Lecture : Analysis of Stress (II) - Mohr's Circle For Plane Stress

. . . . . .
Mohrs clrcle Constructlon Apps Cases Trlaxlal stress

.
......
Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for
plane stress
ubao Zhen
Oct z+, zo+z
Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress
. . . . . .
..
Pevlew: Stress transformatlon
...
+
sign convention of stresses, sldes of a face
...
z
pIane stress and the transformation equations
x
+
y
cos sin
sin cos
x

y
xy
...
principaI stresses/orientations (for normal stresses)
R =
x

y
i
)
xy
,
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, tani
p
=
i
xy
x

y
or cos i
p
=

x

y
iR
, sini
p
=

xy
R
where
p
[o, ),
p
=
p

i
... (
max. in-pIane shear stress/orientations
tani
s
=
x

y
i
xy
,
s
=
p
(clockwlse from
by ,
)
max
inplane
=
x

y
i
)
xy
= R,
avg
=

x
+
y
i
min
inplane
= R,
s
=
s

i
. . . . . .
..
...
+
...
z
x
+
y
cos sin
sin cos
x

y
xy
...
R =
x

y
i
)
xy
,
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, tani
p
=
i
xy
x

y
or cos i
p
=

x

y
iR
, sini
p
=

xy
R
where
p
[o, ),
p
=
p

i
... (
tani
s
=
x

y
i
xy
,
s
=
p
(clockwlse from
by ,
)
max
inplane
=
x

y
i
)
xy
= R,
avg
=

x
+
y
i
min
inplane
= R,
s
=
s

i
. . . . . .
..
...
+
...
z
x
+
y
cos sin
sin cos
x

y
xy
...
R =
x

y
i
)
xy
,
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, tani
p
=
i
xy
x

y
or cos i
p
=

x

y
iR
, sini
p
=

xy
R
where
p
[o, ),
p
=
p

i
... (
tani
s
=
x

y
i
xy
,
s
=
p
(clockwlse from
by ,
)
max
inplane
=
x

y
i
)
xy
= R,
avg
=

x
+
y
i
min
inplane
= R,
s
=
s

i
. . . . . .
..
...
+
...
z
x
+
y
cos sin
sin cos
x

y
xy
...
R =
x

y
i
)
xy
,
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, tani
p
=
i
xy
x

y
or cos i
p
=

x

y
iR
, sini
p
=

xy
R
where
p
[o, ),
p
=
p

i
... (
tani
s
=
x

y
i
xy
,
s
=
p
(clockwlse from
by ,
)
max
inplane
=
x

y
i
)
xy
= R,
avg
=

x
+
y
i
min
inplane
= R,
s
=
s

i
. . . . . .
..
Outllne
...
+
mathematics and physics of Mohrs circIe
...
z
construction of Mohrs circIe
...
appIications
... (
case studies
...
Mohrs circIes for triaxiaI stress state
. . . . . .
..
Outllne
...
+
...
z
...
appIications
... (
case studies
...
. . . . . .
..
Outllne
...
+
...
z
...
appIications
... (
case studies
...
. . . . . .
..
Outllne
...
+
...
z
...
appIications
... (
case studies
...
. . . . . .
..
Outllne
...
+
...
z
...
appIications
... (
case studies
...
+. Mohrs circIe
Mathematics &Physics
("L)
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Mohrs clrcle Constructlon Apps Cases Trlaxlal stress Lquatlons
..
Mathematlcs for Mohrs clrcle
Por known [
x
,
y
,
xy
], stress transformatlon glves

x
+
y
i
=

x

y
i
cos i +
xy
sini
x

y
i
sini +
xy
cos i
Squarlng each equatlon, then sum
[
x

x
+
y
i
]
y
= (
x

y
i
)
xy
alternatlvely: (
x

avg
)
= R
Mohrs CircIe ("L)

Cerman civiI engineer 0tto Christian Mohr, +88z
. . . . . .
..
Mohrs Clrcle (
x

avg
)
i
+
i
x
= R
i
a (, ) pIot for stresses on an arbitrary section
abscissa ({|),
x
ordinate (;|)
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
avg
=
x
+
y
2
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
x

y
2
R =
x

y
2
2
+
2
xy
(
x
,
x
y
)
x
hypotenuse
A
D
. . . . . .
..
The angle/plane and polnt correspondence
Astresses on x, CA: reference radlal llne, P stresses on x
,
A
P
B
F
D
E
(
x
,
xy
)
(
x
,
x
y
)
2
2
p
1
2
p
2
2
s
1
= 0
2
s
2
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
c
i fromCAto CP on Mohrs circIe in the same sense as x x
by
. . . . . .
..
Double check of the rotatlon
A
P
B
F
D
E
(
x
,
xy
)
(
x
,
x
y
)
2
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
x

y
2
R
(
avg
, 0)
cos =
1
R
(
x

y
i
cos i +
xy
sini)
sin =
1
R
(
x

y
i
sini +
xy
cos i)
=

x
+
y
i
+ Rcos ,
= Rsin
cos(i + ) =

x

y
iR
,
sin(i + ) =

xy
R
cos i cos sini sin =

x

y
iR
sini cos + cos i sin =

xy
R
back substltutlon the
stress transformation
equations
. . . . . .
..
A
P
B
F
D
E
(
x
,
xy
)
(
x
,
x
y
)
2
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
x

y
2
R
(
avg
, 0)
cos =
1
R
(
x

y
i
cos i +
xy
sini)
sin =
1
R
(
x

y
i
sini +
xy
cos i)
=

x
+
y
i
+ Rcos ,
= Rsin
cos(i + ) =

x

y
iR
,
sin(i + ) =

xy
R

x

y
iR

xy
R
equations
. . . . . .
..
A
P
B
F
D
E
(
x
,
xy
)
(
x
,
x
y
)
2
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
x

y
2
R
(
avg
, 0)
cos =
1
R
(
x

y
i
cos i +
xy
sini)
sin =
1
R
(
x

y
i
sini +
xy
cos i)
=

x
+
y
i
+ Rcos ,
= Rsin
cos(i + ) =

x

y
iR
,
sin(i + ) =

xy
R

x

y
iR

xy
R
equations
. . . . . .
..
Two perpendlcular sectlons on Mohrs Clrcle
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
(
x
,
xy
)
avg
=
x
+
y
2
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
(
y
,
xy
)
x
=

