Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another polar molecule. These forces have strengths between 5-20 kJ/mole and cause polar molecules to cluster together and interact, as seen with solid iodine monochloride (ICl) molecules. Nonpolar bromine (Br2) molecules do not interact as strongly and remain liquid at 0°C due to weaker intermolecular forces.
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another polar molecule. These forces have strengths between 5-20 kJ/mole and cause polar molecules to cluster together and interact, as seen with solid iodine monochloride (ICl) molecules. Nonpolar bromine (Br2) molecules do not interact as strongly and remain liquid at 0°C due to weaker intermolecular forces.
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another polar molecule. These forces have strengths between 5-20 kJ/mole and cause polar molecules to cluster together and interact, as seen with solid iodine monochloride (ICl) molecules. Nonpolar bromine (Br2) molecules do not interact as strongly and remain liquid at 0°C due to weaker intermolecular forces.
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive
end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule. Dipole-dipole forces have strengths that range from 5 kJ to 20 kJ per mole. They are much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds and have a significant effect only when the molecules involved are close together (touching or almost touching). The figures show two arrangements of polar iodine monochloride (ICl) molecules that give rise to dipole-dipole attractions.
Note: Polar molecules have a partial negative end and a partial positive end. The partially positive end of a polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative end of another. In a ICl molecule the more electronegative chlorine atom bears the partial negative charge; the less electronegative iodine atom bears the partial positive charge. The partially positive iodine end of one ICl molecule is attracted to the partially negative chlorine end of another ICl molecule. A dashed line is used to represent an intermolecular attraction between molecules because these forces are NOT as strong as chemical bonds.
= I = Cl One arrangement of ICl molecules that gives rise to a dipole-dipole attraction. Another arrangement of ICl molecules that gives rise to a dipole- dipole attraction.
Physical Consequences of Dipole-Dipole Forces Both ICl and Br 2 have the same number of atoms and approximately the same molecular weight, but ICl is a solid whereas Br 2 is a liquid at 0 o C. Why? Intermolecular dipole-dipole attractions between ICl molecules are sufficient to cause them to form a solid at 0oC, whereas the intermolecular attractions between nonpolar Br2 molecules are not. http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/dipdip.html Dipole-Dipole Interactions Tabl e of Contents 1. 1. Definition of a Dipole 2. 2. Potential Energy of Dipole Interaction 3. 3. Dipole-Dipole Interactions in Macroscopic Systems 4. 4. Biological Importance of Dipole Interactions 5. 5. References 6. 6. Contributors Dipole-Dipole interactions result when two polar molecules approach each other in space. When this occurs, the partially negative portion of one of the polar molecules is attracted to the partially positive portion of the second polar molecule. This type of interaction between molecules accounts for many physically and biologically significant phenomena such as the elevated boiling point of water. Definition of a Dipole Molecular dipoles occur due to the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule. Those atoms that are more electronegative pull the bonded electrons closer to themselves. The buildup of electron density around an atom or discreet region of a molecule can result in a molecular dipole in which one side of the molecule possesses a partially negative charge and the other side a partially positive charge. Molecules with dipoles that are not canceled by their molecular geometry are said to be polar.
Example 1: Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Flouride
[Figure 1] [Figure 2] In figure 1 above, the more electronegative Oxygen atoms pull electron density towards themselves as demonstrated by the arrows. Carbon Dioxide is not polar however because of its linear geometry. A molecule's overall dipole is directional, and is given by the vector sum of the dipoles between the atoms. If we imagined the Carbon Dioxide molecule centered at 0 in the XY coordinate plane, the molecule's overall dipole would be given by the following equation: cos(0)+ cos(0)= 0. Where is the dipole moment of the bond (given by =Q x r where Q is the charge and r is the distance of separation). Therefore, the two dipoles cancel each other out to yield a molecule with no net dipole. In contrast, figure 2 demonstrates a situation where a molecular dipole does result. There is no opposing dipole moment to cancel out the one that is shown above. If we were to imagine the hydrogen flouride molecule placed so that the Hydrogen sat at the origin in the XY coordinate plane, the dipole would be given by cos(0)=. Potential Energy of Dipole Interaction Potential energy is the maximum energy that is available for an object to do work. In physics, work is a quantity that describes the energy expended as a force operates over a distance. Potential energy is positional because it depends on the forces acting on an object at its position in space. For instance, we could say that an object held above the ground has a potential energy equal to its mass x acceleration due to gravity x its height above the ground (i.e., mgh). This potential energy that an object has as a result of its position can be used to do work. For instance we could use a pulley system with a large weight held above the ground to hoist a smaller weight into the air. As we drop the large weight it converts its potential energy to kinetic energy and does work on the rope which lifts the smaller weight into the air. It is important to remember that due to the second law of thermodynamics, the amount of work done by an object can never exceed (and is often considerably less) than the objects potential energy. On a subatomic level, charged atoms have an electric potential which allows them to interact with each other. Electric potential refers to the energy held by a charged particle as a result of it's position relative to a second charged particle. Electric potential depends on charge polarity, charge strength and distance. Molecules with the same charge will repel each other as they come closer together while molecules with opposite charges will attract.
