TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN TP.

HCM

SEMINAR MN HC NNG
LNG BN VNG

ti: CNG NGH SN XUT C QUY

CH ACID KN KH

Tn: Nguyn Trung Hi Thnh

MSSV: 1114193
GV: Trn Vn Mn

TP. HCM thng 7/2014

Mc lc

1.

Tng quan v c quy ch acid kn kh ................................................................................................ 1

1.1.

Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin c quy ch kn kh ................................................................ 1

1.2.

phn loi, cu to v nguyn l hot ng. ............................................................................... 1

1.2.1.

phn loi. .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2.2.

cu to .................................................................................................................................. 2

1.2.2.1.

c quy kn kh mng ngn hp ph si thy tinh .................................................... 2

1.2.2.2.

c quy gel kn kh........................................................................................................ 3

Nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................................................... 3

1.2.3.
2.

Cng ngh ch to c quy ch acid kn kh ........................................................................................ 5

Tm tt s lc quy trnh sn xut chung ca c quy ch acid kn kh............................... 5

2.1.

[2]

2.2.

S tm tt quy trnh sn xut c quy ch kn kh cng c quy Tia Sng. ......................... 6

2.3.

Cng ngh sn xut mng ngn s thy tinh............................................................................ 6

2.4.

Cng ngh sn xut in cc ...................................................................................................... 8

2.4.1.

Tm tt phng php ......................................................................................................... 8

2.4.2.

Cng ngh trn cao ch ....................................................................................................... 8

2.4.3.

Ch sy l cc sau khi trt cao .................................................................................. 8

2.4.4.

Cng ngh ha thnh .......................................................................................................... 9

3.

u im ca c quy ch kn kh ......................................................................................................... 9

4.

ng dng ca c quy ch kn kh ...................................................................................................... 10

Ti liu tham kho: ................................................................................................................................... 11

1. Tng quan v c quy ch acid kn kh

c quy ch kn kh mt dng sn phm ca c quy ch acid, nhng c ci tin
v mt k thut hn ch nhng nhc im ca c quy ch acid thng thng.
Nhm nng cao hiu sut ca c quy, tui th,cng sut, v c bit l hn ch ti
a s thot kh H2 v O2 , s r r ca cht in li ra mi trng bn ngoi trong qu
trnh hot ng.
1.1.

Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin c quy ch kn kh

Nm 1859 c quy ch acid Gaston Plate l c quy u tin c th c sc bng

cch o ngc dng in i qua n, m hnh ny gm 2 din cc ch c ngn
cch bi mt tm cao su hnh xon c, c s dng cung cp in chiu sng
n cho toa xe la khi dng ti trm
Nm 1881 Camile Alphonse Faure ci tin c quy ch acid vi in cc c to
thnh mt mng li ch, v m gn ln mt lp oxit ch. Nhm lm tng din
tch tip xc ca in cc vi dung dch in li.
Nm 1938 c ch ti t hp kh vi kh oxy to ra c ti t hp bi in cc
cadminum. Cng ngh ng dng cho vic thm chc nng ti t hp kh cho pin
Ni/Cd vo nm 1950, pht trin thnh cng pin Ni/Cd kn kh.
T nm 1960 vic nghin cu c bn v pht tin ti thc hin cc kt hp thit
b ti t hp kh ln h thng c quy ch acid c thc hin. T nm 1970 tr i
cc phin bn c quy ch kn kh ln lt ra i v ngy cng c ci tin v chc
nng.
1.2. phn loi, cu to v nguyn l hot ng.
1.2.1. phn loi.
Da vo cc ci tin k thut khc nhau ca cng ngh kn kh ngi ta phn c
quy ch kn kh thnh 2 loi:
Acquy kn kh mng ngn hp ph si thy tinh (AGM VRLA Absorbent
Glass Mat/ Valve Regulated Lead Acid): s dng mn ngn si thy tinh bao
quanh in cc m, in cc dng,v hp th cht in ly bn trong t bo, Mng
ngn ny tng i mng manh, c xp, hp ph cao, v tr khng tng
i thp. N c nn gia 2 in cc, m bo tip xc tt vi b mt in cc v

mng ngn ny chnh l ngun cung cp cht in ly cho cc phn ng in cc.