2
R
= 2
= 0
. . . . . .
..
Graphlc representatlon optlons of shear stress component
Equations of Mohrs Circle
The equations of Mohrs circle can be derived from the transformation
equations for plane stress (Eqs. 7-4a and 7-4b). The two equations are
repeated here, but with a slight rearrangement of the first equation:
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u (7-29a)
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
sin 2u t
xy
cos 2u (7-29b)
From analytic geometry, we might recognize that these two equations
are the equations of a circle in parametric form. The angle 2u is the
parameter and the stresses s
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
are the coordinates. However, it
is not necessary to recognize the nature of the equations at this stageif
we eliminate the parameter, the significance of the equations will
become apparent.
To eliminate the parameter 2u, we square both sides of each equa-
tion and then add the two equations. The equation that results is
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
xy
(7-30)
This equation can be written in simpler form by using the following
notation from Section 7.3 (see Eqs. 7-27 and 7-12, respectively):
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
R
s
x
s
y
t
2
xy
(7-31a,b)
Equation (7-30) now becomes
(s
x
1
s
aver
)
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
R
2
(7-32)
which is the equation of a circle in standard algebraic form. The coordi-
nates are s
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
, the radius is R, and the center of the circle has
coordinates s
x
1
s
aver
and t
x
1
y
1
0.
Two Forms of Mohrs Circle
Mohrs circle can be plotted from Eqs. (7-29) and (7-32) in either of two
forms. In the first form of Mohrs circle, we plot the normal stress s
x
1
positive to the right and the shear stress t
x
1
y
1
positive downward, as
shown in Fig. 7-14a. The advantage of plotting shear stresses positive
downward is that the angle 2u on Mohrs circle will be positive when
counterclockwise, which agrees with the positive direction of 2u in the
derivation of the transformation equations (see Figs. 7-1 and 7-2).
In the second form of Mohrs circle, t
x
1
y
1
is plotted positive upward
but the angle 2u is now positive clockwise (Fig. 7-14b), which is oppo-
site to its usual positive direction.
484 CHAPTER 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain
(b)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
FIG. 7-14 Two forms of Mohrs circle:
(a) t
x
1
y
1
is positive downward and the
angle 2u is positive counterclockwise,
and (b) t
x
1
y
1
is positive upward and the
angle 2u is positive clockwise. (Note:
The first form is used in this book.)
Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
take this!
+ polntlng downward
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u (7-29a)
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
sin 2u t
xy
cos 2u (7-29b)
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
become apparent.
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
xy
(7-30)
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
R
s
x
s
y
t
2
xy
(7-31a,b)
(s
x
1
s
aver
)
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
R
2
(7-32)
nates are s
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
coordinates s
x
1
s
aver
and t
x
1
y
1
0.
x
1
x
1
y
1
x
1
y
1
(b)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a) t
x
1
y
1
and (b) t
x
1
y
1
trash thisl
+ polntlng upward
. . . . . .
..
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u (7-29a)
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
sin 2u t
xy
cos 2u (7-29b)
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
become apparent.
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
xy
(7-30)
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
R
s
x
s
y
t
2
xy
(7-31a,b)
(s
x
1
s
aver
)
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
R
2
(7-32)
nates are s
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
coordinates s
x
1
s
aver
and t
x
1
y
1
0.
x
1
x
1
y
1
x
1
y
1
(b)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a) t
x
1
y
1
and (b) t
x
1
y
1
take this!
+ polntlng downward
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u (7-29a)
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
sin 2u t
xy
cos 2u (7-29b)
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
become apparent.
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
xy
(7-30)
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
R
s
x
s
y
t
2
xy
(7-31a,b)
(s
x
1
s
aver
)
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
R
2
(7-32)
nates are s
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
coordinates s
x
1
s
aver
and t
x
1
y
1
0.
x
1
x
1
y
1
x
1
y
1
(b)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a) t
x
1
y
1
and (b) t
x
1
y
1
trash thisl
+ polntlng upward
. . . . . .
..
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u (7-29a)
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
sin 2u t
xy
cos 2u (7-29b)
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
become apparent.
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
xy
(7-30)
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
R
s
x
s
y
t
2
xy
(7-31a,b)
(s
x
1
s
aver
)
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
R
2
(7-32)
nates are s
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
coordinates s
x
1
s
aver
and t
x
1
y
1
0.
x
1
x
1
y
1
x
1
y
1
(b)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a) t
x
1
y
1
and (b) t
x
1
y
1
take this!
+ polntlng downward
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u (7-29a)
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
sin 2u t
xy
cos 2u (7-29b)
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
become apparent.
s
x
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
xy
(7-30)
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
R
s
x
s
y
t
2
xy
(7-31a,b)
(s
x
1
s
aver
)
2
t
2
x
1
y
1
R
2
(7-32)
nates are s
x
1
and t
x
1
y
1
coordinates s
x
1
s
aver
and t
x
1
y
1
0.
x
1
x
1
y
1
x
1
y
1
(b)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a)
O
t
x
1
y
1
s
x
1
s
aver
2u
C
R
(a) t
x
1
y
1
and (b) t
x
1
y
1
trash thisl
+ polntlng upward
z. Construction
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
..
Constructlon of Mohrs clrcle
Constructlon method ls non-unique
Information required: geometrlc condltlons to determlne a clrcle
and lts locatlon
e.g.: (+) C+P, (z) C + one polnt, () two polnts, ...
Note the strong lmpllcatlon: C has (, o)
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
avg
=

x
+
y
2
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
(
x
,
xy
)
case +: center + a polnt
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
xy
P
2 = 180
(
x
,
xy
)
case z: two polnts
. . . . . .
..
and lts locatlon
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
avg
=

x
+
y
2
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
(
x
,
xy
)
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
xy
P
2 = 180
(
x
,
xy
)
case z: two polnts
. . . . . .
..
and lts locatlon
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
avg
=

x
+
y
2
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
(
x
,
xy
)
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
xy
P
2 = 180
(
x
,
xy
)
case z: two polnts
. . . . . .
..
and lts locatlon
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
avg
=

x
+
y
2
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
(
x
,
xy
)
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
xy
P
2 = 180
(
x
,
xy
)
case z: two polnts
. . . . . .
..
and lts locatlon
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
avg
=

x
+
y
2
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
(
x
,
xy
)
A
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
c
xy
[
x
,
y
,
xy
]
A
xy
P
2 = 180
(
x
,
xy
)
case z: two polnts
. . . . . .
..
The posltlve sense of axls for Mohrs clrcle
...
+
: pointing to the right
...
z
0ptions for the positive sense of axis
pointing downward (preferred)
angle i on Mohrs clrcle ls posltlve countercIockwise
advantages:
+. agrees wlth transformation equations
z. agrees wlth the physicaI rotation of axls x x
pointing upward (non-preferred)

angle i on Mohrs clrcle ls posltlve cIockwise
CAU7I0N:
PromCAto CP, rotatlon of i ls ln the reverse sense of x x

