Scientific Watch (La Veille Scientifique)

1. General Description of Scientific Information

1.1.1. Introduction
1.1.2. Flow of Scientific Information
1.1.3. Distribution of Information
1.1.4. Typology of the Source of Scientific Information
1.1.5. Sources of Scientifics


2. Concepts of the Scientific Watch
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Performance of wake-fullness of Scientific Watch
2.3. Prediction of Scientific Watch
2.4. Information and Indicators of the Scientific Watch


3. Description of the Scientific Watch
3.1 Supervision of Environment
a. Search of Information
b. Collection of Information
c. Diffusion of Information
3.2. Exploitation of Information
a. Treatment of collection the Information
b. Analysis and Validation of Treatment
c. Utilization of Validity Information.





Scientific Watch
1. General Description of Scientific Information

1.1. Introduction

Information is a strategic matter which has a cost, sometimes high cost and
indispensable . ( Dou 95 ). A scientific writing is the production of thinking. The
activity of scientific publication is a confrontation perpetual between the peculiar
reflex of the actors and the acquired knowledge through the lecture of the eminent
works of other actors ( Rost 96 ).
The scientific and technique information are the product abundant archive quasi
systematic ( bank data, documentations, technic documentation ), signals (based
on bibliographic data, based on patent data) and broadcasting ( CDROM, internet,
receiver) under electronic formation., By the scientific information, people can
know the scientific activity.

1.2. The Flow of Scientific Information
The production acceleration is possible of return by the constantly drop of
technique cost as well as through the specialization which more and more push
the actors. This tendency, far away of weakness, only confirm in many years. The
difficulty will localize and standardize the good information. The Figure 1 shown
the growth of Scientific Information.

Number
PRICE 1950
Constant Growth
Diversity of Support
Diversity of Source
Law of Bradfort
Dispersion
Growth of Budget
Times / Years
Figure 1. Volume Growth of the Scientific Information



1.3 Distribution of Information
Information can be included into 4 (four) group according to Hunt and Zartarian :
a. Type of Text Information (formal) (40%) is structured information generally by
computer.
This information can make subject of various statistical treatment of information
which allow the global analysis to answer the question : Who make What, Where
and When ( Qui fait Quoi, Ou et Quand )
b. Type of Flux information (40%) is an information non structural come from outside
of the institution.
c. Information type expertise (10%), i.e. memory of a firm, knowledge of experts,( their
situation and location).
d. Information type fair and salons (10%)
1.4 Typology of the source of Scientific Information
Formal information: books, catalogues, regulations, standards (norms), brevets, reports,
journal, norms, thesis, market revue, summary of congress, etc.
Informal information : various information stockiest in the individual dissertation of
experts, consultants, and research worker.
Exchange information from the manifestation of seminaries congress, professional
meeting, exposition, fair. (LEV, 2010)
1.5 Sources of Scientific Information
Traditional Publishing :
Journals, encyclopedic, summary of congress, these, reports of research, and pre-
publication
Other source of scientific information, patent, reports of Ambassador Consulate, annual
reports of company / society.
Library
Producer of data bank
CD Room and Internet.



type TEXTE
type Floue
type expertise
type foires et salon














Figure 2. Distribution of Information.

















2. Concepts of the Scientific Watch

2.1 Introduction
The scientific watch is the unity of activities, the acquisition analysis and evaluation of
the carried out information at sight of decision and from the choice affected the scientific
effort.
In absence of normalization of the designation, the translation and the definition only
make reflection the nature to change the concept and the practical relative to reflection by
the future of utilization in the decision. This practical concept was not stable yet because
it has met a certain number difficulty and submitted to a shed of question which is not
finished.
The anticipation of the future, it is necessary that it is however not enough for justified
the decision which has to catch at present. The future cannot be participated as the light
of information before and present, the information which is not the question to describe
and enumerated in detailed as the extension of domain of the science and technology and
especially the reason of diversity and number of actor in which the decision have been
supported by the scientific watch. But the watcher not only an activity of information, but
an activity information for decision the mechanism of watch are also important the
contain of information.
2.2 Performance of the Scientific Watch
The scientific watch is a continue activity and in grand itinerary included the process that
described in figure 3 (Process of Scientific Watch) which is composed of several phases.
The characteristic which is distinguished from other intellectual performance
(performance of traditional documents, performance of advice in technology or in
strategic, etc) (AFN 98)
The placement of a system the scientific watch in an organism which is more autonom
and more effective in its important process of supervision for the decision relevant of the
short, middle or long term. Preliminary development of the realization performance
process has to provide requirement of volunteer the direction in value of the project in the
system of watch and the perfect implication of collaboration. This condition constitute


