Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729
Synthesis and characterization of red pigment YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
prepared by the
low temperature combustion method
Fei Liu, Jianguo Huang

, Jianhua Jiang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
Received 27 December 2012; received in revised form 30 March 2013; accepted 4 April 2013
Available online 23 April 2013
Abstract
In the present study, a red-shade pigment, based on the system YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
(y = 00.05), was synthesized for the rst time using the low temperature
combustion method. The single-phase synthesis of YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
was achieved at a temperature of 1000

C. The resulting calcined powders were

micron-sized particles (0.53 m) with a well-developed cubic perovskite structure. The study specically investigated the chemical composition,
calcination temperature, Cr
3+
content, and the effect of the mineralizer in order to elucidate the optimal conditions for pigment synthesis. Further,
the color properties exhibited by the YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
pigment when it was added into basic glazes have also been obtained. In addition, the products
were characterized by DTA, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and color spectrometry.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Red ceramic pigment; Low temperature combustion; Perovskite structure; Yttrium aluminate; Colorimetric characterization
1. Introduction
Red pigments that possess high temperature resistance and
high coloring strength are of great importance to the ceramics
industry, and can be utilized to suit a variety of industry needs.
One use of such red pigment relates to the manufacture of var-
ious ceramics, such as tiles and sanitary products. Cadmium
sulphoselenide red pigment (CdSe
1x
S
x
) exhibits a steady and
bright red color at low temperatures, but becomes unstable and
turns to a darker red at higher temperatures.
1
There are certain
kinds of red pigments that possess high temperature stability
and present a variety of red hues. For example, zircon-hematite
(ZrSiO
4
+ Fe
2
O
3
) pigment shows a peach-red or coral-like hue,
2
chome-tin pink pigment exhibits a rose-like red,
3
and manganese
red pigment exhibits a light pink color.
4
In recent years, more attention and resources have been
devoted to investigating a red pigment with a perovskite-based
structure that possesses a high refractory character and desir-
able optical properties.
5
Furthermore, this perovskite-based
inorganic pigment is environmentally friendly and contains no
toxic elements. Jansen
6
demonstrated that the solid solutions

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 21 64251710; fax: +86 21 64251710.

E-mail address: jghuang@ecust.edu.cn (J. Huang).
of the perovskites, CaTaO
2
N and LaTaO
2
N, were promising
candidates for CdSe
1x
S
x
pigments. However, the oxynitride
synthesis of the candidates requires a very high temperature and
a long soaking time, making it comparatively more complicated
than the synthesis of CdSe
1x
S
x
. Gargori
7
studied an inorganic
pigment with a perovskite structure that was based on the solid
solution of chromium (IV) in calcium titanate. The pigment was
characterized as a red brown hue in transparent glaze.
Because currently-available red ceramic pigments do not sat-
isfy the existing needs of the ceramics industry, research is
devoted to the investigation and development of new red pig-
ments. Recently, some studies have shown that YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
red pigments with a perovskite structure can effectively stand
up to high temperatures.
8
The red hue can also be changed by
adjusting the Cr
3+
doping amount in the YAlO
3
matrix. Sev-
eral techniques for the synthesis of YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
pigments have
been reported, including the solid state reaction method,
9
the
co-precipitation method
10
and the method of solgel combus-
tion synthesis.
11
A high calcination temperature of over 1400

