The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Art of War, by Sun Tzu

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Title& The Art of War
Subtitle& Te't (nly, no )ommentary
Author& Sun Tzu
Translator& %ionel Giles
*elease +ate& +ecember ,-, ,../ 0eBook 1234./5
%anguage& 6nglish
)haracter set encoding& 7S($848$9S :9S$AS)77;
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Translated from the )hinese
By %7(@6% G7%6S, C!A! :2D2.;
0This is the basic te't of Sun Tzu on the Art of War! 7t was
e'tracted from Cr! GilesE com#lete work as titled aboe! The
commentary itself, which, of course includes this work embedded
within it, has been released as Project GutenbergEs eBook 12F,!5
7! %A"7@G P%A@S
2! Sun Tzu said& The art of war is of ital im#ortance
to the State!
,! 7t is a matter of life and death, a road either
to safety or to ruin! >ence it is a subject of inGuiry
which can on no account be neglected!
F! The art of war, then, is goerned by fie constant
factors, to be taken into account in oneEs deliberations,
when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field!
4! These are& :2; The Coral %awH :,; >eaenH :F; 6arthH
:4; The )ommanderH :/; Cethod and disci#line!
/,8! The Coral %aw causes the #eo#le to be in com#lete
accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him
regardless of their lies, undismayed by any danger!
3! >eaen signifies night and day, cold and heat,
times and seasons!
-! 6arth com#rises distances, great and smallH
danger and securityH o#en ground and narrow #assesH
the chances of life and death!
D! The )ommander stands for the irtues of wisdom,
sincerely, beneolence, courage and strictness!
2.! By method and disci#line are to be understood
the marshaling of the army in its #ro#er subdiisions,
the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance
of roads by which su##lies may reach the army, and the
control of military e'#enditure!
22! These fie heads should be familiar to eery general&
he who knows them will be ictoriousH he who knows them
not will fail!
2,! Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking
to determine the military conditions, let them be made
the basis of a com#arison, in this wise&$$
2F! :2; Which of the two soereigns is imbued
with the Coral lawI
:,; Which of the two generals has most abilityI
:F; With whom lie the adantages deried from >eaen
and 6arthI
:4; (n which side is disci#line most rigorously enforcedI
:/; Which army is strongerI
:8; (n which side are officers and men more highly trainedI
:3; 7n which army is there the greater constancy
both in reward and #unishmentI
24! By means of these seen considerations 7 can
forecast ictory or defeat!
2/! The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts
u#on it, will conGuer& let such a one be retained in commandJ
The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts u#on it,
will suffer defeat&$$let such a one be dismissedJ
28! While heading the #rofit of my counsel,
aail yourself also of any hel#ful circumstances
oer and beyond the ordinary rules!
23! According as circumstances are faorable,
one should modify oneEs #lans!
2-! All warfare is based on dece#tion!
2D! >ence, when able to attack, we must seem unableH
when using our forces, we must seem inactieH when we
are near, we must make the enemy beliee we are far awayH
when far away, we must make him beliee we are near!
,.! >old out baits to entice the enemy! =eign disorder,
and crush him!
,2! 7f he is secure at all #oints, be #re#ared for him!
7f he is in su#erior strength, eade him!
,,! 7f your o##onent is of choleric tem#er, seek to
irritate him! Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant!
,F! 7f he is taking his ease, gie him no rest!
7f his forces are united, se#arate them!
,4! Attack him where he is un#re#ared, a##ear where
you are not e'#ected!
,/! These military deices, leading to ictory,
must not be diulged beforehand!
,8! @ow the general who wins a battle makes many
calculations in his tem#le ere the battle is fought!
The general who loses a battle makes but few
calculations beforehand! Thus do many calculations
lead to ictory, and few calculations to defeat&
how much more no calculation at allJ 7t is by attention
to this #oint that 7 can foresee who is likely to win or lose!
77! WAG7@G WA*
2! Sun Tzu said& 7n the o#erations of war,
where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots,
as many heay chariots, and a hundred thousand
mail$clad soldiers, with #roisions enough to carry them
a thousand li, the e'#enditure at home and at the front,
including entertainment of guests, small items such as
glue and #aint, and sums s#ent on chariots and armor,
will reach the total of a thousand ounces of siler #er day!
Such is the cost of raising an army of 2..,... men!
,! When you engage in actual fighting, if ictory
is long in coming, then menEs wea#ons will grow dull and
their ardor will be dam#ed! 7f you lay siege to a town,
you will e'haust your strength!
F! Again, if the cam#aign is #rotracted, the resources
of the State will not be eGual to the strain!
4! @ow, when your wea#ons are dulled, your ardor dam#ed,
your strength e'hausted and your treasure s#ent,
other chieftains will s#ring u# to take adantage
of your e'tremity! Then no man, howeer wise,
will be able to aert the conseGuences that must ensue!
/! Thus, though we hae heard of stu#id haste in war,
cleerness has neer been seen associated with long delays!
8! There is no instance of a country haing benefited
from #rolonged warfare!
3! 7t is only one who is thoroughly acGuainted
with the eils of war that can thoroughly understand
the #rofitable way of carrying it on!
-! The skillful soldier does not raise a second ley,
neither are his su##ly$wagons loaded more than twice!
D! Bring war material with you from home, but forage
on the enemy! Thus the army will hae food enough
for its needs!
2.! Poerty of the State e'cheGuer causes an army
to be maintained by contributions from a distance!
)ontributing to maintain an army at a distance causes
the #eo#le to be im#oerished!
22! (n the other hand, the #ro'imity of an army causes
#rices to go u#H and high #rices cause the #eo#leEs
substance to be drained away!
2,! When their substance is drained away, the #easantry
will be afflicted by heay e'actions!
2F,24! With this loss of substance and e'haustion
of strength, the homes of the #eo#le will be stri##ed bare,
and three$tenths of their income will be dissi#atedH
while goernment e'#enses for broken chariots, worn$out horses,
breast$#lates and helmets, bows and arrows, s#ears and shields,
#rotectie mantles, draught$o'en and heay wagons,
will amount to four$tenths of its total reenue!
2/! >ence a wise general makes a #oint of foraging
on the enemy! (ne cartload of the enemyEs #roisions
is eGuialent to twenty of oneEs own, and likewise
a single #icul of his #roender is eGuialent to twenty
from oneEs own store!
28! @ow in order to kill the enemy, our men must
be roused to angerH that there may be adantage from
defeating the enemy, they must hae their rewards!
23! Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots
hae been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first!
(ur own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy,
and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours!
The ca#tured soldiers should be kindly treated and ke#t!
2-! This is called, using the conGuered foe to augment
oneEs own strength!
