Limit of a Function and

One-sided limits
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

1 / 39

For today

Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

Evaluating Limits

One-sided Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

2 / 39

For today

Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

Evaluating Limits

One-sided Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

3 / 39

Introduction

Given a function f ( x ) and a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

4 / 39

Introduction

Given a function f ( x ) and a

what is the value of f at x near a,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

4 / 39

Introduction

Given a function f ( x ) and a

what is the value of f at x near a,

but not equal to a?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

5 / 39

Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

5 / 39

Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

f (x)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

5 / 39

Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

0.5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

5 / 39

Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

1
0.5

0.5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

5 / 39

Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

1
0.5

0.5
0.9

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7

0.5
0.9

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

5 / 39

Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

f (x)

Mathematics 53

5 / 39

Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

f (x)

Mathematics 53

5 / 39

Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

1.5

3.5

1.1

2.3

1.001

2.003

1.00001

2.00003

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

1.5

3.5

1.1

2.3

1.001

2.003

1.00001

2.00003

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

Based on the table, as x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

5 / 39

Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

f (x)

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

1.5

3.5

1.1

2.3

1.001

2.003

1.00001

2.00003

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

Based on the table, as x gets closer and closer to 1, f ( x ) gets closer and closer
to 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

4
3
2
1

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Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

4
3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

4
3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

4
3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

f (x)

1
0.5
1.7
1.97
1.99997

0.5
0.9
0.99
0.99999

4
3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

f (x)

1.5

3.5

1.1

2.3

1.001

2.003

1.00001

2.00003

2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 1

f (x)

1.5

3.5

1.1

2.3

1.001

2.003

1.00001

2.00003

2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

7 / 39

Illustration 1

f (x)

1.5

3.5

1.1

2.3

1.001

2.003

1.00001

2.00003

2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

7 / 39

Illustration 1

f (x)

1.5

3.5

1.1

2.3

1.001

2.003

1.00001

2.00003

2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

7 / 39

Illustration 1

f (x)

1.5

3.5

1.1

2.3

1.001

2.003

1.00001

2.00003

2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

7 / 39

Illustration 1

f (x)

1.5

3.5

1.1

2.3

1.001

2.003

1.00001

2.00003

2
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1, f ( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 2

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
x1

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Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1

Consider: g( x ) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

8 / 39

Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1

Consider: g( x ) =

= 3x 1, x = 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

8 / 39

Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1

Consider: g( x ) =

4
3
2

= 3x 1, x = 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

8 / 39

Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1

Consider: g( x ) =

4
3
2

= 3x 1, x = 1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

8 / 39

Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1

Consider: g( x ) =

4
3
2

= 3x 1, x = 1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

8 / 39

Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1

Consider: g( x ) =

4
3
2

= 3x 1, x = 1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

8 / 39

Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1

Consider: g( x ) =

4
3
2

= 3x 1, x = 1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

8 / 39

Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1

Consider: g( x ) =

4
3
2

= 3x 1, x = 1

As x gets closer and closer to 1, g( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

8 / 39

Illustration 3

Consider: h( x ) =

3x 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0,

x=1
x=1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

9 / 39

Illustration 3

Consider: h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
4

x=1

3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 3

Consider: h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
4

x=1

3
2
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

9 / 39

Illustration 3

Consider: h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
4

x=1

3
2
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Illustration 3

Consider: h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
4

x=1

3
2
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

9 / 39

Illustration 3

Consider: h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
4

x=1

3
2
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

9 / 39

Illustration 3

Consider: h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
4

x=1

3
2
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1, h( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

9 / 39

Limit

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

10 / 39

Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

10 / 39

Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a

, L

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

10 / 39

Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a

, L

f ( x ): function defined on some open interval containing a, except possibly at a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

10 / 39

Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a

, L

f ( x ): function defined on some open interval containing a, except possibly at a

The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

10 / 39

Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a

, L

f ( x ): function defined on some open interval containing a, except possibly at a

The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as x assumes values getting closer
and closer to a but not reaching a.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

10 / 39

Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a

, L

f ( x ): function defined on some open interval containing a, except possibly at a

