Alcuin

1
Alcuin
This article is about the scholar Alcuin of York. For the University of York college, see Alcuin College.
Saint Alcuin of York
Carolingian Manuscript, c. 831, Rabanus Maurus (left), with Alcuin (middle), dedicating his work to Archbishop Odgar of Mainz (right)
Born c. 735
York, Northumbria
Died 19 May 804
Honored in
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Anglican Communion
Alcuin of York (Latin: Alcuinus, c. 735 19 May 804), also called Ealhwine, Albinus or Flaccus, was an English
scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of
Archbishop Ecgbert at York. At the invitation of Charlemagne, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the
Carolingian court, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. He wrote many theological and dogmatic
treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems. He was made Abbot of Tours in 796, where he
remained until his death. "The most learned man anywhere to be found", according to Einhard's Life of
Charlemagne,
[1]
he is considered among the most important architects of the Carolingian Renaissance. Among his
pupils were many of the dominant intellectuals of the Carolingian era.
Biography
Background
Alcuin was born in Northumbria, presumably sometime in the 730s.
[2]
Virtually nothing is known of his parents,
family background, or origin. In common hagiographical fashion, the Vita Alcuini asserts that Alcuin was 'of noble
English stock,' and this statement has usually been accepted by scholars. Alcuin's own work only mentions such
collateral kinsmen as Wilgils, father of the missionary saint Willibrord; and Beornred, abbot of Echternach and
bishop of Sens, who was more distantly related. In his Life of St Willibrord, Alcuin writes that Wilgils, called a
paterfamilias, had founded an oratory and church at the mouth of the Humber, which had fallen into Alcuin's
possession by inheritance. Because in early Anglo-Latin writing paterfamilias ("head of a family, householder")
usually referred to a ceorl, Donald A. Bullough suggests that Alcuin's family was of cierlisc status: i.e., free but
subordinate to a noble lord, and that Alcuin and other members of his family rose to prominence through beneficial
Alcuin
2
connections with the aristocracy.
[3][4]
If so, Alcuin's origins may lie in the southern part of what was formerly known
as Deira.
[5]
York
The young Alcuin came to the cathedral church of York during the golden age of Archbishop Ecgbert and his
brother, the Northumbrian King Eadberht. Ecgbert had been a disciple of the Venerable Bede, who urged him to
raise York to an archbishopric. King Eadberht and Archbishop Ecgbert oversaw the re-energising and
re-organisation of the English church, with an emphasis on reforming the clergy and on the tradition of learning that
Bede had begun. Ecgbert was devoted to Alcuin, who thrived under his tutelage.
The York school was renowned as a centre of learning in the liberal arts, literature, and science, as well as in
religious matters. It was from here that Alcuin drew inspiration for the school he would lead at the Frankish court.
He revived the school with the trivium and quadrivium disciplines, writing a codex on the trivium, while his student
Hraban wrote one on the quadrivium.
Alcuin graduated to become a teacher during the 750s. His ascendancy to the headship of the York school, the
ancestor of St Peter's School, began after Aelbert became Archbishop of York in 767. Around the same time Alcuin
became a deacon in the church. He was never ordained as a priest and there is no real evidence that he became an
actual monk, but he lived his life as one.
In 781, King Elfwald sent Alcuin to Rome to petition the Pope for official confirmation of York's status as an
archbishopric and to confirm the election of the new archbishop, Eanbald I. On his way home he met Charlemagne
(whom he had met once before), this time in the Italian city of Parma.
[6][7]
Charlemagne
Alcuin's love of the church and his intellectual curiosity allowed him to be reluctantly persuaded to join
Charlemagne's court. He joined an illustrious group of scholars that Charlemagne had gathered around him, the
mainsprings of the Carolingian Renaissance: Peter of Pisa, Paulinus of Aquileia, Rado, and Abbot Fulrad. Alcuin
would later write that "the Lord was calling me to the service of King Charles."
He was welcomed at the Palace School of Charlemagne in Aachen (Urbs Regale) in 782. It had been founded by the
king's ancestors as a place for the education of the royal children (mostly in manners and the ways of the court).