Mng ngn si thy tinh khng hp th hon ton cht in ly m c khong 210% khong khng gian trng cho php cc phn t kh oxi t cc dng khuych
tn ti cc m thc hin qu trnh ti t hp kh oxi to thnh nc hn ch s mt
hi nc.
Acquy AGM Gel (AGM GEL): s dng mng ngn xp polyethylen ngn
cch gia cc in cc. Mng ngn ny khng hp th cc cht in ly m c
gel ha bi cht in ly gel, chng vn c t gia cc in cc v ngn cc
in cc tip xc vi nhau. Mng ngn ny tng i bn, cht in ly gel ha c
tr khng tng i cao, c a thm vo nhm gim in p trong qu trnh x
tc cao. T bo in ha vn cha dung dch in ly acid sulfuric nhng pha
trn in cc c ph mt lp gel, c tc dng lm gim tin n mn trong
qu trnh vn hnh ca acquy v cng gip ngn chn rt hiu qu qu trnh bay
hi ca dung dch in ly. Trong lp gel vn c nhng khong trng vn
chuyn cc phn t kh oxi t cc dng n cc m ti t hp to thnh nc.
1.2.2. cu to
1.2.2.1. c quy kn kh mng ngn hp ph si thy tinh

c
q
u
y
c
h

1.2.2.2.

c quy gel kn kh

1.2.3. Nguyn l hot ng

cquy ch kn kh l mt dng sn phm ca c quy ch acid nn nguyn l hot
v c bn s tng t nh c quy ch acid thng thng:
Qu trnh x: in cc dng (PbO2) v in cc m (Pb) tham gia phn ng
in ha v to ra sulfat ( PbSO4), cht in phn mt i nhiu acid ha tan to
thnh ch yu l nc, lp ch sulfat to thnh s bm tr li vo in cc khi in
cc b che ph hon ton bi lp ch sulfat c quy s ngng qu trnh x. Qu trnh
x to ra dng electron t cc m qua dy dn v cc dng c n cc dng ca
c quy.
Phn ng in cc
Cc m
Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e
Cc dng

PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

Phn ng tng cng
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O (l)
Qu trnh np: Trong qu trnh sc, lp ch sulfat (PbSO4) b in phn, cc m
hnh thnh cc ch, cc dng s hnh thnh cc ch oxit, trong cht in phn.
Qu trnh sc c iu khin bi cc electron buc phi di chuyn t cc dng
n cc m ca c quy.
Phn ng in cc
Cc m
PbSO4(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq)
Cc dng
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e
Phn ng tng cng
2PbSO4(s)+ 2H2O(l) PbO2(s) + Pb(s) +2H2SO4(aq)
[1]

Trong qu trnh sc khi hydro v oxi c sinh ra do qu trnh in phn nc

cc dng: 4OH- - 4e O2 + H2O

cc m: 4H+ + 4e 2H2
Kh hydro v oxi to ra:
-

Lm mt nc v thay i nng dung dch in ly

Gim bn c hc ca in cc
Gim hiu sut ca qu trnh np
Gy nhim mi trng v h hng cc thit b, v qu trnh thot kh mang
theo hi acid.

S thot khi ph thuc vo bn cht ca in cc ( qu th thot kh trn in

cc). S thot kh hydro ph thuc vo tinh khit ca ch, in cc thng
thng c lm bng hp kim ch ntimon (Pb-Sb) c sn cc. Do qu th

ca hydro trn ntimon nh hn ch n ion H+ d b kh cc m to thnh kh

hydro. tng qu th hydro ngi ta nghin cu c sn in cc bng hp
kim c hm lng ntimon thp hoc thay th bng hp kim Pb-Ca, Pb-Sn, Pb-SnCd,
[1]