pre-required outline of the good execution of the performance and the working of the
proposed system. The realization of the performance in the system of scientific watch can
be split on 10 (ten) successive phases where certain phases can be concomitant and put
for a validation (Fig. 4)






















Figure 4 . Organization System of Scientific Watch

Sensitivity
Taken of Knowledge
of the situation
Definition of the
Stakes
Translation into the
axis of watch
Evaluation of
the gaps
Recommendation
Hierarchy of the
source
Hold on
Accompaniment
Diagnosis of the organization and
the practice
Census (list) of the source
Categories of collector
information
Proposition of tool


2.3 Prediction of Scientific Watch
The scientific prediction is not inexistent, but it remains long time implicitly and has been
realized in the introduced study as the outcome rather than the prediction. But with the
connection between science and technology of the member of domains, the development
of the political will shown the science contributed more strongly and more directly to the
growth (increase) of economy, with the corollary appearance of concept such as the
strategic scientific recherch, the ideas of walk of the technologic prediction should be
spread out systematically and more explicit to the science which has been demonstrated
of many resumption on the latest years.
Three points of the prediction to the specified scientific watch:
a. The objective of the reflection by the future which has to involve the scientific watch
not to solve the enigma insoluble of the future, but the contributed of lightning less
imperfect of the selection which will be influenced the future, necessary for moment
in the fixed situation.
b. This reflection on the future will not be able to reduce of the only exercise or
exceptional, sometimes the form which has taken, but in fundamental as the
permanent spot which the conclusion are provisory and have to deliver on question,
specialize on knowledge of change which is the progress of science.
c. The future of utilization in the scientific watch is not only bordering the scientific
evolution. Even when it was in the watch of environment as much as possible the
capacity of collection and treatment the scientific information as a central role which
is not dilute it is important to provide sufficient interaction with other themes of the
prospective.

2.4 Information and Indicators of the Scientific Watch
The reflection of the future only realized when it is based on the knowledge at
present, the knowledge of trends through observation in the real composition of the
nations in the world and of different institutions, the knowledge of forces and the
weakness of scientific system where it will take bodies of decision which will be
inspired the activity of watch.
As the extent of domain of the science, specifically the diversity of actors of which
decisions have to nourish the watch, it is not obviously question to examine in less
detailed information and the source of information which are the matter of the effort


of watch. It is indeed the totality of the system of scientific information in the large
meaning and the system of information by the scientific effort which has implicated
the subject as shown in Figure 5.
























Figure 5 . Implication of the Scientific Information






Text of Patents
Press of Scientific
and Technology
Data bank of all
kinds
Scientific and
technical meetings
and congress
Publication of
document and
reports
Exposition of fair
and salon
Direct exchange of
information
among the
researcher
Activity of
scientists
Scientific
Information


.
When there is a problem in this respect, it is certainly not by the absent of information, but rather
the accelerate explosive of the volume of in formations which more and more difficult and costly
to extract while is useful and pertinent for every discussion maker. It is the response of that
problem which has created in many countries o the private service whose the function is
precisely to gather the scientific information, but also economic and legal, related to an interest
question specially the responsible of a firm.
The fundamental response of the problem of the reasoning information to the scientific is above
all expertise, which means the scientific or the engineer which is finally of its non job supposed
to collect daily, to analyze and evaluate the unity of those important information in its domain of
competence and to whom it was asked to gather those information of the mechanism of decision.
For instance, it is well known that among the factors while we basically, of the success of the
Japanese enterprise, because of their engineers and scientists must known incorporated in their
work remarkable and systematic afford of information for what is more precisely of this respect,
the mechanism of scientific watch in the level strategic and politic, which will be evoked in the
following section to answer all under the form or under other form by the expertise.
The concern of international dimension of the scientific watch is also of the main reason for
many countries and specifically the north countries, make call systematically to the foreign and
sometimes exclusively for the evaluation of academic research or financial research through the
council in different fields of science and technology. The concern of internalization dimension of
the scientific watch is also of the principal reason for many countries; and in specifically the
Scandinavian country, has systematically made. And sometimes exclusively to call up the
foreign people for evaluation the researcher of university or the financial needed by the advice of
research in different domain of science and technology.
For that reason, and maybe also because of the image view punctually, which pleasure wrongly
or the reason of graduation indicator, the idea has been developed since some years of applied
the bibliometry in general, neither on the different methods which has been and has still imagine
to measure such aspect of the evolution of the science and technology.
People will remind that the bibliometry put down again by the hypotheses that the publication is
the production of the scientific research. And the patent the other hand by the development since
25 years of the data bank in form tic through the publications and the patents.