For two positively charged particles interacting at a distance r, the potential energy possessed by the system can be defined usingCoulomb's Law: V=kQqr where k is the Coulomb constant and Q and q refer to the magnitude of the charge for each particle in Coulombs. The above equation can also be used to calculate the distance between two charged particles (r) if we know the potential energy of the system. While Coulomb's law is important, it only gives the potential energy between two point particles. Since molecules are much larger than point particles and have charge concentrated over a larger area, we have to come up with a new equation. The potential energy possessed by two polar atoms interacting with each other depends on the dipole moment, , of each molecule, the distance apart, r, and the orientation in which the two molecules interact. For the case in which the partially positive area of one molecule interacts only with the partially negative area of the other molecule, the potential energy is given by: V=21240r3 where is the permeability of space. If it is not the case that the molecular dipoles interact in this straight end to end manor, we have to account mathematically for the change in potential energy due to the angle between the dipoles. We can add an angular term to the above equation to account for this new parameter of the system: V=1240r312(cos12 3cos1cos2) In this formula 12 is the angle made by the two oppositely charged dipoles, and r12 is the distance between the two molecules. Also, 1 and 2 are the angles formed by the two dipoles with respect to the line connecting their centers. It is also important to find the potential energy of the dipole moment for more than two interacting molecules. An important concept to keep in mind when dealing with multiple charged molecules interacting is that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. So for a system in which three charged molecules (2 positively charged molecules and 1 negatively charged molecule) are interacting, we need to consider the angle between the attractive and repellant forces.
The potential energy for the dipole interaction between multiple charged molecules is: V= kpcosr2 where k is the Coulomb constant, and r is the distance between the molecules. Dipole-Dipole Interactions in Macroscopic Systems It would seem, based on the above discussion, that in a system composed of a large number of dipolar molecules randomly interacting with one another, V should go to zero because the molecules adopt all possible orientations. Thus the negative potential energy of two molecular dipoles participating in a favorable interaction would be cancelled out by the positive energy of two molecular dipoles participating in a high potential energy interaction. Contrary to our assumption, in bulk systems, it is more probable for dipolar molecules to interact in such a way as to minimize their potential energy (i.e., dipoles form less energetic, more probable configurations in accordance with the Boltzmann's Distribution). For instance, the partially positive area of a molecular dipole being held next to the partially positive area of a second molecular dipole is a high potential energy configuration and few molecules in the system will have sufficient energy to adopt it at room temperature. Generally, the higher potential energy configurations are only able to be populated at elevated temperatures. Therefore, the interactions of dipoles in a bulk solution are not random, and instead adopt more probable, lower energy configurations. The following equation takes this into account: V=22A2B3(40)2r61kBT Biological Importance of Dipole Interactions The potential energy from dipole interactions is important for living organisms. The biggest impact dipole interactions have on living organisms is seen with protein folding. Every process of protein formation, from the binding of individual amino acids to secondary structures to tertiary structures and even the formation of quaternary structures is dependent on dipole-dipole interactions. A prime example of quaternary dipole interaction that is vital to human health is the formation of erythrocytes. Erythrocytes, commonly known as red blood cells, are comprised of four protein subunits and a heme molecule. For an erythrocyte to form properly, multiple steps must occur, all of which involve dipole interactions. The four protein subunitstwo alpha chains, two beta chainsand the heme group, interact with each other through a series of dipole-dipole interactions which allow the erythrocyte to take its final shape. Any mutation that destroys these dipole-dipole interactions prevents the erythrocyte from forming properly, and impairs their ability to carry oxygen to the tissues of the body. So we can see that without the dipole- dipole interactions, proteins would not be able to fold properly and all life as we know it would cease to exist. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Quantum_Mechanics/Atomic_Theory /Intermolecular_Forces/Dipole-Dipole_Interactions Dipole-dipole interactions [edit] Dipole-dipole interactions are electrostatic interactions between permanent dipoles in molecules. These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase attraction (reducing potential energy). An example of a dipole-dipole interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride (HCl): the positive end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and influence its position. Polar molecules have a net attraction between them. Examples of polar molecules include hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chloroform (CHCl 3 ).