2D! 7n war, then, let your great object be ictory,
not lengthy cam#aigns!
,.! Thus it may be known that the leader of armies
is the arbiter of the #eo#leEs fate, the man on whom it
de#ends whether the nation shall be in #eace or in #eril!
777! ATTA)A B" ST*ATAG6C
2! Sun Tzu said& 7n the #ractical art of war, the best
thing of all is to take the enemyEs country whole and intactH
to shatter and destroy it is not so good! So, too, it is
better to reca#ture an army entire than to destroy it,
to ca#ture a regiment, a detachment or a com#any entire
than to destroy them!
,! >ence to fight and conGuer in all your battles
is not su#reme e'cellenceH su#reme e'cellence consists
in breaking the enemyEs resistance without fighting!
F! Thus the highest form of generalshi# is to
balk the enemyEs #lansH the ne't best is to #reent
the junction of the enemyEs forcesH the ne't in
order is to attack the enemyEs army in the fieldH
and the worst #olicy of all is to besiege walled cities!
4! The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it
can #ossibly be aoided! The #re#aration of mantlets,
moable shelters, and arious im#lements of war, will take
u# three whole monthsH and the #iling u# of mounds oer
against the walls will take three months more!
/! The general, unable to control his irritation,
will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,
with the result that one$third of his men are slain,
while the town still remains untaken! Such are the disastrous
effects of a siege!
8! Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemyEs
troo#s without any fightingH he ca#tures their cities
without laying siege to themH he oerthrows their kingdom
without lengthy o#erations in the field!
3! With his forces intact he will dis#ute the mastery
of the 6m#ire, and thus, without losing a man, his trium#h
will be com#lete! This is the method of attacking by stratagem!
-! 7t is the rule in war, if our forces are ten
to the enemyEs one, to surround himH if fie to one,
to attack himH if twice as numerous, to diide our army
into two!
D! 7f eGually matched, we can offer battleH
if slightly inferior in numbers, we can aoid the enemyH
if Guite uneGual in eery way, we can flee from him!
2.! >ence, though an obstinate fight may be made
by a small force, in the end it must be ca#tured
by the larger force!
22! @ow the general is the bulwark of the StateH
if the bulwark is com#lete at all #ointsH the State will
be strongH if the bulwark is defectie, the State will
be weak!
2,! There are three ways in which a ruler can bring
misfortune u#on his army&$$
2F! :2; By commanding the army to adance or to retreat,
being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey!
This is called hobbling the army!
24! :,; By attem#ting to goern an army in the
same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant
of the conditions which obtain in an army! This causes
restlessness in the soldierEs minds!
2/! :F; By em#loying the officers of his army
without discrimination, through ignorance of the
military #rinci#le of ada#tation to circumstances!
This shakes the confidence of the soldiers!
28! But when the army is restless and distrustful,
trouble is sure to come from the other feudal #rinces!
This is sim#ly bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging
ictory away!
23! Thus we may know that there are fie essentials
for ictory&
:2; >e will win who knows when to fight and when
not to fight!
:,; >e will win who knows how to handle both su#erior
and inferior forces!
:F; >e will win whose army is animated by the same
s#irit throughout all its ranks!
:4; >e will win who, #re#ared himself, waits to take
the enemy un#re#ared!
:/; >e will win who has military ca#acity and is
not interfered with by the soereign!
2-! >ence the saying& 7f you know the enemy
and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a
hundred battles! 7f you know yourself but not the enemy,
for eery ictory gained you will also suffer a defeat!
7f you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will
succumb in eery battle!
7K! TA)T7)A% +7SP(S7T7(@S
2! Sun Tzu said& The good fighters of old first #ut
themseles beyond the #ossibility of defeat, and then
waited for an o##ortunity of defeating the enemy!
,! To secure ourseles against defeat lies in our
own hands, but the o##ortunity of defeating the enemy
is #roided by the enemy himself!
F! Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat,
but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy!
4! >ence the saying& (ne may know how to conGuer
without being able to do it!
/! Security against defeat im#lies defensie tacticsH
ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensie!
8! Standing on the defensie indicates insufficient
strengthH attacking, a su#erabundance of strength!
3! The general who is skilled in defense hides in the
most secret recesses of the earthH he who is skilled in
attack flashes forth from the to#most heights of heaen!
Thus on the one hand we hae ability to #rotect ourselesH
on the other, a ictory that is com#lete!
-! To see ictory only when it is within the ken
of the common herd is not the acme of e'cellence!
D! @either is it the acme of e'cellence if you fight
and conGuer and the whole 6m#ire says, LWell doneJL
2.! To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strengthH
to see the sun and moon is no sign of shar# sightH
to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a Guick ear!
22! What the ancients called a cleer fighter is
one who not only wins, but e'cels in winning with ease!
2,! >ence his ictories bring him neither re#utation
for wisdom nor credit for courage!
2F! >e wins his battles by making no mistakes!
Caking no mistakes is what establishes the certainty
of ictory, for it means conGuering an enemy that is
already defeated!
24! >ence the skillful fighter #uts himself into
a #osition which makes defeat im#ossible, and does
not miss the moment for defeating the enemy!
2/! Thus it is that in war the ictorious strategist
only seeks battle after the ictory has been won,
whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights
and afterwards looks for ictory!
28! The consummate leader cultiates the moral law,
and strictly adheres to method and disci#lineH thus it is
in his #ower to control success!
23! 7n res#ect of military method, we hae,
firstly, CeasurementH secondly, 6stimation of GuantityH
thirdly, )alculationH fourthly, Balancing of chancesH
fifthly, Kictory!
2-! Ceasurement owes its e'istence to 6arthH
6stimation of Guantity to CeasurementH )alculation to
6stimation of GuantityH Balancing of chances to )alculationH
and Kictory to Balancing of chances!
2D! A ictorious army o##osed to a routed one, is as
a #oundEs weight #laced in the scale against a single grain!
,.! The onrush of a conGuering force is like the bursting
of #ent$u# waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms dee#!
K! 6@6*G"
2! Sun Tzu said& The control of a large force
is the same #rinci#le as the control of a few men&
it is merely a Guestion of diiding u# their numbers!
,! =ighting with a large army under your command
is nowise different from fighting with a small one&
it is merely a Guestion of instituting signs and signals!
F! To ensure that your whole host may withstand
the brunt of the enemyEs attack and remain unshaken$$
this is effected by maneuers direct and indirect!
4! That the im#act of your army may be like a grindstone
dashed against an egg$$this is effected by the science
of weak #oints and strong!
/! 7n all fighting, the direct method may be used
for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed
in order to secure ictory!