. . . . . .
..
...
+
...
z
advantages:

CAU7I0N:

. . . . . .
..
...
+
...
z
advantages:

CAU7I0N:

. . . . . .
..
...
+
...
z
advantages:

CAU7I0N:

. AppIications
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
..
Mohrs Clrcle: a qulck and powerful graphlcal tool
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x
) on any incIined section

...
z
principaI stresses/orientations
...
max. in-pIane shear stresses/orientations and assoclated
avg
... (
direct visuaIization of the stress state at a polnt
one-to-one correspondence of
(, ) on a pIane a point on Mohrs clrcle
reference radiaI Iine CAstresses on x plane
physicaI rotation for element i on Mohrs Clrcle
...
7ips:
for unknowns, use trlgonometry and geometry,
for problemsolvlng or double check
. . . . . .
..
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x

...
z
...
avg
... (
...
7ips:
. . . . . .
..
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x

...
z
...
avg
... (
...
7ips:
. . . . . .
..
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x

...
z
...
avg
... (
...
7ips:
. . . . . .
..
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x

...
z
...
avg
... (
...
7ips:
. . . . . .
..
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x

...
z
...
avg
... (
...
7ips:
. . . . . .
..
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x

...
z
...
avg
... (
...
7ips:
. . . . . .
..
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x

...
z
...
avg
... (
...
7ips:
. . . . . .
..
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x

...
z
...
avg
... (
...
7ips:
. . . . . .
..
|t oers:
...
+
stress palr (
x
,
x

...
z
...
avg
... (
...
7ips:
. . . . . .
..
Typlcal appllcatlon +: Prlnclpal stresses
A
B
D
(
x
,
xy
)
2
p
1
2
p
2
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
c
P
(
1
, 0)
(
2
, 0)
(
x
y
)/2
E
principaI stresses: B
, D
,
,
=
avg
R, z
p
cos i
p
=

x

y
iR
, sini
p
=

xy
R
, i
p
i
p
=
. . . . . .
..
Typlcal appllcatlon z: Maxlmum ln-plane shear stresses
A
P
F
E
(
x
,
xy
)
2
s
1
= 0
2
s
2
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
c
(
avg
,
min
inplane
)
(
avg
, max
inplane
)
max. ln-plane shear: /F
max/min
inplane
,
avg
and i
s
cos i
s
=

xy
R
, sini
s
x

y
iR
, i
s
i
s
=
. . . . . .
..
Pemarks on the appllcatlons
key points:
construction and reference radiaI Iine ( = o)
generaI ruIes:
...
+
mark the known condltlons,
...
z
nd the relevant angles (note: i wlth sense),
...
do the math
probIem-soIving techniques: non-unlque
analytlcal, graphlcal, seml-analytlcal/seml-graphlcal
Mohrs clrcles for typlcal stress states
. . . . . .
..
key points:
generaI ruIes:
...
+
...
z
...
do the math
. . . . . .
..
key points:
generaI ruIes:
...
+
...
z
...
do the math
. . . . . .
..
key points:
generaI ruIes:
...
+
...
z
...
do the math
. . . . . .
..
key points:
generaI ruIes:
...
+
...
z
...
do the math
. . . . . .
..
key points:
generaI ruIes:
...
+
...
z
...
do the math
. . . . . .
..
key points:
generaI ruIes:
...
+
...
z
...
do the math
q. SpeciaI Cases
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Mohrs clrcle Constructlon Apps Cases Trlaxlal stress Lxamples
..
Case study +: unlaxlal stress state
A
P
(B)
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)
(
x
,
x
y
)
2
2
p
1
= 0
2
p
2
= 180
2
s
1
= 90
= 0
2
s
2
= 90
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
c
(0, 0)
1
> 0
A
(
1
/2, 0)
B
E
F
D
D
F
E
. . . . . .
..
Pallure of ductlle and brlttle materlals on unlaxlal tenslon
ductiIe materiaIs (|])
(fall on shear stress )
max
at = ,
brittIe materiaIs (j])

(fall on normal stress )
max
at = o,
. . . . . .
..
max
at = ,

max
at = o,
. . . . . .
..
max
at = ,

max
at = o,
. . . . . .
..
Case study z: blaxlal stress state
A
P
(B)
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)
(
x
,
x
y
)
2
2
p
1
= 0
2
p
2
= 180
2
s
1
= 90
= 0
2
s
2
= 90
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
c
(
2
, 0)
1
> 0
A
2
< 0
2
> 0
. . . . . .
..
Case study : hydrostatlc stress state
A
P
(B)
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)
(
x
,
x
y
)
= 0
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
c
(
2
, 0)
1
=
2
A
0
,
2
0
(
0
, 0)
a slngle polnt on the axls
. . . . . .
..
Case study (: pure shear stress state
A
P
B
F
D
E
(
xy
, 0)
(
x
,
x
y
)
2
2
p
1
= 90
2
p
2
= 90
2
s
1
= 0
= 0
2
s
2
= 180
(+)
(+)
x
y
x
c
(
xy
, 0)
xy
> 0
A
(0, 0)
xy
xy
B
D
E
F
. . . . . .
..
Pallure of ductlle and brlttle materlals on pure torslon
ductiIe (fall on shear stress )
max
at = o,
brittIe (fall on normal stress )
max
at = ,

. . . . . .
..
max
at = o,
max
at = ,

. . . . . .
..
max
at = o,
max
at = ,

. . . . . .
..
Lxample + prlnclpal state
An element at a polnt ls sub[ected to the state of stress shown. Determlne
the prlnclpal stresses actlng at thls polnt.
SoIution:
...
+
Llst the stress state ln xoy: [
x
,
y
,
xy
] = [1i, o, o] MPa,
...
z
Calculate the center:
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
1i + o
i
= o MPa
A
B
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)

2
p
1
2
p
2
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
(
2
, 0)
12 MPa
6 MPa
(-12,-6)
2
s
1
(-6,0)
C
A
2.49 MPa
14.5 MPa
O
22.5
= 0
...
Use A(-+z,-6) and
C(-6,o) to
construct Mohrs
circIe
R =

o
+ o
=
o
i = 8. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
] = [1i, o, o] MPa,
...
z
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
1i + o
i
= o MPa
A
B
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)

