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Supporting presentation for
lecturers ofArchitecture/Civil
Engineering
Chapter 1
Why stainless steels?
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Introduction
Mainmaterials used inarchitecture,
buildingandconstruction
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Relativeuseofthemainbuildingmaterials today
Materials
World
Production
MMT/year(2012)
Average
Density
Remarks
Rammed earth,pis
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Was used fortraditional houses inAfrica mostly.
Some renewed interest forits environmental properties
Bricks
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4500 2,0 Ofwhich 87%inAsia
Cement
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3600 2,4** (Toobtainthefigureforconcretemultiplyby34)
**Concrete density
Steel
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1510 7,8 (CrudeSteelproduction)
14%goesintoinfrastructureshalfasrebar
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42%goes into buildings
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Wood
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1000 0,5 Excludingwoodforpaper(about550MT)
Excludingwoodforcombustion(about1450MT)
ManMadePolymers
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280 1,1 SomeNaturalPolymers:Cellulose,Rubber,Silk,Chitin
ManmadeGlass
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56 2,6 Flatglassonly,2010figures
Fortotalglassproductionmultiplyby3
Aluminum
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45 2,7 (PrimaryAluminumProduction)
24%goesintoconstruction
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Stainless Steel
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35 7,8 17%goes into construction
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Bricks Cement Steel Wood ManMade
Polymers
Manmade
Glass
Aluminum StainlessSteel
Materials
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Relativeuseofthemainbuildingmaterials today:
BarChart
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Newmaterialshaveappearedinthecourseofhistory
Stainlesssteelisthemostrecent*
Materials Timeframe
Rammed earth,pis Hasbeenusedsincethedawnofmankind!
Wood
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Hasbeenusedsincethedawnofmankind!
Brick
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7500BC
4500BC
Fired bricks/ceramics
Steel
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4000BC
1858
Blacksmithsshops
BessemerProcess
ManmadeGlass
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3500BC
100BC
1950
Firstglassmaking
ClearGlass
Pilkington(FloatGlass)Process
Aluminum
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1825
1886
Oersted discoversAluminum
TheHallHeroult process
Reinforced Concrete
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1850
1885
Butcementismucholder
RotaryKilnProcess
ManMadePolymers
1
1846
1907
1939
Cellulod
Bakelite
Nylon
Stainless Steel
2
19121913
1954
1955
Early alloys
AODProcess
HotStrip Rolling
*Therearenewer materials,ofcourse,butnotused insignificant quantities
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Stainless steel remains a
young material
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Whystainlesssteels?
Corrosion resistance in all environments: tropical to polar, sea or desert,
(see chapter 3 )
Wide range of mechanical properties allowed by several stainless families
and now built into the major building codes. Plus an excellent fire
resistance (see Chapter 4)
Large selection of surface finishes colors available (see chapter 5)
Easy fabrication (see chapter 6)
Excellent sustainability: (see chapter 7)
allows a long service life with no or little maintenance,
100% recyclable (and more than 85% recycled) at the end of life into stainless steel
without loss of properties
Specific properties on demand (Soft Magnetic/NonMagnetic,
Oxidation resistance,.) ?
Hygienic: Easy to clean & disinfect
Becauseofanoutstandingsetofproperties
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Whyarentstainlesssteelsmore
used?
Stainless steels are generally thought to be expensive. True?
Answer: Yes and No
Yes: if the initial material cost is all what matters
No: if the Life Cycle Cost (the real cost) is taken into account, i.e.
if maintenance and recycling costs are buit in the cost of the building
More details in the next slides
Overall performance has led to the use of stainless steels in many key
applications in energy production, transportation, automotive, food
and beverages, pharma, medical (of which surgical tools and implants)
and many others
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Why stainless steel is notexpensive ifthelifecyclecost
is taken into account
The cost of structures made of other materials substantially increases over
time while the cost of stainless steel structures normally remains constant.