However, Charlemagne wanted to include the liberal arts and, most importantly, the study of the religion that he held
sacred. He loved the thought of religion, and it was so important to him that he decided to share it with his country
and others.Wikipedia:Citation needed From 782 to 790, Alcuin taught Charlemagne himself, his sons Pepin and
Louis, the young men sent to be educated at court, and the young clerics attached to the palace chapel. Bringing with
him from York his assistants Pyttel, Sigewulf, and Joseph, Alcuin revolutionised the educational standards of the
Palace School, introducing Charlemagne to the liberal arts and creating a personalised atmosphere of scholarship and
learning, to the extent that the institution came to be known as the 'school of Master Albinus'.
In this role as adviser, he tackled the emperor over his policy of forcing pagans to be baptised on pain of death,
arguing, "Faith is a free act of the will, not a forced act. We must appeal to the conscience, not compel it by violence.
You can force people to be baptised, but you cannot force them to believe." His arguments seem to have prevailed
Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797.
[8]
Charlemagne was a master at gathering the best men of every land in his court. He himself became far more than just
the king at the centre. It seems that he made many of these men his closest friends and counsellors. They referred to
him as 'David', a reference to the Biblical king David. Alcuin soon found himself on intimate terms with
Charlemagne and the other men at court, where pupils and masters were known by affectionate and jesting
nicknames. Alcuin himself was known as 'Albinus' or 'Flaccus'.
Alcuin
3
Return to Northumbria and back to Francia
In 790 Alcuin returned from the court of Charlemagne to England, to which he had remained attached. He dwelt
there for some time, but Charlemagne then invited him back to help in the fight against the Adoptionist heresy which
was at that time making great progress in Toledo, the old capital of the Visigoths and still a major city for the
Christians under Islamic rule in Spain. He is believed to have had contacts with Beatus of Libana, from the
Kingdom of Asturias, who fought against Adoptionism. At the Council of Frankfurt in 794, Alcuin upheld the
orthodox doctrine and obtained the condemnation of the heresiarch Felix of Urgel. Having failed during his stay in
Northumbria to influence King thelred in the conduct of his reign, Alcuin never returned home.
He was back at Charlemagne's court by at least mid-792, writing a series of letters to thelred, to Hygbald, Bishop
of Lindisfarne, and to thelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury in the succeeding months, dealing with the Viking
attack on Lindisfarne in July 793. These letters and Alcuin's poem on the subject, De clade Lindisfarnensis
monasterii, provide the only significant contemporary account of these events.
In his description of the Viking attack, he wrote: "Never before has such terror appeared in Britain. Behold the
church of St Cuthbert, splattered with the blood of God's priests, robbed of its ornaments."
Tours and death
In 796 Alcuin was in his sixties. He hoped to be free from court duties and was given the chance upon the death of
Abbot Itherius of Saint Martin at Tours, when Charlemagne put Marmoutier Abbey into Alcuin's care, with the
understanding that he should be available if the king ever needed his counsel.
Alcuin died on 19 May 804, some ten years before the emperor, and was buried at St. Martin's Church under an
epitaph that partly read:
Dust, worms, and ashes now...
Alcuin my name, wisdom I always loved,
Pray, reader, for my soul.
He was later canonised as a saint, and remains recognised within the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Eastern
Orthodox traditions.
The majority of details on Alcuin's life come from his letters and poems. There are also autobiographical sections in
Alcuin's poem on York and in the Vita Alcuini, a Life written for him at Ferrires in the 820s, possibly based in part
on the memories of Sigwulf, one of Alcuin's pupils.
Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy
Literary influence
Alcuin made the abbey school into a model of excellence and many students flocked to it. He had many manuscripts
copied using outstandingly beautiful calligraphy, the Carolingian minuscule based on round and legible uncial
letters. He wrote many letters to his English friends, to Arno, bishop of Salzburg and above all to Charlemagne.
