Surface 1enslon

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1he Molecular Crlgln of Surface
1enslon
lmbalance of
lnLermolecular
forces exlsLs aL
Lhe llquld-alr
lnLerface

la
= Lhe surface
Lenslon LhaL
exlsLs aL Lhe
llquld-alr
lnLerface
Surface 1enslons of ure Llqulds aL 293
k
Substance
/ (10
-3
N/m)
Acetone 23.7
Benzene 28.8
Carbon
Tetrachloride 27.0
Methylene Iodide 50.8
Water 72.8
Methanol 22.6
n-Hexane 18.4
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Hence, it costs energy to put an atom on the surface as compared to the
bulk origin of Surface Energy ()
The surface wants to minimize its area (wants to shrink) origin of
Surface Tension (o)
LIQUIDS Surface Energy Surface Tension
SOLIDS
Surface Energy = Surface Tension
Except in certain circumstances
+ Surface energy is Anisotropic
[ ]
[ ]
Force F N
Length L m
o = =
2 2
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Energy E J Nm N
Area A m m m
= = = =
Dimensionally and o are identical Physically they are different type of quantities

Let us look at the units of these two quantities
LIQUID SURFACE
Characterized by one number the surface density
SOLID SURFACE
Has a structure and hence more numbers may be needed
to characterize a solid surface
Crystalline surfaces all the lattice constants will be required
Amorphous surfaces Density + a Short Range Order parameter
Surface Energy
Surface Tension
Surface Energy
Surface Stress (Tensor)
Surface Torque
Liquids cannot support shear stresses (hence use of the term surface tension)
In the case of solids the term surface tension (which actually should be avoided) refers to
surface stresses
A comparison of the solid and liquid surfaces
SLSSlLL u8C CCn1AC1 AnCLL
Sesslle drop meLhod
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Youngs Equation
....1
Applying youngs equation



e la
!
!
Cos
A
G
W u =
A
=
lf
sa
>
sl
, sponLaneous weLLlng whlle
lf
sa
<
sl
, work musL be done Lo weL
Lhe surface
Solld and ulsperslve componenLs
lowkes, Cwens and WendL Lqns
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s

u 2 2 cos 1
....2
Solvlng 1 & 2 we geL followlng equaLlon
Sessile Drop Method (Contd)
1hree Lechnlques for obLalnlng Lhe surface
Lenslon from Lhe lmage of Lhe sesslle drop
Measure Lhe helghL of Lhe Lop of a large sesslle
drop above lLs maxlmum dlameLer.
LsLlmaLe Lhe shape facLor of Lhe drop from Lhe
coordlnaLes of Lhe drop proflle.
llL Lhe drop proflle Lo ones LhaL are generaLed
LheoreLlcally.
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3
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Static water contact angle (degree)
Polar surface energy
Dispersive surface energy
Total surface energy
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MeLhods of Measurlng Surface 1enslon
Method Pure Liquids Solutions
Wilhelmy
Plate
quick and
easy to
operate
Good, suitable
when ageing
occurs
Du Nuy Ring Satisfactory n/a
Sessile Drop Very Good Good when
surface
ageing occurs
Drop Weight Suitable Poor when
surface
ageing occurs
Capillary
Height
Very Good n/a if
u = 0
Bubble
pressure
Very Good Good when
ageing occurs
Caplllary 8lse
The pressure exerted
by a column of liquid
is balanced by the
hydrostatic pressure.
This gives us one of
the best ways to
measure the surface
tension of pure liquids
and solutions.
r 2
gh
gh r 2

=
=
SurfacLanLs
WhaL ls a surfacLanL?
!"#$ace %&'lve %ge)'



Peadgroup
1all
Peads or 1alls?
Peadgroup hydrophlllc funcLlonal group(s)
1all hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon chaln
1yplcal headgroups (charged or uncharged)
SulfaLe
SulfonaLe
1rlmeLhylammonlum
LLhylene oxlde
carboxybeLalne
roperLles of SurfacLanL Molecules
AggregaLe aL varlous lnLerfaces due Lo Lhe
hydrophoblc effecL
Alr-waLer lnLerface
Cll-waLer lnLerface
lorm aggregaLes ln soluLlon called mlcelles aL a
speclflc concenLraLlon of surfacLanL called Lhe &#*'*&%+
,*&-++- &.)&-)'#%'*.) /'0- &,&1
Mlcellar aggregaLes are known as assoclaLlon
collolds
AppllcaLlons of SurfacLanLs
SurfacLanLs are an lnLegral parL of everyday llfe, Lhey
are formulaLed lnLo a wlde varleLy of consumer
producLs
Shampoos
ulsh deLergenLs
Laundry deLergenLs
CondlLloners
labrlc sofLeners
ulapers
ConLacL lens cleaners
Applications of Surfactants (Contd)
SurfacLanLs are also wldely used ln lndusLry due Lo
Lhelr ablllLy Lo lower surface and lnLerfaclal Lenslons
and acL as weLLlng agenLs and deLergenLs
Peavy and LerLlary oll recovery
Cre floLaLlon
ury cleanlng
esLlclde and herblclde appllcaLlons
WaLer repellency
lnLerfaclal roperLles of SurfacLanL
Molecules
SurfacLanLs used ln a large number of
appllcaLlons due Lo Lhelr ablllLy Lo lower Lhe
surface and lnLerfaclal Lenslon
Clbbs energy change Lo creaLe a surface of
area dA
dC = dA