Many problems can be limited the validity of those applications of the bibliometry :
a. The existence of the quantities do or step number of publications or the patents under the
indicator statistic are not significant.
b. The difficulty was existed on the nomenclature ( key-word, identification of the domain,
etc) which resulted of the difficulty of structured the science and also the technology, as
well as the rapidly evolution of the structures.
c. The considerable difference between countries, between scientific domains and between
industrial sectors in the practical and political of publication and the patents.
d. Pre-dominant of the English publications in the data base through the publications and in
the American data base for the patents.
e. The gap of time between the moment where the scientific needed was carried out the
moment where the publication and the patent which has been indicated. And the result of
analysis.
The reminder of those problem are most really implicate those constitute of the defect teaches
and definitive in the application of bibliometrics on scientific watch. They indicate rather a
direction which has to consequence numbering in the conception of the methods and also in the
civilization the tined results. Specifically it is generally electiveness of recognized that the
bibliometry, to utilized consolation of expects, it has to combine rather substitute.
3. Description of the Scientific Watch
There are too principal for the supervision of the environment and the exploitation of those
provided in formations.
3.1. Supervision of Environment.
a. Research of Information
Research of information is real sometimes on the level of the references. And sometimes, either
by the interrogation of the data base, either by the bereavement of the reviews, the summary les
the secondary reviews, by verse the scientific reviews of the press communication.
Researcher of information is interest with the working of observer, destitute mainly with the
published information, from the specialist of the documentary information.


Table 1 shown under the synthetic form the utilized sources for the researcher of information. It
has to point out that other sources can be utilized more of been after the stage of researcher down
the level of collection.
Sources

Investment of the
Researcher
Consecution of
The Researcher
Frequent of
using the source

Commutative
Data base

Profile of the
Logic equation
Centralized(major
pole network 1)
Very
systematically
Major sources of
inform motion in
front complete
with others many
cases
Second Review

Index Decentralized
enough
Frequent
relatives
Equivalent of
data base
Summary of
Review
Section Decentralized Frequent enough
little
Can bring the
rapid little costly
and decentralized
of researcher
information
Primary Review

Index, Summary,
Benefit
Fixed, Utilized,
by Net 1 and 2
Enough Frequent All of the result
collected are also
utilized by some
body for are
researcher, the
publication
Patents Review

Benefit of by
theme
Centralized
(network 1)
Very frequent Indispensable in
completely of
data base
Review of the
Scientific Watch
Total Lecture Centralized
(network 1)
Very frequent Indispensable on
the level of
responsible

Table 1. Research of Information: the utilized sources (JACO 91)
b. Collection of Information