C
is required to obtain single-phase YAlO
3
, and an even higher
1500

C is required when the solid state reaction method is

employed.
9
But, such a high synthesis temperature may result
in the formation of chromium (VI) ions, which are toxic.
5
In the present experiment, YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
pigment was synthe-
sized at a relatively low temperature using the low temperature
0955-2219/$ see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.04.001
2724 F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729
combustion synthesis method. In recent years, some kinds of
compound powders, such as CoAl
2
O
4
blue pigment powder,
12
BaFe
12
O
19
powder,
13,14
Co
x
Mg
1x
Al
2
O
4
nano pigment,
15
etc.,
have been synthesized using the low temperature combustion
synthesis method. In contrast to the more conventional methods,
the low temperature combustion synthesis method possesses
the competitive advantages of lower energy-consumption and
a shorter reaction time. Further, the powder obtained by the
low temperature combustion synthesis method exhibits higher
homogeneity and stronger activity.
16
In the present experiment, we use microwave heating method.
Microwave radiation has superior penetrability, which can
deeply penetrate the interior of the sample and rapidly increase
the temperature in the center. The inammation point is more
rapidly reached, initiating combustion synthesis, the combus-
tion wave propagates radially from the inside to the outside, and
the whole sample is evenly heated. Thus the phenomenon of
segregation of the precursor can be avoided.
2. Sample preparation
The low temperature combustion synthesis (abbreviated as
LCS) method uses as the main organic fuel: urea, citric acid,
aminoacetic acid, etc. Among these potential fuels, citric acid
can is not only able to act as fuel, but can also act as a complexing
agent with a variety of metal ions. The molecular structure of
citric acid includes a hydroxyl group and thee carboxyl groups.
Further, citric acid is a kind of multidentate ligand, which can be
completely complexated with nitrates, and which can form an
amorphous solgel structure at a certain temperature after dry-
ing. Other fuels, such as the complex compound of urea, and
nitrates formed in the low temperature combustion reaction,
typically produce the composition segregation phenomenon.
Further, the synthetic precursors in the composition cannot be
mixed at a molecular level.
In this experiment, the pigment that was based on the system
of YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
was synthesized by the LCS method, using
AR grade yttrium nitrate (Y(NO
3
)
3
6H
2
O, 99.9% pure), alu-
minumnitrate (Al(NO
3
)
3
9H
2
O, 99.9% pure), chromium nitrate
(Cr(NO
3
)
3
9H
2
O, 99.9% pure), and citric acid (C
6
H
8
O
7
H
2
O
abbreviated as CA, 99.9% pure) as starting raw materials. CP
grade NaF, CaF
2
, MgF
2
, CaCO
3
, KCl, Li
2
CO
3
, and Na
2
B
4
O
7
were added as mineralizers according to experimental require-
ments.
In the LCS method, the reaction is maintained using the heat
formed by the intense oxidationreduction reaction between the
oxidizing agent (nitrates) and fuel (CA). So, the molar ratio
between the nitrates and CA has a great inuence on the com-
pletion of the reaction. In this process, the nitrates worked as
oxidants, and CA was used as fuel and reductant. According
to the propellant thermochemical theory, that the total oxidation
value should be equal to the total reduction rate in the whole reac-
tion system, we calculated that the molar ratio of Y
3+
:Al
3+
:Cr
3+
:
CA was 1: (1 y): y: 1.67 in theory. This meant that the molar
ratio of CA: NO
3

was 0.28. According to the experiment, how-

ever, the theoretical amount of CA could not produce ame in the
combustion reaction, so the heat released from the reaction could
Table 1
The effect of Cr
3+
content on the color properties.
Number Formula Pigment powders
L* a* b*
A0 YAlO
3
85.84 8.98 9.72
A1 YAl
0.99
Cr
0.01
O
3
84.26 12.46 10.48
A2 YAl
0.98
Cr
0.02
O
3
81.99 13.47 11.62
A3 YAl
0.97
Cr
0.03
O
3
78.41 15.92 13.61
A4 YAl
0.96
Cr
0.04
O
3
82.34 12.86 12.13
A5 YAl
0.95
Cr
0.05
O
3
83.79 12.29 11.99
not maintain the reaction itself. Therefore, the nal determined
molar ratio of CA: NO
3

