Combinatory and probability

1. In a workshop there are 4 kinds of beds, 3 kinds of closets, 2 kinds of shelves and 7
kinds of chairs. In how many ways can a person decorate his room if he wants to buy
in the workshop one shelf, one bed and one of the following a chair or a closet!
a" 1#$.
b" 1#.
c" $%.
d" 4$.
e" &#.
2. In a workshop there are 4 kinds of beds, 3 kinds of closets, 2 kinds of shelves and 7
kinds of chairs. In how many ways can a person decorate his room if he wants to buy
in the workshop one shelf, one bed and one of the following a chair or a closet!
a" 1#$.
b" 1#.
c" $%.
d" 4$.
e" &#.
3. 'hree people are to be seated on a bench. (ow many different sitting arrangements
are possible if )rik must sit ne*t to +oe!
a" 2.
b" 4.
c" #.
d" $.
e" 1%.
4. (ow many 3,digit numbers satisfy the following conditions 'he first digit is
different from -ero and the other digits are all different from each other!
a" #4$.
b" &%4.
c" &7#.
d" $1%.
e" #72.
&. .arbara has $ shirts and / pants. (ow many clothing combinations does .arbara
have, if she doesn0t wear 2 specific shirts with 3 specific pants!
a" 41.
b" ##.
c" 3#.
d" 7%.
e" &#.
#. 1 credit card number has & digits 2between 1 to /". 'he first two digits are 12 in
that order, the third digit is bigger than #, the forth is divisible by 3 and the fifth digit
is 3 times the si*th. (ow many different credit card numbers e*ist!
a" 27.
b" 3#.
c" 72.
d" 112.
e" 422.
7. In 3ar 1 there are 3 white balls and 2 green ones, in 3ar . there is one white ball and
three green ones. 1 3ar is randomly picked, what is the probability of picking up a
white ball out of 3ar 1!
a" 24&.
b" 34&.
c" 341%.
d" 344
e" 243.
$. 5ut of a bo* that contains 4 black and # white mice, three are randomly chosen.
6hat is the probability that all three will be black!
a" $412&.
b" 143%.
c" 24&.
d" 1472%.
e" 341%.
/. 'he probability of pulling a black ball out of a glass 3ar is 147. 'he probability of
pulling a black ball out of a glass 3ar and breaking the 3ar is 148. 6hat is the
probability of breaking the 3ar!
a" 14278".
b" 748.
c" 847.
d" 142798".
e" 1427,8".
1%. :anny, :oris and :olly flipped a coin & times and each time the coin landed on
;heads<. :olly bet that on the si*th time the coin will land on ;tails<, what is the
probability that she0s right!
a" 1.
b" =.
c" >.
d" ?.
e" 143.
11. In a deck of cards there are &2 cards numbered from 1 to 13. 'here are 4 cards of
each number in the deck. If you insert 12 more cards with the number 1% on them and
you shuffle the deck really good, what is the probability to pull out a card with a
number 1% on it!
a" 144.
b" 4417.
c" &42/.
d" 4413.
e" 143.
12. 'here are 1$ balls in a 3ar. 8ou take out 3 blue balls without putting them back
inside, and now the probability of pulling out a blue ball is 14&. (ow many blue balls
were there in the beginning!
a" /.
b" $.
c" 7.
d" 12.
e" #.
13. In a bo* there are 1 green balls, 31 9 # red balls and 2 yellow ones.
If there are no other colors, what is the probability of taking out a green or a yellow
ball!
a" 14&.
b" 142.
c" 143.
d" 144.
e" 243.
14. 'he probability of @am passing the e*am is 144. 'he probability of @am passing
the e*am and Aichael passing the driving test is 14#.
6hat is the probability of Aichael passing his driving test!
a" 1424.
b" 142.
c" 143.
d" 243.
e" 24&
1&. In a blue 3ar there are red, white and green balls. 'he probability of drawing a red
ball is 14&. 'he probability of drawing a red ball, returning it, and then drawing a
white ball is 141%. 6hat is the probability of drawing a white ball!
a" 14&.
b" =.
c" 143.
d" 341%.
e" ?.
1#. 5ut of a classroom of # boys and 4 girls the teacher picks a president for the
student board, a vice president and a secretary. 6hat is the probability that only girls
will be elected!
a" $412&.
b" 24&.
c" 143%.
d" 1472%.
e" 1344$.
