The Bush administration asserted that detainees were not entitled to any of the protections of

the Geneva Conventions. Ensuing U.S. Supreme Court decisions since 2004 have determined
otherwise and that the courts have jurisdiction: it ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld on 29 June
2006, that detainees were entitled to the minimal protections listed under Common Article 3
of the Geneva Conventions. Following this, on 7 July 2006, the Department of Defense
issued an internal memo stating that prisoners would, in the future, be entitled to protection
under Common Article 3.

Current and former prisoners have reported abuse and torture, which the Bush administration
denied. In a 2005 Amnesty International report, the facility was called the "Gulag of our
times." In 2006, the United Nations called unsuccessfully for the Guantanamo Bay detention
camp to be closed. In January 2009, Susan J. Crawford, appointed by Bush to review DoD
practices used at Guantanamo Bay and oversee the military trials, became the first Bush
administration official to concede that torture occurred at Guantanamo Bay on one detainee.
Three British Muslim prisoners, known in the media at the time as the "Tipton Three ", were
repatriated to the United Kingdom in March 2004, where officials immediately released them
without charge. The three have alleged ongoing torture, sexual degradation, forced drugging
and religious persecution being committed by U.S. forces at Guantnamo Bay. The former
Guantanamo detainee Mehdi Ghezali was freed without charge on 9 July 2004, after two and
a half years internment. Ghezali has claimed that he was the victim of repeated torture. Omar
Deghayes alleges he was blinded by pepper spray during his detention. Juma Al Dossary
claims he was interrogated hundreds of times, beaten, tortured with broken glass, barbed
wire, burning cigarettes, and sexual assaults. David Hicks also made allegations of torture
and mistreatment in Guantnamo Bay, including sensory deprivation, stress position, having
his head slammed into concrete, routine sleep deprivation and forced drug injections.

Hunger-striking detainees claimed that guards were force feeding them in the fall of 2005:
"Detainees said large feeding tubes were forcibly shoved up their noses and down into their
stomachs, with guards using the same tubes from one patient to another. The detainees say no
sedatives were provided during these procedures, which they allege took place in front of
U.S. physicians, including the head of the prison hospital. "A hunger striking detainee at
Guantnamo Bay wants a judge to order the removal of his feeding tube so he can be allowed
to die, one of his lawyers has said." Within a few weeks, the Department of Defense
"extended an invitation to United Nations Special Rapporteurs to visit detention facilities at
Guantanamo Bay Naval Station. This was rejected by the U.N. because of the DOD
restrictions: "that [the] three human rights officials invited to Guantnamo Bay wouldn't be
allowed to conduct private interviews" with prisoners. Simultaneously, the media reports
began related to the question of prisoner treatment. "District Court Judge Eight men have
died in the prison camp; DOD has said that six were suicides. DOD reported three men, two
Saudis and a Yemeni, had committed suicide on 10 June 2006. Government accounts,
including an NCIS report released with redactions in August 2008, have been questioned by
the press, the detainees' families, the Saudi government, former detainees, and human rights
groups.