These letters (of which 311 are extant) are filled mainly with pious meditations, but they form an important source of
information as to the literary and social conditions of the time and are the most reliable authority for the history of
humanism during the Carolingian age. Alcuin trained the numerous monks of the abbey in piety, and it was in the
midst of these pursuits that he died.
Alcuin is the most prominent figure of the Carolingian Renaissance, in which three main periods have been
distinguished: in the first of these, up to the arrival of Alcuin at the court, the Italians occupy a central place; in the
second, Alcuin and the Anglo-Saxons are dominant; in the third (from 804), the influence of Theodulf, the Visigoth
is preponderant.
Alcuin
4
Alcuin also developed manuals used in his educational work a grammar and works on rhetoric and dialectics.
These are written in the form of dialogues, and in two of them the interlocutors are Charlemagne and Alcuin. He
wrote several theological treatises: a De fide Trinitatis, commentaries on the Bible, etc.
Alcuin is credited with inventing the first known question mark, though it didn't resemble the modern symbol.
[9]
Alcuin transmitted to the Franks the knowledge of Latin culture which had existed in Anglo-Saxon England. A
number of his works still exist. His letters and his poetry are equally interesting. Besides some graceful epistles in
the style of Venantius Fortunatus, he wrote some long poems, and notably he is the author of a history (in verse) of
the church at York, Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae.
Use of eroticised language
Passages in Alcuin's writings have been seen to exhibit homosocial desire, possibly even homoerotic imagery.
[10]
This is evident in both Alcuin's poems and some of his letters. The historian John Boswell
[11][12]
cited this as a
personal outpouring of Alcuin's internalized homosexual feelings. Others agree that Alcuin at times "comes
perilously close to communicating openly his same sex desires", and this reflects the erotic subculture of the
Carolingian monastic school, but also perhaps a 'queer space' where "erotic attachment and affections may be safely
articulated
[13]
Erotic and religious love are intertwined, and Alcuin frequently "eroticizes his personal relationships
to his beloved friends. While at Aachen, Alcuin bestowed pet names upon his pupils derived mainly from Virgil's
Eclogues.
[14]
Alcuin's friendships also extended to the ladies of the court, especially the queen mother and the king's
daughters, though his relationships with these women never reached the intense level of those of the men around
him.
However, the interpretation of homosexual desire has been disputed by Allen Frantzen
[15][16]
who identifies Alcuin's
language with that of medieval Christian amicitia or friendship. Clark suggests it is not possible to determine
whether Alcuin's homosocial desires were the result of an outward expression of erotic feelings. Karl Liersch, in his
1880 inaugural dissertation, cites several passages from poems by Theodulf of Orleans. In these poems Theodulf
reports that Alcuin had a female muse named Delia in the king's court (she was probably Charlemagne's daughter).
Delia is also the addresse of several poems by Alcuin.
[17]
Nevertheless, despite inconclusive of evidence of Alcuin's personal passions, he was clear in his own writings that
the men of Sodom had been punished with fire for "sinning against nature with men". Such sins, argued Alcuin, were
more serious than lustful acts with women, for which the earth was cleansed and revivified by the water of the Flood,
and merit to be "withered by flames unto eternal barrenness."
[18]
Mathematician
Main article: Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes
The collection of mathematical and logical word problems entitled Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes ("Problems to
Sharpen Youths")
[19]
is sometimes attributed to Alcuin.
[20][21]
In a 799 letter to Charlemagne the scholar claimed to
have sent "certain figures of arithmetic for the joy of cleverness,"
[22]
which some scholars have identified with the
Propositiones.
[23][24]
The text contains about 53 mathematical word problems (with solutions), in no particular
pedagogical order. Among the most famous of these problems are: four that involve river crossings, including the
problem of three anxious brothers, each of whom has an unmarried sister whom he cannot leave alone with either of
the other men lest she be defiled
[25]
(Problem 17); the problem of the wolf, goat, and cabbage (Problem 18); and the
problem of "the two adults and two children where the children weigh half as much as the adults" (Problem 19).
Alcuin's sequence is the solution to one of the problems of that book.
Alcuin
5
Legacy
In several churches of the Anglican Communion, Alcuin is celebrated on 20 May, the first available day after the day
of his death (as Dunstan is celebrated on 19 May).