was 0.42 according to the experiment,

an amount that exceeded 50% of the theoretical dosage.
Fig. 1 shows the owchart of the synthesis process. Nitrate
solution and CA solution were independently prepared accord-
ing to the designed formula, the solutions were mixed well, and
the pH value was adjusted to 6.58.5. The mixed solution was
heated in a microwave oven, and a transparent viscous gel was
formed after complete evaporation. Following continuous heat-
ing in a microwave oven, the gel burst into ame and large
amounts of gases bubbled up. By using an appropriate fuel,
the ame temperature required for complete calcination was
achieved. But, the burning process was able to sustain for less
than one minute only, so subsequent calcination was needed.
2.1. Characterization techniques
The phase purity of the calcined pigment samples at differ-
ent temperature was analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction
(XRD) in a diffractometer (Geigerex, Rigaku Co., Japan)
employing Ni-ltered Cu Ka ( = 0.154060 nm) radiation. Data
were collected by step scanning over a 2 range from 10 to 60.
Differential thermal analysis was performed in a TGA/SDTA
851e, Switzerland made. All experiments were run in a platinum
crucible from 50

C to 1100

C with a heating rate of 20

C/min
and with a sample weight of 6.0 mg. Field Emission Scanning
Electron Microscopy (JEOL JSM-6700F), coupled with energy
dispersive X-ray spectrometry, was used to examine crystal mor-
phology and crystallite size, and to analyze the elements. L*a*b*
color parameters of the red pigment samples were analyzed with
a Konica Minolta CM700d spectro-photometer (with a range
from 400 to 700 nm) using a standard lighting C. In this way,
L* is the lightness axis (black (0)white (1 0 0)), b* is the blue
()yellow (+) axis, and a* is the green ()red (+) axis.
3. Effect of Cr
3+
content on the crystalline phase and
color
Chomium doping is the origin of YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
pigments
red color, which ultimately results from the absorption of the
greenblueviolet range of the visible spectrum. The compo-
sitions of YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
samples are shown in Table 1 (with
y = 00.05 and without mineralizers). Fig. 2 shows the XRD pat-
terns of A0A5 calcined powders at 1300

C for 3 h. According
to the XRD gures, there is little difference in the crystalline
F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729 2725
Fig. 1. Flow chart of synthesis process.
phase, as all samples present the single crystalline phase of
YAlO
3
. Matteucci
8
studied the rened cell parameters and
bond distances of the Cr-doped perovskite YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
and
the undoped YAlO
3
. The cell volume of YAl
0.965
Cr
0.035
O
3
Fig. 2. XRD patterns of YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
samples with y =00.05 and with-
out mineralizers, (A0) YAlO
3
, (A1) YAl
0.99
Cr
0.01
O
3
, (A2) YAl
0.98
Cr
0.02
O
3
,
(A3) YAl
0.97
Cr
0.03
O
3
, (A4) YAl
0.96
Cr
0.04
O
3
, (A5)YAl
0.95
Cr
0.05
O
3
, calcined at
1300

