5-18 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

be carefully maintained throughout the test. By calibrating the photom-

eter directly against the test lamp, regardless of the exact candlepower
at which the lamp is held, illumination values are obtained in terms of the
standardization values of the lamp.
The standard lamp is placed at a measured distance D (feet) from the
photometer head, so that the illumination received by the photometer
plate is that established by the fiducial lines on the bulb. The assumed
illumination is then
E
=
footcandles
where / is the standardized fiducial intensity in candles. This value of E
is used to find the scale constant C of the photometer. When the scale
reading is S,
C
X 8
= E
The standard lamp is then adjusted in the luminaire and connected with
the same ammeter as used for the calibration. The photometric test is
carried on at the selected current.
The actual values of light output and beam intensities under these
conditions will be smaller than they would be if the lamp were operated at
normal rating, but this method of calibrating the photometer exactly
compensates for the difference, and the photometer readings times the
constant C give values correct for rated lumens output.
Adjustment
of
lamps in the luminaire. The exact position of the light
center of the lamp in the luminaire is extremely important in the case of
projector-type devices such as floodlights and searchlights and may exert
a considerable influence on the characteristics of general lighting lumi-
naires. Therefore, before making any photometric measurements, the
lamp should be carefully adjusted in the luminaire.
For projector-type luminaires the focusing of the lamp is to be done at a
distance of 100 feet or more from the observing screen, and at the same
distance at which the photometer readings are to be taken. The lamp
should be adjusted to give the narrowest uniform and symmetrical beam.*
Whenever the adjustment of the lamp in a projector-type luminaire is
not fixed by the design or specified by the manufacturer, the lamp shall
be adjusted as follows: (a) The filament opening of a ring-type filament,
such as the C-5 or C-7A, shall be toward the front or up. (b) The lead
wires of a monoplane-type filament, such as the C-13, shall be placed paral-
lel to the plane of the reflector opening and away from the reflector.
For general lighting luminaires in which there is provision for adjustment
of the light center of the lamp, the position should coincide with that
stated by the manufacturer or shown on the manufacturer's plan.
Photometric tests
for
general lighting luminaires. If the luminaire is
regularly sold or recommended by the manufacturer to be used with a
particular fitting such as a support, the fitting should be attached during

Unless another working focus is specified.