2
p
1
2
p
2
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
(
2
, 0)
12 MPa
6 MPa
(-12,-6)
2
s
1
(-6,0)
C
A
2.49 MPa
14.5 MPa
O
22.5
= 0
...
Use A(-+z,-6) and
C(-6,o) to
construct Mohrs
circIe
R =

o
+ o
=
o
i = 8. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
] = [1i, o, o] MPa,
...
z
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
1i + o
i
= o MPa
A
B
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)

2
p
1
2
p
2
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
(
2
, 0)
12 MPa
6 MPa
(-12,-6)
2
s
1
(-6,0)
C
A
2.49 MPa
14.5 MPa
O
22.5
= 0
...
Use A(-+z,-6) and
C(-6,o) to
construct Mohrs
circIe
R =

o
+ o
=
o
i = 8. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
] = [1i, o, o] MPa,
...
z
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
1i + o
i
= o MPa
A
B
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)

2
p
1
2
p
2
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
(
2
, 0)
12 MPa
6 MPa
(-12,-6)
2
s
1
(-6,0)
C
A
2.49 MPa
14.5 MPa
O
22.5
= 0
...
Use A(-+z,-6) and
C(-6,o) to
construct Mohrs
circIe
R =

o
+ o
=
o
i = 8. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
] = [1i, o, o] MPa,
...
z
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
1i + o
i
= o MPa
A
B
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)

2
p
1
2
p
2
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
(
2
, 0)
12 MPa
6 MPa
(-12,-6)
2
s
1
(-6,0)
C
A
2.49 MPa
14.5 MPa
O
22.5
= 0
...
Use A(-+z,-6) and
C(-6,o) to
construct Mohrs
circIe
R =

o
+ o
=
o
i = 8. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
] = [1i, o, o] MPa,
...
z
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
1i + o
i
= o MPa
A
B
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)

2
p
1
2
p
2
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
(
2
, 0)
12 MPa
6 MPa
(-12,-6)
2
s
1
(-6,0)
C
A
2.49 MPa
14.5 MPa
O
22.5
= 0
...
Use A(-+z,-6) and
C(-6,o) to
construct Mohrs
circIe
R =

o
+ o
=
o
i = 8. MPa
. . . . . .
..
Lxample + (cont.)
A
B
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)

2
p
1
2
p
2
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
(
2
, 0)
12 MPa
6 MPa
(-12,-6)
2
s
1
(-6,0)
C
A
2.49 MPa
14.5 MPa
O
22.5
= 0
... (
Read fromgure:
prlnclpal stresses:
= o + R = i. MPa,
= o R = 1., MPa
orlentatlons: i
p
= tan
o
1i o
= ,
= ii.,
=
p
= o,.,
...
Plot the prlnclpal state.
. . . . . .
..
Lxample + (cont.)
A
B
F
D
E
(
1
, 0)

2
p
1
2
p
2
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
(
2
, 0)
12 MPa
6 MPa
(-12,-6)
2
s
1
(-6,0)
C
A
2.49 MPa
14.5 MPa
O
22.5
= 0
... (
Read fromgure:
prlnclpal stresses:
= o + R = i. MPa,
= o R = 1., MPa
orlentatlons: i
p
= tan
o
1i o
= ,
= ii.,
=
p
= o,.,
...
Plot the prlnclpal state.
. . . . . .
..
Lxample z max. ln-plane shear
the maxlmum ln-plane shear stresses and the orlentatlon of the element
upon whlch they act.
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
] = [io, o, oo] MPa,
A
B
F
D
E
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
20 MPa
(-20, 60)
2
s
1
(35, 0)
C
A
81.4 MPa
35 MPa
O
21.3
= 0
60 MPa
90 MPa
60
20
35
xy
x
...
z
the center:
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
io + o
i
= , MPa
...
Use A(-zo,6o) and
C(,o) to construct
Mohrs circIe
R =

,,
+ oo
=
81. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
A
B
F
D
E
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
20 MPa
(-20, 60)
2
s
1
(35, 0)
C
A
81.4 MPa
35 MPa
O
21.3
= 0
60 MPa
90 MPa
60
20
35
xy
x
...
z
the center:
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
io + o
i
= , MPa
...
Use A(-zo,6o) and
C(,o) to construct
Mohrs circIe
R =

,,
+ oo
=
81. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
A
B
F
D
E
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
20 MPa
(-20, 60)
2
s
1
(35, 0)
C
A
81.4 MPa
35 MPa
O
21.3
= 0
60 MPa
90 MPa
60
20
35
xy
x
...
z
the center:
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
io + o
i
= , MPa
...
Use A(-zo,6o) and
C(,o) to construct
Mohrs circIe
R =

,,
+ oo
=
81. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
A
B
F
D
E
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
20 MPa
(-20, 60)
2
s
1
(35, 0)
C
A
81.4 MPa
35 MPa
O
21.3
= 0
60 MPa
90 MPa
60
20
35
xy
x
...
z
the center:
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
io + o
i
= , MPa
...
Use A(-zo,6o) and
C(,o) to construct
Mohrs circIe
R =

,,
+ oo
=
81. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
A
B
F
D
E
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
20 MPa
(-20, 60)
2
s
1
(35, 0)
C
A
81.4 MPa
35 MPa
O
21.3
= 0
60 MPa
90 MPa
60
20
35
xy
x
...
z
the center:
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
io + o
i
= , MPa
...
Use A(-zo,6o) and
C(,o) to construct
Mohrs circIe
R =

,,
+ oo
=
81. MPa
. . . . . .
..
SoIution:
...
+
x
,
y
,
xy
A
B
F
D
E
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
20 MPa
(-20, 60)
2
s
1
(35, 0)
C
A
81.4 MPa
35 MPa
O
21.3
= 0
60 MPa
90 MPa
60
20
35
xy
x
...
z
the center:
avg
=

x
+
y
i
=
io + o
i
= , MPa
...
Use A(-zo,6o) and
C(,o) to construct
Mohrs circIe
R =