8! 7ndirect tactics, efficiently a##lied, are ine'haustible
as >eaen and 6arth, unending as the flow of riers and streamsH
like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anewH
like the four seasons, they #ass away to return once more!
3! There are not more than fie musical notes,
yet the combinations of these fie gie rise to more
melodies than can eer be heard!
-! There are not more than fie #rimary colors
:blue, yellow, red, white, and black;, yet in combination
they #roduce more hues than can eer been seen!
D! There are not more than fie cardinal tastes
:sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter;, yet combinations
of them yield more flaors than can eer be tasted!
2.! 7n battle, there are not more than two methods
of attack$$the direct and the indirectH yet these two
in combination gie rise to an endless series of maneuers!
22! The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn!
7t is like moing in a circle$$you neer come to an end!
Who can e'haust the #ossibilities of their combinationI
2,! The onset of troo#s is like the rush of a torrent
which will een roll stones along in its course!
2F! The Guality of decision is like the well$timed
swoo# of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy
its ictim!
24! Therefore the good fighter will be terrible
in his onset, and #rom#t in his decision!
2/! 6nergy may be likened to the bending of a crossbowH
decision, to the releasing of a trigger!
28! Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may
be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at allH
amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head
or tail, yet it will be #roof against defeat!
23! Simulated disorder #ostulates #erfect disci#line,
simulated fear #ostulates courageH simulated weakness
#ostulates strength!
2-! >iding order beneath the cloak of disorder is
sim#ly a Guestion of subdiisionH concealing courage under
a show of timidity #resu##oses a fund of latent energyH
masking strength with weakness is to be effected
by tactical dis#ositions!
2D! Thus one who is skillful at kee#ing the enemy
on the moe maintains deceitful a##earances, according to
which the enemy will act! >e sacrifices something,
that the enemy may snatch at it!
,.! By holding out baits, he kee#s him on the marchH
then with a body of #icked men he lies in wait for him!
,2! The cleer combatant looks to the effect of combined
energy, and does not reGuire too much from indiiduals!
>ence his ability to #ick out the right men and utilize
combined energy!
,,! When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting
men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones!
=or it is the nature of a log or stone to remain
motionless on leel ground, and to moe when on a slo#eH
if four$cornered, to come to a standstill, but if
round$sha#ed, to go rolling down!
,F! Thus the energy deelo#ed by good fighting men
is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain
thousands of feet in height! So much on the subject
of energy!
K7! W6AA P(7@TS A@+ ST*(@G
2! Sun Tzu said& Whoeer is first in the field and
awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fightH
whoeer is second in the field and has to hasten to battle
will arrie e'hausted!
,! Therefore the cleer combatant im#oses his will on
the enemy, but does not allow the enemyEs will to be im#osed on him!
F! By holding out adantages to him, he can cause the enemy
to a##roach of his own accordH or, by inflicting damage,
he can make it im#ossible for the enemy to draw near!
4! 7f the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass himH
if well su##lied with food, he can stare him outH
if Guietly encam#ed, he can force him to moe!
/! A##ear at #oints which the enemy must hasten to defendH
march swiftly to #laces where you are not e'#ected!
8! An army may march great distances without distress,
if it marches through country where the enemy is not!
3! "ou can be sure of succeeding in your attacks
if you only attack #laces which are undefended!"ou can
ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold
#ositions that cannot be attacked!
-! >ence that general is skillful in attack whose
o##onent does not know what to defendH and he is skillful
in defense whose o##onent does not know what to attack!
D! ( diine art of subtlety and secrecyJ Through you
we learn to be inisible, through you inaudibleH
and hence we can hold the enemyEs fate in our hands!
2.! "ou may adance and be absolutely irresistible,
if you make for the enemyEs weak #ointsH you may retire
and be safe from #ursuit if your moements are more ra#id
than those of the enemy!
22! 7f we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced
to an engagement een though he be sheltered behind a high
ram#art and a dee# ditch! All we need do is attack
some other #lace that he will be obliged to reliee!
2,! 7f we do not wish to fight, we can #reent
the enemy from engaging us een though the lines
of our encam#ment be merely traced out on the ground!
All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable
in his way!
2F! By discoering the enemyEs dis#ositions and remaining
inisible ourseles, we can kee# our forces concentrated,
while the enemyEs must be diided!
24! We can form a single united body, while the
enemy must s#lit u# into fractions! >ence there will
be a whole #itted against se#arate #arts of a whole,
which means that we shall be many to the enemyEs few!
2/! And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force
with a su#erior one, our o##onents will be in dire straits!
28! The s#ot where we intend to fight must not be
made knownH for then the enemy will hae to #re#are
against a #ossible attack at seeral different #ointsH
and his forces being thus distributed in many directions,
the numbers we shall hae to face at any gien #oint will
be #ro#ortionately few!
23! =or should the enemy strengthen his an,
he will weaken his rearH should he strengthen his rear,
he will weaken his anH should he strengthen his left,
he will weaken his rightH should he strengthen his right,
he will weaken his left! 7f he sends reinforcements eerywhere,
he will eerywhere be weak!
2-! @umerical weakness comes from haing to #re#are
against #ossible attacksH numerical strength, from com#elling
our adersary to make these #re#arations against us!
2D! Anowing the #lace and the time of the coming battle,
we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order
to fight!
,.! But if neither time nor #lace be known,
then the left wing will be im#otent to succor the right,
the right eGually im#otent to succor the left, the an
unable to reliee the rear, or the rear to su##ort the an!
>ow much more so if the furthest #ortions of the army are
anything under a hundred %7 a#art, and een the nearest
are se#arated by seeral %7J
,2! Though according to my estimate the soldiers
of "ueh e'ceed our own in number, that shall adantage
them nothing in the matter of ictory! 7 say then
that ictory can be achieed!
,,! Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may
#reent him from fighting! Scheme so as to discoer
his #lans and the likelihood of their success!
,F! *ouse him, and learn the #rinci#le of his
actiity or inactiity! =orce him to reeal himself,
so as to find out his ulnerable s#ots!
,4! )arefully com#are the o##osing army with your own,
so that you may know where strength is su#erabundant
and where it is deficient!
,/! 7n making tactical dis#ositions, the highest #itch
you can attain is to conceal themH conceal your dis#ositions,
and you will be safe from the #rying of the subtlest s#ies,
from the machinations of the wisest brains!
,8! >ow ictory may be #roduced for them out of the enemyEs
own tactics$$that is what the multitude cannot com#rehend!
,3! All men can see the tactics whereby 7 conGuer,
but what none can see is the strategy out of which ictory
is eoled!
,-! +o not re#eat the tactics which hae gained
you one ictory, but let your methods be regulated
by the infinite ariety of circumstances!
