------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q1:
During her presidency of the short-lived Womans State Temperance Society (18!-
18"#$ %li&a'eth (ady Stanton$ as she )as a staunch advocate of li'erali&ed divorce la)s$
scandali&ed many of her most ardent supporters in her suggestion that drun*enness
should 'e made sufficient cause for divorce+
,+ as she )as a staunch advocate of li'erali&ed divorce la)s$ scandali&ed many of
her most ardent supporters in her suggestion that drun*enness should 'e
-+ as she )as a staunch advocate for li'erali&ed divorce la)s$ scandali&ed many of
her most ardent supporters 'y her suggestion of drun*enness 'eing
(+ in 'eing a staunch advocate for li'erali&ed divorce la)s$ had scandali&ed many of
her most ardent supporters )ith the suggestion of drun*enness 'eing
D+ a staunch advocate of li'erali&ed divorce la)s$ scandali&ed many of her most
ardent supporters 'y suggesting that drun*enness 'e
%+ a staunch advocate of li'erali&ed divorce la)s$ she scandali&ed many of her most
ardent supporters in suggesting that drun*enness should 'e

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!:
-y merging its t)o pu'lishing divisions$ the company )ill increase their share of the
countrys .!1 'illion 'oo* mar*et from / percent to 10 percent$ a mar*et ranging from
o'scure te1t'oo*s to mass-mar*et paper'ac*s+
,+ their share of the countrys .!1 'illion 'oo* mar*et from / percent to 10 percent$
a mar*et ranging
-+ from / percent to 10 percent its share of the .!1 'illion 'oo* mar*et in the
country$ )hich ranges
(+ to 10 percent from / percent in their share of the .!1 'illion 'oo* mar*et in the
country$ a mar*et ranging
D+ in its share$ from / percent to 10 percent$ of the .!1 'illion 'oo* mar*et in the
country$ )hich ranges
%+ to 10 percent from / percent its share of the countrys .!1 'illion 'oo* mar*et$
)hich ranges

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q":
, product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can
generally command a high price+ -ecause technological advances tend to be quickly
surpassed and companies )ant to ma*e large profits )hile they still can$ many
companies charge the greatest price the mar*et )ill 'ear )hen they have such a product+
-ut large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to
quickly match the mew products capabilities. (onse2uently$ the strategy to ma1imi&e
overall profit from a ne) product is to charge less than the greatest possi'le price+
3n the argument a'ove$ the t)o portions in boldface play )hich of the follo)ing roles4
,+ The first is an assumption that forms the 'asis for a course of action that the
argument critici&es5 the second presents the course of action endorsed 'y the
argument+
-+ The first is a consideration raised to e1plain the appeal of a certain strategy5 the
second is a consideration raised to call into 2uestion the )isdom of adopting that
strategy+
(+ The first is an assumption that has 'een used to 6ustify a certain strategy5 the
second is a consideration that is used to cast dou't on that assumption+
D+ The first is a consideration raised in support of a strategy the argument endorses5
the second presents grounds in support of that consideration+
%+ The first is a consideration raised to sho) that adopting a certain strategy is
unli*ely to achieve the intended effect5 the second is presented to e1plain the
appeal of that strategy+
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q4 to Q6:
The fields of ante'ellum (pre-(ivil
War# political history and )omens his-
tory use separate sources and focus
Line on separate issues+ 7olitical histori-
(5) ans$ e1amining sources such as voting
records$ ne)spapers$ and politicians
)ritings$ focus on the emergence in the
1880s of a ne) 9,merican political
nation$: and since )omen )ere neither
(10) voters nor politicians$ they receive little
discussion+ Womens historians$ mean-
)hile$ have sho)n little interest in the
su'6ect of party politics$ instead dra)-
ing on personal papers$ legal records
(15) such as )ills$ and records of female
associations to illuminate )omens
domestic lives$ their moral reform
activities$ and the emergence of the
)omans rights movement+
(20) ;o)ever$ most historians have
underestimated the e1tent and signifi-
cance of )omens political allegiance
in the ante'ellum period+ <or e1ample$
in the presidential election campaigns
(25) of the 1880s$ the =irginia Whig party
strove to )in the allegiance of =irginias
)omen 'y inviting them to rallies and
speeches+ ,ccording to Whig propa-
ganda$ )omen )ho turned out at the
(30) partys rallies gathered information
that ena'led them to mold party-loyal
families$ reminded men of moral values
that transcended party loyalty$ and con-
ferred moral standing on the party+
(35) =irginia Democrats$ in response$
'egan to ma*e similar appeals to
)omen as )ell+ -y the mid-180s
the inclusion of )omen in the rituals of
party politics had 'ecome common-
(40) place$ and the ideology that 6ustified
such inclusion had 'een assimilated
'y the Democrats+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q8:
The primary purpose of the passage as a )hole is to
,+ e1amine the tactics of ante'ellum political parties )ith regard to )omen
-+ trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the )omans rights movement
(+ point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period
D+ discuss the ideologies of opposing ante'ellum political parties
%+ contrast the methodologies in t)o differing fields of historical in2uiry
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q:
,ccording to the second paragraph of the passage (lines !0-8!#$ Whig propaganda
included the assertion that
,+ )omen should en6oy more political rights than they did
-+ )omen )ere the most important influences on political attitudes )ithin a family
(+ )omens reform activities reminded men of important moral values
D+ )omens demonstrations at rallies )ould influence mens voting 'ehavior
%+ )omens presence at rallies )ould enhance the moral standing of the party
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q/:
,ccording to the passage$ )hich of the follo)ing )as true of =irginia Democrats in the
mid-180s4
,+ They feared that their party )as losing its strong moral foundation+
-+ They 'elieved that the Whigs inclusion of )omen in party politics had led to the
Whigs success in many elections+
(+ They created an ideology that 6ustified the inclusion of )omen in party politics+
D+ They )anted to demonstrate that they )ere in support of the )omans rights
movement+
%+ They imitated the Whigs efforts to include )omen in the rituals of party politics+
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q>:
, recent revie) of pay scales indicates that (%?s no) earn an average of 81@ times
more pay than 'lue-collar )or*ers$ compared to a ratio of 8! times in 1@80+
,+ that (%?s no) earn an average of 81@ times more pay than 'lue-collar )or*ers$
compared to a ratio of 8! times
-+ that$ on average$ (%?s no) earn 81@ times the pay of 'lue-collar )or*ers$ a ratio
that compares to 8! times
(+ that$ on average$ (%?s no) earn 81@ times the pay of 'lue-collar )or*ers$ as
compared to 8! times their pay$ the ratio
D+ (%?s )ho no) earn on average 81@ times more pay than 'lue-collar )or*ers$ as
compared to 8! times their pay$ the ratio
%+ (%?s no) earning an average of 81@ times the pay of 'lue-collar )or*ers$
compared to the ratio of 8! times