,,
+ oo
=
81. MPa
. . . . . .
..
Lxample z: (cont.)
A
B
F
D
E
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
20 MPa
(-20, 60)
2
s
1
(35, 0)
C
A
81.4 MPa
35 MPa
O
21.3
= 0
60 MPa
90 MPa
60
20
35
xy
x
... (
Read fromgure:
max ln-plane shear stress: max
inplane
= R = 81. MPa
orlentatlons: i
s
= tan
,,
oo
= i.,
= i1.
=
s
= o8.,
...
Plot the state.
. . . . . .
..
Lxample z: (cont.)
A
B
F
D
E
2
s
2
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
x
y
x
20 MPa
(-20, 60)
2
s
1
(35, 0)
C
A
81.4 MPa
35 MPa
O
21.3
= 0
60 MPa
90 MPa
60
20
35
xy
x
... (
Read fromgure:
max ln-plane shear stress: max
inplane
= R = 81. MPa
orlentatlons: i
s
= tan
,,
oo
= i.,
= i1.
=
s
= o8.,
...
Plot the state.
. . . . . .
..
Lxample : Lxerclse z-+o (p.zp, Chlnese textbook, H|T)
Plane stress state at K.
Determlne the principaI stresses.
20 MPa
K
20 MPa
60 MPa
. . . . . .
..
Lxample : (cont.))
A
B
D
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
20 MPa
(20, 60)
C
K
O
20 MPa
20
20
(R 20, 0)
60
60 MPa
(-20, 0)
R
x
y
H
...
+
two glven polnts
A (io, oo) MPa,
D (io, o)
...
z
center C (R io, o)
...
(io
avg
)
+ oo
= R
R = o, MPa
... (
principaI stresses:
= iR io = 11o MPa,
= io MPa
...
lncluded angle of the
wedge:
1
i
aictan
oo
R o
= .o

. . . . . .
..
Lxample : (cont.))
A
B
D
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
20 MPa
(20, 60)
C
K
O
20 MPa
20
20
(R 20, 0)
60
60 MPa
(-20, 0)
R
x
y
H
...
+
two glven polnts
A (io, oo) MPa,
D (io, o)
...
z
center C (R io, o)
...
(io
avg
)
+ oo
= R
R = o, MPa
... (
principaI stresses:
= iR io = 11o MPa,
= io MPa
...
wedge:
1
i
aictan
oo
R o
= .o

. . . . . .
..
Lxample : (cont.))
A
B
D
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
20 MPa
(20, 60)
C
K
O
20 MPa
20
20
(R 20, 0)
60
60 MPa
(-20, 0)
R
x
y
H
...
+
two glven polnts
A (io, oo) MPa,
D (io, o)
...
z
center C (R io, o)
...
(io
avg
)
+ oo
= R
R = o, MPa
... (
principaI stresses:
= iR io = 11o MPa,
= io MPa
...
wedge:
1
i
aictan
oo
R o
= .o

. . . . . .
..
Lxample : (cont.))
A
B
D
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
20 MPa
(20, 60)
C
K
O
20 MPa
20
20
(R 20, 0)
60
60 MPa
(-20, 0)
R
x
y
H
...
+
two glven polnts
A (io, oo) MPa,
D (io, o)
...
z
center C (R io, o)
...
(io
avg
)
+ oo
= R
R = o, MPa
... (
principaI stresses:
= iR io = 11o MPa,
= io MPa
...
wedge:
1
i
aictan
oo
R o
= .o

. . . . . .
..
Lxample : (cont.))
A
B
D
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
20 MPa
(20, 60)
C
K
O
20 MPa
20
20
(R 20, 0)
60
60 MPa
(-20, 0)
R
x
y
H
...
+
two glven polnts
A (io, oo) MPa,
D (io, o)
...
z
center C (R io, o)
...
(io
avg
)
+ oo
= R
R = o, MPa
... (
principaI stresses:
= iR io = 11o MPa,
= io MPa
...
wedge:
1
i
aictan
oo
R o
= .o

. . . . . .
..
Lxample : (cont.))
A
B
D
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
20 MPa
(20, 60)
C
K
O
20 MPa
20
20
(R 20, 0)
60
60 MPa
(-20, 0)
R
x
y
H
...
+
two glven polnts
A (io, oo) MPa,
D (io, o)
...
z
center C (R io, o)
...
(io
avg
)
+ oo
= R
R = o, MPa
... (
principaI stresses:
= iR io = 11o MPa,
= io MPa
...
wedge:
1
i
aictan
oo
R o
= .o

. . . . . .
..
Lxample : (cont.))
A
B
D
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
20 MPa
(20, 60)
C
K
O
20 MPa
20
20
(R 20, 0)
60
60 MPa
(-20, 0)
R
x
y
H
...
+
two glven polnts
A (io, oo) MPa,
D (io, o)
...
z
center C (R io, o)
...
(io
avg
)
+ oo
= R
R = o, MPa
... (
principaI stresses:
= iR io = 11o MPa,
= io MPa
...
wedge:
1
i
aictan
oo
R o
= .o

. . . . . .
..
Lxample : (cont.))
A
B
D
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
20 MPa
(20, 60)
C
K
O
20 MPa
20
20
(R 20, 0)
60
60 MPa
(-20, 0)
R
x
y
H
...
+
two glven polnts
A (io, oo) MPa,
D (io, o)
...
z
center C (R io, o)
...
(io
avg
)
+ oo
= R
R = o, MPa
... (
principaI stresses:
= iR io = 11o MPa,
= io MPa
...
wedge:
1
i
aictan
oo
R o
= .o

. . . . . .
..
Lxample (: example ;-6, page (((
Por the glven plane stress state, determlne
...
+
the stresses on an element at = ,
...
z
the prlnclpal stresses
...
the maxlmum shear stresses (only the ln-plane ones)
At a point on the surface of a generator shaft the stresses are s
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
40 MPa, as shown in Fig. 7-21a.
Using Mohrs circle, determine the following quantities: (a) the stresses
acting on an element inclined at an angle u 45, (b) the principal stresses, and
(c) the maximum shear stresses. (Consider only the in-plane stresses, and show
all results on sketches of properly oriented elements.)
SECTION 7.4 Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress 497
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13
90
FIG. 7-21 Example 7-6. (a) Element in
plane stress, and (b) the corresponding
Mohrs circle. (Note: All stresses on the
circle have units of MPa.)
Solution
Construction of Mohrs circle. The axes for the normal and shear stresses
are shown in Fig. 7-21b, with s
x
1
positive to the right and t
x
1
y
1
positive down-
ward. The center C of the circle is located on the s
x
1
axis at the point where the
stress equals the average normal stress (Eq. 7-31a):
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
Point A, representing the stresses on the x face of the element (u 0), has
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
Similarly, the coordinates of point B, representing the stresses on the y face
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
. . . . . .
..
...
+
...
z
...
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13
90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
. . . . . .
..
...
+
...
z
...
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13
90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
. . . . . .
..
Lxample (: example ;-6 (cont.)
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
SoIution:
...
+
avg
= io MPa
...
z
= o
A(,o, o), =
o
B(1o, o)
...
stresses at = ,
i = o
,
DCP
= o