C for 3 h.
(203.91

A
3
) is slightly larger than that of YAlO
3
(203.62

A
3
),
conrming the substitution of Cr for Al. So a trace of the Cr-
doping could not be reected by common XRD analysis.
Although the Cr
3+
content has little effect on the phase purity,
it does have a signicant inuence on the L*, a*, and b* values.
As is shown in Table 1, a* and b* values initially increase with
the rise of Cr
3+
content, but decrease when the Cr
3+
content is
greater than 0.04 mol. The YAl
0.97
Cr
0.03
O
3
sample has the high-
est a* and b* values. Because L* represents color brightness, the
YAl
0.97
Cr
0.03
O
3
sample has a relatively dark color.
3.1. Effect of the mineralizer
As is widely known, mineralizers play an important role in
pigment synthesis, i.e. they can directly affect synthesis con-
ditions and the resulting pigment color. Indeed, the choice of
mineralizer presents a complex problem. The following meth-
ods were used for selecting mineralization agents in the present
experiment: single mineralizer; two kinds of mineralizer; as well
as thee and more than thee kinds of mineralizer using colloca-
tion. Though a series of screening experiments, we effectively
determined the optimal mineralizer composition. Based on prior
experience and a moderate amount of ne-tuning, a suitable
mineralizer dosage was also obtained.
Subsequently, the formula of YAl
0.97
Cr
0.03
O
3
was selected as
the basic composition with which to study the effects of different
added mineralizers. The L*, a*, b* values with different kinds of
added mineralizers are shown in Table 2. It can be seen that the
highest red (a* = 36.95) and yellow (b* = 26.68) values belong
to sample B3, with 2 wt% (1CaCO
3
: 1KCl) and 1 wt% (1MgF
2
:
1Na
2
B
4
O
7
) used as mineralizers.
The mineralizer inuences the phase formation in a complex
way. Generally, mineralizers have a low melting point, and they
can increase the mass transfer rates during the reaction process
and affect the reaction speed.
17
Fig. 3A and B display the SEM
2726 F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729
Fig. 3. (A) SEMimage and (B) the EDX spectrum of B3 calcined powder at 1200

C for 3 h.
image and EDX spectrum of B3 calcined powder at 1200

C for
3 h. The EDX results conrm that both Cr and Ca ions were dis-
solved in the perovskite structure. The EDX spectrum of burnt
powders with B3 composition calcined for 3 h at different tem-
peratures (1000\1100\1300\1400

C) all show similar results.

However, in samples B1 and B2, only Cr ion was detected. Some
research has shown that if some ions of the mineralizer were
able to replace some chromophore ions of the pigment, a rein-
forcement of color could take place due to the modication of
the crystalline eld intensity.
17
Our experimental data validated
this explanation very well.
Fig. 4 shows the XRD patterns of samples without miner-
alizers (B0) and containing mineralizers (B3), both calcined
at 1200

C for 3 h. There are almost no observable differences

between the two samples, so it can be concluded that the mineral-
izers mainly change the color shade of the pigments synthesized
with the LCS method. This offers the possibility of improving
the color properties.
3.2. Study of calcination temperature on perovskite
structure development
Here, the sample C (YAl
0.97
Cr
0.03
O
3
, 2 wt% (1CaCO
3
:
1KCl) and 1 wt% (1MgF
2
: 1Na
2
B
4
O
7
) added as mineralizer)
was chosen as a means to study the effect of calcination tem-
perature. The thermal decomposition of the transparent gel
(CA/NO
3

= 0.42) and the subsequent calcination were effec-

tively studied, and the DTA curve is shown in Fig. 5. The DTA
curve shows that an exothermic peak occurred at 272.6

C. The
Table 2
The effect of the mineralizer on the color properties.
Number Mineralizers Pigment powders
L* a* b*
B0 78.39 15.90 13.58
B1 3 wt%
(3NaF:2MgF
2
:1Li
2
CO
3
)
58.75 31.04 24.98
B2 5 wt%
(3NaF:2MgF
2
:1Li
2
CO
3
)
58.73 32.71 25.87
B3 2 wt% (1CaCO
3
:1KCl)
1 wt%
(1MgF
2
:1Na
2
B
4
O
7
)
43.14 36.95 26.68
curve is relatively sharp and intense, indicating that the combus-
tion of the gel occurred. In the sample, a slight and continuous
exothermic nature can be observed in the DTA curve at higher
temperatures (from 400

C to 900

C), this is mainly due to the

decomposition of the gel.
According to the XRD patterns in Fig. 6, when the calci-
nation temperature is 800

C, the main phases are Y

2
O
3
(PDF
card number is 05-0574) and Al
5
Y
3
O
12
(PDF card number is
30-0051). When the temperature increases to 900

C, the Y
2
O
3
phase disappears and Al
5
Y
3
O
12
phase (which is cube struc-
ture) turned into Y
3
Al
5
O
12
phase (which is tetragonal structure,
and PDF card number is 09-0310).
9
The main crystalline phase
Fig. 4. XRD patterns of samples (B0) mineralizer-free and (B3) mineralizer-
containing, both calcined at 1200