There is the distinguish diversely categories of collective inside of organization systematically of
the scientific watch :
Consecutive collection has a documentary responsible
The consecutive collection has a research documentary generally carried out by an I.D
(Intelligence Division) specialist it consist of the obtaining of completely text with the
corresponding documentary. Of a certain responses transmit to the expertise, generally
under the forum of resume; in reading these those specialists judge necessary to take the
naissance of the whole certain number of references. By the intense it is more frequently
to need directly of the completely document at the conclusion of the on line research.
The internal documentary of the big company is well known content of mildly consult,
the subscribe of many certain magazine is important and conducted into the formation of
collection which is widely utilized by the services. And the researcher for the collection
of the completely test following to an documentary research.
The periodical collection of the certain data
The periodical collection of the certain data is inevitably to inscribe on the program of
system of the scientific watch system.
Beside the research on the basic and data bank, the supervision close the certain sector is
indispensable. People has to dream particularly to the concern company and bring their
press communicate and their annually report.
The reading and analysis of these are always interested. For the knowledge of results but
also of the doctrine the companies and of the its evolution, it is easily obtain with direct
address to the companies overload by the intermediate of scientific reviews, or by the
interment, through the web.
The catalogues of supplier (apparatus, primary materials, elaborated products), were
equally to take account.
Collection, continently of the Scattered Information
The collection, continuously of the scattered information, collection in continuously of
the scattered information constitute the third category of collection which is, from form
among, the more difficult to define firstly them to organize.
It is there who interview (occured) the other observations, those who come contribute
their institutional, the services of info commentary information.


DIFFUSION
COMMANDES
DIFFUSION


NATURE
Des
DOCUMENTS
SPECIALISTES I.D
(RESEAU 1)
EXPERTS
DU DOMAINE
(RESEAU 2)



REFERENCES










DOCUMENTS
COMPLETS






INFORMATION
ANALYSEE ET
CONDENSEE


RAPPORT POUR
ACTION OU
DECICION
Figure 6. Diffusion of different flux (JACO91)
There are the frame work or agencies mastery which by their function in the company have
brought to have the interesting contact with outside, do they are trade agent, do they receiver,
they meet the remind the customer, the applied manufacturer or directly with the competitors.
They are various specialists: researcher or conception of participant in the congress, commercials
or marketing people and developer meet in the clients. All of these agents of the society
company could obtained the legally of the world of interesting data, expenses but of variable
quality therefore has been controlled.
The complicity networking can constitute a structure from where will construct the general
device of the informal information, the clarification the plan of action, which will main take
apart of the system of documentation information and the its associate networking of
professional observatory. The collection of information makes the subject of a specific module.
c. Diffusion of Information
RECHERCHE
CAPTATION
SELECTION
COLLECTE
ANALYSE
VALIDATION


It exists of several forms of concerned diffusion of three families of actor on the strategic
watch or the economic intelligence and various classes of information: from rough secondary
information (references) or primary completed documents, or from the elaborated
information.
Figure 6 present the schematic representation of information. After the operation of research
and the search of references, those have diffused under the form of resume in the immense of
analysts, in general by courier or sometimes by telescopic.
The debit is correspond considerable and necessary adapted organization for fixation of
ideas, for instance, the grand firm of chemist may diffuse that level, more than million
resumes weekly. From the concerned experts, scattered together the countries and also from
outside of the border of the countries and also from outside of the border. This is not surprise
when people say that more than six hundred thousand references from the scientific types and
techniques were published annually in that field (domain).
It has to add also the publications according to the technologic information, economic
technology, regulations and legalities, of environment and the security.
By reading the summary of conducted references, in the network 2, to a certain selection; it is
the result of the order of completed documents, transmit to the network 1, which make the
operation of collection in the previous paragraph.
The order of the completed documents concern with a proportion variable of diffused
references. It can be proposed an average estimation of the order of 10 to 20% at general
rule. For the patents, people closed to the superior boundary marker, for the articles more
close to the inferior boundary marker.
At the conclusion of the collection, a new form of diffusion appeared, those are the
completed documents, the observers of the network 2. It consists of order of one hundred
fifty texts within one week for the case of a company which diffused around thousand
references within one week of its experts. In generally, it realized by post/mail, directly from
the exterior source to the destination if it possible. On the contrary case, people utilize
frequently the facsimile between the network 1 and the network 2 for the efficiently times.
The analysis and validation of that concern completed documents and the certain summarize
from the diffusion of the first level. It consists also another fundamental component: the
collected informal information then it diffused by the other observation. It has emanated


