INTERIOR LIGHTING 10-111

Operations such as stubbing, spinning, spooling, and warping present

more severe seeing tasks. The basic seeing task in all of these operations
is to detect broken ends as soon as the break occurs and to make immediate
repairs. Loss in production is a result of stopping an entire machine while
repairs are being made on one thread. A minimum illumination level of 20
footcandles is recommended for these tasks. Although general Ughting
is needed to minimize contrasts, most of the light is concentrated on the
working area. Most of the work areas of these machines are relatively
long and narrow. A linear source aids in the elimination of shadows and
has the desired light distribution characteristics.
Drawing in. This is probably the most difficult seeing task in the mill
because of the small size of the details to be seen and the unrelenting visual
concentration required. In this operation, the warp ends are drawn by
hand through drop- wires, harnesses, and reeds "with a thin instrument
called a reed hook. At any one time the operator's attention, as he moves
from one side of the warp to the other, is confined to a space about 4 inches
square. This task requires a minimum of 100 footcandles of well-diffused
illumination such as would be provided by fluorescent luminaires of the
two 40-watt lamp type hung over the operator's head and aimed at the
work. Another satisfactory solution of this problem is to use a 60-
or
100-watt incandescent lamp in an industrial reflector of parabolic shape,
designed to be moved from one side of the frame to the other as the work
progresses. Whichever system of local lighting is used, the surrounding
areas should be uniformly illiiminated to a level of at least 10 footcandles.
Automatic tying in. The ends of a full loom beam are tied to the ends
of a loom beam which is nearly exhausted, whenever possible, in order to
eliminate the drawing-in operation. The work lies primarily on a hori-
zontal plane. Prolonged visual effort is involved, and localized general
illumination of 50 to 100 footcandles should be provided. A diffusing
luminaire similar to the industrial fluorescent type or a special local incan-
descent type should be supplied for each operator.
Weaving. Weaving involves visual tasks of various degrees of difficulty.
The warp strands which run lengthwise of the cloth are drawn through the
eyes of heddle wires which create the bobbin shed. Illumination has to
be furnished for the "fixer" to repair and oil the loom, for the "cleaner"
tobrush awaylint, for the "creeler" to fill its bobbin creel, for other operators
to install the full loom beams with accessories, and for still others to remove
the full cloth roller. Broken ends must be located and "pulled in" (re-
paired), defects in the cloth must be "picked out" (removed by picking-
out the yarn from the filling bobbin) and the cloth must be inspected as it
is woven. The most difficult of these tasks in the manufacture of gray
goods is to see the detail of the finished cloth well enough to determine
whether or not all of the specifications for perfect material are being met.
(See Fig. 10-82.) More difficult tasks are met when weaving dark
materials.
The looms are designed to stop automatically when an end breaks; how-
ever, there are defects which are not the result of a broken end. It is