Often molecules contain dipolar groups, but have no overall dipole moment. This occurs if there is symmetry within the molecule that causes the dipoles to cancel each other out. This occurs in molecules such as tetrachloromethane. Note that the dipole-dipole interaction between two individual atoms is usually zero, since atoms rarely carry a permanent dipole. See atomic dipoles. Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces[edit] Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces are similar to dipole-dipole and induced-dipole interactions but involve ions, instead of only polar and non- polar molecules. Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces are stronger than dipole-dipole interactions because the charge of any ion is much greater than the charge of a dipole moment. Ion-dipole bonding is stronger than hydrogen bonding. [citation needed]
An ion-dipole force consists of an ion and a polar molecule interacting. They align so that the positive and negative groups are next to one another, allowing for maximum attraction. An ion-induced dipole force consists of an ion and a non-polar molecule interacting. Like a dipole-induced dipole force, the charge of the ion causes distortion of the electron cloud on the non-polar molecule. [2]
Hydrogen bonding[edit] Main article: Hydrogen bond A hydrogen bond is the attraction between the lone pair of an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is bonded to either nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. [3] The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction. However, it also has some features of covalent bonding: it is directional, stronger than a van der Waals interaction, produces interatomic distances shorter than the sum of van der Waals radius, and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners, which can be interpreted as a kind of valence.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 C) compared to the other group 16 hydrides, which have no hydrogen bonds. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers, both synthetic and natural. [citation needed]
Van der Waals forces[edit] Main article: Van der Waals force Keesom (permanent dipole) force[edit] Keesom interactions (named after Willem Hendrik Keesom) are attractive interactions of dipoles that are ensemble averaged over different rotational orientations of the dipoles. It is assumed that the molecules are constantly rotating and never get locked into place. This is a good assumption, but at some point molecules do get locked into place. The energy of a Keesom interaction depends on the inverse sixth power of the distance, unlike the interaction energy of two spatially fixed dipoles, which depends on the inverse third power of the distance. The Keesom interaction can only occur among molecules that possess permanent dipole moments aka two polar molecules. Also Keesom interactions are very weak Van der Waals interactions and do not occur in aqueous solutions that contain electrolytes. The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation:
Where m = charge per length, = permitivity of free space, = dielectric constant of surrounding material, T = temperature, = Boltzmann constant, and r = distance between molecules. Debye (induced dipole) force[edit] The induced dipole forces appear from the induction (also known as polarization), which is the attractive interaction between a permanent multipole on one molecule with an induced (by the former di/multi-pole) multipole on another. [4][5][6][7] This interaction is called the Debye force, named after Peter J.W. Debye. One example of an induction-interaction between permanent dipole and induced dipole is the interaction between HCl and Ar. In this system, Ar experiences a dipole as its electrons are attracted (to the H side of HCl) or repelled (from the Cl side) by HCl. [4][6] The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation.