The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as x assumes values getting closer
and closer to a but not reaching a.
Notation:

lim f ( x ) = L

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1
4
3
2
1

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Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1
lim (3x 1)

x 1

3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1
lim (3x 1) = 2

x 1

3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1
lim (3x 1) = 2

x 1

Note: In this case, lim f ( x )

x 1

2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1
lim (3x 1) = 2

x 1

Note: In this case, lim f ( x ) = f (1).

x 1

2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
x1
4
3
2
1

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Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
x1
3x2 4x + 1
x1
x 1
lim

4
3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
x1
3x2 4x + 1
=2
x1
x 1
lim

4
3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
x1
3x2 4x + 1
=2
x1
x 1
lim

4
3

Note: Though g(1) is undefined,

lim g( x ) exists.

x 1
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
x=1

4
3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
x=1
lim h( x )

x 1

4
3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
x=1
lim h( x ) = 2

x 1

4
3
2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Examples

h( x ) =

3x 1,

0,

x=1
x=1
lim h( x ) = 2

x 1

Note: h(1) = lim h( x ).

x 1

2
1

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Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Some Remarks

Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa

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Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

14 / 39

Some Remarks

Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa

We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

14 / 39

Some Remarks

Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa

We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.

Thus, lim f ( x ) is NOT NECESSARILY the same as f ( a).
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

14 / 39

Some Remarks

Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa

We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.

Thus, lim f ( x ) is NOT NECESSARILY the same as f ( a).
xa

We let x approach a from BOTH SIDES of a.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

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Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

15 / 39

Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).

xa

e.g.

H (x) =

1, x 0

0, x < 0

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

15 / 39

Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x

approaches a, then we say

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).

xa

e.g.

H (x) =

1, x 0

0, x < 0

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

15 / 39

Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x

approaches a, then we say

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).

xa

e.g.

H (x) =

1, x 0

lim H ( x ) = 0?

x 0

0, x < 0
(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

15 / 39

Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x

approaches a, then we say

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).

xa

e.g.

H (x) =

1, x 0

lim H ( x ) = 0? No.

x 0

0, x < 0
(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

15 / 39

Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x

approaches a, then we say

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).

xa

e.g.

H (x) =

lim H ( x ) = 0? No.

1, x 0

x 0

0, x < 0

x 0

lim H ( x ) = 1?

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

15 / 39

Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x

approaches a, then we say

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).

xa

e.g.

H (x) =

lim H ( x ) = 0? No.

1, x 0

x 0

0, x < 0

x 0

lim H ( x ) = 1? No.

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

15 / 39

Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x

approaches a, then we say

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).

xa

e.g.

lim H ( x ) = 0? No.

1, x 0

x 0

0, x < 0

x 0

(Heaviside Function)

x 0

H (x) =

lim H ( x ) = 1? No.
lim H ( x ) dne

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

15 / 39

For today

Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

Evaluating Limits

One-sided Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

16 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

17 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

17 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa

If c

, then xlim
c
a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

17 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa

If c

, then xlim
c = c.
a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

17 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa

If c

, then xlim
c = c.
a

lim x

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

17 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa

If c

, then xlim
c = c.
a

lim x = a

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

17 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

xa

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

, n .

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

xa

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x )

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

xa

xa

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

xa

xa

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

xa

lim g( x )

xa

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] =

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x )

xa

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa

lim

xa

xa

f (x)
g( x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa

xa

lim f ( x )

lim

xa

f (x)
= xa
g( x )
lim g( x )
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa

xa

lim f ( x )

lim

xa

f (x)
L
= xa
= 1
g( x )
lim g( x )
L2
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa

xa

lim f ( x )

lim

xa

f (x)
L
= xa
= 1 , provided L2 = 0
g( x )
lim g( x )
L2
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa

xa

lim f ( x )

lim

xa

f (x)
L
= xa
= 1 , provided L2 = 0
g( x )
lim g( x )
L2

lim ( f ( x ))

xa

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

lim g( x )

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa

xa

lim f ( x )

lim

xa

f (x)
L
= xa
= 1 , provided L2 = 0
g( x )
lim g( x )
L2
xa

lim ( f ( x )) = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa

xa

, n .