Alcuin College, one of the colleges of the University of York, England, is named after him.
Quotations
"O quam dulcis vita fuit dum sedebamus in quieti... inter librorum copias."
'Oh how sweet life was when we sat quietly... midst all these books.'
"potius animam curare memento, quam carnem, quoniam haec manet, illa perit."
'Remember to care for the soul more than the body, since the former remains, the latter perishes.'
"Nec audiendi qui solent dicere, Vox populi, vox Dei, quum tumultuositas vulgi semper insaniae proxima sit."
'And do not listen to those who keep saying, 'The voice of the people is the voice of God.' because the tumult
of the crowd is always close to madness.'
Selected works
For a complete census of Alcuin's works, see Marie-Hlne Jullien and Franoise Perelman, eds., Clavis scriptorum
latinorum medii aevi: Auctores Galliae 735987. Tomus II: Alcuinus. Turnhout: Brepols, 1999.
Poetry
Carmina, ed. Ernst Dmmler, MGH Poetae Latini aevi Carolini I. Berlin: Weidmann, 1881. 160351.
Godman, Peter, tr., Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985.
11849.
Stella, Francesco, tr., comm., La poesia carolingia, Firenze: Le Lettere, 1995, pp.9496, 152161, 266267,
302307, 364371, 399404, 455457, 474477, 503507.
Isbell, Harold, tr.. The Last Poets of Imperial Rome. Baltimore: Penguin, 1971.
Poem on York, Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae, ed. and tr. Peter Godman, De
pontificibus et sanctis Ecclesiae Eboracensis, The Bishops, Kings, and Saints of York. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1982.
De clade Lindisfarnensis monasterii, "On the destruction of the monastery of Lindisfarne" (Carmen 9, ed.
Dmmler, pp.22935.)
Epistolae (Letters)
Of Alcuin's letters, just over 310 have survived.
Epistolae, ed. Ernst Dmmler, MGH Epistolae IV.2. Berlin: Weidmann, 1895. 1493.
Jaff, Philipp, Ernst Dmmler, and W. Wattenbach, eds. Monumenta Alcuiniana. Berlin: Weidmann, 1873.
132897.
Chase, Colin, ed. Two Alcuin Letter-books. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975.
Allott, Stephen, tr. Alcuin of York, c. AD 732 to 804. His life and letters. York: William Sessions, 1974.
Sturgeon, Thomas G., tr. The Letters of Alcuin: Part One, the Aachen Period (762796). Harvard University
Ph.D. Thesis, 1953.
Didactic works
Ars grammatica. PL 101: 854902.
De orthographia, ed. H. Keil, Grammatici Latini VII, 1880. 295312; ed. Sandra Bruni, Alcuino de orthographia.
Florence: SISMEL, 1997.
Alcuin
6
De dialectica. PL 101: 95076.
Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico "Dialogue of Pepin, the Most Noble and
Royal Youth, with the Teacher Albinus", ed. L.W. Daly and W. Suchier, Altercatio Hadriani Augusti et Epicteti
Philosophi. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1939. 13446; ed. Wilhelm Wilmanns, "Disputatio regalis et
nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico." Zeitschrift fr deutsches Altertum 14 (1869): 53055, 562.
Disputatio de rhetorica et de virtutibus sapientissimi regis Carli et Albini magistri, ed. and tr. Wilbur Samuel
Howell, The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne. New York: Russell and Russell, 1965 (1941); ed. C. Halm,
Rhetorici Latini Minores. Leipzig: Teubner, 1863. 52350.
De virtutibus et vitiis (moral treatise dedicated to Count Wido of Brittany, 799 x 800). PL 101: 613639
(transcript available online
[26]
). A new critical edition is being prepared for the Corpus Christianorum,
Continuatio Medievalis.
De animae ratione (ad Eulaliam virginem) (written for Gundrada, Charlemagne's cousin). PL 101: 63950.
De Cursu et Saltu Lunae ac Bissexto, astronomical treatise. PL 101: 9791002.