C for 3 h.
F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729 2727
Fig. 5. DTA curve of the gel with sample C composition.
(YAlO
3
) appears at 1000

C. By observing the XRD spectrum,

we found that there was no obvious difference between spec-
trums with temperatures at 900

C and 1000

C. Therefore, by
carefully comparing the XRD data of 900

C with the standard

XRD data of Y
3
Al
5
O
12
and YAlO
3
and analyzing these strong
Fig. 6. XRD patterns of sample C burnt powders calcined at (C0) 800

C, (C1)
900

C, (C2) 1000

C, (C3) 1100

C, (C4/B3) 1200

C, (C5) 1300

C, (C6)
1400

C for 3 h.
Table 3
The effect of calcination temperature on the color properties.
Number Calcination conditions Pigment powders
L* a* b*
C0 800

C, 3 h 84.56 11.43 12.61

C1 900

C, 3 h 47.74 33.70 23.89

C2 1000

C, 3 h 43.44 36.09 25.14

C3 1100

C, 3 h 43.22 36.35 25.32

C4/B3 1200

C, 3 h 43.14 36.95 26.89

C5 1300

C, 3 h 42.24 33.89 24.30

C6 1400

C, 3 h 39.91 33.29 21.90

peaks, we deduced that the diffraction peaks for 900

C could
be attributed to Y
3
Al
5
O
12
. We also found that when the calcina-
tion temperature was higher than 900

C, the resulting pigments

exhibited a red color. As the calcination temperature increased,
the crystalline phase (YAlO
3
) became the sole phase.
FESEMimages of the calcined powders with sample C com-
position that were calcined from 1000

C to 1400

C are shown
in Fig. 7. In Fig. 7, the calcined powders are micron-sized parti-
cles (0.53 m) with a cubic perovskite structure. The particles
are aggregated in clusters, because no ball milling had been
applied to the pigment powders after the calcination process. It
can be seen that even when the calcination temperature is as low
as 1000

C, the crystalline particles are already well-developed,

which results in an intense red color. The particle size of the pig-
ments increases as the calcination temperature increases, but the
particle growth rate from 1000

C to 1300

C is not rapid. More

specically, the distinct enlargement of particle size occurs from
1300

C to 1400

C. Table 3 shows that the L* values decrease

as the calcination temperature increases, indicating that the pig-
ment color will become darker with the increase of calcination
temperature.
Compositions of YAl
0.97
Cr
0.03
O
3
are analyzed by UVNIR
spectroscopy in order to study the condition of the Cr ion. The
absorption spectra of samples C2 and C6 are presented in Fig. 8.
Generally, in the visible region, Cr
3+
has two very strong
and wide absorption bands with the centers located at 470 and
611 nm, which are corresponding to the transitions of
4
A
2

4
T
1
and
4
A
2

4
T
2
, respectively.
5,18
Comparing to Fig. 8, we
found that there were existences of such absorption bands at
400530 nm, however, since YAl
1x
Cr
x
O
3
pigment rendered
red color, there was a strong reection band at 600700 nm.
The absorption band of the center located at 1030 nm was cor-
responding to the Cr
4+
transition of
3
A
2

3
T
1
18
And this
absorption peak was not observed in Fig. 8.
In summary, we speculate the main state of chromium oxi-
dation is Cr
3+
.
3.3. The solid state reaction synthesis of red pigment
YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
Within the solid state reaction method,
9
if mineralizers
were not added, there remain large quantities of unreacted
yttriumoxide, as well as some undesirable phases (Al
5
Y
3
O
12
or
Y
3
Al
5
O
12
), even at a calcination temperature as high as 1500

C.
2728 F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729
Fig. 7. FESEMimages of sample C burnt powders calcined at (C2) 1000

C, (C3) 1100

C, (C4/B3) 1200

C, (C5) 1300

C, (C6) 1400

C for 3 h.
With the selected mineralizers added, the formation of a single
perovskite phase happens only when the maximum calcina-
tion temperature reaches 1400

C or above. In co-precipitation
synthesis,
10
mineralizer-free precursors need to be calcinated at
1400

C for 2 h to obtain a single perovskite phase.