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

xa

xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa

lim g( x )

xa

xa

= L1 L2

lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa

xa

lim f ( x )

lim

xa

f (x)
L
= xa
= 1 , provided L2 = 0
g( x )
lim g( x )
L2
xa

lim ( f ( x )) = lim f ( x )

xa

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

= ( L1 ) n

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

18 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 +

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x 1

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x 1

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x 1

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x 1

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x 1

x 1

lim x2

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim x2

x 1

x 1

+3

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x 1

lim x

x 1

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim x2

x 1

x 1

+3

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim x

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim x

x 1

+3

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

lim x lim 4

x 1

x 1

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

lim x

x 1

+3

lim x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

lim x

x 1

= 2(1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

+3

lim x lim 4

x 1

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

lim x

x 1

+3

lim x lim 4

x 1

x 1

= 2(1) + 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

lim x

x 1

+3

lim x lim 4

x 1

x 1

= 2(1) + 3(1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

lim x

x 1

+3

lim x lim 4

x 1

x 1

= 2(1) + 3(1) 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

lim x

x 1

+3

lim x lim 4

x 1

x 1

= 2(1) + 3(1) 4
= 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

lim x

x 1

+3

lim x lim 4

x 1

x 1

= 2(1) + 3(1) 4
= 5
In general:

Remark
If f is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x )
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1

x 1

=2

x 1

lim x2

+3

x 1

x 1

lim x

x 1

lim 4
x 1

=2

lim x

x 1

+3

lim x lim 4

x 1

x 1

= 2(1) + 3(1) 4
= 5
In general:

Remark
If f is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x ) = f ( a).
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

19 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2
lim

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
=
lim
x 2
x2 + 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

x 2

lim ( x2 + 2)

x 2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
=
lim
x 2
x2 + 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

x 2

lim ( x2 + 2)

x 2

4(8)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
=
lim
x 2
x2 + 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

x 2

lim ( x2 + 2)

x 2

4(8) + 3(4)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
=
lim
x 2
x2 + 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

x 2

lim ( x2 + 2)

x 2

4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
=
lim
x 2
x2 + 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

x 2

lim ( x2 + 2)

x 2

4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1

4+2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
=
lim
x 2
x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

x 2

lim ( x2 + 2)

x 2

4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1

4+2
17
=
6

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
=
lim
x 2
x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

x 2

lim ( x2 + 2)

x 2

4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1

4+2
17
=
6

Remark
If f is a rational function and f ( a) is defined,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
x 2
x2 + 2

Evaluate: lim

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
=
lim
x 2
x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

x 2

lim ( x2 + 2)

x 2

4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1

4+2
17
=
6

Remark
If f is a rational function and f ( a) is defined, then lim f ( x ) = f ( a).
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

20 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

3x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

. Then,

xa

f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

3x 1 =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim (3x 1)

x 3

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

3x 1 =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim (3x 1) =

x 3

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

3x 1 =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim (3x 1) =

x 3

8=2 2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

lim

x 1

3x 1 =
3

lim (3x 1) =

x 3

8=2 2

x+4
x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

lim

x 1

3x 1 =
3

x+4
=
x2

lim (3x 1) =

x 3

8=2 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

lim

x 1

3x 1 =
3

x+4
=
x2

lim (3x 1) =

x 3
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

8=2 2

1 + 4
1 2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

lim

x 1

3x 1 =
3

x+4
=
x2

lim (3x 1) =

x 3
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

8=2 2

1 + 4
= 1
1 2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

lim

x 1

lim

x 7/2

3x 1 =
3

x+4
=
x2

lim (3x 1) =

x 3
3

8=2 2

1 + 4
= 1
1 2

3 2x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

lim

x 1

lim

x 7/2

3x 1 =
3

x+4
=
x2

lim (3x 1) =

x 3
3

8=2 2

1 + 4
= 1
1 2

3 2x dne

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

lim

x 1

lim

x 7/2

lim

x 2

3x 1 =
3

x+4
=
x2

lim (3x 1) =

x 3
3

8=2 2

1 + 4
= 1
1 2

3 2x dne

x2 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

lim

x 1

lim

x 7/2

lim

x 2

3x 1 =
3

x+4
=
x2

lim (3x 1) =

x 3
3

8=2 2

1 + 4
= 1
1 2

3 2x dne

x2 4 =??