(?) Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes, ed. Menso Folkerts, "Die alteste mathematische Aufgabensammlung in
lateinischer Sprache: Die Alkuin zugeschriebenen Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes; berlieferung, Inhalt,
Kritische Edition," in idem, Essays on Early Medieval Mathematics: The Latin Tradition. Aldershot: Ashgate,
2003.
Theology
Quaestiones in Genesim. PL 100: 51566.
'''De Fide Sanctae Trinitatis et de Incarnatione Christi; Quaestiones de Sancta Trinitate''' ed. E. Knibbs & E.
Ann Matter (Corpus Christianorum - Continuatio Mediaevalis 249: Brepols, 2012)
Hagiography
Vita II Vedastis episcopi Atrebatensis. Revision of the earlier Vita Vedastis by Jonas of Bobbio. Patrologia Latina
101: 66382.
Vita Richarii confessoris Centulensis. Revision of an earlier anonymous life. MGH Scriptores Rerum
Merovingicarum 4: 381401.
Vita Willibrordi archiepiscopi Traiectensis, ed. W. Levison, Passiones vitaeque sanctorum aevi Merovingici.
MGH Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum 7: 81141.
Notes
[1] Einhard, Life of Charlemagne, 25.
[2] Bullough, Alcuin, p. 164.
[3] Bullough, Alcuin, pp. 1467, 165.
[4] [4] Bullough, "Alcuin."
[5] Bullough, Alcuin, p. 165.
[6] . P.207: "Charlemagne met Alcuin for the second time at Parma in 781".
[7] [7] Story (2005) reports that Alcuin had previously been sent to Charlemagne by Ethelbert: .
[8] Needham, Dr. N.R., Two Thousand Years of Christ's Power, Part Two: The Middle Ages, Grace Publications, 2000, page 52.
[9] Lynne Truss. Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 76. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
[10] David Clark, Between Medieval Men: Male Friendship and desire in early medieval english
[11] John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality
[12] David Bromell in Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History, London, 2000 (Ed. Wotherspoon and Aldrich)
[13] Lynda L Coon, Dark bodies: gender and monastic practice in the early medieval west (University of Pennsylvania, 2011)
[14] Stephen Jaegar, Enobling love: in search of a lost sensibility (University of Pennsylvania, 1999)
[15] Frantzen, Before the Closet, University of Chicago, 2000
[16] But also Stephen Jaegar, "L'amour des rois", Annales 46 (1991)
[17] Liersch, Karl: Die Gedichte Theodulfs, Bischofs von Orleans (http:/ / www. mgh. de/ bibliothek/ opac/ ?wa72ci_url=/ cgi-bin/ mgh/
regsrchindex.pl?wert=gedichte+ theodulfs,+ bischofs+ von+ orleans& recnums=195542& index=1& db=opac), Halle, 1880, p. 49-50
[18] Alcuin, "Interrogationes Sigewulfi in Genesin", J. -P. Migne, ed., Patrologiae Curus Completus (http:/ / archive. org/ stream/
patrologiaecurs171unkngoog#page/ n276/ mode/ 2up), Vol. 100, col. 543
Alcuin
7
[19] The first few problems of Alcuin's on original Latin (http:/ / www. intratext. com/ X/ LAT0602. HTM) (English: Problems to sharpen the
young, proper title Propositiones Alcuini Doctoris Caroli Magni Imperatoris ad Acuendes Juvenes Propositions of Alcuin, A Teacher of
Emperor Charlemagne, for Sharpening Youths)
[20] Ivars Peterson's MathTrek Nov 21, 2005 (http:/ / www. maa. org/ mathland/ mathtrek_11_21_05. html)
[21] Atkinson, L. 2005. 'When the Pope was a mathematician'. College Mathematics Journal 36 (November): 354362
[22] Epistola 172, MGH Epistolae 4.2: 285: "aliquas figuras arithmeticae subtilitatis laetitiae causa"
[23] Marie-Hlne Jullien and Franoise Perelman, eds., Clavis scriptorum latinorum medii aevi: Auctores Galliae 735987. Tomus II: Alcuinus.