,D! Cilitary tactics are like unto waterH for water in its
natural course runs away from high #laces and hastens downwards!
F.! So in war, the way is to aoid what is strong
and to strike at what is weak!
F2! Water sha#es its course according to the nature
of the ground oer which it flowsH the soldier works
out his ictory in relation to the foe whom he is facing!
F,! Therefore, just as water retains no constant sha#e,
so in warfare there are no constant conditions!
FF! >e who can modify his tactics in relation to his
o##onent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called
a heaen$born ca#tain!
F4! The fie elements :water, fire, wood, metal, earth;
are not always eGually #redominantH the four seasons make
way for each other in turn! There are short days and longH
the moon has its #eriods of waning and wa'ing!
K77! CA@69K6*7@G
2! Sun Tzu said& 7n war, the general receies his
commands from the soereign!
,! >aing collected an army and concentrated his forces,
he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof
before #itching his cam#!
F! After that, comes tactical maneuering,
than which there is nothing more difficult!
The difficulty of tactical maneuering consists
in turning the deious into the direct, and misfortune into gain!
4! Thus, to take a long and circuitous route,
after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting
after him, to contrie to reach the goal before him,
shows knowledge of the artifice of +6K7AT7(@!
/! Caneuering with an army is adantageousH
with an undisci#lined multitude, most dangerous!
8! 7f you set a fully eGui##ed army in march in order
to snatch an adantage, the chances are that you will be
too late! (n the other hand, to detach a flying column
for the #ur#ose inoles the sacrifice of its baggage
and stores!
3! Thus, if you order your men to roll u# their
buff$coats, and make forced marches without halting day
or night, coering double the usual distance at a stretch,
doing a hundred %7 in order to wrest an adantage,
the leaders of all your three diisions will fall into
the hands of the enemy!
-! The stronger men will be in front, the jaded
ones will fall behind, and on this #lan only one$tenth
of your army will reach its destination!
D! 7f you march fifty %7 in order to outmaneuer
the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first diision,
and only half your force will reach the goal!
2.! 7f you march thirty %7 with the same object,
two$thirds of your army will arrie!
22! We may take it then that an army without its
baggage$train is lostH without #roisions it is lostH
without bases of su##ly it is lost!
2,! We cannot enter into alliances until we are
acGuainted with the designs of our neighbors!
2F! We are not fit to lead an army on the march
unless we are familiar with the face of the country$$its
mountains and forests, its #itfalls and #reci#ices,
its marshes and swam#s!
24! We shall be unable to turn natural adantage
to account unless we make use of local guides!
2/! 7n war, #ractice dissimulation, and you will succeed!
28! Whether to concentrate or to diide your troo#s,
must be decided by circumstances!
23! %et your ra#idity be that of the wind,
your com#actness that of the forest!
2-! 7n raiding and #lundering be like fire,
is immoability like a mountain!
2D! %et your #lans be dark and im#enetrable as night,
and when you moe, fall like a thunderbolt!
,.! When you #lunder a countryside, let the s#oil be
diided amongst your menH when you ca#ture new territory,
cut it u# into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery!
,2! Ponder and deliberate before you make a moe!
,,! >e will conGuer who has learnt the artifice
of deiation! Such is the art of maneuering!
,F! The Book of Army Canagement says& (n the field
of battle, the s#oken word does not carry far enough&
hence the institution of gongs and drums! @or can ordinary
objects be seen clearly enough& hence the institution
of banners and flags!
,4! Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means
whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused
on one #articular #oint!
,/! The host thus forming a single united body,
is it im#ossible either for the brae to adance alone,
or for the cowardly to retreat alone! This is the art
of handling large masses of men!
,8! 7n night$fighting, then, make much use of signal$fires
and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners,
as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army!
,3! A whole army may be robbed of its s#iritH
a commander$in$chief may be robbed of his #resence of mind!
,-! @ow a soldierEs s#irit is keenest in the morningH
by noonday it has begun to flagH and in the eening,
his mind is bent only on returning to cam#!
,D! A cleer general, therefore, aoids an army when
its s#irit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish
and inclined to return! This is the art of studying moods!
F.! +isci#lined and calm, to await the a##earance
of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy&$$this is the art
of retaining self$#ossession!
F2! To be near the goal while the enemy is still
far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is
toiling and struggling, to be well$fed while the enemy
is famished&$$this is the art of husbanding oneEs strength!
F,! To refrain from interce#ting an enemy whose
banners are in #erfect order, to refrain from attacking
an army drawn u# in calm and confident array&$$this
is the art of studying circumstances!
FF! 7t is a military a'iom not to adance u#hill
against the enemy, nor to o##ose him when he comes downhill!
F4! +o not #ursue an enemy who simulates flightH
do not attack soldiers whose tem#er is keen!
F/! +o not swallow bait offered by the enemy!
+o not interfere with an army that is returning home!
F8! When you surround an army, leae an outlet free!
+o not #ress a des#erate foe too hard!
F3! Such is the art of warfare!
K777! KA*7AT7(@ 7@ TA)T7)S
2! Sun Tzu said& 7n war, the general receies
his commands from the soereign, collects his army
and concentrates his forces
,! When in difficult country, do not encam#! 7n country
where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies!
+o not linger in dangerously isolated #ositions!
7n hemmed$in situations, you must resort to stratagem!
7n des#erate #osition, you must fight!
F! There are roads which must not be followed,
armies which must be not attacked, towns which must
not be besieged, #ositions which must not be contested,
commands of the soereign which must not be obeyed!
4! The general who thoroughly understands the adantages
that accom#any ariation of tactics knows how to handle
his troo#s!
/! The general who does not understand these, may be well
acGuainted with the configuration of the country, yet he
will not be able to turn his knowledge to #ractical account!
8! So, the student of war who is unersed in the art
of war of arying his #lans, een though he be acGuainted
with the =ie Adantages, will fail to make the best use
of his men!
3! >ence in the wise leaderEs #lans, considerations of
adantage and of disadantage will be blended together!
-! 7f our e'#ectation of adantage be tem#ered in
this way, we may succeed in accom#lishing the essential
#art of our schemes!
D! 7f, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties
we are always ready to seize an adantage, we may e'tricate
ourseles from misfortune!
2.! *educe the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage
on themH and make trouble for them, and kee# them
constantly engagedH hold out s#ecious allurements,
and make them rush to any gien #oint!
22! The art of war teaches us to rely not on the
likelihood of the enemyEs not coming, but on our own readiness
to receie himH not on the chance of his not attacking,
but rather on the fact that we hae made our #osition unassailable!
