. We also repeated three times of reading to make sure the precision is obtained. This is important because if we only do for one trial it will affect our result and maybe its do not show the real reading of this experiment. So, we need to repeat and read it carefully to get a good result. Burette is less accuracy than pipette because from this experiment showed that burettes reading is near to water density but not nearest as pipettes reading. The scale of burette is bigger than pipette and smaller than beaker and measuring cylinder. To get a better result, we should r epeat t hi s exper i ment t hr ee t i mes and make sur e no smal l mi st ake i s r epeat ed such as t he position of eye when we want to get the reading of this experiment. We should position our eyes correctly to avoid small mistake that will affect our final result. I n t hi s exper i ment , t her e ar e some er r or t hat show t he beaker i s mor e accur at e t han measuring cylinder. From the reading, showed that beakers reading near to the value of water.
CONCLUSION
Fr om t he exper i ment , i t i s shown t hat bur et t e and pi pet t e i s mor e accur at e l abor at or y appar at us i n measur i ng vol ume compar e t o measur i ng cyl i nder or beaker and each of t hese apparatus have their own accuracy and precision.
QUESTIONS:
1. How do you overcome and reduce the problem of random error and systematic error while doing an experiment. 2. In what situation you use a volumetric flask, conical flask, pipette, and graduated cylinder? Explain your answer from the accuracy aspects of these apparatus. 3. Explain how to read a burette. What are the factors to be considered when using a burette?
ANSWERS: 1. The best ways to overcome or reduce the problem of random error and systematic error while doing experiment is repeat the experiment 2 or 3 times,increase the sample size or numbers, and using an accurate sample framework. 2. We used volumetric flask to measure very precisely one specific volume of liquid (100 mL, 250 mL, 500mL, etc., depending on which flask use). The volumetric flasks are of various sizes, containing from 1 to 10 000 mL of liquid.This flask is used to accurately prepare a solution of known concentration. Next, conical flask is used when we want to hold chemicals and make a chemicals. The volumes stamped on the sides are approximate and accurate to within about 5%. So, it is very useful when we want to do a chemical experiment. Meanwhile, we used pipette to measure volume of solution extremely accurately (accuracy of four significant figures).Typical volumes of pipette are 10mL, 25mL, and 50mL.They generally deliver the specified volume 0.1%, an error of a few hundredths of a milliliter.Then, the best condition we used graduated cylinder is in measure the volumes (amounts) of liquids.Graduated cylinders are also used to determine displacement, which is a measurement of the change in a volume of water when additional materials are added to it. This means that the volume of solid objects and non-aqueous (lacking water) solutions can be determined using a graduated cylinder.Graduated cylinders are useful for measuring liquid volumes to within about 1%. They are for general purpose use, but not for quantitative analysis.
3. First, find the scale increment, subtract the values of any two adjacent labeled graduations and divide by the number of intervals between them.Example: 25 mL - 24 mL = 1mL. Next, count that ten intervals are between the labeled graduations. Therefore, the scale increment is 1 mL/10 graduations = 0.1 mL/graduation. Then, use the labeled graduations and the scale increment to find the certain digits in the measurement. Lastly, Estimate the uncertain digit and obtain a reading. Estimate the distance that the meniscus lies between the two graduations in fifths (i.e estimate to 0.02mL).