Turnhout: Brepols, 1999, 4823.
[24] A more skeptical attitude toward Alcuin's authorship of this text and others is taken by Michael Gorman, "Alcuin Before Migne," Revue
bndictine 112 (2002); 101130.
[25] Latin title and English text of the problem (http:/ / logica. ugent. be/ albrecht/ alcuin. pdf)
[26] http:/ / www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/ 04z/
z_0735-0804__Alcuinus__De_Virtutibus_Et_Vitiis_Liber_Ad_Widonem_Comitem__MLT. pdf. html
Secondary sources
Bullough, Donald. Alcuin: Achievement and Reputation. Leiden, 2003.
Bullough, Donald. "Alcuin." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Cousin, John William (1910).
"Alcuin or Ealhwine". A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.
Wikisource
Further reading
Frederick Lorenz. The life of Alcuin (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ lifeofalcuin00lorerich) (Thomas Hurst,
1837).
Rolph Barlow Page. The Letters of Alcuin (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ lettersofalcuin00pagerich) (New
York: Forest Press, 1909).
E. M. Wilmot-Buxton. Alcuin (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ alcuin__00wilm) (P J Kennedy, 1922).
Stephen Allot. Alcuin of York, his life and letters ISBN 0-900657-21-9
Andrew Fleming West. Alcuin and the Rise of the Christian Schools (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/
alcuinriseofchri00westiala) (C. Sscribner's Sons, 1912) ISBN 0-8371-1635-X
Eleanor Shipley Duckett. Alcuin, Friend of Charlemagne, (1951)
Eleanor Shipley Duckett. Carolingian Portraits, (1962)
F. L. Ganshof. The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy ISBN 0-582-48227-5
Brian P. McGuire. Friendship, and Community: The Monastic Experience ISBN 0-87907-895-2
Thomas Stehling. Medieval Latin Love Poems of Male Love and Friendship,
Peter Godman. Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance ISBN 0-7156-1768-0
Stella, Francesco, "Alkuins Dichtung" in Alkuin von York und die geistige Grundlegung Europas , Sankt Gallen,
Verlag am Klosterhof, 2010, pp.107 128.
Throop, Priscilla, trans. Alcuin: His Life; On Virtues and Vices; Dialogue with Pepin (Charlotte, VT:
MedievalMS, 2011)
Bullough, D. A, 'Alcuin - Achievement and Reputation (Brill, 2004)
Dales, Douglas J, 'Alcuin - His Life and Legacy' (James Clarke & Co., Cambridge, UK, 2012)
Dales, Douglas J, 'Alcuin - Theology and Thought' (James Clarke & Co., Cambridge, UK, 2013)
Alcuin
8
External links
Wikisource has original works written by or
about:
Alcuin
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Alcuin
Browne, G. F. (1908). Alcuin of York (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=ho8QGIF5py8C). London: Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alcuin" (http:/ / www-history. mcs. st-andrews. ac. uk/ Biographies/
Alcuin. html), MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
Alcuin's book, Problems for the Quickening of the Minds of the Young (http:/ / logica. ugent. be/ albrecht/ alcuin.
pdf)
Introduction to Alcuin's writings by Robert Levine and Whitney Bolton (http:/ / www. bu. edu/ english/ levine/
alcend. htm)
The Alcuin Society (http:/ / www. alcuinsociety. com/ )
Anglo-Saxon York on History of York site (http:/ / www. historyofyork. org. uk/ timeline/ anglo-saxon)
Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis: new critical editions in preparation (http:/ / www.
