A. Description of the crrent sit!tion On January 16, 2005, at around 8:45 a.m., while Superintendent Odelardo Magayane, the !"lan pro#in$ial poli$e $hie%, wa lea#ing the $athedral a%ter the $ele&ration o% a ma on the o$$aion o% the 'ali&o !ti(!tihan )eti#al, hi &odyguard, *oli$e O%%i$er + Jonathan Moreno uddenly gunned him down with an M16 !rmalite ri%le. ,www.the%reeman.$om- .herea%ter, Moreno went on a hooting rampage that le%t eight ,8- peron(i/ ,6- poli$emen and two ,2- $i#ilian dead and thirty(one ,01- peron(i/ ,6- poli$emen and twenty(%i#e ,25- $i#ilian wounded ,Senate 1ommittee 2eport 3o.88- +n a letter purportedly written &y a %riend o% *O1 Moreno, addreed to the 1ommittee on *u&li$ Order and +llegal 4rug, 5uoted: 6+ wa ho$"ed when + heard %rom the new that *oli$e O%%i$er Jonathan Moreno, a &odyguard o% Magayane, wa "illed &y reponding poli$e o%%i$er. + 7ut don8t "now what went wrong with John. May&e, too mu$h paranoia, la$" o% pea$e o% mind. + did not e/pe$t that it will end up li"e thi $onidering John8 ideal and a$$omplihment in li%e, the ret i hitory.9 .he Senate in#etigation o% the !ti(atihan hooting wa $ondu$ted in aid o% legilation. .he in#etigation alo re#ealed eriou iue $on$erning the hooting rampage. )irt, *3* inter#iew with *O1 Moreno8 %ather re#ealed that when Moreno went home in 3egro during the 1hritima &rea", he told hi &rother that he %elt threatened and that he wanted to &e tran%erred to 3egro to a#oid a $ertain *O0 :aguna, uppoedly a poli$e o%%i$er under the payroll o% 'im 1uadra, a drug lord arreted &y *O1 Moreno prior to the in$ident. Se$ond, the pro&lem with hi %amily, re$ruitment and promotion whi$h $ould ha#e aggra#ated Moreno8 mental tate. +t hould &e noted that *O1 Moreno paed the neuro(py$hiatri$ e/amination when he wa re$ruited to the *3*. .he u&e5uent %inding o% the initial in#etigation o% .a" )or$e 'ali&o headed &y $hie% *3* 4ire$tor !rturo :omi&ao re#ealed that *O1 Moreno wa u%%ering %rom an 6a$ute py$hoti$ &rea"down9. *oli$e py$hiatrit ha#e diagnoed *O1 Moreno o% the aid mental illne &aed on inter#iew with witnee and hi &eha#ioral pattern &e%ore he went on a hooting rampage. ,www.new%lah.org- .he %o$u on the mental illne o% *O1 Moreno a the ole reaon on why he went on a hooting rampage on January 16, 2005 in 'ali&o, !"lan i mipla$ed. .he $ir$umtan$e urrounding the deultory hooting $ommitted &y *O1 Moreno, a eta&lihed &y the initial %inding o% the *3* in#etigation and preented during the January 24, 2005 hearing, re#eal that hi unta&le mental $ondition prior to and during the in$ident wa the reult o% hi per$ei#ed threat $oming %rom hi %ellow poli$e o%%i$er *O0 :aguna and S*O0 ;ela$o. *3* in#etigation %urther eta&lihed that *O0 :aguna and S*O0 ;ela$o are a$ting on &ehal% o% Joe 'im 1uadra, a upe$ted drug lord. +t wa eta&lihed that *O0 :aguna wa o%%ering &ri&e money to *O1 Moreno and *O1 4ia< %or them to retra$t their tetimonie againt 1uadra. =ut *O1 Moreno and *O1 4ia< re%ued to a$$ept the &ri&e money. *age 2 o% 41 .he u$$eeding paragraph are ta"en %rom the )irt 2eport o% the +n$ident and +n#etigation and 2e#iew 1ommittee on the !ugut 20, 2010 2i<al *ar" >otage .a"ing in$ident more than ten ,10- year a%ter the !ti(!tihan hooting rampage. .he >ong 'ong tour group held hotage &y *oli$e +npe$tor ,1aptain- 2olando 4. Mendo<a inide the >ong .hai tour &u on !ugut 20, 2010 in %ront o% the ?uirino @randtand along the +ndependen$e !#enue o% 2i<al *ar" $onited o% three %amilie, two $ouple, a mother and daughter, and the tour leader. .he :AB3@ %amily $onited o% the 58 yr. old %ather :AB3@ 'am(wing ,'en-, the 40 r. old mother 3@ Cau(woon ,!my-, a 21 yr. old daughter :AB3@ 1hung(ee, and 18 yr. old on :AB3@ Song(/ue ,Jaon-, and a 14 yr. old daughter :AB3@ Song(yi ,Jeie-. ! the end o% the tour, !my will loe her hu&and and two daughter, and will &e le%t with a $omatoe on. .he )B %amily $onited o% the 0D yr. old )B 1heu"(yan, the 40 yr. old mother .ang Cee(lai, a 10 yr. old on )B 1ha"(yin, and a 4 yr. old daughter )B 1hung(yin. ! the end o% the tour, e#ery one o% the )B %amily will &e releaed e/$ept %or the %ather, who will die trying to a#e the ret o% the tour group %rom a mad hotage(ta"er. .he EO3@ %amily $onited o% the 51 yr. old %ather EO3@ .<e(lam, the 44 yr. old mother CAB3@ Cee(wa, the 45 yr, old iter in law, CAB3@ Cee("am, the 15 yr. old daughter EO3@ 1heu"(yu ,.ra$ey-, and the 12 yr. old on EO3@ 1hing(yat ,Jaon-. !t the end o% the tour, the EO3@ i&ling will &e orphan. .he mother and daughter duo o% 66 yr. old :O 'am()un and 06 yr. old :AA Cing($huen will &oth ur#i#e. *age 0 o% 41 .he elderly :+ $ouple, F2 yr. old :+ Ci$"(&iu and 66 yr.old :+ .SB+ )ung("wan will &e &oth releaed. .he $ouple, 46 yr. old 1>!3 'wo"($hu ,Joe- and 04 yr old C+' Siu(ling, will &oth ur#i#e &ut hea#ily in7ured. .he tour leader 01 yr. old .SA .ing($hunn ,Maa- will re$ei#e the %irt &ullet %rom the hotage ta"er. .he hotage ta"er, 1aptain 2olando 4. Mendo<a died o% multiple gun hot wound. .he 2eport did not in#etigate the mind %rame o% the hotage ta"er at the time o% the hotage ta"ing nor did it preent %a$t regarding the pro&lem o% 1aptain Mendo<a, a de$orated poli$e o%%i$er, whi$h may ha#e triggered the in$ident. .he only "nown reaon %or hi a$tion wa hi dimial %rom a$ti#e duty. .he a&o#e data are only two o% the reported iue urrounding the py$hologi$al well(&eing o% poli$e o%%i$er on a$ti#e duty. .hee are %a$t that reulted in many Senate and >ouing +n#etigation, uppoedly in aid o% legilation, adly, aide %rom 2epu&li$ !$t 8551G no law ha &een paed regarding the iue on py$hologi$al e#aluation o% poli$e o%%i$er on a$ti#e duty. B. "cope !n# "e$erit% of the Pro&'e( .hi tudy, $ondu$ted during the $hool year 2010(2011, %o$ued parti$ularly on the igni%i$ant e%%e$t o% the $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent in the peronal li%e and per%orman$e le#el o% =atanga *3* O%%i$er. .hi i alo in relation to 2epu&li$ !$t 8551 where the *3* organi<ation through a 3!*O:1OM a$$redited go#ernment hopital *age 4 o% 41 hall $ondu$t regular py$hiatri$, py$hologi$al drug and phyi$al tet randomly and without noti$e. +n order to gather pertinent data, a ur#ey among the poli$e o%%i$er in the *ro#in$e o% =atanga wa $ondu$ted. Se$ondary in%ormation $ome %rom reear$h material li"e &oo" and 7ournal o% imilar $ontent. .he *hilippine 3ational *oli$e i under enormou preure a%ter the ?uirino =lood&ath where the hotage(ta"er wa a de$orated poli$e o%%i$er digruntled o#er hi dimial %rom the er#i$e there&y %or%eiting all &ene%it due him. .he in$ident, whi$h hould ha#e &een an iolated one, wa enationali<ed due to the hotage who were tourit %rom 1hina and >ong"ong. .he mihandling o% the in$ident &y *3* O%%i$er le%t numerou hotage dead and the whole *3* Organi<ation and the $ountry a well with wounded image. T!