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa

lim

xa

. Then,
f (x) =

lim f ( x ),

xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim

x 3

lim

x 1

lim

x 7/2

lim

x 2

3x 1 =
3

x+4
=
x2

lim (3x 1) =

x 3
3

8=2 2

1 + 4
= 1
1 2

3 2x dne

x2 4 =?? (for now)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

21 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
= lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

2x2 5x + 1
= lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

lim 2x2
x
= 3

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

2x2 5x + 1
= lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

lim 2x2
x
= 3

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

3
2x2 5x + 1
= lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)

x
x 3
= 3

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
2x2 5x + 1
= lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
x 3

= x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
2x2 5x + 1
= lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
x 3

= x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

18

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
2x2 5x + 1
= lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
x 3

= x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

18 4

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
2x2 5x + 1
= lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
x 3

= x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

18 4
28

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39


2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
2x2 5x + 1
= lim
x 3
x3 x + 4

3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
x 3

= x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3
3

18 4
28

=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

1
8

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

22 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

=0

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

= 0 and lim ( x 1)
x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1

But when x = 1,

= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1

(3x 1)( x 1)
3x2 4x + 1
=
= 3x 1.
x1
x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1

But when x = 1,

= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1

(3x 1)( x 1)
3x2 4x + 1
=
= 3x 1.
x1
x1

Since we are just taking the limit as x 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1

But when x = 1,

= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1

(3x 1)( x 1)
3x2 4x + 1
=
= 3x 1.
x1
x1

Since we are just taking the limit as x 1,

3x2 4x + 1
x1
x 1
lim

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1

But when x = 1,

= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1

(3x 1)( x 1)
3x2 4x + 1
=
= 3x 1.
x1
x1

Since we are just taking the limit as x 1,

3x2 4x + 1
= lim (3x 1)
x1
x 1
x 1
lim

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Consider: g( x ) =

3x2 4x + 1
. From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1
x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1

But when x = 1,

= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1

(3x 1)( x 1)
3x2 4x + 1
=
= 3x 1.
x1
x1

Since we are just taking the limit as x 1,

3x2 4x + 1
= lim (3x 1) = 2.
x1
x 1
x 1
lim

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

23 / 39

Definition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

24 / 39

Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0
xa

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

24 / 39

Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa

xa

lim

xa

is called an indeterminate form of type

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

f (x)
g( x )
0
.
0

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

24 / 39

Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa

xa

lim

xa

is called an indeterminate form of type

f (x)
g( x )
0
.
0

Remarks:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

24 / 39

Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa

xa

lim

xa

is called an indeterminate form of type

f (x)
g( x )
0
.
0

Remarks:
1

If f ( a) = 0 and g( a) = 0, then

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

f ( a)
is undefined!
g( a)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

24 / 39

Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa

xa

lim

xa

is called an indeterminate form of type

f (x)
g( x )
0
.
0

Remarks:
1

f ( a)
is undefined!
g( a)
The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.

If f ( a) = 0 and g( a) = 0, then

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

24 / 39

Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa

xa

lim

xa

is called an indeterminate form of type

f (x)
g( x )
0
.
0

Remarks:
1

f ( a)
is undefined!
g( a)
The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.

If f ( a) = 0 and g( a) = 0, then

Some techniques used in evaluating such limits are:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

24 / 39

Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa

xa

lim

xa

is called an indeterminate form of type

f (x)
g( x )
0
.
0

Remarks:
1

f ( a)
is undefined!
g( a)
The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.