17. 'wo dice are rolled. 6hat is the probability the sum will be greater than 1%!
a" 14/.
b" 1412.
c" &43#.
d" 14#.
e" 14&.
1$. 'he probability of having a girl is identical to the probability of having a boy. In a
family with three children, what is the probability that all the children are of the same
gender!
a" 14$.
b" 14#.
c" 143.
d" 14&.
e" ?.
1/. 5n one side of a coin there is the number % and on the other side the number 1.
6hat is the probability that the sum of three coin tosses will be 2!
a" 14$.
b" =.
c" 14&.
d" 34$.
e" 143.
2%. In a flower shop, there are & different types of flowers. 'wo of the flowers are
blue, two are red and one is yellow. In how many different combinations of different
colors can a 3,flower garland be made!
a" 4.
b" 2%.
c" 3.
d" &.
e" #.
21. In a 3ar there are balls in different colors blue, red, green and yellow.
'he probability of drawing a blue ball is 14$.
'he probability of drawing a red ball is 14&.
'he probability of drawing a green ball is 141%.
If a 3ar cannot contain more than &% balls, how many yellow balls are in the +ar!
a" 23.
b" 2%.
c" 24.
d" 17.
e" 2&.
22. In a 3ar there are 3 red balls and 2 blue balls. 6hat is the probability of drawing at
least one red ball when drawing two consecutive balls randomly!
a" /41%
b" 1#42%
c" 24&
d" 34&
e" =
23. In Bwanda, the chance for rain on any given day is &%C. 6hat is the probability
that it rains on 4 out of 7 consecutive days in Bwanda!
a" 447
b" 347
c" 3&412$
d" 442$
e" 2$413&
24. 1 Dour digit safe code does not contain the digits 1 and 4 at all. 6hat is the
probability that it has at least one even digit!
a" ?
b" =
c" >
d" 1&41#
e" 141#
2&. +ohn wrote a phone number on a note that was later lost. +ohn can remember that
the number had 7 digits, the digit 1 appeared in the last three places and % did not
appear at all. 6hat is the probability that the phone number contains at least two
prime digits!
a" 1&41#
b" 1141#
c" 11412
d" =
e" &4$
2#. 6hat is the probability for a family with three children to have a boy and two girls
2assuming the probability of having a boy or a girl is eEual"!
a" 14$
b" ?
c" =
d" 34$
e" &4$
27. In how many ways can you sit $ people on a bench if 3 of them must sit together!
a" 72%
b" 2,1#%
c" 2,4%%
d" 4,32%
e" 4%,32%
2$. In how many ways can you sit 7 people on a bench if @u-an won0t sit on the
middle seat or on either end!
a" 72%
b" 1,72%
c" 2,$$%
d" &,%4%
e" 1%,%$%
2/. In a 3ar there are 1& white balls, 2& red balls, 1% blue balls and 2% green balls.
(ow many balls must be taken out in order to make sure we took out $ of the same
color!
a" $
b" 23
c" 2/
d" 32
e" &3
3%. In a 3ar there are 21 white balls, 24 green balls and 32 blue balls. (ow many balls
must be taken out in order to make sure we have 23 balls of the same color!
a" 23
b" 4#
c" &7
d" ##
e" #7
31. 6hat is the probability of getting a sum of 12 when rolling 3 dice simultaneously!
a" 1%421#
b" 12421#
c" 21421#
d" 23421#
e" 2&421#
32. (ow many diagonals does a polygon with 21 sides have, if one of its vertices does
not connect to any diagonal!
a" 21
b" 17%
c" 34%
d" 3&7
e" 42%
33. (ow many diagonals does a polygon with 1$ sides have if three of its vertices do
not send any diagonal! Fse the formula number of diagonals n 2n,3"42 where n is the
number of sides. )ach verte* sends of n,3 diagonals.
a" /%
b" 12#
c" 21%
d" 2#4
e" 3%#
34. 6hat is the probability of getting a sum of $ or 14 when rolling 3 dice
simultaneously! Fse the formula number of diagonals n 2n,3"42 where n is the
number of sides. )ach verte* sends of n,3 diagonals.
a" 14#
b" ?