corpuschristianorum. org/ series/ cccm_preparation. html)
Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum: complete texts and full bibliography (http:/ / kaali. linguist. jussieu. fr/ CGL/
index. jsp)
THE LIFE OF ALCUIN BY DR. FREDERICK LORENZ in BTM Format (http:/ / www. cristoraul. com/
ENGLISH/ readinghall/ GalleryofHistory/ ALCUIN/ Alcuin-Door. html)
Article Sources and Contributors
9
Article Sources and Contributors
Alcuin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=620165524 Contributors: 2ct7, A Musing, Adam Bishop, Alan Millar, Alcuin, Alfiemo, Allen3, Amitchell125, And we drown,
Anglicanus, Angusmclellan, AnonMoos, Antandrus, Ariobarzan, Arthur Rubin, Bede735, Bepimela, Bgwhite, Bhaskara, Billinghurst, Binabik80, Bloodofox, Bonner404, CTZMSC3, Carinruff,
Cattac, Cavila, CecilWard, Charles Matthews, Chessphoon, Chewings72, Chimaeridae, ChrisGualtieri, Cloj, Cnyborg, Commander Keane, Contaldo80, Conversion script, Cursitor, DOUGLAS
DALES, DTOx, Damascus road, Dario Zornija, David Eppstein, Dbachmann, Dfass, Djnjwd, Dominus Vobisdu, Donfbreed, Donreed, Doug, Dppowell, Dycedarg, ECKnibbs, Ecemaml,
ElKevbo, Ellen King, Eltheodigraeardgesece, Emmo827, Evrik, Excirial, FeanorStar7, Fluoronaut, Francesco Stella, Gaius Cornelius, Giftlite, Guest9999, Gunter.krebs, Gurch, Hadal, Henitsirk,
Homagetocatalonia, Hupaleju, ItsZippy, Jacob Haller, Jambornik, Jasaug2004, Jezzabr, Jlarson, JmA, Johanthon, John Carter, Johnbibby, Jondel, Jonel, Joyous!, Jsaunder25, Julien1978,
Jumbuck, JustAGal, Jwestbrook, Kaly99, Karl-Henner, Keith D, Kingpin13, Kpjas, Ksnow, LFaraone, Laser2k, Laszlo Panaflex, Leszek Jaczuk, Lightmouse, Lincher, Liz Henderson,
LizardWizard, Look2See1, Lopakhin, Ludi, LutP, MDCollins, Magioladitis, Mannanan51, Marcomillions, Matt Crypto, Matthead, Maurauth, Mav, Mayumashu, Mclemore11785, Mcorazao,
Michael Hardy, Michael Patrick Wilson, MichaelTinkler, Mikebrand, Mindstar, Mr Stephen, Mstansbury, Mwren1, Nagelfar, Neutrality, Niceguyedc, NickShaforostoff, Nimetapoeg, Nk,
Notuncurious, Ohconfucius, Omnipaedista, Ontoraul, Paul August, PaulGarner, Peruvianllama, R'n'B, RJFJR, RandomCritic, Randywombat, Rhododendrites, Ricardo Carneiro Pires, Rich
Farmbrough, Richard75, Rjwilmsi, Rocastelo, Rocketrod1960, Rodhullandemu, Ruud Koot, SE7, Scholiasticathanasy, Shadygrove2007, SimonP, Singinglemon, Sligocki, Spacepotato,
Spartacus007, Spiritusz, Staffelde, Stan Shebs, SteveMcCluskey, Superm401, Sweetmoose6, T. Anthony, The Thing That Should Not Be, Thehelpfulone, TimBentley, Tokle, Tom Peters, Tom
harrison, Tr606, TreasuryTag, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Velocipedus, Vfp15, Walgamanus, Wetman, WikiEnglishman, Will Beback, Woohookitty, Xareu bs,
Xclaxrunner22, Ycdkwm, Yendor1958, Yorkshirian, Yvonnesla, Yxesmai12, , 134 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Raban-Maur Alcuin Otgar.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blackcat, Copydays, GDK,
Gryffindor, Kurpfalzbilder.de, Martin H., Michel Chauvet, Skim, Symposiarch, Thomas Gun, Trockennasenaffe, 4 anonymous edits
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo, MichaelMaggs,
NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter
Image:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo,
MichaelMaggs, NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter
Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: -xfi-, Dbc334, Doodledoo, Elian, Guillom, Jeffq,
Krinkle, Maderibeyza, Majorly, Nishkid64, RedCoat, Rei-artur, Rocket000, 11 anonymous edits
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/