If f ( a) = 0 and g( a) = 0, then

Some techniques used in evaluating such limits are:

Factoring
Rationalization

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

24 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 1

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

25 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 1

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

25 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 1

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1
lim

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

25 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 1

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1
lim

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1

lim

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

25 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 1

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1
lim

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1

lim

( x + 1)2

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

25 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 1

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1
lim

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1

( x + 1)2
x 1 x + 1
lim

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

25 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 1

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1
lim

x 1

0
0

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1

=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

( x + 1)2
x 1 x + 1
lim

lim ( x + 1)

x 1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

25 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 1

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1
lim

x 1

0
0

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1

=
=

( x + 1)2
x 1 x + 1
lim

lim ( x + 1)

x 1

= (1 + 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

25 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 1

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1
lim

x 1

0
0

x2 + 2x + 1
x+1

=
=

( x + 1)2
x 1 x + 1
lim

lim ( x + 1)

x 1

= (1 + 1)
= 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

25 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 2

x3 + 8
x2 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

26 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 2

x3 + 8
x2 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

26 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 2

x3 + 8
x2 4
lim

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0
x3 + 8
x2 4

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

26 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 2

x3 + 8
x2 4
lim

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0
x3 + 8
x2 4

lim

x 2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

26 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 2

x3 + 8
x2 4
lim

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0
x3 + 8
x2 4

lim

( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)

x 2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

26 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 2

x3 + 8
x2 4
lim

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0
x3 + 8
x2 4

( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
( x + 2)( x 2)
x 2
lim

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

26 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 2

x3 + 8
x2 4
lim

x 2

0
0
x3 + 8
x2 4

=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
( x + 2)( x 2)
x 2
lim
lim

x 2

x2 2x + 4
x2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

26 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 2

x3 + 8
x2 4
lim

x 2

0
0
x3 + 8
x2 4

=
=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
( x + 2)( x 2)
x 2
lim

x2 2x + 4
x2
x 2
4+4+4
2 2
lim

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

26 / 39

Examples

Evaluate: lim

x 2

x3 + 8
x2 4
lim

x 2

0
0
x3 + 8
x2 4

=
=
=

( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
( x + 2)( x 2)
x 2
lim

x2 2x + 4
x2
x 2
4+4+4
2 2
lim

= 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

26 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x
lim

x 4

0
0

x2 16

2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x
lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x
x2 16

lim
x 4 2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

x2 16 2 + x

lim
x 4 2 x 2 + x

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x
x2 16

lim
x 4 2 x

0
0

=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x2 16 2 + x

lim
x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
lim

x 4

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x
x2 16

lim
x 4 2 x

0
0

=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x2 16 2 + x

lim
x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
lim
4x
x 4

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x
x2 16

lim
x 4 2 x

0
0

=
=

x2 16 2 + x

lim
x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
lim
4x
x 4

( x 4)( x + 4)(2 +
= lim
4x
x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x)

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x
x2 16

lim
x 4 2 x

0
0

=
=

x2 16 2 + x

lim
x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
lim
4x
x 4

( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x )
= lim
4x
x 4

= lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]
x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x
x2 16

lim
x 4 2 x

0
0

=
=

x2 16 2 + x

lim
x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
lim
4x
x 4

( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x )
= lim
4x
x 4

= lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]
x 4

= (8)(4)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples
Evaluate: lim

x 4

x2 16

2 x
x2 16

lim
x 4 2 x

0
0

=
=

x2 16 2 + x

lim
x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
lim
4x
x 4

( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x )
= lim
4x
x 4

= lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]
x 4

= (8)(4)
= 32

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

27 / 39

Examples

x2

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

0
0

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

0
0

lim

x 8

x2
x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

lim

x 8

x2
x2 7x 8

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x2
lim

x 8 x2 7x 8

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x2

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x2
lim

x 8 x2 7x 8

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x2 + 2 3 x

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x2
lim

x 8 x2 7x 8

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x2 + 2 3 x + 4

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

3 2
x2
x +2 3 x+4
lim

3 2
x 8 x2 7x 8
x +2 3 x+4

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

3 2
x2
x +2 3 x+4
lim

3 2
x 8 x2 7x 8
x +2 3 x+4
x8
lim

x 8

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

3 2
x2
x +2 3 x+4
lim

3 2
x 8 x2 7x 8
x +2 3 x+4
x8
lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