c" =
d" 21421#
e" 32421#
3&. 'he telephone company wants to add an area code composed of 2 letters to every
phone number. In order to do so, the company chose a special sign language
containing 124 different signs. If the company used 122 of the signs fully and two
remained unused, how many additional area codes can be created if the company uses
all 124 signs!
a" 24#
b" 24$
c" 4/2
d" 1&,12$
e" 3%,2&#
3#. (ow many $,letter words can be created using computer language 2%41 only"!
a" 1#
b" #4
c" 12$
d" 2&#
e" &12
37. (ow many & digit numbers can be created if the following terms apply the
leftmost digit is even, the second is odd, the third is a non even prime and the fourth
and fifth are two random digits not used before in the number!
a" 2&2%
b" 31&%
c" 33#%
d" #%%%
e" 7&%%
3$. 1 drawer holds 4 red hats and 4 blue hats. 6hat is the probability of getting
e*actly three red hats or e*actly three blue hats when taking out 4 hats randomly out
of the drawer and returning each hat before taking out the ne*t one! (Tricky) Use
Bernoullis Principle.
a" 14$
b" ?
c" =
d" 34$
e" 7412
3/. Buth wants to choose 4 books to take with her on a camping trip. If Buth has a
total of 11 books to choose from, how many different book Euartets are possible!
a" 2$
b" 44
c" 11%
d" 21%
e" 33%
4%. 1 computer game has five difficulty levels. In each level you can choose among
four different scenarios e*cept for the first level, where you can choose among three
scenarios only. (ow many different games are possible!
a" 1$
b" 1/
c" 2%
d" 21
e" Gone of the above
41. (ow many four,digit numbers that do not contain the digits 3 or # are there!
a" 24%1
b" 3&$4
c" 4%/#
d" &%4%
e" 72%%
42. (ow many five,digit numbers are there, if the two leftmost digits are even, the
other digits are odd and the digit 4 cannot appear more than once in the number!
a" 1$7&
b" 2%%%
c" 237&
d" 2&%%
e" 3$7&
43. In a department store pri-e bo*, 4%C of the notes give the winner a dreamy
vacationH the other notes are blank. 6hat is the appro*imate probability that 3 out of &
people that draw the notes one after the other, and immediately return their note into
the bo* get a dreamy vacation!
a" %.12
b" %.23
c" %.3&
d" %.4&
e" %.#&
44.'he probability of having a girl is identical to the probability of having a boy. In a
family with three children, what is the probability that all the children are of the same
gender!
a" 14$.
b" 14#.
c" 143.
d" 14&.
e" )" ?
4&. 1 buyer buys 3 different items out of the newly introduced 1% different items. If
two items were to be selected at random, what is the probability that the buyer does
not have both the chosen items!
4#. 1 community of 3 people is to be selected from & married couples, such that the
community does not include two people who are married to each other. (ow many
such communities are possible!
47. 'here are three secretaries who work for four departments. If each of the four
departments has one report to be typed out, and the reports are randomly assigned to a
secretary, what is the probability that all three secretaries are assigned at least one
report!
4$. +erome wrote each of the integers 1 through 2%, inclusive, on a separate inde*
card. (e placed the cards in a bo*, and then drew cards one at a time randomly from
the bo*, without returning the cards he had already drawn to the bo*. In order to
ensure that the sum of all cards he drew was even, how many cards did +erome have
to draw!
4/. Drom 21, 2, 3, 4, &, #", one number is picked out and replaced and one number is
picked out again. If the sum of the 2 numbers is $, what is the probability that the 2
numbers included the number &!
&%. )ach participant in a certain study was assigned a seEuence of 3 different letters
from the set IA, B, C, D, E, F, G, H}. If no seEuence was assigned to more than one
participant and if 3# of the possible seEuences were not assigned, what was the
number of participants in the study! 2Gote, for e*ample, that the seEuence A, B, C is
different from the seEuence C, B, A."
&1. In how many ways can 11 J signs and $K signs be arranged in a row so that no two
K signs come together!
&2. 1 bag of 1% marbles contains 3 red marbles and 7 blue marbles. If two marbles are
selected at random, what is the probability that at least one marble is blue!