the report of syntheses, very condense, content of the precise opinion and the proposal of
action: the form as of syntheses action. Those documents, very confidential and elaborate
which constitute of the tools assist the decision for the responsible of the high level of the
superior hierarchic level.
The diffusion of correspondent very confidential, it has done in the control condition of
discrete. People utilize the preference courier with double envelope. The first envelope is
banal, the second envelope remarks confidential.
The informatics diffusion: it can be put in the proposal of the decision maker an informatics
system; an internal database constitutes the finance report resulted by the analysis and the
validation. It is distance interrogative by the central network informatics of the company, in
these case we have to recommend an extreme wisdom for the access model which two works
in series and obligation of frequent change of those case;
The informatics system can be dispersed outside by broadcasting/diffusion regularly for the
local information. We preferred the process for final diffusion because it presents a big
guarantee of confidential. This confidentiality is one of the aspect of the very important
aspect of the operation of diffusion the report for action or decision; that neglect conducted to
the extreme seriously boring. We recommended to develop a plan of broadcast / diffusion
expediters and recipients under form of matrix where every couples of expediters recipients
will be exanimate, case by case to that determine the model of diffusion holding the diffusion
and the correspondence precaution
3.2. Exploitation of Information
After the collection of information, it has to know all the suitable because if not we will
spend the effort vainly and should have questioning on the method of development the
previous operations.

a. Treatment of the collected information
The treatment which in the concern of the classification or the selection is a preparation
operation in giving the information of a certain added value. When people searcher the
information it is for its utilization and that implication in general various operations of
treatment, that results a central importance, considerable, of those operations which can
cover an automated character, where ever completely, plus or minus or definitely


intellectual, specifically for the scientific and technical information, we can consider that
there will the successively of the placement of treatments, of the analysis statistical and
of the other informatics treatments.
b. The Placement of Treatments:
Those treatments concern of various family of user it can be illustrated through two
successive examples :
1. On the term of its search operation.
In term of it search operation when it has been realized by computer communication
of data bank, the professional of the documentaries realization of frequently
information of the treatment operation :
- By loading television of the references and the resume up respondent, the return
of channel type (by discovery lecturer), the serum, the selected summary.
- The elimination (by the selection of notes follow by un assuming manner of those
are demonstrated not attractive.
- Copy and electronic collection of all together restraint in the document under
software of treatment text.
- Writing of a subject / title for the unity of selection, sub title on the character
more or less thick on the function of the size such and such page
- Addition of documentaries if these are considered necessary or really interesting.
2. Final User
The final user (the experts) realize of the frequent operation of the information which
have transmit by the specialist Of IST or by someone has collected. Taken into
account of the big verities of those treatments, it is difficult to give on exhaustive
panorama.
For example, an important title of the creation of the switch board operator, contain of
a limitation number of field, attached the personal file of the experts. To keep under
the form of paper when the general volume is not exceed in hundred, the pitches are
suitable element of work.
It is opened to consider the creation of the data bank if the number of recording
exceeded widely thousands, thats why it is advisable recommended to the experts a
standardized format(of maximum twenty fields) which external or internal references
in a society or an organism.



The Statistical Analysis
The important intellectual treatment for the system exploitation of the industrial
information is no doubt the statistical analysis of the patents, as has presented in two examples
which has made the operation in respect research, this treatment is always analyzed by a
specialist of the documentaries information because it necessities a good knowledge of the
documentary technique and the International Classification of the patents (CIB).
Analysis and the validation of the treated information the operation of analysis imply on a
dept steady for drawing the main thing and create the tools of aid the decision or the strategic
action, it will not make by the competent persons in the domain, by a credibility judgment
firstly, then by entrance into other sources to confirm the first one. The experience prove that
validation is not a large conduct to a category judgment, sometimes it can be associated to the
information an estimation of value; it is possible, for example, attribute (assign) of there or four
levels of pertinence by a code 1, 2, 3 or 4. Representative symbolized the example and
respectively certain, probably, doubtful, unspecified.
It appearance of analysis, realization by the experts a form of synthesis-action, capital
document for the prize of decision in economic intelligence.
In the society of important size, this analysis-validation is entrust with the group of
constitute work of the occupant experts of the various function: research worker, conceptor,
producer.
c. Utilization of the valid information
This final stage consist of getting the decision of important strategic for the society /
company:
- The new project of research
- The new program of development
- The transfer of technology; sale or purchase of licensee
- The order or sales of the unit of production
-
- The purchase of the unit of production
It appears That the possible utilizations in strategic watch are two orders:
- Researcher and development and
- Transfer of technology.