&'e 1 1riti$al +n$ident and .raumati$ A#ent A/perien$ed &y the *oli$e O%%i$er Critic!' )nci#ents Fre*enc% Percent >otage .a"ing 5 12.82 >ighly *ro%iled Media A#ent 4 10.25 *oliti$al !aination 5 12.82 4rug(related 1ae 04 8F.18 1om&at Situation 12 00.FF 1ar(7a$"ing D 20.FF 4eath o% a 1hild 5 12.82 2ape 1ae 2D F4.06 Murder 1ae 00 F6.D2 Maa$re D 20.FF =om&ing 10 25.64 .errorim 0 0 Sui$ide D 20.FF 'idnapping 8 20.51 Tot!' 20 100.00 *age 5 o% 41 .a&le 1 preent the $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent that the poli$e o%%i$er e/perien$ed in the line o% duty. .he $riti$al in$ident in the ta&le a&o#e are #iolent a$t &y $riminal apprehended &y poli$e o%%i$er. 4rug related $ae ha#e the mot num&er o% repone with 8F.18H %ollowed &y murder $ae at F6.D2H and rape $ae at F4.06H. 3one o% the repondent e/perien$ed terrorim. +n drug(related $ae, the arreting o%%i$er o% the arreted upe$t are uually ta"en a witnee in $ourt againt the a$$ued. .he tetimony o% thee arreting o%%i$er i #ery #ital to the proe$ution $ae a the guilt o% the a$$ued may &e eta&lihed there&y a well a whether or not the law en%or$ement agen$y $omplied with the law in the arret o% the a$$ued. .he importan$e o% the tetimony o% the arreting o%%i$er in drug(related $ae e/plain the #ulnera&ility o% the witnee to preure, harament, intimidation, and $orruption, %rom the a$$ued and their $ohort in the o$iety. .hi #ulnera&ility i magni%ied three(%old i% the a$$ued ha the reour$e and $ommand a $ertain degree o% politi$al in%luen$e in the o$iety. >en$e, there i a need to addre thi $on$ern not only %or the wel%are o% the o$iety and well(&eing o% the $on$erned law en%or$ement o%%i$er &ut alo their lo#ed one. ,Senate 1ommittee 2eport 3o.88- .he $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent that they ha#e e/perien$ed $an &e $onidered relati#ely mild &ut thi doe not mean that it will not a%%e$t them in the near %uture. .he a$$umulation o% thee $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent o#er the year will pro#e detrimental to their a&ility to $ope with u$h tre &e$aue it will ta"e it toll no matter how mild thee $riti$al in$ident are. *age 6 o% 41 T!&'e + Most Co((on Fee'in,s of Po'ice Officers !fter e-periencin, Critic!' )nci#ents !n# Tr!(!tic E$ents )un$tion EM ;+ 2 He!#!ches 2.05 ! 1 Msc'e Aches 1.85 ! 0 "'eep Distr&!nces 1.8F ! 2 Ch!n,e# !ppetite 1.4D S 16 Decre!se# interest in se-!' !cti$it% 1.26 3 22 )(potence 1.00 S 21 An-iet% 1.6D S 5.5 Fe!r 1.6D S 5.5 Gi't 1.FF S 4 "!#ness 1.62 S 8.5 An,er 1.56 S 12.5 )rrit!&i'it% 1.5D S 10.5 Fee'in, 'ost !n# n!ppreci!te# 1.46 S 1F.5 .ith#r!/!' 1.56 S 12.5 De&i'it!tin, f'!sh&!c0s 1.62 S 8.5 Repe!te# $isions of the inci#ent 1.46 S 1F.5 Ni,ht(!res 1.64 S F "'o/e# thin0in, 1.51 S 15 Diffic't% (!0in, #ecisions !n# so'$in, pro&'e(s 1.56 S 12.5 Disorient!tion 1.45 S 1D L!c0 of concentr!tion 1.5D S 10.5 Me(or% '!pses 1.08 3 20 Tot!' 1.51 S .a&le 2 how the repondent per$eption on their %eeling a%ter e/perien$ing $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent. !$$ording to py$hologit, the a&o#e %eeling are mot $ommon %or thoe who ha#e 7ut &een through traumati$ e#ent. >eada$he i the mot $ommon %eeling at a weighted mean o% 2.05 with a #er&al interpretation o% !lway %ollowed &y leep ditur&an$e at a weighted mean o% 1.8F. 3e/t i mu$le a$he and guilt with a weighted mean o% 1.85 and 1.FF repe$ti#ely, &oth with a #er&al interpretation o% !lway. +n the &ottom o% the ta&le i the de$reaed interet in e/ual a$ti#ity at ran" 22. .he poli$e o%%i$er reponded that they ometime %eel the ymptom o% tre &rought a&out &y their e/poure to the $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent. .hi i already the %irt tage o% tre and without the proper inter#ention program o% the *age F o% 41 leaderhip o% *3*G it will woren the already wore %eeling o% the mem&er o% the poli$e %or$e. T!&'e 1 De,ree of "i,nific!nce of the Effects of the Critic!' )nci#ents !n# Tr!(!tic E$ents to the Le$e' of Perfor(!nce !n# Person!' Life of the Po'ice Officers in B!t!n,!s Cit% PNP A%%e$t EM ;+ 2 Sui$ide 1.F4 +S 16 )ailed Marriage 2.15 S 2 A/$ei#e ue o% al$ohol 2.21 S 1 4itan$ing oneel% %rom %amily and %riend 2.10 S 0 =e$oming o#erly needy and dependent 1.DF S F =e$oming outrageouly demanding and impatient 1.8F S 10.5 1hroni$ %atigue and depreion 2.05 S 5.5 )aulty de$iion(ma"ing 1.D5 S 8.5 4i$iplinary pro&lem 2.08 S 4 A/$ei#e ue o% i$" lea#e 1.8F S 10.5 .ardine 2.05 S 5.5 On(the(7o& a$$ident 1.FD +S 15 1omplaint %rom $iti<en 1.10 +S 1D >igh o%%i$er turno#er 1.D2 S 10.5 +n$reaed interperonal $on%li$t 1.D5 S 8.5 :ow morale 1.D2 S 10.5 :ow moti#ation 1.44 +S 18 !#oiding ta" 1.F2 +S 1F Sta%% $on%li$t 1.D2 S 10.5 A2ERAGE 1.34 " .a&le 0 how the per$eption o% the repondent regarding the le#el o% igni%i$an$e o% the e%%e$t o% thee $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent to their per%orman$e and peronal li%e. .he data in the ta&le are the wor"(related and %amily iue mot $ommon to poli$e o%%i$er. .he data re#eal that e/$ei#e ue o% al$ohol i at ran" 1 with a weighted mean o% 2.21 and with a #er&al interpretation o% Signi%i$ant %ollowed &y %ailed marriage with a weighted mean o% 2.15 at no.2 and with a #er&al interpretation o% Signi%i$ant. On ran" 0 i ditan$ing oneel% %rom %amily and %riend with a weighted mean o% 2.10 at a igni%i$ant #er&al interpretation. !nd the lat i $omplaint %rom $iti<en with a weighted mean o% 1.10 at a #er&al interpretation o% +nigni%i$ant. *age 8 o% 41 .he poli$e o%%i$er reponded that thee $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent ha#e already igni%i$ant e%%e$t to their peronal li%e and le#el o% per%orman$e. .hi mean that the wore i yet to $ome i% thi will &e ta"en %or granted. .he gi#en e%%e$t are already damaging %or omeone who i not in the poli$e %or$e. =ut $om&ine thee to the power o% authority, not to mention the power o% the gunG thee will damage not only the li%e o% the poli$e o%%i$er &ut alo the li%e o% the people around them. .he a&o#e mentioned wor"(related e%%e$t o% tre and trauma to poli$e o%%i$er are 7ut the %irt layer o% the pro&lem. .he deeper pro&lem lie in the drati$ a$tion o% poli$e o%%i$er to #ent out their emotion that $aued li#e and tarnihed the reputation o% the *3* organi<ation and the pea$e and e$urity o% the $ountry. T!&'e 5 "i,nific!nt Re'!tionship &et/een the Le$e' of Re!ctions on Critic!' )nci#ents !n# Tr!(!tic E$ents !n# )ts Effect on their Person!' Life !n# Perfor(!nce Le$e'. 31 32 30 34 M1 M2 M0 M4 +++ 4F 411 400 2.14 18.68 18.18 +; 24 1D8 251 248 1.26 10.42 10.21 10.05 .a&le 4 how i% there i a igni%i$ant relationhip &etween the le#el o% rea$tion o% the repondent a%ter a $riti$al in$ident and it e%%e$t to the peronal li%e and peronal li%e and per%orman$e le#el o% the repondent. Bing <(tet, the margin or $riti$al o% error i et at 5H. .he $omputed S.A i 0H and thi i le than the $riti$al error o% 5H whi$h upport the hypothei that there i a igni%i$ant relationhip &etween the two $ompared #aria&leG the le#el o% rea$tion a%ter a $riti$al in$ident and it e%%e$t to the peronal li%e and per%orman$e le#el o% the o%%i$er. .here i a igni%i$ant relationhip &etween the le#el o% rea$tion o% the poli$e o%%i$er to the $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent and it e%%e$t to the peronal li%e *age D o% 41 and le#el o% per%orman$e o% the repondent. !lthough little igni%i$an$e wa %ound, the %a$t that there i a relationhip &etween the two and omehow, little &y little, thee i ta"ing it toll on the poli$e o%%i$er, an a$tion %rom the leaderhip o% the %or$e will &e needed to pre#ent the damaging e%%e$t o% tre to it mem&er. 1. Re$ie/ of Re'!te# Liter!tre !n# "t#ies A#ery year, hundred o% o%%i$er e/perien$e intene traumati$ e#ent that $an ha#e eriou long term $one5uen$e %or them, their %amilie, and their department. +t i in$um&ent upon poli$e adminitrator to enure that their o%%i$er and their department ha#e the tool at hand to $ope with u$h $riti$al in$ident. *oli$e are li"ely to &e u&7e$t to a #ariety o% traumati$ in$ident throughout the $oure o% their wor"ing li#e Iphyi$al aault, motor #ehi$le a$$ident while puruing $riminal, and #iewing #i$tim o% udden death. A/poure to traumati$ death alone in$reae intrui#e and a#oidant ymptom, hotility, omatiation, the ri" o% *.S4 and thee ymptom $an perit %or month ,Brano, et.al. 1DD5- *oli$e u%%erer o% *.S4, who ha#e long(term ymptom tend to ha#e a %ew ho&&ie, diplay a$ute hyper aroual, u%%er %rom 7o& diati%a$tion, &e &rooding o#er wor", and ha#e a la$" o% o$ial intera$tion. .1riti$al in$ident typi$ally are udden, power%ul e#ent that %all outide the range o% ordinary human e/perien$e. =e$aue they happen o a&ruptly, they $an ha#e a trong emotional impa$t, e#en on an e/perien$ed, well(trained o%%i$er. ,2. =la$", 1DD1-. +t i alo important to note that $riti$al in$ident tre i ynonymou to *ot( .raumati$ Stre 4iorder that will &e di$ued later on in thi $hapter. *age 10 o% 41 *y$hologi$al rea$tion to trauma ha#e &een re$ogni<ed %or $enturie and la&eled under u$h di#ere name a 6$om&at neuroi9, 6$om&at %atigue9, and 6hell ho$"9 ,Shale#, =onne J Ath, a $ited in :epore, 2004-, although it wa only in 1D80, with the pu&li$ation o% !meri$an *y$hiatri$ !o$iation8 4SM(+++, that *ot(.raumati$ Stre 4iorder ha &een $onidered a py$hiatri$ diorder. +n law en%or$ement, any ituation in whi$h an o%%i$er8 e/pe$tation o% peronal in%alli&ity uddenly &e$ome tempered &y imper%e$tion and $rude reality $an &e a $riti$al in$ident. ,E. )owler, 1D86- Su$h e#ent in$lude a line(o%(duty death or eriou in7ury o% a $o(wor"er, a poli$e ui$ide, an o%%i$er(in#ol#ed hooting in a $om&at ituation, a li%e threatening aault on an o%%i$er, a death or eriou in7ury $aued &y an o%%i$er, an in$ident in#ol#ing multiple death, a traumati$ death o% a $hild, a &arri$aded upe$tKhotage ituation, a highly pro%iled media e#ent or any other in$ident that appear $riti$al or 5uetiona&le. .he de%inition o% a $riti$al in$ident mut remain %luid &e$aue what a%%e$t one o%%i$er might not a%%e$t another. !n o%%i$er who ha $hildren, %or e/ample, might &e a%%e$ted &y reponding to the death o% a $hild more than an o%%i$er who ha no $hildren. +n addition, the $ir$umtan$e o% an e#ent, the peronality o% the o%%i$er, and the way the e#ent i handled &y the department, the media, and the o%%i$er8 %amily all a%%e$t the o%%i$er8 rea$tion to an in$ident. Many B.S oldier returned %rom war 6hell ho$"ed9 and u%%ering %rom the a%%e$t o% $riti$al in$ident tre, o%ten re%erred to a 6&attle %atigue9. +n 1D80, the !meri$an *y$hiatri$ !o$iation %ormally re$ogni<ed the $i#ilian #erion o% &attle %atigue whi$h &e$ame "nown a *ot(.raumati$ Stre 4iorder ,*.S4-. ,)igley, 1DD5- *age 11 o% 41 Symptom are $hara$teri<ed &y intrui#e re$olle$tion, e/$ei#e tre aroual, withdrawal, num&ing and depreion. 1riti$al in$ident tre mani%et itel% phyi$ally, $ogniti#ely and emotionally. .he o%%i$er might e/perien$e ome or all o% thee rea$tion immediately, or perhap, not until a%ter a delay. Ehile in mot intan$e, the ymptom will u&ide in a matter o% wee", a %ew o% thoe a%%e$ted &y u$h tre will u%%er permanent emotional trauma that will ad#erely a%%e$t their $ontinued #alue to the department and $aue eriou pro&lem in their peronal li#e. ,2. =la$", 1DD1- 1learly, adminitrator $an no longer a%%ord to ignore the iue o% traumati$ tre $aued &y in#ol#ement in a $riti$al in$ident. Su$h tre impair o%%i$er8 a&ility to per%orm their dutie and impa$t on the operation o% the department. *oli$e agen$ie $an &e held lia&le in $ourt %or ignoring lingering tre(related pro&lem or %or di$iplining wor"er who e/hi&it the &eha#ioral e%%e$t o% trauma %rom a 7o&(related $riti$al in$ident. 1ourt ha#e made igni%i$ant $ah award to o%%i$er whoe department did not pro#ide them with pro%eional aitan$e. .hu, it i in the &et interet o% poli$e adminitrator to identi%y tre%ul ituation and addre their e%%e$t early. )ailure to do o $ould pro#e detrimental to the department, not only operationally &ut alo %inan$ially. ,.. *ieron, 1D8D- +t too" ten year %or the ;eteran !dminitration to re$ogni<e thee and &egin to et up program to help ;ietnam ;et whoe li#e were in a ham&le &e$aue o% *.S4. !nd one thing &e$ame tragi$ally $lear in the $oure o% a %ew year a%ter they lot e#eral #et to ui$ide and aw a num&er o% marriage end due to ymptom o% *.S4. .hat i how mu$h o% thi would ha#e &een a#oided i% the #et had re$ei#ed ome $ouneling *age 12 o% 41 immediately a%ter horri%i$ in$ident. A#en war ha $riti$al in$ident &eyond the uual day(to(day $arnage. ,2. )reidman, et.al., 1D88- .here are $redi&le report that a %ew $hie% and $ommand o%%i$er in $orre$tion pri#ately ugget that o%%i$er who need help handling their emotion a%ter a $riti$al in$ident are 6$ry&a&ie9. .hee o($alled leader are not in the ma7ority. +n %a$t, they are the dwindling minority. =ut until they either die out or are enlightened, one i too many. .he mot $ommon a%ter e%%e$t o% not dealing promptly and appropriately with the emotion aroued &y $riti$al in$ident i 6repreion e%%e$t9, more $ommonly $alled 6tu%%ing your %eeling9. !nd in time, the mot pre#alent ymptom aren8t the nightmare and %lah&a$" that are o dramati$ and ditur&ing. .hoe ymptom o%ten lead o%%i$er to %inally ee" the $ouneling they need. .he typi$al ymptom i emotional num&ing and hutting o%% %eeling, ditan$ing oneel% %rom %amily and %riend, and o%ten uing al$ohol to %urther deta$h one el%. >umor, gallow humor to &e pe$i%i$, i one way o%%i$er, %ire %ighter and emergen$y peronnel ometime deal with $riti$al in$ident where li#e where are lot. )ol", &urn #i$tim are not 6$ripie $ritter9L .hey are people who had li#e and %amilie and %uture and hope 7ut li"e you, who pro&a&ly died a horri&le pain%ul death. >umor ha it pla$e, an important one in %a$t, in $oping with high(tre 7o&. +t i pro&a&ly the one thing that "eep u going at time. =ut it i unhealthy when it i ued a a way to e$ape your own humanity. Mild *.S4 $an dirupt a li%e, &ut moderate to e#ere *.S4 i a naty $ondition. )or one thing, it in#ol#e a $om&ination o% py$hologi$al and phyiologi$al $hange in a peron. On the py$hologi$al ide, it $an ha"e a peron8 #ery &elie% ytem to the $ore. *age 10 o% 41 +t $an produ$e an o#erwhelming, i% illogi$al, guilt %eeling. +t $an lead to an 6+ don8t gi#e a $rap9 attitude. +t $an ma"e a poli$e o%%i$er 5uetion whether the 7o& ha any meaning or #alue. +t $an ma"e omeone o #igilant he &e$ome paranoid, una&le to trut or let hi guard down e#en when he8 $ompletely a%e. +t $an lead to ui$idal thought and in rare intan$e, a$tual ui$ide. On the phyiologi$al ide, it $an produ$e an/iety, irrita&ility, depreion, trauma, inomnia and a hot o% phyi$al pro&lem %rom heada$he to digeti#e pro&lem. ,J. ;aughn, 1DD1- =ut in the interperonal realm, there8 where the %amily i really a%%e$ted. *.S4 $an $aue the u%%erer to &e$ome emotionally withdrawn and ditant %rom %amily mem&er. .he e/ dri#e $an go out the window. >e $an re#ert &a$" to old ha&it li"e mo"ing or drin"ing, or &e$ome a newly hat$hed adole$ent and engage in re$"le, ometime, li%e threatening ho&&ie. Sometime, ho&&ie li"e motor$y$ling $an &order on ui$idal when o%%i$er thin"ing 6what the hell, + might a well ha#e an a%%air9. >e may not do it, &ut thin"ing it $an &e #ery ditreing, and the poue may pi$" up ign her mate i thin"ing o% traying. 