The Cost of corrosion exceeds 137 Billions $ in the USA alone
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ComparisonofLifeCycleCostingof2oldstructures
Structures Completed Material Height Maintenance
EiffelTower
Paris*
1889 Wrought
iron
324m Every 7years.Every painting
campaign lasts foraboutayear
andahalf (15months).50to60
tonsofpaint,25painters,1500
brushes,5000sanding disks and
1500setsofwork clothes.
Chrysler
Building(Roof
andEntrance)
NewYork
1930
(roof 1929)
Austenitic
Stainless
Steel
(grade:
302)
319m Twice in1951,1961. The1961
cleaning solutionis unknown.A
mild detergent,degreaser and
abrasivewere used in1995.
*TheEiffeltower was built before stainless steel was inventedandit was supposed to
be atemporary structure,butthepublicloved it !
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Example
Comparisonofthemaintenanceof2
verywellknownbridges
GoldenGate BridgeinSanFrancisco
Stonecutters BridgeinHongKong
Inthenext 2slides
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TheGoldenGate bridge(1937),SanFrancisco
a rugged group of 13 ironworkers and 3 pusher ironworkers along with and 28 painters, 5 painter
laborers, and a chief bridge painter battle wind, sea air and fog, often suspended high above the
Gate, to repair corroding steel. Ironworkers replace corroding steel and rivets with highstrength
steel bolts, make small fabrications for use on the Bridge, and assist painters with their rigging.
Ironworkers also remove plates and bars to provide access for painters to the interiors of the
columns and chords that make up the Bridge. Painters prepare all Bridge surfaces and repaint all
corroded areas.
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Project details : 1,596mlong dual 3lane highlevel cablestayed bridge, with a clear span of
1,018m. Typhoon resistant.
Material : Stainless Steel EN1.4462 (Duplex) plate with 450MPa yield stress used for the towers
above +175m to top (+295m) and for towers skin.
Why stainless rather than Csteel: designed for 120 years life in a hot and polluted seawater
environment. Designed for no maintenance.
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Stonecutters bridge(2009),HongKong
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Mainreferences
1) MainSources:Wikipedia
2) Source:ISSFwww.worldstainless.org
3) (a)http://www.inecc.gob.mx/descargas/dgcenica/2012_ladrilleras_pon_s1_ebaum_eng.pdf (b)
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_weight_of_a_red_clay_brick_in_Kilograms (c)
http://www.cal
china.org/documents/Trainees%20%20Paper/Wang%20Hai/Xiaoheng%20Wang%20Activity%20R
eport/Xiaoheng%20%20Wang%20Final%20paper.pdf
4) http://www.cembureau.eu/aboutcement/keyfactsfigures
5) http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/statisticsarchive/2012steelproduction.html
6) (a)http://www.franceboisforet.fr (b)
http://www.ewp.asn.au/library/presentations/2012/poyry_2012.pdf
7) http://www.plasticseurope.org/informationcentre/pressroom1351/pressreleases2012/first
estimatessuggestaround4increaseinplasticsglobalproductionfrom2010.aspx
8) (a)http://www.glassforeurope.com/en/industry/globalmarketstructure.php (b)
http://www.nsg.co.jp/~/media/NSG/Site%20Content/Temporary%20Downloads/Japanese/NSGF
GI_2011%20EN2.ashx
9) http://www.worldaluminium.org/statistics/primaryaluminiumproduction/
10) http://worldstainless.org/crude_steel_production/crude_2012
11) http://www.ewp.asn.au/library/presentations/2012/poyry_2012.pdf
12) http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
13) http://www.ssina.com/overview/markets.html
14) http://www.nace.org/Publications/CostofCorrosionStudy/
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Mainreferences (Contd)
15. a)http://www.toureiffel.net/ b)http://corrosiondoctors.org/Landmarks/Eiffel.htm
16. C)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building d)NickelDevelopmentInstitute.TimelessStainless
Architecture.ReferenceBookSeriesNo11023,2001
17. http://goldengatebridge.org/research/facts.php#IronworkersPainters
18. http://www.nickelinstitute.org/~/media/Files/NickelUseInSociety/Architecture/Construction%20Case%
20Studies/CS1%20Stonecutters%20Bridge%20HK%20low%20res.ashx
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Thankyou
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