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q8:
The "! species that ma*e up the dolphin family are closely related to )hales and in fact
include the animal *no)n as the *iller )hale$ )hich can gro) to 'e "0 feet long and is
famous for its aggressive hunting pods+
,+ include the animal *no)n as the *iller )hale$ )hich can gro) to 'e "0 feet long
and is
-+ include the animal *no)n as the *iller )hale$ gro)ing as 'ig as "0 feet long and
(+ include the animal *no)n as the *iller )hale$ gro)ing up to "0 feet long and
'eing
D+ include the animal *no)n as the *iller )hale$ )hich can gro) as 'ig as "0 feet
long and is
%+ include the animal *no)n as the *iller )hale$ )hich can gro) to 'e "0 feet long
and it is

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q9 to Q!:
?ver the last 10 years$ large
stretches of salmon ha'itat have
'een eliminated 'y human activity:
Line mining$ livestoc* gra&ing$ tim'er
(5) harvesting$ and agriculture as )ell
as recreational and ur'an devel-
opment+ The numerical effect is
o'vious: there are fe)er salmon
in degraded regions than in pris-
(10) tine ones5 ho)ever$ ha'itat loss
also has the potential to reduce
genetic diversity+ This is most
evident in cases )here it results
in the e1tinction of entire salmon
(15) populations+ 3ndeed$ most
analysts 'elieve that some *ind
of environmental degradation
underlies the demise of many
e1tinct salmon populations+
(20) ,lthough some rivers have
'een recoloni&ed$ the uni2ue
genes of the original populations
have 'een lost+
Aarge-scale distur'ances in
(25) one locale also have the potential
to alter the genetic structure of
populations in neigh'oring areas$
even if those areas have pristine
ha'itats+ Why4 ,lthough the
(30) homing instinct of salmon to their
natal stream is strong$ a fraction
of the fish returning from the sea
(rarely more than 1 percent#
stray and spa)n in near'y
(35) streams+ Ao) levels of straying
are crucial$ since the process
provides a source of novel
genes and a mechanism
'y )hich a location can 'e
(40) repopulated should the fish
there disappear+ Bet high rates
of straying can 'e pro'lematic
'ecause misdirected fish may
inter'reed )ith the e1isting stoc*
(45) to such a degree that any local
adaptations that are present
'ecome diluted+ Straying
rates remain relatively lo) )hen
environmental conditions are
(50) sta'le$ 'ut can increase dramati-
cally )hen streams suffer severe
distur'ance+ The 1@80 volcanic
eruption of Count Saint ;elens$
for e1ample$ sent mud and de'ris
(55) into several tri'utaries of the
(olum'ia Diver+ <or the ne1t
couple of years$ steelhead trout
(a species included among the
salmonids# returning from the
(60) sea to spa)n )ere forced to
find alternative streams+ ,s
a conse2uence$ their rates of
straying$ initially 1/ percent$
rose to more than 80 percent
(65) overall+
,lthough no one has 2uantified
changes in the rate of straying
as a result of the distur'ances
caused 'y humans$ there is no
(70) reason to suspect that the effect
)ould 'e 2ualitatively different
than )hat )as seen in the
aftermath of the Count Saint
;elens eruption+ Such a dra-
(75) matic increase in straying from
damaged areas to more pristine
streams results in su'stantial
gene flo)$ )hich can in turn lo)er
the overall fitness of su'se2uent
generations+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q@:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
,+ argue against a conventional e1planation for the e1tinction of certain salmon
populations and suggest an alternative
-+ correct a common misunderstanding a'out the 'ehavior of salmon in response to
environmental degradation caused 'y human activity
(+ compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations )ith the effects of
natural distur'ances on salmon populations
D+ differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon ha'itats
%+ descri'e ho) environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations
that e1tend 'eyond a numerical reduction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q10:
3t can 'e inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to
their natal streams in order to spa)n provides a mechanism 'y )hich