Where = polarizability This kind of interaction can be expected between any polar molecule and non-polar/symmetrical molecule. The induction-interaction force is far weaker than dipole-dipole interaction, but stronger than the London dispersion force. London dispersion force[edit] Main article: London dispersion force Otherwise known as quantum-induced instantaneous polarization or instantaneous dipole-induced dipole force, the London dispersion force is caused by correlated movements of the electrons in interacting molecules. Electrons that belong to different molecules start "fleeing" and avoiding each other at the short intermolecular distances, which is frequently described as formation of "instantaneous dipoles" that attract each other. Relative strength of forces[edit] Bond type Dissociation energy (kcal/mol) [8]
Ionic Lattice Energy 250-4000 [9]
Covalent Bond Energy 30-260 Hydrogen Bonds 1-12 (about 5 in water) DipoleDipole 0.52 [citation needed]
London Dispersion Forces <1 to 15 (estimated from the enthalpies of vaporization of hydrocarbons) [10]
Note: this comparison is only approximate the actual relative strengths will vary depending on the molecules involved. Ionic and covalent bonding will always be stronger than intermolecular forces in any given substance. Quantum mechanical theories[edit] Main article: Quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions
This section requires expansion.(September 2009) Intermolecular forces observed between atoms and molecules can be described phenomenologically as occurring between permanent and instantaneous dipoles, as outlined above. Alternatively, one may seek a fundamental, unifying theory that is able to explain the various types of interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces and dipole- dipole interactions. Typically, this is done by applying the ideas of quantum mechanics to molecules, and RayleighSchrdinger perturbation theory has been especially effective in this regard. When applied to existing quantum chemistry methods, such a quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions, this provides an array of approximate methods that can be used to analyze intermolecular interactions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force London forces: AKA Van der Waals or Dispersion forces Present in all atoms and molecules occurs when electrons "sloshing", creating an instantaneous dipole (meaning there is an unequal electron distribution, there are more electrons on one side of the atom/molecule than the other resulting in a partial charge on the atom, which in turn, induces neighboring atoms to do the same. VERY weak
Dipole-dipole forces - present only in polar molecules (permanent dipoles) Polar molecules have a partially negative charge on one end and a partiall negative charge on the other end. So one polar molecules positive side is going to be attracted to another polar molecules negative end
Hydrogen bonding: a special class of strong dipole-dipole interactions hydrogen bonding is a result of a large difference in electronegatiivity between hydrogen and Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine. This means that the hydrogen has a fairly large partial positive charge Basically, because N,F, and O have large electronegativity, they pull the electron closer to them, and away from the hydrogen, causing the hydrogen to have a partially positive charge https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090307202018AAx89iB Intermolecular forces of attraction Intermolecular forces of attraction are forces between different molecules. The intermolecular forces of attraction considered here are: Van der Waals' forces permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions hydrogen bonding Van der Waals' forces Van der Waals' forces are forces of attraction which exist between all atoms and molecules. Van der Waals' forces are much weaker than all other types of bonding. They are only significant in atoms and molecules which have no other types of intermolecular forces of attraction, for example, discrete non-polar molecules and the Group 0 elements. Van der Waals' forces are a result of electrostatic attraction between temporary dipoles and induced dipoles caused by movement of electrons in atoms and molecules.
The strength of Van der Waals' forces is related to the size of atoms and molecules.The bigger the atom or molecule the bigger the Van der Waals' force. Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions
Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions are additional electrostatic forces of attraction between polar molecules. Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions are stronger than Van der Waals' forces for molecules of equivalent size. A molecule can be described as polar if it has a permanent dipole. A permanent dipole is due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved in a covalent bond. For example:
The spatial arrangement of polar covalent bonds can result in a molecule being polar.
If the molecule is symmetrical the molecule will be non-polar.
Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonds are permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions. Bonds consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an atom of a strongly electronegative element such as fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen are highly polar. Hydrogen bonds are electrostatic forces of attraction between molecules which contain these highly polar bonds.
A hydrogen bond is stronger than other forms of permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions but weaker than a covalent bond. Dipole-dipole Interactions are stronger intermolecular forces than Dispersion forces occur between molecules that have permanent net dipoles (polar molecules), for example, dipole-dipole interactions occur between SCl2 molecules, PCl3 molecules and CH3Cl molecules. If the permanent net dipole within the polar molecules results from a covalent bond between a hydrogen atom and either fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen, the resulting intermolecular force is referred to as Hydrogen Bonding.
The partial positive charge on one molecule is electrostatically attracted to the partial negative charge on a neighboring molecule. http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/bonding/dipoledipole.htm
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are the forces that exist between molecules. Don't confuse these with intramolecular forces, which are the strong forces that keep a molecule together. 'Intra' means inside, so these are the inside forces in a molecule. 'Inter' means between, so these are the forces between molecules. To remember the difference between inter and intra, I always think of 'interstate.' In every state there is an interstate road that goes across more than one state, like Interstate 80 that runs from the Pacific Ocean in California to the Atlantic Ocean in New York. Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces but still very important. The two intermolecular forces we are talking about in this video include dipole-dipole and ion-dipole. Dipole-Dipole Forces A dipole is a molecule that has both positive and negative regions. Although we talk as though electrons distribute their time evenly among all atoms in a molecule, some elements have more affinity for the electrons than others, and they hang out around that atom more. We also talk about these molecules being polar. A polar molecule is a molecule with a slightly positive side and a slightly negative side. I always think about the North and South Poles of the earth to help me remember what a polar molecule is. A dipole-dipole force is when the positive side of a polar molecule attracts the negative side of another polar molecule. In order for this kind of bond to work, the molecules need to be very close to each other, like they are in a liquid. Ion-Dipole Forces
An ion-dipole force is just what its name says. It is a force between an ion and a dipole molecule. Remember that an ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and therefore has a negative or positive charge. A cation is an atom that has lost a valence electron and therefore has more positive protons than negative electrons, so it is positively charged. An anion is an atom that has gained a valence electron and is negatively charged. So knowing that a dipole molecule has a slight charge on either side and that ions have charges, either negative or positive, you can understand how these would bond together. Cations would be attracted
Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules and intramolecular forces act within molecules
Cations are atoms that have lost a valence electron, while anions have gained an electron to the negative side of a polar molecule and anions would be attracted to the positive side. Hydrogen Bond Simply put, a hydrogen bond is an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen on one molecule and a slightly negative atom on another molecule. Hydrogen bonds are dipole-dipole forces. The large electronegativity difference between hydrogen atoms and several other atoms, such as fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen, causes the bond between them to be polar. The other atoms have more affinity for the shared electrons, so they become slightly negatively charged and hydrogen becomes slightly positively charged. Hydrogen atoms are small, so they can cozy up close to other atoms. This allows them to come very close to the slightly negatively charged unshared electron pair of a nearby atom and create a bond with it. A hydrogen bond is usually represented as a dotted line between the hydrogen and the unshared electron pair of the other electronegative atom. It looks like this.