Song song vi qu trnh sc cc in cc l qu trnh ti t hp kh oxy nh

sau:
Cc dng: H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e (1)
kh oxi to ra s tin ti b mt in cc m thng qua mng ngn. V xy ra phn
ng in cc m vi lp ch xp.
phng trnh phn ng: 2Pb + O2 2PbO (2)
PbO to thnh phn ng vi dung dch in ly acid sulfuric to thnh PbSO4 v
H2O.
Phng trnh phn ng: 2PbO + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O (3)
H2O to thnh tip tc b in phn to ra oxi theo phng trnh (1). PbSO4 b
in phn to ra Pb v H2SO4 tip tc tham gia vo cc phn ng trn, cc phn
ng ny lun din ra trng thi cn bng vi nhau nn hn ch s thot kh oxi.
Phng trnh phn ng tn cng ca qu trnh ti t hp kh oxi:
O2 + 4H+ +4e H2O.
2. Cng ngh ch to c quy ch acid kn kh
2.1. [2]Tm tt s lc quy trnh sn xut chung ca c quy ch acid kn kh
Ch tinh khit ( 99,98% Pb) c nghin thnh bt trong h thng my nghin
bt ch c phi trn vi ph gia dung dch acid sulfuric v nc ct to
thnh cao ch trong my trn cao khi cao ch t c do cn thit s c
trt ln sn cc ( li hp kim Pb-Ca) l cc sau khi trt cao c , v sy
trong my , sy l cc sau khi sy c lp vo thung cha dung dch acid
sulfuric v tin thnh in phn to thnh in cc dng (PbO2) v in cc m
(Pb xp) bng dng in mt chiu in cc sau khi c to thnh s c ra
sch acid v sy kh bng my sy kh tr in cc sau c em i gia cng (
ct, mi) to thnh cc l cc n hon chnh l cc n t yu cu s c

lp rp vi cc mng ngn (si thy tinh hoc mng ngn c nh gel) v c ph

kin khc ca c quy nh ( v, tm ni cc in cc song song,) to thnh c
quy thnh phm.
2.2.

S tm tt quy trnh sn xut c quy ch kn kh cng c quy Tia

Sng

2.3.

n
g
n
g
h

n
x
u

t
m

n
g
n

2.3.

Cng ngh sn xut mng ngn s thy tinh.

Mng phn cc si thy tinh c tc dng ngn khng cho 2 in cc tip xc vi

nhau, hp ph dung dch in ly, cung cp mi trng hot ng cho cc phn ng
in cc. Tnh cht ca mng ngn ph thuc vo cc yu t:
-

Kch thc l mao qun

Hnh dng cu l mao qun.
Phn b ca l mao qun.

Mng ngn si thy tinh c to ra bng cch dt cc si thy tinh c di v

ng knh xc nh to thnh mng ngn mng. Cc yu t ny c th c
kim sot bi ng knh v chiu di ca si thy tinh. V mt l thuyt tnh
cht mng ngn si thy tinh s tun theo cc phng trnh sau:
Phng trnh tnh kh nng hp ph ca dung dch in li
[

Vi l l kh nng hp ph ca dung dch in li, r l ng knh trung bnh ca

l ca vt liu thy tinh, l sc cng b mt. l gc tip xc. h s nht. t
l thi gian, p l s chnh lch p sut gia 2 u mao mch.
nh hng ca tc di chuyn cht in li thng qua cc lp si dt ( ging nh
giy lc trong sc k giy) phng trinh washburn theo Nakagaki v Osagawa
c thay i:
(

( )

( )
( )

Vi h l khong cch ngy cng tng ca cc ion trong dung dch in, nht
dung dch in li, f l mc quanh co ca mao mch, l dung dch in li hp

th bi cc si (trng hp si thy tinh =0), l ng knh trung bnh ca l

mao qun trong vt liu phn cch si thy tinh, mt in tch, g l h s hp
dn.
2.4. Cng ngh sn xut in cc
2.4.1. Tm tt phng php
Bt ch t tiu chun v mn, tinh khit, oxi ha v t trng c trn
vi ph gia ( barisulfat, ligin, carbon,), nc ct v dung dch acid sulfuric bng
my trn cao n khi cao ch t do cn thit s c chuyn n my trt cao
trt ln sn cc (Pb-Ca) c c sn. L cc trt xong c xy s b trong
thit b xy t ng, sau c ha thnh bng dng in mt chiu trong dung
dch acid sulfuric long to in cc m (Pb xp) v cc dng (PbO2) . L cc
sau khi ha thnh c sy kh bng my sy kh tr, sau c em kim tra
phn tch hm lng PbO2 cc dng, v PbO cc m v em lp vo bnh c
quy.
2.4.2. Cng ngh trn cao ch
Qu trnh trn cao ch, hiu sut cng nh cht lng ca cao ch b nh hng
bi cc yu t: oxi ha, mn ca bt ch, thnh phn v khi lng ph gia,
lng nc, lng acid, th t cc bc tin hnh, thi gian cng nh nhit
ca qu trnh trn.
Sau y l s liu tham kho v cng ngh trn cao ch ca cng ty c quy Tia
Sng. Bt ch c oxi ha 773%PbO, kch thc ht trung bnh 3m,t trng
bt 1,350,1 g/cm3, lng bt ch 600-800kg/ m trn. Trn theo phng php
trn t vi lng nc chim 10-11% so vi lng bt ch, nhit khng ch
trong qu trnh trn <50oC, do t 252-253 my trn lm vic n nh an ton,
cao ch t t trng ph hp.
2.4.3. Ch sy l cc sau khi trt cao
L ch sau khi trt c sy nhanh chng dnh sau chuyn sang h thng
sy t ng vi m cao v nhit ph hp, nhm thc hin phn ng:
2Pb + O2