,+ pristine streams that are near polluted streams 'ecome polluted themselves
-+ the particular adaptations of a polluted streams salmon population can 'e
preserved )ithout dilution
(+ the num'er of salmon in pristine ha'itats decreases relative to the num'er in
polluted streams
D+ an environmentally degraded stream could 'e recoloni&ed 'y ne) salmon
populations should the stream recover
%+ the e1tinction of the salmon populations that spa)n in polluted streams is
accelerated
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q11:
,ccording to the passage$ human activity has had )hich of the follo)ing effects on
salmon populations4
,+ ,n increase in the si&e of salmon populations in some previously polluted rivers
-+ , decline in the num'er of salmon in some rivers
(+ , decrease in the num'er straying salmon in some rivers
D+ , decrease in the gene flo) 'et)een salmon populations that spa)n in polluted
streams and populations that spa)n in pristine streams
%+ , decline in the vulnera'ility of some salmon populations to the effects of
naturally occurring ha'itat destruction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q1!:
The author mentions the 9aftermath of the Count Saint ;elens eruption: (lines >"->8#
most li*ely in order to
,+ provide an e1ample of the process that allo)s the repopulation of rivers )hose
indigenous salmon population has 'ecome e1tinct
-+ indicate the e1tent to )hich the distur'ance of salmon ha'itat 'y human activity
in one stream might affect the genetic structure of salmon populations else)here
(+ provide a standard of comparison against )hich the impact of human activity on
the gene flo) among salmon populations should 'e measured
D+ sho) ho) salmons homing instinct can 'e impaired as a result of severe
environmental degradation of their natal streams
%+ sho) )hy straying rates in salmon populations remain generally lo) e1cept )hen
spa)ning streams suffer severe environmental distur'ance
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q1":
3n the Enited States$ of the people )ho moved from one state to another )hen they
retired$ the percentage )ho retired to <lorida has decreased 'y three percentage points
over the past ten years+ Since many local 'usinesses in <lorida cater to retirees$ this
decline is li*ely to have a noticea'ly negative economic effect on these 'usinesses+
Which of the follo)ing$ if true$ most seriously )ea*ens the argument4
,+ <lorida attracts more people )ho move from one state to another )hen they retire
than does any other state+
-+ The num'er of people )ho move out of <lorida to accept employment in other
states has increased over the past ten years+
(+ There are far more local 'usinesses in <lorida that cater to tourists than there are
local 'usinesses that cater to retirees+
D+ The total num'er of people )ho retired and moved to another state for their
retirement has increased significantly over the past ten years+
%+ The num'er of people )ho left <lorida )hen they retired to live in another state
)as greater last year than it )as ten years ago+

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q18:
That the application of ne) technology can increase the productivity of e1isting coal
mines is demonstrated 'y the case of Tri'nias coal industry+ (oal output per miner in
Tri'nia is dou'le )hat it )as five years ago$ even though no ne) mines have opened+
Which of the follo)ing can 'e properly concluded from the statement a'out coal output
per miner in the passage4
,+ 3f the num'er of miners )or*ing in Tri'nian coal mines has remained constant in
the past five years$ Tri'nias total coal production has dou'led in that period of
time+
-+ ,ny individual Tri'nian coal mine that achieved an increase in overall output in
the past five years has also e1perienced an increase in output per miner+
(+ 3f any ne) coal mines had opened in Tri'nia in the past five years$ then the
increase in output per miner )ould have 'een even greater than it actually )as+
D+ 3f any individual Tri'nian coal mine has not increased its output per miner in the
past five years$ then that mines overall output has declined or remained constant+
%+ 3n Tri'nia the cost of producing a given 2uantity of coal has declined over the past
five years+