The authors have analyzed the possibility of a compara-
tive synthesis under the same conditions for a sample using
oxides. The calcination time was 3 h. The synthetic pig-
ments were YAl
0.97
Cr
0.03
O
3
, with the mineralizers of 2 wt%
(1CaCO
3
:1KCl) and 1 wt% (1MgF
2
: 1Na
2
B
4
O
7
), which were
calcined respectively at 900

C, 1000

C, 1100

C, 1200

C,
1300

C, and 1400

C. Table 4 shows the effect of the calcination

temperature (from 1000

C to 1400

C) on the color properties

using the solid state reaction method.
In comparison to the sample that used CA calcined at
1000

C, the formation of a single perovskite phase happens only

when the maximum calcination temperature reaches 1400

C
or above using the solid state reaction method. We also found
that the crystal development and color properties of the solid
state reaction synthesized pigment were inferior to those of the
sample synthesized by the LCS method. This is because in the
LCS method, the precursors are mixed at a molecular level. This
causes the pigment ingredients to distribute homogeneously,
thereby promoting crystal growth and reducing the calcination
temperature dramatically.
Table 4
The effect of calcination temperature on the color properties.
Number Calcination conditions Pigment powders
L* a* b*
D0 900

C, 3 h 77.82 16.37 13.67

D1 1000

C, 3 h 71.44 21.23 18.55

D2 1100

C, 3 h 63.56 27.83 20.01

D3 1200

C, 3 h 55.36 32.47 22.58

D4 1300

C, 3 h 50.73 33.94 24.01

D5 1400

C, 3 h 45.36 35.07 25.13

F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729 2729
Fig. 8. UVNIR spectrum of YAl
0.97
Cr
0.03
O
3
compositions.
Table 5
The composition of basic glazes.
Composition. mol%
Number SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
ZnO CaO Na
2
O K
2
O B
2
O
3
ZrO
2
A 55 3.5 15 16 2.5 3 5
B 58 12 2 6 7 8 6 1
C 59 14.5 2 5.5 7 7 4 1
3.4. Application of synthetic pigment
We have also conducted subsequent research concerning the
application of YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
red ceramic pigment. The pigment-
ing capacity was tested by adding the pigment to coloration in the
glaze, printing glaze, and body. For example, the color proper-
ties that the YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
pigment exhibits when it is added into
glazes were observed. Table 5 shows the resulting composition
of the basic glazes studied.
In order to study the interaction between the pigment particles
and basic glazes, 6.0 wt% synthetic pigment (see C2 in Table 3)
was added in basic glazes with different compositions, then the
samples were red in a fast ring roller kiln, and the ring cycle
was 1 h. Table 6 shows the color properties of YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
pigment when it was added into basic glazes. Extensive research
regarding the coloration of synthetic pigment in the glaze and
body is also being conducted.
Table 6
The color properties of YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
pigment when added into basic glazes.
Number Basic
glazes
Firing
temperature
(

C)
Color parameters The color
properties
L* a* b*
E0 A 1080 56.26 17.83 9.27 Pink
E1 B 1080 59.07 26.15 21.08 Red
E2 C 1200 58.62 24.09 18.25 Red
4. Conclusion
A single phase YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
(with y = 00.05) pigment has
been prepared by calcining an auto-ignited precursor at a rela-
tively low temperature, and in the process, the pure perovskite
structure was formed at 1000

