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Class 5: Waves January 31, 2014 Physics 1402, Spring 2014
Class 5: Waves January 31, 2014 Physics 1402, Spring 2014
If n
1
> n
2
- no phase change upon reflection.
If n
1
< n
2
- phase change of 180 upon reflection.
(equivalent to the wave shifting by "/2.)
Incident wave
Reflected wave
Thin Film Summary
n
1
(thin film)
n
2
n = 1.0 (air)
t
1
2
Ray 1: $
1
= 0 or !
Determine $, number of extra wavelengths for each ray.
If |($
2
$
1
)| = ! , 1 !, 2 ! . (m + !) destructive
If |($
2
$
1
)| = 0, 1, 2, 3 . (m) constructive
Note: this is
wavelength in
film! ("
film
= "
o
/n
1
)
+ 2 t/ "
film
Reflection
Distance
Ray 2: $
2
= 0 or !
+ 0
This is important!
Did you know?
You should never get immersion oil on
microscope lenses that arent designed for it!
The oil is a thin film that can create light and dark spots all
over your image!
(and it is really hard to clean off ! )
Thin Film Practice
n
glass
= 1.5
n
water
= 1.3
n = 1.0 (air)
t
1
2
$
1
= !
$
2
= 0 + 2t / "
glass
= 2t n
glass
/ "
0
= 1
Blue light ("
%
= 500 nm) incident on a glass (n
glass
= 1.5) cover slip (t = 167
nm) floating on top of water (n
water
= 1.3).
Is the interference constructive or destructive or neither?
Phase shift = $
2
$
1
= ! wavelength
Reflection at air-film interface only
CT: Thin Film
n
glass
=1.5
n
plastic
=1.8
n=1 (air)
t
1
2
$
1
= !
$
2
= ! + 2t / "
glass
= ! + 2t n
glass
/ "
0
= ! + 1
Blue light " = 500 nm
incident on a thin film
(t = 167 nm) of glass
on top of plastic. The
interference is:
(1) constructive
(2) destructive
(3) neither
Phase shift = $
2
$
1
= 1 wavelength
Reflection at both interfaces!
Q: interference from two slits
diffraction (another form of interference) from a single slit.
Can we see both interference and diffraction from a pair of slits?
Answer: Yes!
one slit,
diffraction
two slits,
interference
& diffraction
Central max
Diffraction Grating:
An interference device with N equally spaced slits
Successive slits have path difference d sin# to a point on the screen
Bright fringes occur for m" = d sin#
Effect of large N is to make the fringes very narrow (and bright!)
dsin#
d
Measure # -> find "
Addition of E fields: (N slits)
E
m
sin (kx - &t)
0
a
d
d+a
2d
2d+a
3d
3d+a
(N-1)d
(N-1)d+a
"
y
r
o
r(y)
ysin#
y
P
(slits are very far from the screen!)
) sin( ) ( ! "
#
+ = t E P E
final result :
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
!
"
#
$
%
&
=
'
'
(
(
)
sin
sin sin N
N
E
E
m
X Ray diffraction
History:
Lawrence Bragg
The Braggs:
Nobel Prize 1915
X Ray diffraction
Bragg law:
Constructive
interference
at some
angles
Bragg law: n " = 2 d Sin #
n = number of layers (order)
d = distance between plates
" = wavelength of X ray
# = Angle of constructive interference
X Ray diffraction
Example: The smallest angle of Bragg scattering in
KCl is 28.4
o
, for 0.3 nm x rays. Find the distance
between atomic plates in potassium chloride.
Solution: m " = 2 d Sin #
m = number of layers (order) = 1
" = wavelength of X ray = 0.30 x 10
-9
m
# = Angle of constructive interference = 28.4
d = distance between plates = ?
d = m " / 2 Sin # = 0.32 x 10
-9
m
X-ray crystallography
Max Perutz!
Photonic crystal demo
Electron crystallography
d
Constructive interference
dsin! = m"
where m = 0, or 1, or 2, ...
y
d
L m
y
!
=
!
L
!
d
green light: f = 560 THz.
what is the slit spacing?
A) 1 mm
B) 1 yoctometer
C) 0.25 mm
D) 0
y
!
L
!