2,! There are fie dangerous faults which may affect
a general&
:2; *ecklessness, which leads to destructionH
:,; cowardice, which leads to ca#tureH
:F; a hasty tem#er, which can be #rooked by insultsH
:4; a delicacy of honor which is sensitie to shameH
:/; oer$solicitude for his men, which e'#oses him
to worry and trouble!
2F! These are the fie besetting sins of a general,
ruinous to the conduct of war!
24! When an army is oerthrown and its leader slain,
the cause will surely be found among these fie
dangerous faults! %et them be a subject of meditation!
7M! T>6 A*C" (@ T>6 CA*)>
2! Sun Tzu said& We come now to the Guestion of
encam#ing the army, and obsering signs of the enemy!
Pass Guickly oer mountains, and kee# in the neighborhood
of alleys!
,! )am# in high #laces, facing the sun! +o not climb
heights in order to fight! So much for mountain warfare!
F! After crossing a rier, you should get far away
from it!
4! When an inading force crosses a rier in its
onward march, do not adance to meet it in mid$stream!
7t will be best to let half the army get across,
and then delier your attack!
/! 7f you are an'ious to fight, you should not go
to meet the inader near a rier which he has to cross!
8! Coor your craft higher u# than the enemy, and facing
the sun! +o not moe u#$stream to meet the enemy!
So much for rier warfare!
3! 7n crossing salt$marshes, your sole concern
should be to get oer them Guickly, without any delay!
-! 7f forced to fight in a salt$marsh, you should
hae water and grass near you, and get your back
to a clum# of trees! So much for o#erations in salt$marches!
D! 7n dry, leel country, take u# an easily accessible
#osition with rising ground to your right and on your rear,
so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind!
So much for cam#aigning in flat country!
2.! These are the four useful branches of military
knowledge which enabled the "ellow 6m#eror to anGuish
four seeral soereigns!
22! All armies #refer high ground to low and sunny
#laces to dark!
2,! 7f you are careful of your men, and cam# on hard
ground, the army will be free from disease of eery kind,
and this will s#ell ictory!
2F! When you come to a hill or a bank, occu#y the
sunny side, with the slo#e on your right rear!
Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers
and utilize the natural adantages of the ground!
24! When, in conseGuence of heay rains u#$country,
a rier which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked
with foam, you must wait until it subsides!
2/! )ountry in which there are #reci#itous cliffs
with torrents running between, dee# natural hollows,
confined #laces, tangled thickets, Guagmires and creasses,
should be left with all #ossible s#eed and not a##roached!
28! While we kee# away from such #laces, we should
get the enemy to a##roach themH while we face them,
we should let the enemy hae them on his rear!
23! 7f in the neighborhood of your cam# there should
be any hilly country, #onds surrounded by aGuatic grass,
hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick
undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searchedH
for these are #laces where men in ambush or insidious
s#ies are likely to be lurking!
2-! When the enemy is close at hand and remains Guiet,
he is relying on the natural strength of his #osition!
2D! When he kee#s aloof and tries to #rooke a battle,
he is an'ious for the other side to adance!
,.! 7f his #lace of encam#ment is easy of access,
he is tendering a bait!
,2! Coement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the
enemy is adancing! The a##earance of a number of screens
in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to
make us sus#icious!
,,! The rising of birds in their flight is the sign
of an ambuscade! Startled beasts indicate that a sudden
attack is coming!
,F! When there is dust rising in a high column,
it is the sign of chariots adancingH when the dust is low,
but s#read oer a wide area, it betokens the a##roach
of infantry! When it branches out in different directions,
it shows that #arties hae been sent to collect firewood!
A few clouds of dust moing to and fro signify that the army
is encam#ing!
,4! >umble words and increased #re#arations are signs
that the enemy is about to adance! Kiolent language
and driing forward as if to the attack are signs that he
will retreat!
,/! When the light chariots come out first and take
u# a #osition on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy
is forming for battle!
,8! Peace #ro#osals unaccom#anied by a sworn coenant
indicate a #lot!
,3! When there is much running about and the soldiers
fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come!
,-! When some are seen adancing and some retreating,
it is a lure!
,D! When the soldiers stand leaning on their s#ears,
they are faint from want of food!
F.! 7f those who are sent to draw water begin
by drinking themseles, the army is suffering from thirst!
F2! 7f the enemy sees an adantage to be gained and
makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are e'hausted!
F,! 7f birds gather on any s#ot, it is unoccu#ied!
)lamor by night betokens nerousness!
FF! 7f there is disturbance in the cam#, the generalEs
authority is weak! 7f the banners and flags are shifted
about, sedition is afoot! 7f the officers are angry,
it means that the men are weary!
F4! When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills
its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their
cooking$#ots oer the cam#$fires, showing that they
will not return to their tents, you may know that they
are determined to fight to the death!
F/! The sight of men whis#ering together in small
knots or s#eaking in subdued tones #oints to disaffection
amongst the rank and file!
F8! Too freGuent rewards signify that the enemy is
at the end of his resourcesH too many #unishments betray
a condition of dire distress!
F3! To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright
at the enemyEs numbers, shows a su#reme lack of intelligence!
F-! When enoys are sent with com#liments in their mouths,
it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce!
FD! 7f the enemyEs troo#s march u# angrily and remain
facing ours for a long time without either joining
battle or taking themseles off again, the situation
is one that demands great igilance and circums#ection!
4.! 7f our troo#s are no more in number than the enemy,
that is am#ly sufficientH it only means that no direct attack
can be made! What we can do is sim#ly to concentrate all
our aailable strength, kee# a close watch on the enemy,
and obtain reinforcements!
42! >e who e'ercises no forethought but makes light
of his o##onents is sure to be ca#tured by them!
4,! 7f soldiers are #unished before they hae grown
attached to you, they will not #roe submissieH and,
unless submissie, then will be #ractically useless!
7f, when the soldiers hae become attached to you,
#unishments are not enforced, they will still be useless!
4F! Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first
instance with humanity, but ke#t under control by means
of iron disci#line! This is a certain road to ictory!
44! 7f in training soldiers commands are habitually
enforced, the army will be well$disci#linedH if not,
its disci#line will be bad!
4/! 7f a general shows confidence in his men but always
insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual!
M! T6**A7@
2! Sun Tzu said& We may distinguish si' kinds of terrain,
to wit& :2; Accessible groundH :,; entangling groundH
:F; tem#orizing groundH :4; narrow #assesH :/; #reci#itous
heightsH :8; #ositions at a great distance from the enemy!
,! Ground which can be freely traersed by both sides
is called accessible!
F! With regard to ground of this nature, be before
the enemy in occu#ying the raised and sunny s#ots,
and carefully guard your line of su##lies! Then you
will be able to fight with adantage!