C for the rst time. In the

YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
compositions, although Cr
3+
content has little
effect on the perovskite structure, it has a signicant inuence
on the L*, a*, and b* values of the pigments. Mineralizers also
have a signicant inuence on the color shade of the pigments.
By controlling Cr
3+
content, calcination temperature, and the
composition of mineralizers, micron-sized pigments with dif-
ferent red color shades have been obtained. Further, the color
properties exhibited by the YAl
1y
Cr
y
O
3
pigment when it was
added into basic glazes have also been obtained.
References
1. Lavilla VL, Rincon Lopez JM. Study of the mechanism of formation of a
zirconcadmiumsulphoselenide pigment. J AmCeramSoc 1981;80:1058.
2. Lamilla F. Stability study of ZrFe corals for a fast re operation. CeramEng
Sci Proc 1989;10:4951.
3. Kato M, Unuma H, Takahashi M. Color modication of chomium-tin pink
pigment by substitution of Ti for Sn. J Ceram Soc Jpn 2000;108:47881.
4. Lpez-Navarrete E, Oca na M. Aerosol-derived Mn-doped Al
2
O
3
pink pig-
ments prepared in the absence of uxes. Dyes Pigm 2004;61:27986.
5. Marinova Y, Hohemberger JM, Cordoncillo E, Escribano P, Carda JB. Study
of solid solutions, with perovskite structure, for application in the eld of
the ceramic pigments. J Eur Ceram Soc 2003;23:21320.
6. Jansen M, Letschert HP. Inorganic yellow-red pigments without toxic met-
als. Nature 2000;404:9802.
7. Gargori C, Galindo R, Llusar M, Gerro S, Garcia A, Monrs G.
New chomiumcalcium titanate red ceramic pigment. Adv Sci Technol
2010;68:20812.
8. Matteucci F, Lepri Neto C, Dondi M, Cruciani G, Baldi G, Boschi AO.
Colour development of red perovskite pigment Y(Al Cr)O
3
in various
ceramic applications. Adv Appl Ceram 2006;105:99106.
9. Shirpour M, Faghihi Sani MA, Mirhabibi A. Synthesis and study of a
new class of red pigments based on perovskite YAlO
3
structure. Ceram
Int 2007;33:142733.
10. Ahmadi S, Aghaei A, Yekta BE. Synthesis of Y(Al,Cr)O
3
red pigments
by co-precipitation method and their interactions with glazes. Ceram Int
2009;35:34858.
11. Blosi M, Albonetti S, Dondi M, Costa AL, Ardit M, Cruciani G. Solgel
combustion synthesis of chromium doped yttrium aluminum perovskites. J
SolGel Sci Technol 2009;50:44955.
12. Li W, Li J, Guo J. Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline
CoAl
2
O
4
spinel powder by low temperature combustion. J Eur Ceram Soc
2003;23:228995.
13. Huang J, Zhuang H, Li W. Optimization of the microstructure of low-
temperature combustion-synthesized barium ferrite powder. J Magn Magn
Mater 2003;256:3905.
14. Huang J, Zhuang H, Li W. Synthesis and characterization of nano crys-
talline BaFe
12
O
19
powders by lowtemperature combustion. Mater Res Bull
2003;38:14959.
15. Ahmed IS, Shama SA, Dessouki HA, Ali AA. Lowtemperature combustion
synthesis of Co
x
Mg
1x
Al
2
O
4
nano pigments using oxalyldihydrazide as a
fuel. Mater Chem Phys 2011;125:32633.
16. Aruna ST, Mukasyan AS. Combustion synthesis and nanomaterials. Curr
Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2008;12:4450.
17. Cordoncillo E, del Carda F, Carda J, Llusar M, Escribano P. Inuence of
some mineralizers in the synthesis of sphene-pink pigments. J Eur Ceram
Soc 1998;18:111520.
18. Xu X, Zhao Z, Song P, Zhou G, Deng P, Xu J. Spectroscopic properties of
Cr, Yb: YAG crystals. J Inorg Mater 2004;19(6):142730.