1. 214&%
.. 3413
L. 474&%
:. 1441&
). 14&
&3. 1 certain deck of cards contains 2 blue cards, 2 red cards, 2 yellow cards, and 2
green cards. If two cards are randomly drawn from the deck, what is the probability
that they will both are not blue!
1. 1&42$
.. 144
L. /41#
:. 1432
). 141#
&4. 'here are & red marbles, 3 blue marbles, and 2 green marbles. If a user chooses
two marbles, what is the probability that the two marbles will be a different color!
&&. 1 bag contains si* marbles two red, two blue, and two green. If two marbles are
drawn at random, what is the probability that they are the same color!
)*planations
1. 'he best answer is L.
8ou must multiply your options to every item. 22 shelves" * 24 beds" * 23 closets 9 7
chairs" M $% possibilities.
2. 'he best answer is L.
8ou must multiply your options to every item. 22 shelves" * 24 beds" * 23 closets 9 7
chairs" M $% possibilities.
3. 'he best answer is ..
'reat the two who must sit together as one person. 8ou have two possible sitting
arrangements. 'hen remember that the two that sit together can switch places. @o you
have two times two arrangements and a total of four.
4. 'he best answer is L.
Dor the first digit you have / options 2from 1 to / with out %", for the second number
you have / options as well 2% to / minus the first digit that was already used" and for
the third digit you have $ options left.
@o the number of possibilities is / * / * $ M #4$.
&. 'he best answer is :.
'here are 2$ * /" 72 possibilities of shirts 9 pants. 22 * 3" # 5f the combinations are
not allowed. 'herefore, only 272 N #" ## combinations are possible.
#. 'he best answer is 1.
Dirst digit is 1, the second is 2, the third can be 27,$,/", the forth can be 23,#,/", the
fifth and the si*th are dependent with one another. 'he fifth one is 3 times bigger than
the si*th one, therefore there are only 3 options there 21,3", 22,#", 23,/".
1ll together there are 1 * 1 * 3 * 3 * 3 M 27 options.
7. 'he best answer is L.
'he probability of picking the first 3ar is =, the probability of picking up a white ball
out of 3ar 1
Is 342392" M 34&. 'he probability of both events is 142 * 34& M 341%.
$. 'he best answer is ..
'he probability for the first one to be black is 44249#" M 24&.
'he probability for the second one to be black is 34239#" M 143.
'he probability for the third one to be black is 24229#" M 144.
'he probability for all three events is 224&" * 2143" * 2144" M 143%.
/. 'he best answer is ..
Oet P be the probability of breaking the 3ar, therefore the probability of both events
happening is P * 2147" M 2148". P M 748.
1%. 'he best answer is ..
'he probability of the coin is independent on its previous outcomes and therefore the
probability for ;head< or ;tail< is always =.
11. 'he best answer is 1.
'he total number of cards in the new deck is 12 9&2 M #4.
'here are 24 9 12 M 1#" cards with the number 1%.
'he probability of drawing a 1% numbered card is 1#4#4 M 144.
12. 'he best answer is ).
1fter taking out 3 balls there are 1& left. 1&4& M 3 blue balls is the number of left after
we took out 3 therefore there were # in the beginning.
13. 'he best answer is :.
'he number of green and yellow balls in the bo* is 192.
'he total number of balls is 41 9$.
'he probability of taking out a green or a yellow ball is 2192"42419$"M144.
14. 'he best answer is :.
Indicate 1 as the probability of Aichael passing the driving test.
'he probability of @am passing the test is 144, the probability of both events
happening together is 14# so 144 * 1 M 14# therefore 1 M 243.
1&. 'he best answer is ..
Indicate 1 as the probability of drawing a white ball from the 3ar.
'he probability of drawing a red ball is 14&.
'he probability of drawing both events is 141% so, 14& * 1 M 141%.
'herefore 1 M =.
1#. 'he best answer is L.
'he basic principle of this Euestion is that one person can0t be elected to more than
one part, therefore when picking a person for a 3ob the ;inventory< of remaining
people is growing smaller.
'he probability of picking a girl for the first 3ob is 441% M 24&.
'he probability of picking a girl for the second 3ob is 24,1"421%,1" M 34/.
'he probability of picking a girl for the third 3ob is 23,1"42/,1" M 144.
'he probability of all three events happening is 24& * 34/ * ? M 143%.
17. 'he best answer is ..