4! Ground which can be abandoned but is hard
to re$occu#y is called entangling!
/! =rom a #osition of this sort, if the enemy
is un#re#ared, you may sally forth and defeat him!
But if the enemy is #re#ared for your coming, and you
fail to defeat him, then, return being im#ossible,
disaster will ensue!
8! When the #osition is such that neither side will gain
by making the first moe, it is called tem#orizing ground!
3! 7n a #osition of this sort, een though the enemy
should offer us an attractie bait, it will be adisable
not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing
the enemy in his turnH then, when #art of his army has
come out, we may delier our attack with adantage!
-! With regard to narrow #asses, if you can occu#y
them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await
the adent of the enemy!
D! Should the army forestall you in occu#ying a #ass,
do not go after him if the #ass is fully garrisoned,
but only if it is weakly garrisoned!
2.! With regard to #reci#itous heights, if you are
beforehand with your adersary, you should occu#y the
raised and sunny s#ots, and there wait for him to come u#!
22! 7f the enemy has occu#ied them before you,
do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away!
2,! 7f you are situated at a great distance from
the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is eGual,
it is not easy to #rooke a battle, and fighting will be
to your disadantage!
2F! These si' are the #rinci#les connected with 6arth!
The general who has attained a res#onsible #ost must be
careful to study them!
24! @ow an army is e'#osed to si' seeral calamities,
not arising from natural causes, but from faults
for which the general is res#onsible! These are&
:2; =lightH :,; insubordinationH :F; colla#seH :4; ruinH
:/; disorganizationH :8; rout!
2/! (ther conditions being eGual, if one force is
hurled against another ten times its size, the result
will be the flight of the former!
28! When the common soldiers are too strong and
their officers too weak, the result is insubordination!
When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers
too weak, the result is colla#se!
23! When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate,
and on meeting the enemy gie battle on their own account
from a feeling of resentment, before the commander$in$chief
can tell whether or not he is in a #osition to fight,
the result is ruin!
2-! When the general is weak and without authorityH
when his orders are not clear and distinctH when there
are no fi'es duties assigned to officers and men,
and the ranks are formed in a sloenly ha#hazard manner,
the result is utter disorganization!
2D! When a general, unable to estimate the enemyEs
strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one,
or hurls a weak detachment against a #owerful one,
and neglects to #lace #icked soldiers in the front rank,
the result must be rout!
,.! These are si' ways of courting defeat, which must
be carefully noted by the general who has attained
a res#onsible #ost!
,2! The natural formation of the country is the soldierEs
best allyH but a #ower of estimating the adersary,
of controlling the forces of ictory, and of shrewdly
calculating difficulties, dangers and distances,
constitutes the test of a great general!
,,! >e who knows these things, and in fighting #uts
his knowledge into #ractice, will win his battles!
>e who knows them not, nor #ractices them, will surely
be defeated!
,F! 7f fighting is sure to result in ictory,
then you must fight, een though the ruler forbid itH
if fighting will not result in ictory, then you must not
fight een at the rulerEs bidding!
,4! The general who adances without coeting fame
and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only
thought is to #rotect his country and do good serice
for his soereign, is the jewel of the kingdom!
,/! *egard your soldiers as your children, and they
will follow you into the dee#est alleysH look u#on them
as your own beloed sons, and they will stand by you
een unto death!
,8! 7f, howeer, you are indulgent, but unable to make
your authority feltH kind$hearted, but unable to enforce
your commandsH and inca#able, moreoer, of Guelling disorder&
then your soldiers must be likened to s#oilt childrenH
they are useless for any #ractical #ur#ose!
,3! 7f we know that our own men are in a condition
to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not o#en
to attack, we hae gone only halfway towards ictory!
,-! 7f we know that the enemy is o#en to attack,
but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition
to attack, we hae gone only halfway towards ictory!
,D! 7f we know that the enemy is o#en to attack,
and also know that our men are in a condition to attack,
but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes
fighting im#racticable, we hae still gone only halfway
towards ictory!
F.! >ence the e'#erienced soldier, once in motion,
is neer bewilderedH once he has broken cam#, he is neer
at a loss!
F2! >ence the saying& 7f you know the enemy and
know yourself, your ictory will not stand in doubtH
if you know >eaen and know 6arth, you may make your
ictory com#lete!
M7! T>6 @7@6 S7T9AT7(@S
2! Sun Tzu said& The art of war recognizes nine arieties of ground&
:2; +is#ersie groundH :,; facile groundH :F; contentious groundH
:4; o#en groundH :/; ground of intersecting highwaysH
:8; serious groundH :3; difficult groundH :-; hemmed$in groundH
:D; des#erate ground!
,! When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,
it is dis#ersie ground!
F! When he has #enetrated into hostile territory,
but to no great distance, it is facile ground!
4! Ground the #ossession of which im#orts great
adantage to either side, is contentious ground!
/! Ground on which each side has liberty of moement
is o#en ground!
8! Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,
so that he who occu#ies it first has most of the 6m#ire
at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways!
3! When an army has #enetrated into the heart of a
hostile country, leaing a number of fortified cities
in its rear, it is serious ground!
-! Countain forests, rugged stee#s, marshes and fens$$all
country that is hard to traerse& this is difficult ground!
D! Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,
and from which we can only retire by tortuous #aths,
so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush
a large body of our men& this is hemmed in ground!
2.! Ground on which we can only be saed from
destruction by fighting without delay, is des#erate ground!
22! (n dis#ersie ground, therefore, fight not!
(n facile ground, halt not! (n contentious ground,
attack not!
2,! (n o#en ground, do not try to block the enemyEs way!
(n the ground of intersecting highways, join hands
with your allies!
2F! (n serious ground, gather in #lunder!
7n difficult ground, kee# steadily on the march!
24! (n hemmed$in ground, resort to stratagem!
(n des#erate ground, fight!
2/! Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew
how to drie a wedge between the enemyEs front and rearH
to #reent co$o#eration between his large and small diisionsH
to hinder the good troo#s from rescuing the bad,
the officers from rallying their men!
28! When the enemyEs men were united, they managed
to kee# them in disorder!
23! When it was to their adantage, they made
a forward moeH when otherwise, they sto##ed still!
2-! 7f asked how to co#e with a great host of the enemy
in orderly array and on the #oint of marching to the attack,
7 should say& LBegin by seizing something which your
o##onent holds dearH then he will be amenable to your will!L
2D! *a#idity is the essence of war& take adantage of
the enemyEs unreadiness, make your way by une'#ected routes,
and attack unguarded s#ots!