Hydrogen bonds are the strongest of all intermolecular forces Hydrogen bonds are the strongest of all intermolecular forces. They are extremely important in affecting the properties of water and biological molecules, such as protein. Water is a great example of hydrogen bonding. Water is a polar molecule composed of two hydrogens and one oxygen. The oxygen is slightly negative while the hydrogens are slightly positive. The hydrogens form hydrogen bonds with the oxygen of adjacent molecules. Then those molecules form more bonds with other adjacent water molecules. It looks like this. These bonds may be relatively weak by themselves, but when you have a lot of them together, as in the case of water, they become very strong. These bonds help keep water in a liquid state for a wide range of temperatures. Hydrogen bonds make water a good solvent because it easily forms hydrogen bonds with other substances. Hydrogen bonding is also important in biology because, among other things, it affects the way a protein molecule folds up, which affects its functional properties. Effects Of Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular forces cause molecules to behave in ways we would not predict just from their molecular structures. These forces affect the boiling point, evaporation and solubility of certain molecules. The boiling point of certain liquids increases because of the intermolecular forces. In order for a substance to boil, the molecules that were close together in the liquid have to move farther apart. The intermolecular forces make it difficult for the molecules to move apart because they are so attracted to each other, so more energy is needed, which in turn makes the temperature at which something boils much higher. This is the same idea, only opposite, for changing the melting point of solids. The intermolecular forces of a solid keep it in the solid state longer than would be expected because it doesn't want to let go of the bonds and have the molecules move farther apart.
Evaporation is similar to boiling point. The forces holding the molecules together make it more difficult for some molecules to evaporate and leave the surface of the liquid. Solubility is affected because the forces keep molecules together, kind of like a chain-link fence. Those links don't want to break to let other molecules in, which means they don't like to let other substances mix in with them. Lesson Summary Intermolecular forces are the forces that exist between molecules. Although weaker than intramolecular forces, they are still strong enough to have effects on boiling point, melting point, evaporation, and solubility of substances. A dipole-dipole force is when the positive side of a polar molecule attracts the negative side of another polar molecule. An ion-dipole force is a force between an ion and a polar molecule. A hydrogen bond is a dipole-dipole force and is an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen on one molecule and a slightly negative atom on another molecule. Hydrogen bonds are important in the properties of water and in certain biological molecules, such as proteins. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/hydrogen-bonding-dipole- dipole-ion-dipole-forces-strong-intermolecular-forces.html#lesson Dipole-dipole interactions are one type of intermolecular force. KEY POINTS Dipole-dipole interactions are the result of unbalanced charges within a molecule. To reduce potential energy of a compound, these unbalanced "polar" molecules align themselves in such a way that potential energy is decreased. Dipole-dipole interactions result in bonds between molecules of a substance as opposed to covalent bonds formed between atoms within a molecule. TERMS dipole any molecule or radical that has delocalized positive and negative charges potential energy the energy possessed by an object because of its position (in a gravitational or electric field), or its condition (as a stretched or compressed spring, as a chemical reactant, or by having rest mass) EXAMPLES Surface tension of water is one form of dipole-dipole interaction (also, hydrogen bonding). An electric monopole is a single charge, and a dipole is two opposite charges closely spaced to each other, or something which looks like that electrically. Dipoles are actually very abundant in nature. For example, a water molecule has a large permanent electric dipole moment. Its positive and negative charges are not centered at the same point; it behaves like two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. Another phenomenon happens to uncharged pith balls. In the presence of a charged object, the uncharged pith ball will be attracted to the charged object because the little dipoles have responded to the electric field of the rod. Dipoledipole interactions are electrostatic interactions of permanent dipoles in molecules. These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase the attraction (reducing potential energy). An example of a dipoledipole interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride (HCl): the positive end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and influence their arrangement . Polar molecules have a net attraction between them.