6hen rolling two dice, there are 3# possible pairs of results 2# * #".
1 sum greater than 1% can only be achieved with the following combinations 2#,#",
2&,#", 2#,&".
'herefore the probability is 343# M 1412.
1$. 'he best answer is ).
'he gender of the first,born is insignificant since we want all children to be of the
same gender no matter if they are all boys or girls.
'he probability for the second child to be of the same gender as the first is =. 'he
same probability goes for the third child. 'herefore the answer is = * = M ?.
1/. 'he best answer is :.
'he coin is tossed three times therefore there are $ possible outcomes
22 * 2 * 2". 6e are interested only in the three following outcomes
2%,1,1", 21,%,1", 21,1,%".
'he probability reEuested is 34$.
2%. 'he best answer is 1.
6e want to make a 3,flower garlands, each should have three colors of flowers in it.
'here are two different types of blue and two different types of red.
'he options are 22 blue" * 22 red" * 21 yellow" M 4 options.
21. 'he best answer is 1.
If 14$ is the probability of drawing a blue ball then there are 4%4$ M & blue balls in the
3ar. 1nd with the same principle there are $ red balls and 4 green ones. 4% N & N $ N 4
M 23 balls 2yellow is the only color left".
22. 'he best answer is 1.
@ince we want to draw at least one red ball we have four different possibilities
1. :rawing blue,blue.
2. :rawing blue,red.
3. :rawing red,blue.
4. :rawing red,red.
'here are two ways to solve this Euestion
5ne minus the probability of getting no red ball 2blue,blue"
1,24& * ? M 1,242% M 1$42% M /41%4
5r summing up all three good options
Bed,blue ,,Q 34& * 244 M #42%.
.lue,red ,,Q 24& * > M #42%.
Bed,red ,,Q 34& * 244 M #42%.
'ogether M 1$42% M /41%.
23. 'he best answer is L.
6e have 7R424RK3R" M 3& different possibilities for 4 days of rain out of 7 consecutive
days 2choosing 4 out of seven". )very one of these 3& possibilities has the following
probability every day has the chance of = to rain so we have 4 days of = that it will
rain and 3 days of = that it will not rain. 6e have = to the power of 7 M 1412$ as the
probability of every single event. 'he total is 3& * 1412$ M 3&412$.
24. 'he best answer is :.
Dor every digit we can choose out of $ digits 21% total minus 1 and 4". 'here are four
different options
&. Go even digits
#. 5ne even digit.
7. 'wo even digits.
$. 'hree even digits.
/. Dour even digits.
'he probability of choosing an odd 2or an even" digit is =.
5ne minus the option of no even digits 1, 2142"
4
M 1&41#.
8ou can also sum up all of the other options 22,&".
2&. 'he best answer is ..
@ince 1 appears e*actly three times, we can solve for the other four digits only. Dor
every digit we can choose out of $ digits only 2without 1 and %". @ince we have 4
prime digits 22, 3, &, 7" and 4 non,prime digits 24, #, $, /", the probability of choosing
a prime digit is =.
6e need at least two prime digits
5ne minus 2the probability of having no prime digits 9 having one prime digit"
'here are 4 options of one prime digit, each with a probability of 2142"
4
.
'here is only one option of no prime digit with a probability of 2142"
4
.
@o S1, 22142"
4
92142"
4
K4"T M 1141#. N .ernoulli0s principle
2#. 'he best answer is :.
'here are three different arrangements of a boy and two girls2boy, girl, girl", 2girl,
boy, girl", 2girl, girl, boy". )ach has a probability of 2142"
3
. 'he total is 3K2142"
3
M34$.
27. 'he best answer is :.
'reat the three that sit together as one person for the time being. Gow, you have only
# people 2& and the three that act as one" on # places #RM72%. Gow, you have to
remember that the three that sit together can also change places among themselves
3R M #. @o, 'he total number of possibilities is #RK3RM 432%.
2$. 'he best answer is L.
Dirst, check @u-an she has 4 seats left 27 minus the one in the middle and the two
ends", 1fter @u-an sits down, the rest still have # places for # people or #R 5ptions to
sit. 'he total is @u-an and the rest 4K#R M 2$$%.
2/. 'he best answer is L.
