6-16 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

daylight. The color temperature of daylight lamps varies between 3,500

to.4,000 degrees Kelvin.
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Colored lamps in diffusing bulbs are available in three different types cf
finishes:
(1)
outside spray-coated,
(2)
inside-coated or enameled, and (3)~
ceramic glazed glass. Outside-coated lamps are suitable for indoor use
where not exposed to the weather. Their surfaces collect dirt readily
and are not easily cleaned,. Inside-coated or enameled bulbs have smooth
outside surfaces that are easily cleaned. The pigments are not subjected
to weather and therefore have the advantage in permanence of color.
Ceramic glazed finish is a recent development which gives a permanent
finish to the bulb with the ceramic pigments fused into the glass but some
colors are not as uniform and the efficiency attainable is approximately
20 per cent lower than equivalent lamps of clear or natural-colored glass.
Natural-colored-glass lamps are used where permanence of color is desired.
These lamps cost somewhat more than coated lamps but because of their
greater efficiency of light transmission, the over-all cost of producing
colored light with natural colored lamps is about the same as with coated
lamps. Only a few colors (ruby, blue, green, and amber) are regularly
available.
Reflector-Type Lamps
This general designation refers to lamps in which light control is built
into the lamp itself by applying either silver or aluminum to the out-
side or the inside surface of the bulb. Not only has a reflecting surface
been applied to common bulb shapes but also quite a number of bulbs have
been developed in which bulb contour and reflecting surfaces are co-
ordinated to provide specific distributions of light. The most extensive
use of specialized bulb contours has been in the sealed beam headlamps
found in 1940 and later automobiles.
Silvered-bowl lamp. The silvered bowl lamp represents the most com-
mon reflector lamp for general lighting applications. Such lamps are
processed in two ways, with silvering applied either internally or externally.
In the latter type of lamp a finish of pure silver is deposited on the bulb
and sealed with an electrolytic coating of copper; over these two metal-
lic coatings an aluminum or bronze finish is applied. The reflecting sur-
face is thus protected from all dust, dirt, and deterioration. . The light
control achieved is accompanied by an initial loss of only 6 to 10 per cent
in light output.
This process has also been applied in neck silvering, and such lamps are
being used to provide the specialized light distribution required for street
lighting service, or for such general applications as high-bay and window
lighting.
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Projector lamp. A wide variety of light beam patterns can be incor-
porated in a lamp by co-ordinating filament positioning with respect to
special bulb reflecting contours. In the projector flood and projector
spot lamps, designated as type PAR, the bulb is constructed of two molded
glass sections. A bowl-shaped section of parabolic or other suitable con-