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3 - Dimensional Calculation of The Magnetic Field in The End Hydrdogenerators
3 - Dimensional Calculation of The Magnetic Field in The End Hydrdogenerators
3 - Dimensional Calculation of The Magnetic Field in The End Hydrdogenerators
Power
Hydro Turbines
This paper presents a comparision of the magnetic field distribution at different operation conditions computed by different calculation methods: 2D
Boundary-Element method, 3D Biot-Savart and 3DFinite-Element method. The purpose of the study is
to validate the self developped calculation methods and
to discuss their usability for decision making and integration in design tools.
I. Introduction
Generally hydro power plants are equipped with
salient pole synchronous machines (figure 1). Such
machines are able to both consume or deliver reactive
power. At over-excited operation the machine delivers
reactive power. Seen from the grid, the machine can
be seen as a capacitor. Whereas at under-excited operation reactive power is consumed, from the electrical
sin 2 .
(1)
p=
xd
2
xd
xq
The power diagram shows, that the active and reactive power of the machine are delimited due to the
following restrictions:
1. The maximum rotor excitation current and
2. The maximum stator winding current in order to
avoid inadmissible overtemperatures.
3. The safety distance to the stability limit (maximum
rotor displacement angle max ).
4. The saftety distance to the reluctance circle.
All these conditions are usually kept by the control and
regulation system of the power plant in order to avoid
consecutive faults due to overtemperatures or instability.
The superposition of the stator and rotor fields
according to the vector diagram of the machine is
strongly influenced by the phase angle and the rotor displacement angle . When changing from rated
operation to an extrem reactive operation, over- or underexcited, the vector diagram of the machine changes
significantly (Fig. 2). Consequently also the magnetic
field distribution in the end region of the machine
changes.
Active Power
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A
0.85
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0.4
Reactive Power Underexcited
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 pu
Reactive Power Overexcited
This paper presents a comparision of the magnetic field distribution at different operation conditions
computed by the two-dimensional Boundary-Element
method (no-load condition only) and by two different three-dimensional calculation methods: The BiotSavart and the Finite-Element method. The computations are performed for a 778 MVA hydrogenerator,
the machine data is shown in table I.
Rated power
Rated voltage
Rated current
Rated speed
Power factor
Rated frequency
Stator bore diameter
Stator core length
777800
20000
22453
75
0.90
50
18800
2950
kVA
V
A
rpm
Hz
mm
mm
mm
100
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I
I
+
2
2
I
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+
2
2
Fig. 4. 2-dimensional Boundary Element Model for the computation of the no-load magnetic field in the end region considering
the stator and rotor end geometry
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l/2
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x,
l/2
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z,
and rotor by introducing an auxiliary air-gap conductor [3]. The pole winding ends are modelled with a
surrogate pole winding conductor [11].
IV. 3D - Finite-Element Method
Nowadays the Finite-Element method is a state of
the art method for electromagnetic field computations.
It allows for a detailled modelling of all geometric elements [7], [6] (see fig. 8). The disadvantage of a FiniteElement study is the big time consumtion of such a
computation.
All Finite-Elemente computations presented in this
paper are done with the help of a commercial FiniteElemente software [4]. This software provides the possibility for modelling the stator winding bars with
a Biot-Savart formulation included into the threedimensional solid Finte-Element model.
For the comparison of the magnetic field distribution
at various operation conditions a magnetostatic FiniteElement computation is sufficient.
Fig. 9. Calculation of the radial distribution of the axial component of the magnetic flux density on the clamping plates
Fig. 10.
Magnetic field distribution on the stator clamping
plates at no-load conditions, calculated with three different computation methods
Fig. 13.
Magnetic field distribution on the stator clamping
plates at rated power load, cos = 1.00, calculated with two
computation methods
Fig. 11.
Magnetic field distribution on the stator clamping
plates at rated power load, cos = 0.00 over-excited, calculated
with two computation methods
Fig. 14.
Magnetic field distribution on the stator clamping
plates at rated power load, cos = 0.75 under-excited, calculated with two computation methods
Fig. 12.
Magnetic field distribution on the stator clamping
plates at rated power load, cos = 0.75 over-excited, calculated
with two computation methods
Fig. 15.
Magnetic field distribution on the stator clamping
plates at rated power load, cos = 0.00 under-excited, calculated with two computation methods
lated from the Biot-Savart method results in a relatively flat curve. Contrarily the distribution computed
with Finite-Elements shows a concentration at the inner clamping plate edge. This can be explained with
the physical effect, that magnetic field lines are always
concentrating close to edges. Unfortunately the BiotSavart calculation cannot consider the exact geometry including the clamping plate edges.
[9]
[12]
VIII. Conclusion
The Finite-Element and the much simpler BoundaryElement computation at no-load condition show a good
accordance.
A comparison of the Finite-Element and the BiotSavart computations shows the following: The BiotSavart method overestimates the influence of the excitation current on the resulting magnetic field and
underestimates the influence of the stator winding armature reaction. Therefore the magnetic flux density
computed with the Biot-Savart method at underexcited operation conditions is too low.
Especially when it comes to loss calculation the
Biot-Savart method can not deliver reliable results.
Nevertheless, knowing these limitations, this method
can be used to decide in a particular case whether
it is necessary to make resource intensive 3D FiniteElement computations.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
lElectricit
e, Juillet-ao
ut 1966, p. 913922.
[10]
[11]
[13]
Krajewski, W.: Computation of the turbogenerator endregion field using the BEM. Archiv f
ur Elektrotechnik, Vol.
75 (1992), p. 173178.
Sikora, R.; Gawrylczyk, K.M.; Gramz, M.; Gratkowski, S.;
Ziolkowski, M.: Magnetic field computation in the endregion of electric machines using various boundary conditions on iron surfaces, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,
Vol. 22, No. 3, May 1986, p. 204207.
Traxler-Samek, G.: Zusatzverluste im Stirnraum von
Hydrogeneratoren mit Roebelstabwicklung. Dissertation,
TU-Wien, 2003.
Traxler-Samek, G.; Schmidt, E.: Analytic Determination
of Eddy Current Losses in the Stator Clamping Plates
of Salient Pole Synchronous Generators. Proceedings of
the 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines,
ICEM, Bruges (Belgium), 2002.
Traxler-Samek, G.; Schwery, A.: Optimised Calculation
of Losses in Large Hydrogenerators using Statistical Methods. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on
Electrical Machines, ICEM, Krakow (Poland), 2004.
ALSTOM - 2000. ALSTOM, le logo ALSTOM et leurs formes figuratives sont des marques d poses de ALSTOM. Les autres marques mentionn es dans ce document, d poses ou non, appartiennent leurs d tenteurs respectifs".