3eedle to ay, i% an o%%i$er ha turned into a de#il(may($are adole$ent or &e$ome ullen and melan$holy, and hi peronality i di%%erent, he might a well &e a di%%erent peron than he wa &e%ore the $riti$al in$ident and the onet o% *.S4. .he %amily &e$ome the e$ondary #i$tim. :oyalty i teted in the e/treme. So poue and "id a" themel#e, 6i% hu&and or dad in8t the peron he ued to &e, i% ometime + hardly "now him, what am + thin"ing ti$"ing with himM9 O% $oure the %amilie "now when the $hange o$$urred and why, and 4ad wa pro&a&ly a hero, made the newpaper, got a ditinguihed o%%i$er award. So they tand &y him, &ut the unhappine i in$redi&le. *age 14 o% 41 Re'!te# "t#ies +n the pat, mot tudie o% tre in law en%or$ement %o$ued e/$lui#ely on pot( hooting trauma. 2e$ently, howe#er, the reear$h ha e/panded to en$ompa tre indu$ed &y other traumati$ e#ent, $olle$ti#e "nown a $riti$al in$ident. ! $riti$al in$ident i any e#ent that ha a tre%ul impa$t u%%i$ient to o#erwhelm the uually e%%e$ti#e $oping "ill o% an indi#idual. *oli$e u%%ering %rom *.S4 tended to &e more li"ely to ha#e re$ei#ed antidepreant treatment and to ha#e re$ei#ed $ouneling. .hi %inding did not attain igni%i$an$e le#el, howe#er. Studie on military peronnel ha#e indi$ated that men and women who were e/poed to imilar le#el o% tre were e5ually li"ely to ha#e *.S4 ymptom, and that men were more li"ely to &e diagnoed with *.S4 than women6. .hi tudy how no great di%%eren$e in the ymptom pro%ile o% male and %emale poli$e peronnel with *.S4. =y and large, thi re%le$t $i#ilian $ae a wellF. Mot $ae re%erred were men, &ut thi may re%le$t the maleI%emale ratio o% re%erring poli$e %or$e, rather than any di$rimination on &ehal% o% re%erring agent. +n $omparing the ymptom pro%ile o% poli$e and $i#ilian u%%erer o% *.S4, the poli$e tended to ue al$ohol more and to try and thin" a&out the trauma le. .hi $ould indi$ate an in$reaed ue o% the py$hologi$al de%en$e me$hanim o% denial and the ue o% al$ohol to N&lot out8 memorie o% trauma. Military peronnel with *.S4 are alo li"ely to ue 13S depreant to uppre *.S4 ymptom ,1alhoun, et.al, 2000-. ! high inde/ o% upi$ion %or *.S4 hould &e applied to poli$e o%%i$er preenting with al$ohol or u&tan$e miue. *age 15 o% 41 >yper aroual, irrita&ility and ue o% al$ohol een in *.S4 are ao$iated with male(perpetrated marital a&ue in military #eteran ,Sa#aree, et.al., 2001-. +ntuiti#ely, there may &e ditin$t ri" to the %amilie o% poli$e peronnel i% they de#elop *.S4. )urther reear$h into poi&le e$ondary e%%e$t o% poli$e *.S4 on their %amilie i needed. *oli$e tended to &e more li"ely to diplay an/iety i% %a$ed with reminder $ue, whi$h perhap had &ro"en through their de%ene o% denial. .hey alo tended to $omplain more o%ten o% ditur&ed $on$entration. .hi $ould re%le$t other di%%eren$e &eide any $ontitutional or peronality %a$tor. .he poli$e were igni%i$antly more li"ely to a$5uire their *.S4 a a reult o% aault or threatened murder. Su$h trigger may re5uire alternati#e de%en$e me$hanim, u$h a denial to %un$tion. +n the $i#ilian population, the mot $ommon $aue o% *.S4 wa a motor #ehi$le a$$ident. 1oming to term with thi may in#ol#e repeated Na%e8 e/perien$e o% dri#ing or &eing a paenger in a $ar a%ter the trauma. *eople %a$ed with traumati$ aault are unli"ely to re(e/perien$e Na%e8 intan$e o% thee o$$urren$e routinely, &y de%inition. .he healing pro$e $ould there%ore di%%er &etween the two group. .he Na$ting a i% the trauma i re$urring8 ymptom i parti$ularly mar"ed amongt $om&at #eteran $ae o% *.S4. .he trend %or the poli$e to &e more li"ely to ha#e thi ymptom perhap indi$ate the 5uality o% the trauma they %a$e, partway &etween $i#ilian and military $om&at e/perien$e. +n$reaing num&er o% gun(related in$ident in the B' may ee thi ymptom &e$ome more pre#alent in poli$e #i$tim o% *.S4. *oli$e *.S4 $ae in o$ietie with higher le#el o% gun(related $rime, e.g. in the BS!, may ee higher *age 16 o% 41 %re5uen$ie o% thi parti$ular ymptom. ! $omparati#e tudy o% ample o% poli$e o%%i$er with *.S4 &etween $ountrie would &e re5uired. One law en%or$ement e/pert tated that F0H o% the poli$e o%%i$er who ue deadly %or$e lea#e law en%or$ement within 5 year. ,J. ;aughn, 1DD1- .he impa$t, there%ore, o% an o#ertreed o%%i$er $an &e %ar rea$hing. Stre a%%e$t the o%%i$er, other employee, the department, the pu&li$ and the o%%i$er8 %amily. +t $an lead to %aulty de$iion(ma"ing, di$iplinary pro&lem, e/$ei#e ue o% i$" lea#e, tardine, on(the(7o& a$$ident, $omplaint %rom $iti<en, and high o%%i$er turno#er. !ll o% thee $ot the department time and money. ! 1DF4 tudy identi%ied e#eral $aue o% tre among adminitrator and %ield uper#ior in the 1in$innati, Ohio *oli$e 4epartment . Aighteen o% 00 uper#ior %ingered e/$ei#e &ureau$rati$ red tape a ma7or treor. Other pointed to their la$" o% input into adminitration o% the department, poor e5uipment or the $ar$ity o% it, peronnel hortage and la$" o% $onideration &y the $ourt in $heduling patrol o%%i$er %or $ourt appearan$e. ,Eillim M. 'roe, et.al., 1DF4- *erhap, the tudy8 mot intereting reult wa the identi%i$ation o% two treor uni5ue to the uper#iory role. .he ur#ey %ound that ta"ing di$iplinary a$tion againt a u&ordinate and ma"ing amend with the pu&li$ &e$aue o% u&ordinate8 mita"e $aue uper#ior the mot tre. Mu$h o% the tre e/perien$e &y uper#iory or adminitrati#e poli$e o%%i$er tem %rom their lo$ation in the department hierar$hy. *eople on all ideO&oe, u&ordinate, mem&er o% the pu&li$ and e#en muni$ipal o%%i$ialOma"e $ontant demand on them. *age 1F o% 41 +n a more re$ent tudy o% uper#iory law en%or$ement o%%i$er8 tre le#el, repondent $on$urred $iting u$h tre a poorly de%ined role within the department, inu%%i$ient upport %rom adminitrator, little or no input into departmental poli$y and authority in$ommenurate with reponi&ilitie. +t alo %ound that the normal uper#iory a$ti#itie o% meting out di$ipline, moti#ating employee, &uilding morale, appraiing per%orman$e, identi%ying peronal pro&lem in u&ordinate and ma"ing appropriate inter#ention and $ommuni$ating e%%e$ti#ely with u&ordinate $aued tre among the law en%or$ement uper#ior tudied. ,3an$y 3or#ell, et.al., 1DD8-. ! tudy $ondu$ted &y Martin, M$'ean and ;elt"amp ,a $ited in Steed J 4owning, 1DD8- wor"ing with ur#i#or o% e/ual aault on poli$e o%%i$er %ound that *.S4 ymptom were $ommon among poli$e o%%i$er who dealt with rape ur#i#or. Oli#eri and Eaterman ,a $ited in Steed J 4owning, 1DD8- $ondu$ted a retrope$ti#e ur#ey o% 21 therapit, who, %i#er year pre#iouly, had &een in#ol#ed in treating e/ually a&ued $hildren in pre($hool $enter. .herapit reported e/perien$ing *.S4 ymptom and ditre a a reult o% treating the $hildren. )ollete, *olunny J Mil&e$" ,a $ited in Steed J 4owning, 1DD8- e/amined the impa$t o% pro#iding er#i$e to