This section discusses standards and standardization in the United States. It notes that at least four major organizations sponsor standardization work, and they cooperate with other groups in special fields like illumination engineering. New lighting practices are reported in publications like Illuminating Engineering. Recommended practices from professional groups may be adopted into state law if they involve public safety. American membership in international groups gives US standards international significance. Primary standards are used to establish measurement units, and secondary and working standards are calibrated against primary standards.
Challenges and Approaches for Selecting, Assessing and Qualifying Commercial Industrial Digital Instrumentation and Control Equipment for Use in Nuclear Power Plant Applications
This section discusses standards and standardization in the United States. It notes that at least four major organizations sponsor standardization work, and they cooperate with other groups in special fields like illumination engineering. New lighting practices are reported in publications like Illuminating Engineering. Recommended practices from professional groups may be adopted into state law if they involve public safety. American membership in international groups gives US standards international significance. Primary standards are used to establish measurement units, and secondary and working standards are calibrated against primary standards.
This section discusses standards and standardization in the United States. It notes that at least four major organizations sponsor standardization work, and they cooperate with other groups in special fields like illumination engineering. New lighting practices are reported in publications like Illuminating Engineering. Recommended practices from professional groups may be adopted into state law if they involve public safety. American membership in international groups gives US standards international significance. Primary standards are used to establish measurement units, and secondary and working standards are calibrated against primary standards.
This section discusses standards and standardization in the United States. It notes that at least four major organizations sponsor standardization work, and they cooperate with other groups in special fields like illumination engineering. New lighting practices are reported in publications like Illuminating Engineering. Recommended practices from professional groups may be adopted into state law if they involve public safety. American membership in international groups gives US standards international significance. Primary standards are used to establish measurement units, and secondary and working standards are calibrated against primary standards.
AND SYMBOLS Among the hundred or more national professional and trade organiza- tions engaged in standardization 1 in the United States, at least four 2 sponsor this work as their major activity. These co-operate with many other groups active in special fields, such as the Illuminating Engineering Society, and with state and 1 jderal governments. Their activities are reported in the monthly, Industrial Standardization, which is published by the Ameri- can Standards Association. New lighting practices appear in Illuminating Engineering, the monthly publication of the Illuminating Engineering Society. When a recommended practice or standard code 3 proposed by a profes- sional group involvwithe safety or welfare of the general public, it is some- times incorpor o+ -" >y the state legislatures in the state law. (See the index or Sev hrough 16 of the Application Division for condensed forms of the x es recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society.) Because of Amei._an membership in various international groups, which comprise representatives of different nations, standardization in the United States is given international significance. The International Commission on Illumination, I.C.I. {Commission Internationale de VEclairage, CLE.), is the international organization concerned with illumination. 1. Referent dards The ability easure physical quantities accuiately is essential to progress in all ph&^s of science and engineering. A fundamental step in developing this ability is the establishment of reference standards against which practical measuring tools may be calibrated. When such standards are physical objects, they are customarily pre- served at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington. An example is the set of carbon-filament lamps which has served as the American candlepower standard since 1909. Whenever possible, it is present prac- tice to replace such arbitrary physical objects, which might never be exactly duplicated if destroyed, with standards suited to convenient and accurate reproduction in ' oratories throughout the world. Standard. A nary standard is one by which a unit of measurement is established and L n which the values of other standards are derived. A satisfactory primary standard must be reproducible from specifications. A secondary standard is calibrated by comparison with a primary standard. A working standard is any calibrated tool fcT daily use in measure- ment work. Note: References are listed at the end of each section. 1
Challenges and Approaches for Selecting, Assessing and Qualifying Commercial Industrial Digital Instrumentation and Control Equipment for Use in Nuclear Power Plant Applications