aictan(
) = o.8,
D
=
avg
Rcos DCP
,
D
= RsinDCP
,
D (oo, o) MPa D
(io, o) MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
SoIution:
...
+
avg
= io MPa
...
z
= o
A(,o, o), =
o
B(1o, o)
...
stresses at = ,
i = o
,
DCP
= o

aictan(
) = o.8,
D
=
avg
Rcos DCP
,
D
= RsinDCP
,
D (oo, o) MPa D
(io, o) MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
SoIution:
...
+
avg
= io MPa
...
z
= o
A(,o, o), =
o
B(1o, o)
...
stresses at = ,
i = o
,
DCP
= o

aictan(
) = o.8,
D
=
avg
Rcos DCP
,
D
= RsinDCP
,
D (oo, o) MPa D
(io, o) MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
SoIution:
...
+
avg
= io MPa
...
z
= o
A(,o, o), =
o
B(1o, o)
...
stresses at = ,
i = o
,
DCP
= o

aictan(
) = o.8,
D
=
avg
Rcos DCP
,
D
= RsinDCP
,
D (oo, o) MPa D
(io, o) MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
SoIution:
...
+
avg
= io MPa
...
z
= o
A(,o, o), =
o
B(1o, o)
...
stresses at = ,
i = o
,
DCP
= o

aictan(
) = o.8,
D
=
avg
Rcos DCP
,
D
= RsinDCP
,
D (oo, o) MPa D
(io, o) MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
SoIution:
...
+
avg
= io MPa
...
z
= o
A(,o, o), =
o
B(1o, o)
...
stresses at = ,
i = o
,
DCP
= o

aictan(
) = o.8,
D
=
avg
Rcos DCP
,
D
= RsinDCP
,
D (oo, o) MPa D
(io, o) MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
... (
principaI stresses
=
avg
+ R = o MPa,
=
1
i
(18o
,.1
) =
o.
=
avg
R = ,o MPa,
=
1
i
(,.1
) = io.o
...
max
=
1
i
(,.1
+ o
) =
,1.o
max
= R = ,o MPa
=
s
= 18.
min
= R = ,o MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
... (
principaI stresses
=
avg
+ R = o MPa,
=
1
i
(18o
,.1
) =
o.
=
avg
R = ,o MPa,
=
1
i
(,.1
) = io.o
...
max
=
1
i
(,.1
+ o
) =
,1.o
max
= R = ,o MPa
=
s
= 18.
min
= R = ,o MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
... (
principaI stresses
=
avg
+ R = o MPa,
=
1
i
(18o
,.1
) =
o.
=
avg
R = ,o MPa,
=
1
i
(,.1
) = io.o
...
max
=
1
i
(,.1
+ o
) =
,1.o
max
= R = ,o MPa
=
s
= 18.
min
= R = ,o MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
... (
principaI stresses
=
avg
+ R = o MPa,
=
1
i
(18o
,.1
) =
o.
=
avg
R = ,o MPa,
=
1
i
(,.1
) = io.o
...
max
=
1
i
(,.1
+ o
) =
,1.o
max
= R = ,o MPa
=
s
= 18.
min
= R = ,o MPa
. . . . . .
..
x
50 MPa,
s
y
10 MPa, and t
xy
Example 7-6
(a)
(b)
10 MPa
50 MPa
40 MPa
P
2
(u
p
2
= 26.6)
A B
y
x
O
C
D (u = 45)
P
1
(u
p
1
= 116.6)
A (u = 0)
B (u = 90)
t
x
1
y
1
20 10
s
x
1
40
50
5
0
D'
5
0
5
0
(u
s
1
= 71.6)
S
1
S
2
O
40
36.87
5
0
53.13 90
Solution
x
1
x
1
y
1
positive down-
x
1
s
aver
s
x
2
s
y
20 MPa
coordinates
s
x
l
50 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
(u 90), are
s
x
l
10 MPa t
x
l
y
l
40 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
continued
... (
principaI stresses
=
avg
+ R = o MPa,
=
1
i
(18o
,.1
) =
o.
=
avg
R = ,o MPa,
=
1
i
(,.1
) = io.o
...
max
=
1
i
(,.1
+ o
) =
,1.o
max
= R = ,o MPa
=
s
= 18.
min
= R = ,o MPa
. . . . . .
..
state sketches on stress elements
The circle is now drawn through points A and B with center at C and radius R
(from Eq. 7-31b) equal to
R
s
x
2
s
y
2
t
2
xy
2
(
40 MP
a)
2
50 MPa
(a) Stresses on an element inclined at u 45. The stresses acting on a
plane oriented at an angle u 45 are given by the coordinates of point D,
which is at an angle 2u 90 from point A (Fig. 7-21b). To evaluate these coor-
dinates, we need to know the angle between line CD and the negative s
x
1
axis
(that is, angle DCP
2
), which in turn requires that we know the angle between
line CA and the negative s
x
1
axis (angle ACP
2
). These angles are found from the
geometry of the circle as follows:
tan AC P
2

4
3
0
0
M
M
P
P
a
a
4
3
ACP
2
53.13
DCP
2
90 A CP
2
90 53.13 36.87
Knowing these angles, we can obtain the coordinates of point D directly from
the figure:
(Point D) s
x
1
20 MPa (50 MPa)(cos 36.87) 60 MPa
t
x
1
y
1
(50 MPa)(sin 36.87) 30 MPa
50 MPa 10 MPa
2
(b) (c)
y
x
O
y
O
(a)
x
y
x
O
20 MPa
30 MPa
30 MPa
20 MPa
20 MPa
50 MPa
60 MPa
70 MPa
u = 45 u
p
2
= 26.6
u
s
1
= 71.6
D'
D
P
1
P
2
S
2
S
1
FIG. 7-22 Example 7-6 (continued).
(a) Stresses acting on an element
oriented at u 45, (b) principal
stresses, and (c) maximum shear stresses

= ,
principaI stresses max shear stresses

y. 7riaxiaI stress state
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Mohrs clrcle Constructlon Apps Cases Trlaxlal stress Trlaxlal stress Absolute Maxlmum Shear Stress Lxamples
..
Generallzatlon of zD stress state
Maxlmum ln-plane shear stress: an alternatlve form
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, max
inplane
= R =

i
CeneraIization of plane stress state to three dlmenslons
...
+
for plane stress state:
...
z
The out-of-pIane principaI stress:
z
= o
(lndependent of ln-plane stresses)
...
ln-plane (xy) prlnclpals (> o, < o, = o )
... (
conventlon on three principaIs (aIgebraicaIIy):
In-pIane (xy) and out-of-pIane max. shear stresses