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q1:
3n parts of South ,merica$ vitamin-, deficiency is a serious health pro'lem$ especially
among children+ 3n one region$ agriculturists are attempting to improve nutrition 'y
encouraging farmers to plant a ne) variety of s)eet potato called S7F008 that is rich in
'eta-carotene$ )hich the 'ody converts into vitamin ,+ The plan has good chances of
success$ since s)eet potato is a staple of the regions diet and agriculture$ and the
varieties currently gro)n contain little 'eta-carotene+
Which of the follo)ing$ if true$ most strongly supports the prediction that the plan )ill
succeed4
,+ The gro)ing conditions re2uired 'y the varieties of s)eet potato currently
cultivated in the region are conditions in )hich S7F008 can flourish+
-+ The flesh of S7F008 differs from that of the currently cultivated s)eet potatoes in
color and te1ture$ so traditional foods )ould loo* some)hat different )hen
prepared from S7F008+
(+ There are no other varieties of s)eet potato that are significantly richer in 'eta-
carotene than S7F008 is+
D+ The varieties of s)eet potato currently cultivated in the region contain some
important nutrients that are lac*ing in S7F008+
%+ There are other vegeta'les currently gro)n in the region that contain more 'eta-
carotene than the currently cultivated varieties of s)eet potato do+

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q1/:
Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential
campaign of 1@@!$ a greater proportion than it )as in any previous election+
,+ a greater proportion than it )as
-+ a greater proportion than
(+ a greater proportion than they have 'een
D+ )hich is greater than )as so
%+ )hich is greater than it has 'een

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q1>:
The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a 'one flute e1cavated at a Geanderthal
campsite is 6ust )hat is re2uired to play the third through si1th notes of the diatonic scale
Hthe seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Denaissance+
Cusicologists therefore hypothesi&e that the diatonic musical scale )as developed and
used thousands of years 'efore it )as adopted 'y Western musicians+
Which of the follo)ing$ if true$ most strongly supports the hypothesis4
,+ -one flutes )ere pro'a'ly the only musical instrument made 'y Geanderthals+
-+ Go musical instrument that is *no)n to have used a diatomic scale is of an earlier
date than the flute found at the Geanderthal campsite+
(+ The flute )as made from a cave-'ear 'one and the campsite at )hich the flute
fragment )as e1cavated )as in a cave that also contained s*eletal remains of cave
'ears+
D+ <lutes are the simplest )ind instrument that can 'e constructed to allo) playing a
diatonic scale+
%+ The cave-'ear leg 'one used to ma*e the Geanderthal flute )ould have 'een long
enough to ma*e a flute capa'le of playing a complete diatonic scale+

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q18:
3t is illegal to advertise prescription medications in ;edland e1cept in professional
medical 6ournals or 'y mail directly to physicians+ , proposed la) )ould allo) general
advertising of prescription medications+ ?pponents o'6ect that$ in general$ laypersons
lac* the speciali&ed *no)ledge to evaluate such advertisements and might as* their
physicians for inappropriate medications+ -ut since physicians have the final say as to
)hether to prescri'e a medication for a patient$ the o'6ection provides no grounds for
concern+
Which of the follo)ing )ould it 'e most useful to esta'lish in order to evaluate the
argument4
,+ Whether nonprescription medications can interact )ith and 'loc* the action of
any prescription medications that could 'e advertised to the general pu'lic
-+ Whether most prescription medication advertisements directed at the general
pu'lic )ould 'e advertisements for recently developed medications ne)ly
availa'le 'y prescription
(+ Whether prescription medication advertisements directed at the general pu'lic
)ould appear on television and radio as )ell as in print
D+ Whether physicians are more li*ely to pay attention to advertising directed to the
general pu'lic than to advertising directed to physicians
%+ Whether physicians are li*ely to succum' to pressure from patients to prescri'e
inappropriate medications

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q1@:
Decently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused 'y stress$
alcohol$ or rich foods$ 'ut a 'acterium that d)ells in the mucous lining of the stomach+
,+ not caused 'y stress$ alcohol$ or rich foods$ 'ut
-+ not caused 'y stress$ alcohol$ or rich foods$ 'ut are 'y
(+ caused not 'y stress$ alcohol$ or rich foods$ 'ut 'y
D+ caused not 'y stress$ alcohol$ and rich foods$ 'ut
%+ caused not 'y stress$ alcohol$ and rich foods$ 'ut are 'y

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!0:
Divaling the pyramids of %gypt or even the ancient cities of the Caya as an achievement$
the army of terra-cotta )arriors created to protect Qin Shi ;uang$ (hinas first emperor$
in his afterlife is more than !$000 years old and too* >00$000 artisans more than "/ years
to complete them+
,+ too* >00$000 artisans more than "/ years to complete them
-+ too* >00$000 artisans more than "/ years to complete it
(+ too* >00$000 artisans more than "/ years to complete
D+ >00$000 artisans too* more than "/ years to complete
%+ to complete them too >00$000 artisans more than "/ years