3 2
x2
x +2 3 x+4
lim

3 2
x 8 x2 7x 8
x +2 3 x+4
x8

lim

x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

=
=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

3 2
x2
x +2 3 x+4
lim

3 2
x 8 x2 7x 8
x +2 3 x+4
x8

lim

x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1

lim

x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

=
=
=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

3 2
x2
x +2 3 x+4
lim

3 2
x 8 x2 7x 8
x +2 3 x+4
x8

lim

x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1

lim

x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
9(4 + 4 + 4)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

Examples

x2

0
0

Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

=
=
=
=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

3 2
x2
x +2 3 x+4
lim

3 2
x 8 x2 7x 8
x +2 3 x+4
x8

lim

x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1

lim

x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
9(4 + 4 + 4)
1
108

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

28 / 39

For today

Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

Evaluating Limits

One-sided Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

29 / 39

Illustration 4

Consider: f ( x ) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x1

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

30 / 39

Illustration 4

Consider: f ( x ) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1

As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends

on whether x < 1 or x > 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

30 / 39

Illustration 4

Consider: f ( x ) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1

3
2
1

As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends

on whether x < 1 or x > 1.

1
1

2
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

30 / 39

Illustration 4

Consider: f ( x ) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1

3
2
1

As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends

on whether x < 1 or x > 1.

1
1

2
3

As x approaches 1 through values less than 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

30 / 39

Illustration 4

Consider: f ( x ) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1

3
2
1

As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends

on whether x < 1 or x > 1.

1
1

2
3

As x approaches 1 through values less than 1, f ( x ) approaches 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

30 / 39

Illustration 4

Consider: f ( x ) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1

3
2
1

As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends

on whether x < 1 or x > 1.

1
1

2
3

As x approaches 1 through values less than 1, f ( x ) approaches 2.

As x approaches 1 through values greater than 1,
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

30 / 39

Illustration 4

Consider: f ( x ) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1

3
2
1

As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends

on whether x < 1 or x > 1.

1
1

2
3

As x approaches 1 through values less than 1, f ( x ) approaches 2.

As x approaches 1 through values greater than 1, f ( x ) approaches 1.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

30 / 39

Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =

2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

31 / 39

Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =

2
1
(

)
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

31 / 39

Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =

2
1
(

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

31 / 39

Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =

2
1
(

)
0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

31 / 39

Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =

2
1
()

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

31 / 39

Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =

2
1
()

Since there is no open interval I containing 0 such that g( x ) is defined on I ,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

31 / 39

Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =

2
1
()

Since there is no open interval I containing 0 such that g( x ) is defined on I , we

cannot let x approach 0 from both sides.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

31 / 39

Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =

2
1
()

Since there is no open interval I containing 0 such that g( x ) is defined on I , we

cannot let x approach 0 from both sides.
But we can say something about the values of g( x ) as x gets closer and closer to

0 from the right of 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

31 / 39

One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

32 / 39

One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are less than a.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

32 / 39

One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are less than a.
Notation:

lim f ( x ) = L

x a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

32 / 39

One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

33 / 39

One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are greater than a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

33 / 39

One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are greater than a
Notation:

lim f ( x ) = L

x a+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

33 / 39

Theorem
lim f ( x ) = L if and only if lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = L