(
xy
)
max
=

i
(in-pIane)
{(
zx
)
max
, (
zy
)
max
} = {
o
i
,

o
i
} (out-of-pIane)
. . . . . .
..
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, max
inplane
= R =

i
...
+
...
z
z
= o
...
... (

(
xy
)
max
=

i
(in-pIane)
{(
zx
)
max
, (
zy
)
max
} = {
o
i
,

o
i
} (out-of-pIane)
. . . . . .
..
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, max
inplane
= R =

i
...
+
...
z
z
= o
...
... (

(
xy
)
max
=

i
(in-pIane)
{(
zx
)
max
, (
zy
)
max
} = {
o
i
,

o
i
} (out-of-pIane)
. . . . . .
..
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, max
inplane
= R =

i
...
+
...
z
z
= o
...
... (

(
xy
)
max
=

i
(in-pIane)
{(
zx
)
max
, (
zy
)
max
} = {
o
i
,

o
i
} (out-of-pIane)
. . . . . .
..
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, max
inplane
= R =

i
...
+
...
z
z
= o
...
... (

(
xy
)
max
=

i
(in-pIane)
{(
zx
)
max
, (
zy
)
max
} = {
o
i
,

o
i
} (out-of-pIane)
. . . . . .
..
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, max
inplane
= R =

i
...
+
...
z
z
= o
...
... (

(
xy
)
max
=

i
(in-pIane)
{(
zx
)
max
, (
zy
)
max
} = {
o
i
,

o
i
} (out-of-pIane)
. . . . . .
..
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, max
inplane
= R =

i
...
+
...
z
z
= o
...
... (

(
xy
)
max
=

i
(in-pIane)
{(
zx
)
max
, (
zy
)
max
} = {
o
i
,

o
i
} (out-of-pIane)
. . . . . .
..
|n-plane and out-of-plane max. shear stresses
x
y
z
3
(
xy
)
max
(
zy
)
max
(
zx
)
max
. . . . . .
..
Prlnclpal stresses for trlaxlal stress state
Stress transformatlon for generaI stress state
doable, but not requlred
x
max
int
min
...
+
Pesults: three (nonzero) principaI
stresses:
max

int

min
along x
, y
and z
,
respectlvely
...
z
Mohrs clrcle ls appllcable for each zD
plane: y
, x
, x
...
Determlnatlon of maxlmum of ln-plane shear stresses
Potatlon axls: x
, ln y
, (
y
)
max
= (
int

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: y
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: z
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

int
)/i
(
x
)
max
ls the absoIute max.
. . . . . .
..
x
max
int
min
...
+
stresses:
max

int

min
along x
, y
and z
,
respectlvely
...
z
plane: y
, x
, x
...
Potatlon axls: x
, ln y
, (
y
)
max
= (
int

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: y
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: z
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

int
)/i
(
x
)
max
. . . . . .
..
x
max
int
min
...
+
stresses:
max

int

min
along x
, y
and z
,
respectlvely
...
z
plane: y
, x
, x
...
Potatlon axls: x
, ln y
, (
y
)
max
= (
int

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: y
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: z
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

int
)/i
(
x
)
max
. . . . . .
..
x
max
int
min
...
+
stresses:
max

int

min
along x
, y
and z
,
respectlvely
...
z
plane: y
, x
, x
...
Potatlon axls: x
, ln y
, (
y
)
max
= (
int

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: y
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: z
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

int
)/i
(
x
)
max
. . . . . .
..
x
max
int
min
...
+
stresses:
max

int

min
along x
, y
and z
,
respectlvely
...
z
plane: y
, x
, x
...
Potatlon axls: x
, ln y
, (
y
)
max
= (
int

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: y
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: z
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

int
)/i
(
x
)
max
. . . . . .
..
x
max
int
min
...
+
stresses:
max

int

min
along x
, y
and z
,
respectlvely
...
z
plane: y
, x
, x
...
Potatlon axls: x
, ln y
, (
y
)
max
= (
int

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: y
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: z
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

int
)/i
(
x
)
max
. . . . . .
..
x
max
int
min
...
+
stresses:
max

int

min
along x
, y
and z
,
respectlvely
...
z
plane: y
, x
, x
...
Potatlon axls: x
, ln y
, (
y
)
max
= (
int

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: y
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: z
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

int
)/i
(
x
)
max
. . . . . .
..
x
max
int
min
...
+
stresses:
max

int

min
along x
, y
and z
,
respectlvely
...
z
plane: y
, x
, x
...
Potatlon axls: x
, ln y
, (
y
)
max
= (
int

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: y
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: z
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

int
)/i
(
x
)
max
. . . . . .
..
x
max
int
min
...
+
stresses:
max

int

min
along x
, y
and z
,
respectlvely
...
z
plane: y
, x
, x
...
Potatlon axls: x
, ln y
, (
y
)
max
= (
int

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: y
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

min
)/i
Potatlon axls: z
, ln x
, (
x
)
max
= (
max

int
)/i
(
x
)
max
. . . . . .
..
Mohrs clrcle for D
(+)
(+)
z
min
int
max
(
y
z
)
max
(
x
z
)
max
=
abs
max
(
x
y
)
max
x
min
max
int
cubic
abs
max
= (
x
)
max
=

max

min
i
,
avg
=

max
+
min
i
. . . . . .
..
Mohrs clrcle for D the proof
|n prlnclpal stress space:
n
+
n
= Tn
= (l
+ (m
+ (n
n
= Tn n = l
+ m
+ n
+ m
+ n
= 1
we get
l
n
+ (
n

)(
n

)
(
)(
)

m
n
+ (
n

)(
n

)
(
)(
)

n
n
+ (
n

)(
n

)
(
)(
)

Assume
n
+ (
n

i
)
i
)
n
+ (
n

i
)
i
)
n
+ (
n

i
)
i
)
P
1
P
2
P
3
n
M
Mohrs CircIe for D
(
n
,
n
) falls on or lnslde the
shaded area bounded by the
three clrcles wlth

. . . . . .
..
n
+
n
= Tn
= (l
+ (m
+ (n
n
= Tn n = l
+ m
+ n
+ m
+ n
= 1
we get
l
n
+ (
n

)(
n

)
(
)(
)

m
n
+ (
n

)(
n

)
(
)(
)

n
n
+ (
n

)(
n

)
(
)(
)