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!1:
That t)enty-one ceramic dog figurines )ere discovered during the e1cavating of a 1$000-
year-old ;oho*am village in Tempe$ ,ri&ona$ has nearly dou'led the num'er of these
artifacts *no)n to e1ist+
,+ That t)enty-one ceramic dog figurines )ere discovered during the e1cavating
-+ T)enty-one ceramic dog figurines discovered at the e1cavation
(+ Discovering t)enty-one ceramic dog figurines at the e1cavating
D+ (eramic dog figurines$ t)enty-one of )hich )ere discovered during e1cavating
% The discovery of t)enty-one ceramic dog figurines during the e1cavation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!!:
(ity ?fficial: ,t (ity ;ospital$ uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fe)er
procedures performed than do insured patients$ even though insured patients$ on average$
have slightly less serious medical pro'lems at the time of admission to the hospital than
uninsured patients have+ (ritics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured
patients are mot receiving proper medical care. ;o)ever$ this conclusion is almost
certainly false. (areful investigation has recently sho)n t)o things: insured patients
have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary$ and they tend to have more
procedures performed than are medically necessary+
3n the city officials argument$ the t)o boldface portions play )hich of the follo)ing
roles4
,+ The first states the conclusion of the city officials argument5 the second provides
support for that conclusion+
-+ The first is used to support the conclusion of the city officials argument5 the
second states that conclusion+
(+ The first )as used to support the conclusion dra)n 'y hospital critics5 the second
states the position that the city officials argument opposes+
D+ The first )as used to support the conclusion dra)n 'y hospital critics5 the second
provides support for the conclusion of the city officials argument+
%+ The first states the position that the city officials argument opposes5 the second
states the conclusion of the city officials argument+

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!":
7ast assessments of the -ra&ilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested
areas$ )here farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and 'urned all the trees$ 'ut such )or*
has not addressed either logging$ )hich is the removal of only selected trees$ as )ell as
surface fires$ 'urning do)n individual trees 'ut do not denude the forest+
,+ )hich is the removal of only selected trees$ as )ell as surface fires$ 'urning
-+ )hich removes only selected trees$ or surface fires that 'urn
(+ )hich removes only selected trees$ along )ith surface fires that 'urn
D+ removing only selected trees$ or surface fires$ 'urning
%+ removing only selected trees$ as )ell as surface fires that 'urn

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!8:
-y suc*ing sap from the young t)igs of the hemloc* tree$ tree gro)th is retarded 'y the
)oolly adelgid$ causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to
drop prematurely+
,+ tree gro)th is retarded 'y the )oolly adelgid$ causing needles to change color
from deep green to grayish green and to drop
-+ tree gro)th is retarded 'y the )oolly adelgid$ and this causes the color of needles
to change from deep green to grayish green$ and their dropping
(+ the )oolly adelgid retards tree gro)th$ )hich causes needles to change color from
deep green to grayish green$ and dropping
D+ the )oolly adelgid retards tree gro)th$ causing needles to change color from deep
green to grayish green and to drop
%+ the )oolly adelgid retards tree gro)th$ and this causes the color of needles to
change from deep green to grayish green$ and the their dropping