,.! The following are the #rinci#les to be obsered
by an inading force& The further you #enetrate into
a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troo#s,
and thus the defenders will not #reail against you!
,2! Cake forays in fertile country in order to su##ly
your army with food!
,,! )arefully study the well$being of your men,
and do not oerta' them! )oncentrate your energy and hoard
your strength! Aee# your army continually on the moe,
and deise unfathomable #lans!
,F! Throw your soldiers into #ositions whence there
is no esca#e, and they will #refer death to flight!
7f they will face death, there is nothing they may
not achiee! (fficers and men alike will #ut forth
their uttermost strength!
,4! Soldiers when in des#erate straits lose
the sense of fear! 7f there is no #lace of refuge,
they will stand firm! 7f they are in hostile country,
they will show a stubborn front! 7f there is no hel#
for it, they will fight hard!
,/! Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers
will be constantly on the Gui ieH without waiting to
be asked, they will do your willH without restrictions,
they will be faithfulH without giing orders, they can
be trusted!
,8! Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with
su#erstitious doubts! Then, until death itself comes,
no calamity need be feared!
,3! 7f our soldiers are not oerburdened with money,
it is not because they hae a distaste for richesH
if their lies are not unduly long, it is not because they
are disinclined to longeity!
,-! (n the day they are ordered out to battle,
your soldiers may wee#, those sitting u# bedewing
their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run
down their cheeks! But let them once be brought to bay,
and they will dis#lay the courage of a )hu or a Auei!
,D! The skillful tactician may be likened to the
shuai$jan! @ow the shuai$jan is a snake that is found
in the )h9ng mountains! Strike at its head, and you
will be attacked by its tailH strike at its tail, and you
will be attacked by its headH strike at its middle,
and you will be attacked by head and tail both!
F.! Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai$jan,
7 should answer, "es! =or the men of Wu and the men
of "ueh are enemiesH yet if they are crossing a rier
in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come
to each otherEs assistance just as the left hand hel#s the right!
F2! >ence it is not enough to #ut oneEs trust
in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot
wheels in the ground
F,! The #rinci#le on which to manage an army is to set
u# one standard of courage which all must reach!
FF! >ow to make the best of both strong and weak$$that
is a Guestion inoling the #ro#er use of ground!
F4! Thus the skillful general conducts his army just
as though he were leading a single man, willy$nilly, by
the hand!
F/! 7t is the business of a general to be Guiet and thus
ensure secrecyH u#right and just, and thus maintain order!
F8! >e must be able to mystify his officers and men
by false re#orts and a##earances, and thus kee# them
in total ignorance!
F3! By altering his arrangements and changing
his #lans, he kee#s the enemy without definite knowledge!
By shifting his cam# and taking circuitous routes,
he #reents the enemy from antici#ating his #ur#ose!
F-! At the critical moment, the leader of an army
acts like one who has climbed u# a height and then kicks
away the ladder behind him! >e carries his men dee#
into hostile territory before he shows his hand!
FD! >e burns his boats and breaks his cooking$#otsH
like a she#herd driing a flock of shee#, he dries
his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he
is going!
4.! To muster his host and bring it into danger&$$this
may be termed the business of the general!
42! The different measures suited to the nine
arieties of groundH the e'#ediency of aggressie or
defensie tacticsH and the fundamental laws of human nature&
these are things that must most certainly be studied!
4,! When inading hostile territory, the general
#rinci#le is, that #enetrating dee#ly brings cohesionH
#enetrating but a short way means dis#ersion!
4F! When you leae your own country behind, and take
your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself
on critical ground! When there are means of communication
on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways!
44! When you #enetrate dee#ly into a country, it is
serious ground! When you #enetrate but a little way,
it is facile ground!
4/! When you hae the enemyEs strongholds on your rear,
and narrow #asses in front, it is hemmed$in ground!
When there is no #lace of refuge at all, it is des#erate ground!
48! Therefore, on dis#ersie ground, 7 would ins#ire
my men with unity of #ur#ose! (n facile ground, 7 would
see that there is close connection between all #arts
of my army!
43! (n contentious ground, 7 would hurry u# my rear!
4-! (n o#en ground, 7 would kee# a igilant eye
on my defenses! (n ground of intersecting highways,
7 would consolidate my alliances!
4D! (n serious ground, 7 would try to ensure
a continuous stream of su##lies! (n difficult ground,
7 would kee# #ushing on along the road!
/.! (n hemmed$in ground, 7 would block any way
of retreat! (n des#erate ground, 7 would #roclaim
to my soldiers the ho#elessness of saing their lies!
/2! =or it is the soldierEs dis#osition to offer
an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard
when he cannot hel# himself, and to obey #rom#tly when he
has fallen into danger!
/,! We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring
#rinces until we are acGuainted with their designs! We are
not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar
with the face of the country$$its mountains and forests,
its #itfalls and #reci#ices, its marshes and swam#s!
We shall be unable to turn natural adantages to account
unless we make use of local guides!
/F! To be ignored of any one of the following four
or fie #rinci#les does not befit a warlike #rince!
/4! When a warlike #rince attacks a #owerful state,
his generalshi# shows itself in #reenting the concentration
of the enemyEs forces! >e oerawes his o##onents,
and their allies are #reented from joining against him!
//! >ence he does not strie to ally himself with all
and sundry, nor does he foster the #ower of other states!
>e carries out his own secret designs, kee#ing his
antagonists in awe! Thus he is able to ca#ture their
cities and oerthrow their kingdoms!
/8! Bestow rewards without regard to rule,
issue orders without regard to #reious arrangementsH
and you will be able to handle a whole army as though
you had to do with but a single man!
/3! )onfront your soldiers with the deed itselfH
neer let them know your design! When the outlook is bright,
bring it before their eyesH but tell them nothing when
the situation is gloomy!
/-! Place your army in deadly #eril, and it will surieH
#lunge it into des#erate straits, and it will come off
in safety!
/D! =or it is #recisely when a force has fallen into
harmEs way that is ca#able of striking a blow for ictory!
8.! Success in warfare is gained by carefully
accommodating ourseles to the enemyEs #ur#ose!
82! By #ersistently hanging on the enemyEs flank, we shall
succeed in the long run in killing the commander$in$chief!
8,! This is called ability to accom#lish a thing
by sheer cunning!
8F! (n the day that you take u# your command,
block the frontier #asses, destroy the official tallies,
and sto# the #assage of all emissaries!
84! Be stern in the council$chamber, so that you
may control the situation!
8/! 7f the enemy leaes a door o#en, you must rush in!
88! =orestall your o##onent by seizing what he holds dear,
and subtly contrie to time his arrial on the ground!
83! Walk in the #ath defined by rule, and accommodate
yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisie battle!