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x a

x a+

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

34 / 39

f (x) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1
4
3
2
1

1
1

2
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

35 / 39

f (x) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1
lim f ( x )

x 1

3
2
1

1
1

2
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

35 / 39

f (x) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 )

x 1

x 1

3
2
1

1
1

2
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

35 / 39

f (x) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1

x 1

3
2
1

1
1

2
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

35 / 39

f (x) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x )

x 1+

2
1

1
1

2
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

35 / 39

f (x) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3)

x 1+

x 1+

2
1

1
1

2
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

35 / 39

f (x) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 1

x 1+

x 1+

2
1

1
1

2
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

35 / 39

f (x) =

3 5x2 , x < 1

4x 3,

x1
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1

lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 1

x 1+

1
1

x 1+

lim f ( x ) dne

x 1

x 1

2
3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

35 / 39

Examples
g( x ) =

2
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

36 / 39

Examples
g( x ) =

2
1

Based on the graph,

lim

x 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

36 / 39

Examples
g( x ) =

2
1

Based on the graph,

lim

x 0+

x=0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

36 / 39

Examples
g( x ) =

2
1

Based on the graph,

lim

x 0+

lim

x 0

x=0
x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

36 / 39

Examples
g( x ) =

2
1

Based on the graph,

lim

x 0+

lim

x 0

x=0
x dne

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

36 / 39

Examples
g( x ) =

2
1

Based on the graph,

lim

x 0+

x=0

lim x dne

lim x

x 0
x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

36 / 39

Examples
g( x ) =

2
1

Based on the graph,

lim

x 0+

x=0

lim x dne

lim x dne

x 0
x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

36 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x )

x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0

x 0

x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0

x 0

x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0

x 0

x 0

lim H ( x )

x 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0

x 0

x 0

lim H ( x ) = lim 1

x 0+

x 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0

x 0

x 0

lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1

x 0+

x 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0

x 0

x 0

lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1

x 0+

x 0+

lim H ( x )

x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0

x 0

x 0

lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1

x 0+

x 0+

lim H ( x ) dne

x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0

x 0

x 0

lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1

x 0+

x 0+

lim H ( x ) dne

x 0

lim H ( x )

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0

x 0

x 0

lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1

x 0+

x 0+

lim H ( x ) dne

x 0

lim H ( x ) = lim 1

x 2

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let H ( x ) =

1, x 0

3
2

0, x < 0
1

(The Heaviside Function)

3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0

x 0

x 0

lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1

x 0+

x 0+

lim H ( x ) dne

x 0

lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

37 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

,
2x 4

x>2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

,
2x 4

x>2

lim p( x )

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x

x 2

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

lim p( x )

x 2+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x2 2x
2x 4

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x2 2x
x ( x 2)
= lim
2x 4
x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x2 2x
x ( x 2)
x
= lim
= lim
2x 4
x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
x 2+ 2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x2 2x
x ( x 2)
x
= lim
= lim
=1
2x 4
x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
x 2+ 2

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

x2 2x
x ( x 2)
x
= lim
= lim
=1
2x 4
x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
x 2+ 2

lim p( x )

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

x2 2x
x ( x 2)
x
= lim
= lim
=1
2x 4
x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
x 2+ 2

lim p( x ) = 1

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

x2 2x
x ( x 2)
x
= lim
= lim
=1
2x 4
x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
x 2+ 2

lim p( x ) = 1

x 2

lim p( x )

x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

x2 2x
x ( x 2)
x
= lim
= lim
=1
2x 4
x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
x 2+ 2

lim p( x ) = 1

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 3

x 3

x2 2x
2x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

x2 2x
x ( x 2)
x
= lim
= lim
=1
2x 4
x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
x 2+ 2

lim p( x ) = 1

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 3

x 3

x2 2x
96
=
2x 4
64

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Examples

Let p( x ) =

5 2x,

x2

x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 2+

x 2+

x2 2x
x ( x 2)
x
= lim
= lim
=1
2x 4
x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
x 2+ 2

lim p( x ) = 1

x 2

lim p( x ) = lim

x 3

x 3

x2 2x
96
3
=
=
2x 4
64
2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

38 / 39

Exercises

Evaluate: lim

x 4

3x 12

3 2x + 1

x2 + 1
,
x1
Find lim f ( x ) given: f ( x ) =

x 1

1 x + 5,

Evaluate: lim

x 2/3

if x < 1
if x 1

6x 4
1
+
3x2 + 4x 4 3x + 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

39 / 39