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!" to Q!#:
Decently 'iologists have 'een
interested in a tide-associated
periodic 'ehavior displayed 'y
Line the diatom Hantzschia virgata$ a
(5) microscopic golden-'ro)n alga that
inha'its that portion of a shoreline
)ashed 'y tides (the intertidal &one#+
Diatoms of this species$ sometimes
called 9commuter: diatoms$ remain
(10) 'urro)ed in the sand during high
tide$ and emerge on the sand sur-
face during the daytime lo) tide+
Iust 'efore the sand is inundated 'y
the rising tide$ the diatoms 'urro)
(15) again+ Some scientists hypothesi&e
that commuter diatoms *no) that it
is lo) tide 'ecause they sense an
environmental change$ such as an
alteration in temperature or a change
(20) in pressure caused 'y tidal move-
ment+ ;o)ever$ )hen diatoms are
o'served under constant conditions
in a la'oratory$ they still display
periodic 'ehavior$ continuing to 'ur-
(25) ro) on schedule for several )ee*s+
This indicates that commuter diatoms$
rather than relying on environmental
cues to *eep time$ possess an inter-
nal pacema*er or 'iological cloc*
(30) that ena'les them to anticipate peri-
odic changes in the environment+
, commuter diatom has an unusu-
ally accurate 'iological cloc*$ a
conse2uence of the unrelenting
(35) environmental pressures to )hich
it is su'6ected5 any diatoms that do
not 'urro) 'efore the tide arrives
are )ashed a)ay+
This is not to suggest that the
(40) period of this 'iological cloc* is
immuta'ly fi1ed+ -iologists have
concluded that even though a
diatom does not rely on the envi-
ronment to *eep time$ environmental
(45) factorsHincluding changes in the
tides hydrostatic pressure$ salin-
ity$ mechanical agitation$ and
temperatureHcan alter the period
of its 'iological cloc* according to
(50) changes in the tidal cycle+ 3n short$
the relation 'et)een an organisms
'iological cloc* and its environment
is similar to that 'et)een a )rist)atch
and its o)ner: the o)ner cannot
(55) ma*e the )atch run faster or slo)er$
'ut can reset the hands+ ;o)ever$
this relation is complicated in intertidal
d)ellers such as commuter diatoms
'y the fact that these organisms are
(60) e1posed to the solar-day cycle as
)ell as to the tidal cycle$ and some-
times display 'oth solar-day and
tidal periods in a single 'ehavior+
(ommuter diatoms$ for e1ample$
(65) emerge only during those lo) tides
that occur during the day+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!:
The passage suggests )hich of the follo)ing a'out the accuracy of the commuter
diatoms 'iological cloc*4
,+ The accuracy of the commuter diatoms 'iological cloc* varies according to
changes in the tidal cycle+
-+ The unusual accuracy that characteri&es the commuter diatoms 'iological cloc* is
rare among intertidal species+
(+ The commuter diatoms 'iological cloc* is li*ely to 'e more accurate than the
'iological cloc* of a species that is su'6ect to less intense environmental
pressures+
D+ The commuter diatoms 'iological cloc* tends to 'e more accurate than the
'iological cloc*s of most other species 'ecause of the consistency of the tidal
cycle+
%+ The accuracy of the commuter diatoms 'iological cloc* tends to fluctuate )hen
the diatom is o'served under varia'le la'oratory conditions+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!/:
The author of the passage compares the relationship 'et)een an organisms 'iological
cloc* and its environment to the relation 'et)een a )rist)atch and its o)ner most
pro'a'ly in order to
,+ point out a fundamental difference 'et)een the function of 'iological cloc*s in
organisms and the use of mechanical cloc*s 'y humans
-+ illustrate the )ay in )hich the period of an organisms 'iological cloc* can 'e
altered 'y environmental factors
(+ suggest that there are important similarities 'et)een the 'iological cloc* in
organisms such as the commuter diatom and the 'iological cloc* in humans
D+ support an argument regarding the methods used 'y certain organisms to
counteract the influence of the environment on their 'iological cloc*s
%+ 2uestion the accuracy of the 'iological cloc* in organisms such as the commuter
diatom
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Q!>:
,ccording to the passage$ the periodic 'ehavior displayed 'y commuter diatoms under
constant la'oratory conditions is characteri&ed 'y )hich of the follo)ing4
,+ Jreater unpredicta'ility than the corresponding 'ehavior under natural conditions
-+ , consistent periodic schedule in the short term
(+ Go difference over the long term from the corresponding 'ehavior under natural
conditions
D+ 3nitial varia'ility caused 'y the constant conditions of the la'oratory
%+ Jreater sensitivity to environmental factors than is the case under natural
conditions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q!8:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. dispute the influence of environmental factors on the tide-associated 'ehavioral
rhythms displayed 'y the diatom Hantzschia virgata
B. descri'e ho) certain tide-associated 'ehavioral rhythms displayed 'y the diatom
Hantzschia virgata have changed over time
C. compare tide-associated 'ehavioral rhythms to solar-day 'ehavioral rhythms in
the diatom Hantzschia virgata
D. e1amine ho) certain 'iological and environmental influences affect the tide-
associated 'ehavioral rhythms displayed 'y the diatom Hantzschia virgata
E. identify certain environmental factors that limit the effectiveness of the 'iological
cloc* in the diatom Hantzschia virgata
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Q!@:
<aulty voting e2uipment$ confusing 'allots$ voter error$ and pro'lems at polling places
have 'een cited 'y a ne) study of the !000 Enited States presidential election$ )hich
estimated that they did not count 8 million to / million of the 100 million votes cast+
,+ <aulty voting e2uipment$ confusing 'allots$ voter error$ and pro'lems at polling
places have 'een cited 'y a ne) study of the !000 Enited States presidential
election$ )hich estimated that they did not count 8 million to / million of the 100
million votes cast+
-+ (iting faulty voting e2uipment$ confusing 'allots$ voter error$ and pro'lems at
polling places$ a ne) study of the !000 Enited States presidential election has
estimated that 8 million to / million of the 100 million votes cast )ere not
counted+
(+ (iting faulty voting e2uipment$ confusing 'allots$ voter error$ and pro'lems at
polling places$ 8 million to / million of the 100 million votes cast )ere not
counted in the !000 Enited States presidential election$ a ne) study estimates+
D+ , ne) study has cited faulty voting e2uipment$ confusing 'allots$ voter error$ and
pro'lems at polling places in estimating that 8 million to / million of the 100
million votes that )ere cast had not 'een counted in the !000 Enited States
presidential election+
%+ , ne) study of the !000 Enited States presidential election$ citing faulty voting
e2uipment$ confusing 'allots$ voter error$ and pro'lems at polling places$ has
estimated 8 million to / million votes had not 'een counted of the 100 million
votes cast+

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Q"0:
The ancient ,nasa&i harvested such native desert vegetation as the purple-flo)ered 'ee
plant$ )hat they no) commonly call )ild spinach in northern ,ri&ona and other parts of
the south)estern Enited States+
,+ )hat they no) commonly call
-+ a plant that they no) commonly call
(+ no) commonly called
D+ and is mo) commonly called
%+ )hich it is no) commonly called