e/ual a&ue ur#i#or, and %ound thi to &e igni%i$ant %or &oth mental health pro%eional and poli$e o%%i$er. D. Theor% !n# Concepts Re'!te# to the Rese!rch +n 7ut o#er the pat de$ade it ha &e$ome $ommon "nowledge that law en%or$ement peronnel, along with other emergen$y er#i$e wor"er, are a population highly prone to u%%ering with *ottraumati$ Stre 4iorder ,*.S4-. ! a dire$t reult o% their wor", there i regular in#ol#ement with traumati$ e#ent o#er the $oure o% their *age 18 o% 41 entire $areer. .hi i epe$ially true %or thoe o% u wor"ing in the %ield o% $riti$al in$ident tre management. )or thoe indi#idual in law en%or$ement, howe#er, who generally entered into their $areer a phyi$ally and mentally Ptrong,P highly idealiti$, and $aring people, *.S4 i o%ten 5uite &a%%ling. Moreo#er, it i a $on$ept that i hard to a$$ept &y thoe who are %ollowing the mantra Pto prote$t and er#e.P Bndertanding the need o% thi uni5ue population, highly prone to *.S4, i imperati#e %or mental health pro%eional attempting to ait ur#i#or with healing and mo#ing &eyond thi diorder. Ehen di$uing *.S4 within the law en%or$ement $ommunity, one mut &e $are%ul not to preume that it only a%%e$t the men and women on the P%ront lineP ( thoe in uni%orm. *.S4 doe not only a%%e$t poli$e o%%i$er. 1all ta"er who %irt tal" with a traumati<ed #i$tim or dipat$her who end their Pmen and women in &lueP into harm way or hear the %ranti$ #oi$e o% an o%%i$er ,who i, perhap, alo a peronal %riend o% their- $alling o#er the radio %or deperately needed help, are alo a%%e$ted. 4epending upon the dipat$her or $all ta"er per$eption, any o% thee e#ent $an &e 7ut a harrowing %or them a they $an &e to an o%%i$er on the $ene. .he 4iagnoti$ and Statiti$al Manual o% Mental 4iorder ( )ourth Adition ,4SM(+;- indi$ate that the eential %eature o% *.S4 in$lude: Pe/perien$ing, witneing or $on%rontation with an e#ent or e#ent that in#ol#e a$tual or threatened death or eriou in7ury, or a threat to the phyi$al integrity o% el% or other.P Moreo#er, the peronQ repone in#ol#e Pintene %ear, helplene, or horrorP ,!meri$an *y$hiatri$ !o$iation, 1DD4-. Ehen *.S4 wa %irt re$ogni<ed and named a a diorder in 1D80, the 4iagnoti$ and Statiti$al Manual o% Mental 4iorder ( .hird Adition *age 1D o% 41 ,4SM(+++- imply indi$ated that the eential %eature in#ol#ed e/poure to a Ptraumati$ e#ent that i generally outide the range o% uual human e/perien$eP ,!meri$an *y$hiatri$ !o$iation, 1D80-. +n either $ae, thi eential %eature eem to &e a $ontant, una#oida&le hallmar" o% the law en%or$ement $areer. ! $omparion o% the remaining diagnoti$ $riteria %or *.S4 to the ProutineP e/perien$e o% law en%or$ement paint an intereting pi$ture. Other 4SM(+; $riteria in$lude: 1. *eritent re(e/perien$ing o% the traumati$ e#ent ,e.g., dream, %lah&a$", or other intrui#e re$olle$tionG intene py$hologi$al ditre and phyiologi$al rea$ti#ity upon e/poure to internal or e/ternal $ue that ym&oli<e or reem&le an ape$t o% the trauma-. .2. *eritent a#oidan$e o% timuli ao$iated with the trauma and num&ing o% general reponi#ene ,e.g., a#oidan$e o% thought, %eeling, a$ti#itie, pla$e or peopleG diminihed interet or parti$ipation in igni%i$ant a$ti#itieG %eeling o% deta$hment or etrangement %rom otherG retri$ted range o% a%%e$t and ene o% a %orehortened %uture-. 0-. *eritent ymptom o% in$reaed aroual ,e.g., leep ditur&an$e, irrita&ility or anger, di%%i$ulty $on$entrating, hyper #igilan$e, e/aggerated tartle repone-. 4. 4uration o% the ditur&an$e i more than one month ,or onet o% ymptom i delayed &eyond i/ month-G the ditur&an$e $aue $lini$ally igni%i$ant ditre or impairment in o$ial, o$$upational, or other important area o% %un$tioning. *age 20 o% 41 =eyond the o&#iou, u$h a a hooting, what e#ent are Pgenerally outide the range o% uual human e/perien$eP that might $ontri&ute to the potential de#elopment o% *.S4M !mong many, $onider $ontinually &eing $alled upon to ma"e plit(e$ond, ometime Pli%e or deathP de$iion that, in many $ae, ha#e no %a#ora&le reolution. 1onider %a$ing a weapon in the hand o% a $riminal who would "ill you i% gi#en a $han$e. Moreo#er, $onider in#ol#ement with %ight, %oot $hae, #ehi$le puruit, phyi$al in7urie andKor death o% a %ellow o%%i$er. +magine ha#ing to deal with hotage ituation, under$o#er wor", dangerou drug &ut or other raid or handling in7ury or %atal a$$ident. >ow a&out ha#ing to manage in(progre $rime $all, hi%t(wor", diater ,epe$ially thoe man(made-, the ne#er(ending pro$eion o% people &eing in7ured, mutilated or "illed and ha#ing to &e$ome Pa$$utomedP to eeing, melling, %eeling and hearing the &lood, gore, pain and u%%ering ao$iated with $rime $ene and #i$tim in$luding &attered and a&ued $hildren. )inally, thin" a&out what it would &e li"e to ha#e made an error on the 7o& and &e $riti$i<ed or wore, %a$e in#etigation, di$iplinary a$tion or $riminal proe$ution. =y #irtue o% their 7o&, law en%or$ement peronnel generally e/perien$e or are e/poed on a re$urrent &ai to traumati$ e#ent. 1onider the %a$t that thee indi#idual peritently re(e/perien$e traumati$ e#ent &y #irtue o% reponding to and handling imilar e#ent throughout the duration o% their $areerL .hey need to operate depite their peronal %eeling and &e a&le to reume a$tion immediately &eyond a traumati$ e#ent &e$aue the pu&li$ depend upon them to &e a#aila&le when needed. O#er time, o%%i$er get a$$utomed to Pnum&ing.P .hey may not e#en reali<e that, a%ter a while, many o% their daily a$ti#itie whi$h eem o ProutineP are a$tually 5uite tre%ul. Seeing the *age 21 o% 41 de#atating e%%e$t o% $riminal a$ti#ity, hyper#igilan$e $an &e$ome $ontant on and o%%( duty. !ny noie or ditur&an$e within hearing range o% the hyper#igilant i uually interpreted a a pending atta$" o an e/aggerated tartle repone alo appear to &e a norm. =eing e#er #igilant, tuned in to anything out o% the ordinary and &eing ready %or anything are o%ten the di%%eren$e &etween whether an o%%i$er ur#i#e the 7o& or not ,Maon, 1DD0-. .hi, o% $oure, in$reae an/iety. =e$aue a law en%or$ement $areer uually lat %or at leat twenty year, the duration $riterion i met. 1lini$ally igni%i$ant ditre or impairment in o$ial, o$$upational or other important area o% %un$tioning all too o%ten how up in an o%%i$er li%e a e#iden$ed &y high di#or$e, al$oholim, and ui$ide rate. On an intimate le#el, o%%i$er who learn to "eep thing at wor" on a deperonali<ed le#el, are uually una&le to tal" a&out the detail o% &rutal and horri%ying e/perien$e with anyone other than a %ellow o%%i$er. !lo, along with &eing a$$utomed to alway &eing the PauthorityP who mut ta"e $ontrol o% e#ery ituation, they may ha#e a hard time u$$e%ully relating emotionally with their lo#ed one. !n o%%i$er8 traumati<ation doe not grant immunity %rom it e%%e$t to hi or her lo#ed oneL Ehen it $ome to *.S4, indi#idual going into law en%or$ement do o with the de$" ta$"ed againt them %rom the tartL +t i a natural Pet upP %or *.S4 or other tre(related dieae and maladie. :aw en%or$ement i a pro%eion where the danger le#el and tre potential o% traumati$ e#ent remain %airly high on any gi#en day. .o &et enure ur#i#al, law en%or$ement peronnel mut &e P$om&at readyP at all time while remaining PnormalP in e#ery other way ,Eilliam, 