An estimated 17 to 22 minors under the age of 18 were detained at Guantanamo Bay, and it
has been claimed that this is in violation of international law.
In July 2005, 242 detainees were moved out of Guantanamo, including 173 who were
released without charge. 69 prisoners were transferred to the custody of governments of other
countries, according to the U.S. Department of Defense.
The Centre for Constitutional Rights has prepared biographies of some of the prisoners
currently being held in Guantanamo Prison.
Gladys Kessler also ordered the U.S. government to give medical records going back a week
before such feedings take place." In early November 2005, the U.S. suddenly accelerated, for
unknown reasons, the rate of prisoner release, but this was not sustained.
What became known as "the Abu Ghraib Scandal" came to public attention in the summer of
2003 beginning with reports from Amnesty International (AI) (AI) of human rights abuses by
the U.S military. and its coalition allies at detention centers and prisons throughout Iraq.
Reports of brutal treatment began to emerge from what had been President Saddam Hussein's
notorious Abu Ghraib prison, recently taken over by the United States. In a news release
dated 20 June 2003, Dr Abdel Salam Sidahmed, Deputy Director of Amnesty International's
Middle East Program reported on an uprising by the prisoners against the conditions of their
detention at the now American-run Abu Ghraib: "The notorious Abu Ghraib Prison, centre of
torture and mass executions under Saddam Hussein, is yet again a prison cut off from the
outside world. On 13 June there was a protest in this prison against indefinite detention
without trial. Troops from the occupying powers killed one person and wounded seven.". A
little over a month later, on July 23, Amnesty International again issued a press release
condemning widespread human rights abuses by US and coalition forces: "Former detainees
told Amnesty International that people detained by Coalition Forces were held in tents in the
extreme heat and were not provided with sufficient drinking water or adequate washing
facilities. They were forced to use open trenches for toilets and were not given a change of
clothes - even after two months detention. [...] Amnesty International has received reports of
torture or ill-treatment by Coalition Forces. Reported methods include prolonged sleep
deprivation, prolonged restraint in painful positionssometimes combined with exposure to
loud music, prolonged hooding and exposure to bright lights.
Many Guantanamo interrogators (including psychologists and psychiatrists) were trained by
Survival-Evasion-Resistance-Escape (SERE) instructors, or had experience in the Joint
Personnel Recovery Agency (JPRA), which oversaw SERE training. SERE was a program
designed to train military personnel who had been caught as Prisoners Of War to withstand
torture during interrogation if they were to be caught by a dishonourable enemy. Military
personnel went through a program of beatings, starvation, stress positions, being stripped
naked and thrown into small cages for days. The SERE program was established after years
of experimentation by the CIA and the other four branches of the U.S. military. Jane Mayer
points out that the SERE program was a strange way to try and obtain the truth from
detainees because it was founded during the Cold War when 36 US air men gave false
confessions during the Korean War. Ideas for interrogation also came from the television
series 24, which depicted a fictional character torturing detainees to get information about a
terrorist plot.

List of Torture Techniques
1. Sexual Assault/Humiliation Techniques
Detainees in US custody in Abu Ghraib, Kandahar and Bagram (where many were taken to
before Guantanamo) have reported being sodomised with broomsticks, a chemical light or
rifles. Other forms of sexual humiliation reported have been; parading men naked in front of
female soldiers, forcing them to wear womens underwear and dance with other men, forcing
them to undress in front of female interrogators and guards, touching their genitals or
provoking them in a humiliating way and forcing them to watch pornography. Most
detainees in U.S. custody have alleged that they were either raped, threatened with rape, or
anally probed. Sexual violence is a war crime. Sexual humiliation is used to induce feelings
of humiliation and fear.
.
2. Sleep Deprivation
Sleep deprivation is used by torturers because it makes a person more suggestible, reduces
psychological resistance and it reduces the bodys capacity to resist pain. Sleep deprivation is
a very effective torture technique. The Committee against Torture (CAT) has noted that sleep
deprivation used for prolonged periods constitutes a breach of the CAT, and is primarily used
to break down the will of the detainee. Sleep deprivation can cause impaired memory and
cognitive functioning, decreased short term memory, speech impairment, hallucinations,
psychosis, lowered immunity, headaches, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, stress,
anxiety and depression. For more information, see Gretchen Borchelt, JD & Christian Pross,
MD Systematic Use of Psychological Torture by US Forces, Torture, vol.15(1), 2005;
Sleep deprivation was authorised under the 2002 Department of Defense Memo in the form
of 20 hour interrogations. The U.S. military authorised sleep deprivation for its prisoners for
up to seventy two hours.

3. Sensory Deprivation
Sensory deprivation is used to instil a sense of fear, disorientation and cause dependency on
their captor. In the 1950s the CIA funded a study into human behaviour and mind control in
response to the Cold War. Dr Hebb of McGill University conducted studies on people to
induce a state akin to psychosis by placing students in air-conditioned cubicles with earmuffs,
gloves and goggles. Within 24 hours they began to experience hallucinations, and by 48
hours complete breakdown and disintegration of personality. Sensory deprivation has also
been attributed to increased pain sensitivity and increased psychological stress. According to
the Kubark manual, sensory deprivation makes the detainee more susceptible to the
interrogator.
4. Solitary Confinement/Isolation
Solitary confinement is strictly prohibited under international law. It is a cruel practice which
causes permanent psychological damage. The impacts can range from hallucinations,
emotional damage, delusions and impaired cognitive functioning to anxiety and depression.
Solitary confinement is outlawed under the Convention Against Torture, ICCPR and the
Geneva Conventions. Camp 5, 6, and Echo are also considered solitary under international
law; in other words, David spent the majority of his time in solitary confinement..