'he worst case is that we take out seven balls of each color and still do not have $ of
the same color. 'he ne*t ball we take out will become the eighth ball of some color
and our mission is accomplished.
@ince we have 4 different colors 4K72of each" 91M2/ balls total.
5f course you could take out $ of the same color immediately, however we need to
make sure it happens, and we need to consider the worst,case scenario.
3%. 'he best answer is :.
'he worst case would be to take out 21 white balls, 22 green and 22 blue balls and
still not having 23 of the same color. 'ake one more ball out and you get 23 of either
the green or the blue balls. Gotice that you cannot get 23 white balls since there are
only 21, however, you must consider them since they might be taken out also.
'he total is 2192292291M ##.
31. 'he best answer is ).
@tart checking from the smaller or bigger numbers on the dice. 6e will check from
bigger numbers working downwards start with #, it has the following options 2#,&,1",
2#,4,2", 2#,3,3". Gow pass on to & 2&,&,2", 2&,4,3". Gow 4 24,4,4". 1nd that0s it, these
are all number combinations that are possible, if you go on to 3, you will notice that
you need to use 4, & or #, that you have already considered 2the same goes for 2 and
1". Gow analy-e every option #,&,1 has # options 2#,&,1", 2#,1,&", 2&,1,#", 2&,#,1",
21,#,&", 21,&,#". @o do 2#,4,2" and 2&,4,3". 5ptions 2#,3,3" and 2&,&,2" have 3 options
each 2&,&,2", 2&,2,&" and 22,&,&". 'he same goes for 2#,3,3". 'he last option 24,4,4" has
only one option. 'he total is 3K#92K391M1$9#91 M 2& out of 21# 2#
3
" options.
32. 'he best answer is ..
6e have 2% vertices linking to 17 others each that is 17K2%M34%. 6e divide that by 2
since every diagonal connects two vertices. 34%42M17%. 'he verte* that does not
connect to any diagonal is 3ust not counted.
33. 'he best answer is 1.
6e have 1& Uertices that send diagonals to 12 each 2not to itself and not to the two
ad3acent vertices". 1&K12M1$%. :ivide it by 2 since any diagonal links 2 vertices M /%.
'he three vertices that do not send a diagonal also do not receive any since the same
diagonal is sent and received. 'hus they are not counted.
34. 'he best answer is 1.
'he options for a sum of 14 2#,4,4" has 3 options, 2#,&,3" has # options, 2#,#,2" has 3
options, 2&,&,4" has 3 options. 6e have 1& options to get 14.
'he options for a sum of $ 2#,1,1" has 3 options, 2&,2,1" has # options, 24,3,1" has #
options, 24,2,2" has 3 options, 23,3,2" has 3 options. 6e have 21 options to get $.
'otal 2191&M 3#421# M 14#.
3&. 'he best answer is L.
'he phone company already created 122K122 area codes, now it can create 124K124.
124
2
,122
2
M21249122"2124,122" M 24#K2 M 4/2 additional codes.
'here are other ways to solve this Euestion. (owever this way is usually the fastest.
3#. 'he best answer is :.
)very letter must be chosen from % or 1 only. 'his means we have two options for
every word and 2
$
M 2&# words total.
37. 'he best answer is 1.
'he first digit has 4 options 22,4,#,$ and not %", the second has & options 21,3,&,7,/"
the third has 3 options 23,&,7 and not 2", the fourth has 7 options 21%,3 used before"
and the fifth has # options 21%,4 used before". 'he total is 4K&K3K7K#M2&2%.
3$. 'he best answer is L.
Vetting three red out of 4 that are taken out has 4 options 24R423RK1R"" each option has
a probability of 2142"
4
since drawing a red or blue has a &%C chance. 4K141#M ? to get
three red hats. 'he same goes for three blue hats so ?9? M142.
3/. 'he best answer is ).
Lhoosing 4 out of 11 books is 11R424RK7R" M 33% possibilities.
4%. 'he best answer is .
5n four levels there are 4 scenarios M 1# different games. 'he first level has 3
different scenarios. 'he total is 1/ scenarios.
41. 'he best answer is ..
'he first digit has 7 possibilities 21% N %,3 and #". 'he other three digits have $
possibilities each. 7K$K$K$M 3&$4.
42. 'he best answer is L.