1D8F-. .hey learn to remain at a high le#el o% readine. .here i alo an unrealiti$ tereotype that many o%%i$er mut "eep up li"e *age 22 o% 41 PSupermanP or PEonder EomanP ,Shilling, 1DD0- and &e immune to tre. +n addition, regardle o% what the o%%i$er &elie#e, the pu&li$ o%ten hold o%%i$er to thi tereotype. O%%i$er may go out o% their way to portray themel#e a P$ool,P P$almP and alway in P%ull $ontrolP o% their emotion ( an image that i rein%or$ed repeatedly on .; and in mo#ie ,Jone, 1D88-. .oo o%ten in law en%or$ement, peronnel e5uate mental diorder with &eing P$ra<yP and they %eel that an emotional repone to trauma indi$ate Pwea"ne.P .hi myth mut &e eraed. :aw en%or$ement peronnel mut $ome to admit that they, too, are PnormalP human &eing who rea$t in PnormalP way to e/poure to a&normal e#ent that ma"e up their 7o& en#ironment. +t i important to $onider that thi i an en#ironment that lend itel% naturally a a Pet upP %or *.S4. .o thi end, edu$ation &e$ome mot imperati#e. *age 20 o% 41 CHAPTER )) PROBLEM "TATEMENT A. Definition of the Pro&'e( .hi tudy aimed to analy<e and addre the pro&lem o% inade5uate py$hologi$al e#aluation o% poli$e o%%i$er e/perien$ing $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent. ! &a$"ground o% the pro&lem, thi tudy thi determined the $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent that poli$e o%%i$er e/perien$e in their line o% duty, their rea$tion a%ter $ontinuou e/poure to the ame and the e%%e$t on their py$hologi$al and emotional well(&eing. B. CAU"E6AND6EFFECT ANAL7")" *age 24 o% 41 1. !ppli$a&ility o% +mplementing 2ule 2ule on py$hologi$al e#aluation no longer apply to the preent mood o% the time +nter#al o% py$hologi$al e#aluation i not enough 2. =udget 1ontraint A/peni#e $onultation %ee %or py$hiatrit *3* =udget $annot upport $onultation *2O=:AM +nade5uate py$hologi$al e#aluation %or poli$e o%%i$er e/perien$ing $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent 0. +ue on the =udget o% *3* *oli$e o%%i$er are digruntled in the mimanagement o% *3* =udget 4. A$onomi$ Statu o% *oli$e O%%i$er *reent alary o% poli$e o%%i$er hinder them %rom $onulting py$hiatrit at their own e/pene C. Go!'s !n# O&8ecti$es 3o one $an predi$t how power%ul an in$ident will &e or what e%%e$t it will ha#e on them. +t i in$um&ent upon poli$e adminitrator that while they $annot top thee e#ent %rom happening, they $an at leat prepare their employee %or u$h e#ent &y tea$hing them the ign and ymptom o% $riti$al in$ident tre and eta&lihing poli$ie that ena&le them to get help when they need it. .he o%%i$er who reponded to the terri&le a$$ident de$ri&ed earlier need not u$$um& to the de&ilitating e%%e$t o% $riti$al in$ident tre. Eith the proper upport %rom hi department and $ouneling %rom a $erti%ied pro%eional, he and hi %amily will learn to deal with the trauma, and the department li"ely will "eep a #alued employee. .he *oli$e $ouneling, poli$e peer $ouneling, e#en $riti$al in$ident tre management, and $riti$al in$ident tre de&rie%ing while they ha#e &een "nown to &e e/$eeding help%ul, are till not employed o%ten enough. Ehile o$iety i %a$inated &y the poli$e pro%eion, poli$e tre i not part o% the 6glamorou9 ape$t o% 6the 7o&9. )or e#ery depi$tion in the media o% poli$e tre, there mut &e a hundred $ar $hae and hoot(out. +t $annot emphai<e enough that poli$e tre i an iue that e#eryone, %rom poli$e o%%i$er and thoe $loe to them, and other in the 6on the %ront line9 pro%eion, need to %ully undertand and in a ene ino$ulate themel#e againt a &et a they $an. +t i too eay and entirely natural %or people wor"ing in thee pro%eion to ue humor and denial a way to a#oid the emotional impa$t o% what they ee and do a part o% their 7o&. *oli$e o%%i$er e/perien$e more poli$e tre when their aignment i u$h that they wor" $ae or $rime $ene alone, or when, &e$aue o% the $ulture within their department, they "eep their %eeling to themel#e &e$aue they don8t want to ta"e the *age 25 o% 41 time and energy to e/plain detail to their $olleague, who a%ter all, may ha#e pro&lem o% their own. +t i in thi repe$t that poli$e manager and adminitrator hould &e a&le to re$ogni<e thee and &e a&le to do omething a&out it &e%ore they loe #alua&le li%e to thi wor"(related tre that $an &e a#oided and remedied in the %irt pla$e. +t i alo &et to emphai<e that their %amily $an alo &e a%%e$ted and it i paramount to intill to them that thee $riti$al in$ident are not only damaging to themel#e &ut alo to the people around them. +n addition, the %amilie o% the o%%i$er in#ol#ed in $riti$al in$ident might how imilar ign o% tre. Spoue might adopt the role o% either upporter or #i$tim. )re5uently, they %ind themel#e alternating &etween thoe role, at time &eing a&le to upport and nurture the o%%i$er, while at other moment %eeling terri&ly #ulnera&le, alone, and in need o% upport themel#e. ! the $hildren o% o%%i$er who u%%er %rom pot(traumati$ tre diorder mature, they alo might e/hi&it the ame %ear, emotion, and $yni$al attitude a their a%%e$ted parent. .o help o%%i$er and their %amilie prepare %or the tre o% a $riti$al in$ident, a 6igni%i$ant other9 tre $oure $an help. 1ondu$ted when o%%i$er %irt enter the department and again periodi$ally during the $oure o% their $areer, u$h a $oure $an allow poue to %eel le e/$luded and gain #alua&le inight into &eha#ior and rea$tion o% their lo#ed one. )amilie need upport and inter#ention, and they mut not &e %orgotten. D. An!'%sis of M!8or "t!0eho'#ers .he ma7or ta"eholder o% the tudy in$lude the %ollowing: 1. Phi'ippine N!tion!' Po'ice M!n!,e(ent. .he management i in($harge o% o#er(all operation o% the department. .hey play a #ery #ital role in the *age 26 o% 41 poi&le ad7utment in the poli$y. .here i a need to $oordinate to them in order to ma"e the ne$eary ad7utment %un$tional. +. NAPOLCOM. .he agen$y i mandated &y the 1D8F 1ontitution and the Ma7or *oli$e 2e%orm :aw., 2epu&li$ !$t 3o. 6DF5 and 8551 to adminiter and $ontrol the *hilippine 3ational *oli$e under 2.! no. 8551, otherwie "nown a the *3* 2e%orm and 2eorgani<ation !$t o% 1DD8, the $ommiion regained the power to in#etigate poli$e anomalie and irregularitie, adminiter poli$e entran$e and promotional e/amination and ummarily dimi erring poli$e o%%i$er. .hey will adminiter implementation o% the poi&le $hange in the poli$y 1. Po'ice Officers. .hey are the primary u&7e$t o% the tudy. .heir repone regarding the tudy i #ery #ital in determining i% there i indeed a need to re#ie the preent poli$y. *age 2F o% 41 CHAPTER ))) METHODOLOG7 OF ANAL7")" .he reear$her $ondu$ted a erie o% literature re#iew regarding the $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent e/perien$ed &y poli$e o%%i$er. .he reear$her alo $ondu$ted a ur#ey in a %orm o% 5uetionnaire ditri&uted to the *oli$e O%%i$er in the *ro#in$e o% =atanga to ae their a$tual e/perien$e o% $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent. .he data gathered were preented in ta&ulated %orm, analy<ed and interpreted through the ue o% the %ollowing te$hni5ue and pro$edure: 1. )re5uen$y 4itri&ution. .hi te$hni5ue wa ued to ena&le a $lear and logi$al preentation o% data. +t i a ytemati$ arrangement o% data &y row and $olumn in ta&ular %orm $learly mani%eting $lae and u&($lae, $ategorie and u&($ategorie. 