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Q"1:
Which of the follo)ing most logically completes the argument 'elo)4
Davison Diver farmers are currently deciding 'et)een planting )inter )heat this fall or
spring )heat ne1t spring+ Winter )heat and spring )heat are usually a'out e2ually
profita'le+ -ecause of ne) government restrictions on the use of Davison Diver )ater
for irrigation$ per acre yields for )inter )heat$ though not for spring )heat$ )ould 'e
much lo)er than average+ Therefore$ planting spring )heat )ill 'e more profita'le than
planting )inter )heat$ sinceKKKKKK+
,+ the smaller-than-average si&e of a )inter )heat harvest this year )ould not 'e
compensated for 'y higher )inter )heat prices
-+ ne) crops of spring )heat must 'e planted earlier than the time at )hich standing
crops of )inter )heat are ready to 'e harvested
(+ the spring )heat that farmers in the Davison Diver region plant is )ell adapted to
the soil of the region
D+ spring )heat has uses that are different from those of )inter )heat
%+ planting spring )heat is more profita'le than planting certain other crops$ such as
rye

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Q"!:
To develop more accurate population forecasts$ demographers have to *no) a great deal
more than no) a'out the social and economic determinants of fertility+
,+ have to *no) a great deal more than no) a'out the social and economic
-+ have to *no) a great deal more than they do no) a'out the social and economical
(+ )ould have to *no) a great deal more than they do no) a'out the social and
economical
D+ )ould have to *no) a great deal more than they do no) a'out the social and
economic
%+ )ould have to *no) a great deal more than no) a'out the social and economical

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Q"":
, company plans to develop a prototype )eeding machine that uses cutting 'lades )ith
optical sensors and microprocessors that distinguish )eeds from crop plants 'y
differences in shade of color+ The inventor of the machine claims that it )ill reduce la'or
costs 'y virtually eliminating the need for manual )eeding+
Which of the follo)ing is a consideration in favor of the companys implementing its
plan to develop the prototype4
,+ There is a considera'le degree of variation in shade of color 'et)een )eeds of
different species+
-+ The shade of color of some plants tends to change apprecia'ly over the course of
their gro)ing season+
(+ When crops are )eeded manually$ overall si&e and leaf shape are ta*en into
account in distinguishing crop plants from )eeds+
D+ Selection and genetic manipulation allo) plants of virtually any species to 'e
economically 'red to have a distinctive shade of color )ithout altering their other
characteristics+
%+ <arm la'orers )ho are responsi'le for the manual )eeding of crops carry out
other agricultural duties at times in the gro)ing season )hen e1tensive )eeding is
not necessary+

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Q"8:
,lthough people in <rance consume fatty foods at a rate compara'le to the Enited States$
their death rates from heart disease are far lo)er in <rance+
,+ people in <rance consume fatty foods at a rate compara'le to the Enited States$
their
-+ people in <rance and the Enited States consume fatty foods at a'out the same
rate$ the
(+ fatty foods are consumed 'y people in <rance at a compara'le rate to the Enited
Statess$ their
D+ the rate of fatty foods consumed in <rance and the Enited States is a'out the
same$ the
%+ the rate of people consuming fatty foods is a'out the same in <rance and the
Enited States$ the