5. Mock Executions
It is contrary to international law to allow a prisoner to think that he is going to be executed.
The ICRC complained to the military officials saying that The detainees think they are being
taken to be shot. Apparently military officials debated whether to tell the detainees the truth,
but decided to wait until after the first round of interrogations.

6. Forced Medication
Medical experimentation was outlawed under international law since its use in Nazi
concentration camps. The history of U.S. medical experimentation, for interrogation
purposes, began with the MKULTRA program which was enacted by the CIA in response to
the Cold War. A number of biological agents and drugs were tested on people, including
prisoners and prostitutes, to find substances that led to mind control and behaviour
modification. Recently the US military has confirmed that they used high doses of Larium
that caused neuropsychiatric effects- including suicidal thoughts and behaviours, and
psyhcosis.

7. The Use of Dogs to Scare Detainees
The use of dogs to threaten and intimidate detainees can be traced back to the France,
Belgium and the concentration camps during Nazi Germany (See, Darius Rejali, Torture and
Democracy). In a 2002 memo, Defense Department lawyer, Jim Haynes wrote a memo
authorising the use of sleep deprivation, stress positions, nudity and dogs. An investigation
into FBI allegations of detainee abuse (The Schmidt Report) found that military interrogators
improperly used military working dogs during interrogation sessions to threaten detainees
. The use of dogs to intimidate at Guantanamo was such an effective technique it was
transported to Abu Ghraib, Afghanistan and Iraq in an approved plan to scare-up prisoners.

8. Temperature Extremes
Using temperature extremes as a form of torture has been used for many years by many
different countries. It was the Brazilians who switched from heat to cold cells in 1966. The
cold cell, which was used in Guantanamo was authorised in 2005 as part of the CIAs
enhanced interrogation techniques, however, they were using it before long before. The
Haynes 2002 memo, signed off by Donald Rumsfeld, authorised this technique. Leaving
people in Sweatboxes has been used for centuries. In Vietnam, shipping containers left over
by American forces were used to torture people in the intense heat of the tropical climate.
The same technique has been applied in Guantanamo. An investigation into improper
interrogations noted this technique noting; That military interrogators improperly used
extremes of heat and cold during their interrogation of detainees.

9. Sensory Bombardment (Noise)
Noise has been used by torturers to either mask sounds of others being tortured, such as when
childrens music was played by the Gestapo when beating Walter Bauer, or when they are
trying to disrupt sleep, terrorise or create emotions within the prisoners. In 2004, a U.S.
military official admitted that uncooperative prisoners strip to their underwear, having them
sit in a chair with shackled hand and foot to a bolt in the floor, and forcing them to endure
strobe lights and screaming loud rock and rap music played through two close loudspeakers,
while the air conditioning was turned up to maximum levels.

10. Watching Others Being Tortured
Witnessing torture and violence can have the same psychological effects of actually
experiencing the violence. Scientists have found that psychological manipulation techniques,
such as deprivation, humiliation and forced stress positions cause as much mental stress as
physical pain.

11. Psychological Techniques
Psychologically abusive techniques were used to disrupt sleep and disorient detainees. The
CIAs KUBARK manual suggests that interrogations aided by the use of temperature
extremes, noise bombardment and sleep deprivation are able to induce regression, psychic
disintegration, and feelings of helplessness that lower prisoners defences. This of course,
leads to signed confessions and more malleable prisoners.
During interrogations, intelligence branches and BSCT teams (psychologists and
psychiatrists) sat behind double sided glass to watch detainees being interrogated. Their job
was to provide information on the detainees mental health, weaknesses and vulnerabilities.
The Kiley Report confirms that medical personnel were utilised during interrogations. The
ICRC called this a flagrant violation of medical ethics.
Seemingly menial techniques were also employed, such as forcing detainees to read
childrens books. News organisations reported that an interrogator read a Harry Potter book
to a detainee for hours in order to wear down the detainee. Keeping detainees in a
childlike state was considered advantageous to the interrogators because they were more
suggestible and malleable.



MD 131158 Md hanafiah bin nordin.
MD 131113 Shamsudin Bin Abdul Majid