Got considering the fact that 4 cannot appear more than once, we have a total of
4K&K&K&K&M2&%%. Gow we deduct the possibilities where 4 does appear more than
once 2in this case it can appear only twice on the two leftmost even digits". In order to
do so, we put 4 in the first and second leftmost digits. 'he rest of the digits are odd
&K&K&M12&. 2&%%,12&M237&.
43. 'he best answer is ..
'he chance of winning is %.4 and it stays that way for all people since they return their
note. 'he number of different options to choose 3 winners out of & is &R423RK2R" M 1%.
)ach option has a chance of %.4K%.4K%.4K%.#K%.# M %.%23%4 K 1% M %.23%4.
44. 'he best answer is ).
Dirst child could be . or V, similarly 2nd and third could be . or V. (ence total
number of ways M2K2K2 M$.
Davorable number of ways M all . or all V 2i.e. ... or VVV"
M2
hence W2)"M Davorable number of ways4'otal number of ways
M24$
M144
4&. Gumber of ways 2 can be selected without taking the three in Euestion. 7L2
Gumber of ways 2 can be selected out of 1% M 1%L2
Wrob. M 7L241%L2 M 2144& M 741&
4#. Go. of ways to pick 3 individuals out of & couples such that a couple is included is
&L1K$L1 M &K$ M 4% 2order of choice here doesnXt matter"
'otal no. of ways to pick 3 folks from ten M 1%L3 M 1%K/K$423K2" M 12%
'herefore ways to select 3 individuals out of & couples such that no couple is included
M 12%,4% M $%.
47. 'otal no of ways 3Y4
1st sec can get a report in 4c1 ways M 4
2nd sec .........................3c1 way M 3
3rd sec...........................2c1 way M 2
last can be distributed to any of the three M 3
@o probability is M 4K3K2K34 3Y4 M $4/
4$. Oets assume the worst,case scenario.
+erome draws an odd. 'hen an even. 'his gives an odd number. Ge*t he draws
another even. Gow we have an odd again. 'hen he draws an even. 1gain the sum is
odd.
@o, to sum it up,
6e have 1% odd and 1% evens.
If his first draw is odd, then the ne*t 1% are even, we still have an odd sum. 'he tie
breaker will be the 12th card, which now has to be odd since all evens have been
e*hausted. @o if the first card drawn is odd, then we must :B16 12 L1B:@.
If the first is even, then the second is odd, again we have an odd number. Gow we
only have / evens lefts, we must e*haust all of them to get an odd one. @o again, 12
cards.
@o the answer is 12. 'he 12th draw ensures an even sum.
4/. It is already given that sum is $.
@o total number of events is & i.e. 22,#" 2#,2" 23,&" 2&,3" 24,4"
)vents in which & is included 2.
@o probability M 24&.
&%. @ince order is important, this is a permutation problem, not a combination one
J of seEuences possible M $W3 M 33#
3# unassigned MQ J of participants M 33#,3# M 3%%
&1. 1st we place the 11J, now there are 1% places between them and 2 on the e*treme
left and e*treme right of them, total places M 1% 9 2 M 12
If K is placed at any of these 12 places, no 2 KXs will be together
so the number ways will be 12L$ M 12L4 M 4/&
&2. 'he probability will be 1, probability that no blue marbles are selected
1, 3L2 4 1%L2 M 1441&
1nother method
1 .lue , 1 Bed 9 1 Bed , 1 blue 9 .oth .lue M 741%K34/ 9 341%K74/ 9 741%K#4/M
1441&. @ince we are not replacing the marbles, order matters and so 1 .lue, 1 Bed is
not the same as 1 Bed, 1 .lue.
&3. 1 st card that is not blue M #4$
2nd card that is not blue M &4 7
M 3%4&# M 1&4 2$
1nother method 1 , W2at least 1 blue card"
&4. 1 ,2probability of same color"
1 ,2&L241%L2 9 3L241%L2 9 2L241%L2"
M1 , 21%9391"44&
M 1 , 1444& M 3144&
55. Probability that they are the same color = 1- probability that are NOT the
same color.
Wrobability that they are not the same color M Wrobability of 21B,1. 9 1.,1V 9 1V,
1B 9 1.,1B 9 1V,1. 9 1B,1V" M 1, 24 43% M 14& 2KK5rder of color matters"