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q$" to Q$%:
3n corporate purchasing$
competitive scrutiny is typically
limited to suppliers of items that are
Line directly related to end products+
(5) With 9indirect: purchases (such as
computers$ advertising$ and legal
services#$ )hich are not directly
related to production$ corporations
often favor 9supplier partnerships:
(10) (arrangements in )hich the
purchaser forgoes the right to
pursue alternative suppliers#$ )hich
can inappropriately shelter suppliers
from rigorous competitive scrutiny
(15) that might afford the purchaser
economic leverage+ There are t)o
independent varia'lesHavaila'ility
of alternatives and ease of changing
suppliersHthat companies should
(20) use to evaluate the feasi'ility of
su'6ecting suppliers of indirect
purchases to competitive scrutiny+
This can create four possi'le
situations+
(25) 3n Type 1 situations$ there are
many alternatives and change is
relatively easy+ ?pen pursuit of
alternativesH'y fre2uent com-
petitive 'idding$ if possi'leH)ill
(30) li*ely yield the 'est results+ 3n
Type ! situations$ )here there
are many alternatives 'ut change
is difficultHas for providers of
employee health-care 'enefitsHit
(35) is important to continuously test
the mar*et and use the results to
secure concessions from e1isting
suppliers+ ,lternatives provide a
credi'le threat to suppliers$ even if
(40) the a'ility to s)itch is constrained+
3n Type " situations$ there ate fe)
alternatives$ 'ut the a'ility to s)itch
)ithout difficulty creates a threat that
companies can use to negotiate
(45) concessions from e1isting suppliers+
3n Type 8 situations$ )here there
are fe) alternatives and change
is difficult$ partnerships may 'e
unavoida'le+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q":
Which of the follo)ing 'est descri'es the relation of the second paragraph to the first4
,+ The second paragraph offers proof of an assertion made in the first paragraph+
-+ The second paragraph provides an e1planation for the occurrence of a situation
descri'ed in the first paragraph+
(+ The second paragraph discusses the application of a strategy proposed in the first
paragraph+
D+ The second paragraph e1amines the scope of a pro'lem presented in the first
paragraph+
%+ The second paragraph discusses the contradictions inherent in a relationship
descri'ed in the first paragraph+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q"/:
Which of the follo)ing can 'e inferred a'out supplier partnerships$ as they are descri'ed
in the passage4
,+ They cannot 'e sustained unless the goods or services provided are availa'le from
a large num'er of suppliers+
-+ They can result in purchasers paying more for goods and services than they )ould
in a competitive-'idding situation+
(+ They typically are instituted at the urging of the supplier rather than the purchaser+
D+ They are not feasi'le )hen the goods or services provided are directly related to
the purchasers end products+
%+ They are least appropriate )hen the purchasers a'ility to change suppliers is
limited+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q">:
,ccording to the passage$ )hich of the follo)ing factors distinguishes an indirect
purchase from other purchases4
,+ The a'ility of the purchasing company to su'6ect potential suppliers of the
purchased item to competitive scrutiny
-+ The num'er of suppliers of the purchased item availa'le to the purchasing
company
(+ The methods of negotiation that are availa'le to the purchasing company
D+ The relationship of the purchased item to the purchasing companys end product
%+ The degree of importance of the purchased item in the purchasing companys
'usiness operations
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q"8:
Detail sales rose 8L10 of 1 percent in ,ugust$ intensifying e1pectations that personal
spending in the Iuly-Septem'er 2uarter more than dou'led that of the 1+8 percent gro)th
rate in personal spending for the previous 2uarter+
,+ that personal spending in the Iuly-Septem'er 2uarter more than dou'led that of
-+ that personal spending in the Iuly-Septem'er 2uarter )ould more than dou'le
(+ of personal spending in the Iuly-Septem'er 2uarter$ that it more than dou'led
D+ of personal spending in the Iuly-Septem'er 2uarter$ more than dou'ling that of
%+ of personal spending in the Iuly-Septem'er 2uarter$ that it )ould more than
dou'le that of

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q"@:
Which of the follo)ing most logically completes the passage 'elo)4
;eavy rains during (entralias corn planting season prevented some farmers there from
planting corn+ 3t is no) the planting season for soy'eans$ another of (entralias principal
crops$ and those fields originally intended for corn are dry enough for planting+
Gonetheless$ even though soy'ean prices are unusually high at present$ the farmers )ill
leave most of these fields empty rather than plant them )ith soy'eans$ since KKKKKK+
,+ the e1tensive rains have led to an increase in the price of corn
-+ some (entralian farmers anticipate serious financial losses due to the e1tremely
)et spring planting season
(+ chemicals that )ere used to prepare the fields for corn planting )ould stunt the
gro)th of soy'eans
D+ the ma6ority of (entralias corn farmers )ere a'le to plant corn as they had
intended$ despite the )et planting season
%+ many (entralian farmers gro) 'oth corn and soy'eans

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q80:
Entil mo)$ only in6ecta'le vaccines against influen&a have 'een availa'le+ 7arents are
reluctant to su'6ect children to the pain of in6ections$ 'ut adults$ )ho are at ris* of serious
complications from influen&a$ are commonly vaccinated+ , ne) influen&a vaccine$
administered painlessly in a nasal spray$ is effective for children+ ;o)ever$ since
children seldom develop serious complications from influen&a$ no significant pu'lic
health 'enefit )ould result from )idespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray+
Which of the follo)ing is an assumption on )hich the argument depends4
,+ ,ny person )ho has received the in6ecta'le vaccine can safely receive the nasal-
spray vaccine as )ell+
-+ The ne) vaccine uses the same mechanism to )ard off influen&a as 6n6ecta'le
vaccines do+
(+ The in6ecta'le vaccine is afforda'le for all adults+
D+ ,dults do not contract influen&a primarily from children )ho have influen&a+
%+ The nasal spray vaccine is mot effective )hen administered to adults+

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q81:
Aeaching$ the recovery of copper from the drainage )ater of mines$ as a method of the
e1traction of minerals$ it )as )ell esta'lished as early as the eighteenth century$ 'ut until
a'out ! years ago miners did not reali&e that 'acteria ta*e an active part in the process+
,+ as a method of the e1traction of minerals$ it )as )ell esta'lished
-+ as a method of the e1traction of minerals )ell esta'lished
(+ )as a )ell-esta'lished method of mineral e1traction
D+ )as a )ell-esta'lished method of e1tracting mineral that )as
%+ had 'een a method of mineral e1traction$ )ell esta'lished

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