Two hydrogen chloride molecules displaying dipole-dipole interaction The relatively negative chlorine atom is attracted to the relatively positive hydrogen atom.
Intermolecular forces make the process of evaporation more difficult Keesom interactions (named after Willem Hendrik Keesom) are attractive interactions of dipoles that are Boltzmann-averaged over different rotational orientations of the dipoles. The energy of a Keesom interaction depends on the inverse sixth power of the distance, unlike the interaction energy of two spatially fixed dipoles, which depends on the inverse third power of the distance. Molecules often contain dipolar groups but have no overall dipole moment. This occurs if there is symmetry within the molecule that causes the dipoles to cancel each other out. This occurs in molecules such as tetrachloromethane. Note that the dipoledipole interaction between two atoms is usually zero, because atoms rarely carry a permanent dipole.
DIPOLE- a separation of charge that occurs in a chemical bond because of differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms or a polar molecule http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_dipole examples: Dipole-Dipole interactions are caused by permanent dipoles in molecules. When one atom is covalently bonded to another with a significantly different electronegativity, the electronegative atom draws the electrons in the bond nearer to itself, becoming slightly negative. Conversely, the other atom becomes slightly positive .An example of dipole-dipole interactions can be seen in hydrochloric acid
they also possess dipole-dipole forces: CH3OH H-BR water is also an example of dipole-dipole forces as hydrogen attains a slightly positive charge and the oxygen atom has a slightly -ve charge https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091207034822AAJzfN3
Dipoledipole interaction The first of the four bonding interactions discussed here is the dipole dipole interaction between polar molecules. It will be recalled that a polar molecule has an electric dipole moment by virtue of the existence of partial charges on its atoms. Opposite partial charges attract one another, and, if two polar molecules are orientated so that the opposite partial charges on the molecules are closer together than their like charges, then there will be a net attraction between the two molecules. This type of intermolecular force contributes to the condensation of hydrogen chloride to a liquid at low temperatures. The dipoledipole interaction also contributes to the weak interaction between molecules in gases, because, although molecules rotate, they tend to linger in relative orientations in which they have low energynamely, the mutual orientation with opposite partial charges close to one another http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/684121/chemical- bonding/43431/Dipole-dipole-interaction London Dispersion Forces The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. This force is sometimes called an induced dipole-induced dipole attraction. London forces are the attractive forces that cause nonpolar substances to condense to liquids and to freeze into solids when the temperature is lowered sufficiently. Because of the constant motion of the electrons, an atom or molecule can develop a temporary (instantaneous) dipole when its electrons are distributed unsymmetrically about the nucleus.
A second atom or molecule, in turn, can be distorted by the appearance of the dipole in the first atom or molecule (because electrons repel one another) which leads to an electrostatic attraction between the two atoms or molecules.
Dispersion forces are present between any two molecules (even polar molecules) when they are almost touching. Molecular Size Dispersion forces are present between all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. Larger and heavier atoms and molecules exhibit stronger dispersion forces than smaller and lighter ones. In a larger atom or molecule, the valence electrons are, on average, farther from the nuclei than in a smaller atom or molecule. They are less tightly held and can more easily form temporary dipoles. The ease with which the electron distribution around an atom or molecule can be distorted is called the polarizability. London dispersion forces tend to be: stronger between molecules that are easily polarized. weaker between molecules that are not easily polarized. Molecular Shape The shapes of molecules also affect the magnitudes of dispersion forces between them. At room temperature, neopentane (C 5 H 12 ) is a gas whereas n- pentane (C 5 H 12 ) is a liquid. London dispersion forces between n-pentane molecules are stronger than those between neopentane molecules even though both molecules are nonpolar and have the same molecular weight. The somewhat cylindrical shape of n-pentane molecules allows them to come in contact with each other more effectively than the somewhat spherical neopentane molecules.
= C = H n-pentane n-Pentane is a liquid at 25 o C. neopentane Neopentane is a gas at 25 o C.