8-! At first, then, e'hibit the coyness of a maiden,
until the enemy gies you an o#eningH afterwards emulate
the ra#idity of a running hare, and it will be too late
for the enemy to o##ose you!
M77! T>6 ATTA)A B" =7*6
2! Sun Tzu said& There are fie ways of attacking
with fire! The first is to burn soldiers in their cam#H
the second is to burn storesH the third is to burn
baggage trainsH the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazinesH
the fifth is to hurl dro##ing fire amongst the enemy!
,! 7n order to carry out an attack, we must hae
means aailable! The material for raising fire should
always be ke#t in readiness!
F! There is a #ro#er season for making attacks with fire,
and s#ecial days for starting a conflagration!
4! The #ro#er season is when the weather is ery dryH
the s#ecial days are those when the moon is in the
constellations of the Siee, the Wall, the Wing
or the )ross$barH for these four are all days of rising wind!
/! 7n attacking with fire, one should be #re#ared
to meet fie #ossible deelo#ments&
8! :2; When fire breaks out inside to enemyEs cam#,
res#ond at once with an attack from without!
3! :,; 7f there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemyEs
soldiers remain Guiet, bide your time and do not attack!
-! :F; When the force of the flames has reached its height,
follow it u# with an attack, if that is #racticableH
if not, stay where you are!
D! :4; 7f it is #ossible to make an assault with fire
from without, do not wait for it to break out within,
but delier your attack at a faorable moment!
2.! :/; When you start a fire, be to windward of it!
+o not attack from the leeward!
22! A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long,
but a night breeze soon falls!
2,! 7n eery army, the fie deelo#ments connected with
fire must be known, the moements of the stars calculated,
and a watch ke#t for the #ro#er days!
2F! >ence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligenceH
those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength!
24! By means of water, an enemy may be interce#ted,
but not robbed of all his belongings!
2/! 9nha##y is the fate of one who tries to win his
battles and succeed in his attacks without cultiating
the s#irit of enter#riseH for the result is waste of time
and general stagnation!
28! >ence the saying& The enlightened ruler lays his
#lans well aheadH the good general cultiates his resources!
23! Coe not unless you see an adantageH use not
your troo#s unless there is something to be gainedH
fight not unless the #osition is critical!
2-! @o ruler should #ut troo#s into the field merely
to gratify his own s#leenH no general should fight
a battle sim#ly out of #iGue!
2D! 7f it is to your adantage, make a forward moeH
if not, stay where you are!
,.! Anger may in time change to gladnessH e'ation may
be succeeded by content!
,2! But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can
neer come again into beingH nor can the dead eer
be brought back to life!
,,! >ence the enlightened ruler is heedful,
and the good general full of caution! This is the way
to kee# a country at #eace and an army intact!
M777! T>6 9S6 (= SP76S
2! Sun Tzu said& *aising a host of a hundred thousand
men and marching them great distances entails heay loss
on the #eo#le and a drain on the resources of the State!
The daily e'#enditure will amount to a thousand ounces
of siler! There will be commotion at home and abroad,
and men will dro# down e'hausted on the highways!
As many as seen hundred thousand families will be im#eded
in their labor!
,! >ostile armies may face each other for years,
striing for the ictory which is decided in a single day!
This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemyEs
condition sim#ly because one grudges the outlay of a hundred
ounces of siler in honors and emoluments, is the height
of inhumanity!
F! (ne who acts thus is no leader of men, no #resent
hel# to his soereign, no master of ictory!
4! Thus, what enables the wise soereign and the good
general to strike and conGuer, and achiee things beyond
the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge!
/! @ow this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from s#iritsH
it cannot be obtained inductiely from e'#erience,
nor by any deductie calculation!
8! Anowledge of the enemyEs dis#ositions can only
be obtained from other men!
3! >ence the use of s#ies, of whom there are fie classes&
:2; %ocal s#iesH :,; inward s#iesH :F; conerted s#iesH
:4; doomed s#iesH :/; suriing s#ies!
-! When these fie kinds of s#y are all at work,
none can discoer the secret system! This is called Ldiine
mani#ulation of the threads!L 7t is the soereignEs
most #recious faculty!
D! >aing local s#ies means em#loying the serices
of the inhabitants of a district!
2.! >aing inward s#ies, making use of officials
of the enemy!
22! >aing conerted s#ies, getting hold of the enemyEs
s#ies and using them for our own #ur#oses!
2,! >aing doomed s#ies, doing certain things o#enly
for #ur#oses of dece#tion, and allowing our s#ies to know
of them and re#ort them to the enemy!
2F! Suriing s#ies, finally, are those who bring
back news from the enemyEs cam#!
24! >ence it is that which none in the whole army are
more intimate relations to be maintained than with s#ies!
@one should be more liberally rewarded! 7n no other
business should greater secrecy be #resered!
2/! S#ies cannot be usefully em#loyed without a certain
intuitie sagacity!
28! They cannot be #ro#erly managed without beneolence
and straightforwardness!
23! Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make
certain of the truth of their re#orts!
2-! Be subtleJ be subtleJ and use your s#ies for eery
kind of business!
2D! 7f a secret #iece of news is diulged by a s#y
before the time is ri#e, he must be #ut to death together
with the man to whom the secret was told!
,.! Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm
a city, or to assassinate an indiidual, it is always
necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,
the aides$de$cam#, and door$kee#ers and sentries of the general
in command! (ur s#ies must be commissioned to ascertain these!
,2! The enemyEs s#ies who hae come to s#y on us
must be sought out, tem#ted with bribes, led away and
comfortably housed! Thus they will become conerted
s#ies and aailable for our serice!
,,! 7t is through the information brought by the
conerted s#y that we are able to acGuire and em#loy
local and inward s#ies!
,F! 7t is owing to his information, again, that we can
cause the doomed s#y to carry false tidings to the enemy!
,4! %astly, it is by his information that the suriing
s#y can be used on a##ointed occasions!
,/! The end and aim of s#ying in all its fie arieties
is knowledge of the enemyH and this knowledge can only
be deried, in the first instance, from the conerted s#y!
>ence it is essential that the conerted s#y be treated
with the utmost liberality!
,8! (f old, the rise of the "in dynasty was due to 7
)hih who had sered under the >sia! %ikewise, the rise
of the )hou dynasty was due to %u "a who had sered
under the "in!
,3! >ence it is only the enlightened ruler and the
wise general who will use the highest intelligence of
the army for #ur#oses of s#ying and thereby they achiee
great results! S#ies are a most im#ortant element in water,
because on them de#ends an armyEs ability to moe!
06@+ $ Sun Tzu on the Art of War, te't$only5
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