2. Simple *er$entage. .he item in the repondent8 pro%ile a well a the repone in ome 5uetionnaire item were interpreted through the ue o% thi tatiti$al te$hni5ue 0. Eeighted Mean. .o analy<e and interpret 5uetionnaire item pro#iding %or 5ualitati#e option, thi method wa ued to 5uanti%y the repondent8 aggregate repone. )or #er&al interpretation o% the $omputed mean, the reear$her et the %ollowing $ale: 0.41 I 4.00 (;ery Signi%i$ant 2.61 I 0.40 (Moderately Signi%i$ant *age 28 o% 41 1.81 I 2.60 (Signi%i$ant 1.80 I 1.00 (+nigni%i$ant 4. Standard 4e#iation. .o determine the #aria&ility o% the %re5uen$ie o&tained %rom the 5uetionnaire related to the teting o% the hypothei. 5. R(tet. .o tet the hypothei o% igni%i$ant or non(igni%i$ant relationhip o% the le#el o% rea$tion and e%%e$t o% $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent in the per%orman$e le#el and peronal li%e o% the o%%i$er o% =atanga *3*. +n teting the hypothei, the reear$her et the le#el o% igni%i$an$e at .05 ao$iated with 3 S 3 (2 degree o% %reedom. .he $ondition %or 7o& a$$eptan$e ore re7e$tion o% the hypothei i that i% the $omputed <(#alue i e5ual to or greater than the ta&ular #alue o% < at a et le#el o% igni%i$an$e $orreponding to 3 S 3 (2 d.%., the hypothei i re7e$ted. On the other hand, i% the $omputed <(#alue i lower than the ta&ular #alue o% <, the hypothei i to &e a$$epted. *age 2D o% 41 CHAPTER )2 POL)C7 OPT)ON"9ALTERNAT)2E" POL)C7 "OLUT)ON" A. Description of A'tern!ti$e Po'ic% "o'tions :AP";< .he %ollowing !lternati#e *oli$y Solution ,!*S- were de#eloped a poi&le olution to the pro&lem: 1. Mandate the 3!*O:1OM and *3* to $ondu$t a regular py$hologi$al e#aluation o% all it *eronnel. 2. Stri$tly implement a py$hologi$al e#aluation o% all peronnel in#ol#ed a%ter e#ery poli$e operation. 0. Amploy an +n(houe py$hiatrit in e#ery poli$e tation %or regular $ouneling. .he a&o#e poli$y alternati#e are deri#ed %rom the reult o% the ur#ey $ondu$ted. )rom the data gathered and analyi made, it i imperati#e that inter#ention &e made to pre#ent the long term e%%e$t o% the $riti$al in$ident and traumati$ e#ent e/perien$ed &y poli$e o%%i$er. .he reult in the e%%e$t o% thee in$ident to the pro%eional and peronal li%e o% a poli$e o%%i$er are alarming. 1urrent iue &eing thrown at poli$e o%%i$er are thorn on the image o% the *3*. +t i in the &et interet o% the poli$e o%%i$er to undergo inter#ention in any %orm to maintain their py$hologi$al and emotional ta&ility and %or ordinary $iti<en who rely to thee poli$e o%%i$er %or their e$urity and a%ety. Po'ic% A'tern!ti$e No.1 M!n#!te the NAPOLCOM !n# PNP to con#ct ! re,'!r ps%cho'o,ic!' e$!'!tion of !'' its personne'. 1ondu$t a py$hologi$al e#aluation when a poli$e o%%i$er enter the er#i$e and periodi$ally during the $oure o% hi $areer. Su$h e#aluation $an *age 00 o% 41 allow poli$e o%%i$er to alo ae hi pat e/perien$e and &e a&le to #ent out whate#er negati#e %eeling he had during the traumati$ e#ent and they will &e a&le to gain #alua&le inight into their &eha#ior and rea$tion. *oli$e o%%i$er alo need upport and inter#ention. Po'ic% A'tern!ti$e No.+ "trict'% i(p'e(ent ! ps%cho'o,ic!' e$!'!tion of !'' personne' in$o'$e# !fter e$er% po'ice oper!tion. 3o one $an predi$t how power%ul an in$ident will &e or what e%%e$t it will ha#e on them. +t i in$um&ent upon poli$e adminitrator that while they $annot top thee e#ent %rom happening, they $an at leat prepare their employee %or the negati#e impa$t o% u$h e#ent &y aiting them immediately a%ter u$h in$ident ta"e pla$e. Po'ic% A'tern!ti$e No.1 E(p'o% !n )n6hose ps%chi!trist in e$er% po'ice st!tion for re,'!r conse'in,. *oli$e o%%i$er e/perien$e more poli$e tre when their aignment i u$h that they wor" $ae or $rime $ene alone, or when, &e$aue o% the $ulture within their department, they "eep their %eeling to themel#e &e$aue they don8t want to ta"e the time and energy to e/plain detail to their $olleague, who a%ter all, may ha#e pro&lem o% their own. !n +n(houe py$hologitKpy$hiatrit will &e a &ig help %or poli$e o%%i$er who ha#e no one to tal" to. +t i alo #ery $on#enient a they $an re5uet %or $ouneling at their own and at the e/a$t moment when they need it. *age 01 o% 41 B. Decision M!tri- T!&'e 5 12+.A2+! PA61 M!n#!te the NAPOLCOM !n# PNP to con#ct ! re,'!r ps%cho'o,ic!' e$!'!tion of !'' its personne'. PA6+ "trict'% i(p'e(ent ! ps%cho'o,ic!' e$!'!tion of !'' personne' in$o'$e# !fter e$er% po'ice oper!tion PA61 E(p'o% !n )n6hose ps%chi!trist in e$er% po'ice st!tion for re,'!r conse'in, Efficienc% 8 8 6 Po'itic!' fe!si&i'it% F F 6 Pr!ctic!'it% F F 5 App'ic!&i'it% F 8 F TOTAL +4 1= +5 )our %a$tor were ued a the $riteria in the 4e$iion Matri/. 2epondent were a"ed a&out their pre%erred poli$y alternati#e uing e%%i$ien$y, politi$al %eai&ility, pra$ti$ality and appli$a&ility a the $riteria. A%%i$ien$y i de%ined a the a&ility o% the poli$y alternati#e to yield the deiredKoptimum reult. *oliti$al %eai&ility, on the other hand i the upport that the poli$y alternati#e $an a$hie#e. 2emem&er that although *3* ha#e &een trying o hard to &e rid o% politi$al in%luen$e, there are ape$t o% *3* management that pa through legilation li"e it &udget. =udget i another $riterion that %all under the pra$ti$ality o% the poli$y alternati#e. ! poli$y alternati#e doe not ne$earily mean that it hould &e $heaper. +t i alo &et to $onider that a poli$y alternati#e hould &e a&le to a$5uie$e with the e/pe$ted reult within the &udget perimeter. :atly, appli$a&ility i the a&ility o% the adminitrationKmanagement to implement a gi#en poli$y alternati#e. CHAPTER 2 POL)C7 RECOMMENDAT)ON" *age 02 o% 41 Reco((en#e# Po'ic% A'tern!ti$e .he re5uired py$hologi$al e#aluation %or new re$ruit i no longer appli$a&le. +t i not appli$a&le in a ene that newly hired poli$e o%%i$er are till too eager to &e a part o% poli$e operation. .heir py$hologi$al well(&eing i till relati#ely trong and $an till re#ert any negati#e %eeling a%ter their %irt operation. ;eteran poli$e o%%i$er, on the other hand, ha#e e/perien$ed too mu$h #iolen$e and trauma that their py$hologi$al well(&eing i already in ditraught to mend on their own. !n old adage o% pre#ention i &etter than $ure relate well to the re$ommended poli$y alternati#e. +t i &etter to pre#ent poli$e tre &e%ore it e#en o$$ur o that long(term damage $an &e a#oided. *oli$e o%%i$er tand guard at our threhold while we leep in the $om%ort o% our home. .hey prote$t u %rom $riminal that lur" at night and e#en at day. .hey ri" their li#e again and again to ee u e$ured and prote$ted. +t i important that in return, we prote$t their py$hologi$al and emotional well(&eing. +n thi regard, Po'ic% A'tern!ti$e No.+ is reco((en#e# /hich is to strict'% i(p'e(ent ps%cho'o,ic!' e$!'