2PbO + Q

Qu trnh c t trong phng kn c gia nhit v thi hi nc bo ha vo

vic iu chnh nhit v m thch hp s tit kim nng lng v thi gian .
Qu trnh sy c thc hin tip theo qu trnh lm cht v kh l cc to
iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ha thnh. Yu cu ca qu trnh ny l
[PbO]>95%, [H2O]<1%, l cc khng rn nt.
Sau y l s liu tham kho ca qu trnh v sy ca cng ty c quy Tia Sng:
Qu trnh : nhit 45oC, m > 95%, thi gian 24 gi vi l cc c quy
khi ng ( dy 1,5mm) v 26 gi vi in cc c quy c nh ( dy
3mm)
Qu trnh sy vi nhit 70oC, m <65% thi gian sy l 24 gi vi c quy
khi ng ( dy 1,5mm) v 26 gi vi in cc c quy c nh (
dy3mm).
2.4.4. Cng ngh ha thnh
Ha thnh theo bc gip gim lng in nng tiu th v thi gian ha thnh
mt cch ng k, do phng php ha thnh nhiu bc gim dn s gim thot
kh v nhit , nng cao hiu sut s dng dng in. S bc ha thnh cng
tng th lng in nng tiu th v thi gian cng gim, ty theo loi in cc m
c qu trnh ha thnh c s bc gim khc nhau.
3. u im ca c quy ch kn kh
in th lm vic cao v n nh
D ch to, nguyn liu d kim, r tin
Dung lng c th ch to ln (1500Ah/c quy n)
S dng, bo qun d dng
Kh nng thu hi v ti sinh cao(>95%)
Hn ch ti a s thot kh v bo dng, an ton cho mi trng v thit b kt
ni.
C th d dng nhiu v tr khc nhau, hn ch ti a s r r ca in dch acid.

4. ng dng ca c quy ch kn kh
Vi nhng u im vt tri so vi c quy thng thng, c quy ch acid kn kh
ngy cng ng dung rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh:
-

Trong lnh vc chiu sng

Trong vin thng, thit b UPS
Trong cng nghip vn hnh cc xe in, robot.
Dng kich hot ng c, xe my, t
Dng trong y t cung cp ngun in t xut
Lu tr in nng.
Thit b an ninh
.

10

Ti liu tham kho:

Bo co kt qu nghin cu khoa hc ti nghin cu ci tin cng ngh sn xut
c quy in kh nhm nn cao cht lng sn phm v tit kim nguyn vt liu
Bo co kt qu nghin cu khoa hc ti Nghin cu tnh n nh v nng cao
cht lng c quy ch acid kn kh khong bo dng s dng cho cng nghip v dn
dng
Bo co bch cng ty c phn c quy Tia Sng
Technological progress II-I sealed
lead/acid
batteriesJ. Yamash,ita**, H.
NaJcashima and Y. Kasai Yuasa Batteq Co, Lid . 6-6 Josaz-Cho. Tahatsukz,
Osaha S69 (Japan)
C&D technologies VLRA batteries ang their aplication
Lead alloys for maintenance-free and sealed lead/acid batteries Cui Ronglong
and Wu Shousong Chongqing WANLI Stomge Battery Co., Ltd., Kuzhuba Chongqing
China
Leadacid battery, VRLA battery From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[1]

trch dn Nghin cu tnh n nh v nng cao cht lng c quy ch acid kn kh

khong bo dng s dng cho cng nghip v dn dng
[2]

trch dn nghin cu ci tin cng ngh sn xut c quy in kh nhm nn cao

cht lng sn phm v tit kim nguyn vt liu

11