Assume
n
+ (
n

i
)
i
)
n
+ (
n

i
)
i
)
n
+ (
n

i
)
i
)
P
1
P
2
P
3
n
M
Mohrs CircIe for D
(
n
,
n
three clrcles wlth

. . . . . .
..
n
+
n
= Tn
= (l
+ (m
+ (n
n
= Tn n = l
+ m
+ n
+ m
+ n
= 1
we get
l
n
+ (
n

)(
n

)
(
)(
)

m
n
+ (
n

)(
n

)
(
)(
)

n
n
+ (
n

)(
n

)
(
)(
)

Assume
n
+ (
n

i
)
i
)
n
+ (
n

i
)
i
)
n
+ (
n

i
)
i
)
P
1
P
2
P
3
n
M
Mohrs CircIe for D
(
n
,
n
three clrcles wlth

. . . . . .
..
Peduced case for x
plane stress
(
z
=
min
= , llke slgns (') (+) for
max,int
)
(+)
(+)
z
min
int
max
(
y
z
)
max
(
x
z
)
max
=
abs
max
(
x
y
)
max
x
min
= 0
max
int
cubic
Absolute Max Shear Stress
Max In-plane Shear Stress
abs
max
= (
x
)
max
=

max
o
i
=

max
i
. . . . . .
..
Peduced case for x
plane stress
(
z
=
int
= , unllke slgns (]) for
max,min
)
(+)
(+)
z
min
int
= 0
max
(
y
z
)
max
(
x
y
)
max
=
abs
max
(
x
z
)
max
x
min
max
cubic
int
= 0
Max In-plane and Absolute
Max Shear Stress
abs
max
= (
x
)
max
=

max

min
i
. . . . . .
..
Lxample
An element ls sub[ected to the state of plane stress shown. Determlne the
prlnclpal stresses and the absolute maxlmum shear stress at the polnt.
A
B
D
= 0
(MPa)
(MPa)
(-20, -40)
C
O
10
20
R =
10
2
+ 40
2
= 41.2 MPa
H (-10,0)
20 MPa
40 MPa
(
min
, 0) (
max
, 0)
51.2 Mpa
31.2 MPa
10 MPa
41.2 MPa
38
83
76
(-51.2, 0)
(31.2, 0)
abs
max
= R
principal
max abs shear
. . . . . .
..
Prlnclpal stresses/planes for general D stress states
(N07 RUIRD)
...
+
an eigenvaIue probIem(),_)
t(n) = Tn = n
Cauchys stress formuIa (|.)
t(n): tractlon on a dlerentlal area wlth normal n
T: Cauchy stress tensor (|;) (one matrlx),
...
z
the symbols
T =
x

xy

xz
yx

y

yz
zx

zy

z
: eigenvaIues ()) (prlnclpal values)

n: eigen-vector ()() (normal of prlnclpal planes)
. . . . . .
..
Prlnclpal stresses/planes for general D stress states
(N07 RUIRD)
...
+
an eigenvaIue probIem(),_)
t(n) = Tn = n
Cauchys stress formuIa (|.)
t(n): tractlon on a dlerentlal area wlth normal n
T: Cauchy stress tensor (|;) (one matrlx),
...
z
the symbols
T =
x

xy

xz
yx

y

yz
zx

zy

z
: eigenvaIues ()) (prlnclpal values)

n: eigen-vector ()() (normal of prlnclpal planes)
. . . . . .
..
The reduced zD case
T =
x

xy
o
yx

y
o
o o
z
T = [

x

xy
yx

y
]
Tn = n

x

xy
yx

y

= o
(
x
+
y
) + (
x
xy
) = o
,
=
(
x
+
y
)
(
x

y
)
xy
i
=
avg
R
. . . . . .
..
Summary
Mohrs circIe: mathematlcs & physlcs (
x

avg
)
= R
correspondence: polnts on clrcle (, ) on lncllned sectlons

construction of Mohrs clrcle
full appllcatlon of the glven condltlons, non-unlque
positive sense of axls
+ polntlng downward: conslstent wlth physlcal sense of rotatlon
appIications: i rotatlon relatlve to reference
+. stresses on an arbltrary sectlon (trlgonometry requlred),
z. prlnclpals,
. max. ln-plane shear
(. lnformatlon on orlentatlons
overaII: a powerfuI graphicaI tooI for stress analysls
Mohrs clrcle for D prlnclpal stress state
ln-plane, out-of-plane max. shear, absoIute max shear
. . . . . .
..
Summary
x

avg
)
= R

z. prlnclpals,
. . . . . .
..
Summary
x

avg
)
= R

z. prlnclpals,
. . . . . .
..
Summary
x

avg
)
= R

z. prlnclpals,
. . . . . .
..
Summary
x

avg
)
= R

z. prlnclpals,
. . . . . .
..
Homework o6
Chap. ) zq, z6, z
Due: +c.zq.zc+z (Wed.)

Lecture : Analysis of Stress (II) - Mohr's Circle For Plane Stress

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Lecture : Analysis of Stress (II) - Mohr's Circle For Plane Stress

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. . . . . .

Mohrs clrcle Constructlon Apps Cases Trlaxlal stress

Mohrs CircIe ("L)

pointing upward (non-preferred)

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

pointing upward (non-preferred)

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

pointing upward (non-preferred)

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

pointing upward (non-preferred)

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

) on any incIined section

) on any incIined section

) on any incIined section

) on any incIined section

) on any incIined section

) on any incIined section

) on any incIined section

) on any incIined section

) on any incIined section

) on any incIined section

brittIe materiaIs (j])

brittIe materiaIs (j])

brittIe materiaIs (j])

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

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principaI stresses max shear stresses

In-pIane (xy) and out-of-pIane max. shear stresses

In-pIane (xy) and out-of-pIane max. shear stresses

In-pIane (xy) and out-of-pIane max. shear stresses

In-pIane (xy) and out-of-pIane max. shear stresses

In-pIane (xy) and out-of-pIane max. shear stresses

In-pIane (xy) and out-of-pIane max. shear stresses

In-pIane (xy) and out-of-pIane max. shear stresses

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

Lecture p: Analysls of Stress (||) Mohrs clrcle for plane stress

: eigenvaIues ()) (prlnclpal values)

: eigenvaIues ()) (prlnclpal values)

correspondence: polnts on clrcle (, ) on lncllned sectlons

correspondence: polnts on clrcle (, ) on lncllned sectlons

correspondence: polnts on clrcle (, ) on lncllned sectlons

correspondence: polnts on clrcle (, ) on lncllned sectlons

correspondence: polnts on clrcle (, ) on lncllned sectlons

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