!tion for po'ice officers !fter e$er% oper!tion. Ee do not want an emotionally and py$hologi$ally unta&le o%%i$er holding a $ali&er .45 gun to prote$t u. Ee want our poli$e o%%i$er ound and ta&le, and to thi, it i &et to re#ie the $urrent rule on py$hologi$al e#aluation o% poli$e o%%i$er. *oli$e o%%i$er, a%ter rigorou mental and phyi$al training, do not 7ut run amo". .hey don8t 7ut C. Re!sons for Reco((en#!tion *oli$y alternati#e 3o.2 re$ei#ed a total $ore o% 00 in the matri/ o% poli$y alternati#e ele$tion. .he poli$y alternati#e edged out alternati#e no.1 in the area o% *age 00 o% 41 appli$a&ility. .he politi$al %eai&ility and pra$ti$ality o% thi alternati#e may&e a little di%%i$ult to attain a it in#ol#e &udget o% the department. =ut it appli$a&ility i #ery poi&le &e$aue thoe in#ol#ed in it implementation are alo poli$e o%%i$er and they, themel#e, need $ouneling %or they are alo under enormou poli$e tre. +t a$$eptan$e among the top management o%%i$er are o#erwhelming &e$aue they a$"nowledge that they $an &e e%%i$ient and e%%e$ti#e in a%eguarding our a%ety lie in their well(&eing. *age 04 o% 41 CHAPTER 2) "UMMAR7 AND ACT)ON PLAN P'!n of Action Acti$it% Ti(e Fr!(e Person Responsi&'e Resorces9B#,et Re(!r0s 1. 1. Su&mit propoal to 3!*O:1OM 1 day 2eear$her 2. 2. @et endorement %rom the 3!*O:1OM to the *3* 1hie% 2eear$her with the *3* 2epreentati#e 0. 1oordinate with the agen$y %or &udget iue *3* 2epreentati#e 4. 1oordinate with the 4O> %or a$$redited go#ernment hopital that will $ondu$t the py$hologi$al e#aluation *3* 2epreentati#e 5. *reent the propoed py$hologi$al e#aluation to the 4+:@ *3* 2epreentati#e 6. 4ire$t all poli$e tation to implement the program *3* 2epreentati#e to :o$al A/e$uti#e T!&'e > *age 05 o% 41 Potenti!' Pro&'e( of the Po'ic% A'tern!ti$e "TRENGTH .EAKNE""E" OPPORTUN)T)E" THREAT" 1. 1. *y$hologi$al and emotional ta&le poli$e o%%i$er 2. 2. *re#ention o% poli$e o%%i$er running amo" 0. 1. May &e a little di%%i$ult to implement. 2. !$$eptan$e %rom egotiti$ poli$e o%%i$er may ta"e time 1. Eill pro#ide a window %or proper aement o% the re5uirement %or new re$ruit. 2. May re#eal root( $aue o% a&ue o% power &y men in uni%orm 1.=udget 1ontraint 2. May &e politi$i<ed a *3* i till under the 4+:@, hen$e, under ele$ted o%%i$ial T!&'e ? =aed on S(E(O(. !nalyi, the potential pro&lem o% *oli$y !lternati#e 2 are the a %ollow: *y$hologi$al e#aluation a%ter e#ery operation o% all *3* o%%i$e in the entire $ountry will de%initely mean additional &udget o% *3*. .hat &udget may amount to million and the e$onomi$ tatu o% the $ountry will ma"e it appro#al a little di%%i$ult. .he management o% *3* i till wor"ing on &eing %ree %rom the in%luen$e o% politi$ian %rom the :o$al @o#ernment Bnit. .hi py$hologi$al e#aluation may re#eal treor $oming %rom the :@B, hen$e, 7uti%ying the numerou $laim o% poli$e $hie% %rom di%%erent $itie and muni$ipalitie that politi$ian %rom their repe$ti#e area are trying to $ontrol and manipulate them. 4irty politi$ian will de%initely not allow thi to happen a they &ene%it a lot %rom manipulating *3* O%%i$er a they er#e their purpoe o% &e$oming pri#ate armie %or the o($alled pu&li$ er#ant. *age 06 o% 41 REFERENCE" 1alhoun, :. @., .ede$hi, 2. @., J 1ann, !. ,2000-. ;i$ariou pottraumati$ growth in py$hotherapy. Journal o% >umaniti$ *y$hology, 45,2-, 20D(260. 2etrie#ed %rom http:KKd/.doi.orgK10.11FFK002216F8052F4F2D )igley, 1.2 ,Ad.-. ,1DD5- 1ompaion %atigue: 1oping with e$ondary traumati$ tre diorder in thoe who treat the traumati<ed. 3ew Cor": =runnerKMa<el. Stamm, =.>. ,Ad.-, Se$ondary traumati$ tre: el%($are iue %or $lini$ian, reear$her, and edu$ator, pp. 0(28. :uther#ille, M4: Sidran *re. Steed, :.@., J 4owning, J. ,2001- .rauma and the therapit: the e/perien$e o% therapit wor"ing with the perpetrator o% e/ual a&ue. !utralaian Journal o% 4iater and .rauma Studie, 2001, 12001-. !#aila&le online at http:KKwww.maey.a$.n<KTtraumaKiueK2001(1Kteed.htm Jone, 1.A. ,1D88, Mar$h-. )atal %eeling. .he .hin =lue :ine, pp. 1(26. Maon. *. ,1DD0-. 2e$o#ering )rom the Ear. 3ew Cor": *enguin =oo", pp. 201(250 Shilling. 2. ,1DD0, )all-. On $oping. .he Eahington *oli$e O%%i$er, pp. 4(6. Eilliam, 1. ,1D8F-. *ea$etime $om&at: .reating and pre#enting delayed tre rea$tion in poli$e o%%i$er. +n .. Eilliam ,Ad.-, *ot .raumati$ Stre 4iorder: ! >and&oo" %or 1lini$ian. 1in$innati: 4ia&led !meri$an ;eteran, pp. 26F(2D2. !meri$an *y$hiatri$ !o$iation. ,1DD4-. 4iagnoti$ and Statiti$al Manual o% Mental >ealth 4iorder ,4th Ad.-. Eahington. 4.1.: !uthor, pp. 424(42D. E. )owler, P*ot 1riti$al +n$ident 1ouneling: !n A/ample o% Amotional )irt(aid in a *oli$e 1rii,P in *y$hologi$al Ser#i$e %or :aw An%or$ement, ed., J. 2eee and >.@oldtein ,Eahington, 41: B.S. @o#ernment *rinting O%%i$e, 1D86-. 2. =la", P1riti$al +n$ident 4e&rie%ing %or :aw An%or$ement *eronnel: ! Model,P in 1riti$al +n$ident in *oli$ing, ed., J. 2eee, J. >orn, and 1. 4unning, re#. ed. ,Eahington, 41: BS @o#ernment *rinting O%%i$e, 1DD1-, 20(00. *age 0F o% 41 .. *ieron, P1riti$al +n$ident Stre: ! Seriou :aw An%or$ement *ro&lem,P .he *oli$e 1hie%, )e&ruary 1D8D, 02(00 Jerry ;aughn, %ormer dire$tor o% the +nternational !o$iation o% 1hie% o% *oli$e, 5uoted in J. >orn, P1riti$al +n$ident %or :aw An%or$ement O%%i$er,P in 1riti$al +n$ident in *oli$ing, ed., J. 2eee, J. >orn, and 1. 4unning, re#. ed. ,Eahington, 41: B.S. @o#ernment *rinting O%%i$e, 1DD1-, 140(148. J. Brano, et al. ,1DDF- *ot(.raumati$ Stre 4iorder. Eahington 41: !meri$an *y$hiatri$ *re *age 08 o% 41 @UE"T)ONNA)RE ). Be'o/ !re so(e of the critic!' inci#ents !n# tr!(!tic e$ents th!t po'ice officers s!''% encontere# in the ser$ice. P'e!se pt ! chec0 (!r0 opposite the inci#ents th!t %o h!$e e-perience#. >otage(.a"ing in$ident UUUUU 2ape $ae UUUUU >ighly pro%iled media e#ent UUUUU Murder $ae UUUUU *oliti$al aaination UUUUU Maa$re UUUUU 4rug(related $ae UUUUU =om&ing UUUUU 1om&at ituation UUUUU .errorim UUUUU 1ar(7a$"ing UUUUU Sui$ide UUUUU 4eath o% a $hild UUUUU 'idnapping UUUUU )). The fo''o/in, !re so(e of the re!ctions of the po'ice officers !fter e-periencin, critic!' inci#ents !n# tr!(!tic e$ents. Pt ! chec0 (!r0 on %or !ns/er sin, the sc!'e !s %or reference. A 6 A'/!%s " 6 "o(eti(es N 6 Ne$er Critic!' )nci#ents A " N He!#!ches Msc'e Aches "'eep Distr&!nces Ch!n,e# !ppetite Decre!se# interest in se-!' !cti$it% )(potence An-iet% Fe!r Gi't "!#ness An,er )rrit!&i'it% Fee'in, 'ost !n# n!ppreci!te# .ith#r!/!' De&i'it!tin, f'!sh&!c0s Repe!te# $isions of the inci#ent Ni,ht(!res "'o/e# thin0in, Diffic't% (!0in, #ecisions !n# so'$in, pro&'e(s Disorient!tion *age 0D o% 41 L!c0 of concentr!tion Me(or% '!pses
)2. Be'o/ !re the effects of tr!(!tic e$ents to the perfor(!nce 'e$e' !n# person!' 'ife of ! po'ice officer. P'e!se chec0 %or !ns/er sin, the sc!'e !s %or reference 5 6 2er% "i,nific!nt 1 6 "i,nific!nt + 6 Mo#er!te'% "i,nific!nt 1 6 )nsi,nific!nt EFFECT" 5 1 + + Sui$ide )ailed Marriage A/$ei#e ue o% al$ohol 4itan$ing oneel% %rom %amily and %riend =e$oming o#erly needy and dependent =e$oming outrageouly demanding and impatient 1hroni$ %atigue and depreion )aulty de$iion(ma"ing 4i$iplinary pro&lem A/$ei#e ue o% i$" lea#e .ardine On(the(7o& a$$ident 1omplaint %rom $iti<en >igh o%%i$er turno#er +n$reaed interperonal $on%li$t :ow morale :ow moti#ation !#oiding ta" Sta%% $on%li$t *age 40 o% 41 Decision M!tri- Criteri! PA61 M!n#!te the NAPOLCOM !n# PNP to con#ct ! re,'!r ps%cho'o,ic!' e$!'!tion of !'' its (e(&ers PA6+ M!0e ! ps%cho'o,ic!' e$!'!tion ! (st !fter e$er% oper!tion PA61 Or#er e$er% po'ice st!tion to h!$e !n in hose ps%chi!trist for re,'!r conse'in, Effecti$eness Po'itic!' 2!'i#it% Cost A#(inistr!ti$e App'ic!&i'it% Tot!' *age 41 o% 41