ACI Absolute volume method most common method in U.S. Considered to be reliable Determine amount of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, water, entrained and entrapped air to produce 1 cu.yd. Or 27 cu.ft. Of concrete on most state's P.E. Exam. Must know these specifications: grading of fine and coarse aggregate, including FM Unit weight of the aggregate; SG of cementitious materials.
ACI Absolute volume method most common method in U.S. Considered to be reliable Determine amount of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, water, entrained and entrapped air to produce 1 cu.yd. Or 27 cu.ft. Of concrete on most state's P.E. Exam. Must know these specifications: grading of fine and coarse aggregate, including FM Unit weight of the aggregate; SG of cementitious materials.
ACI Absolute volume method most common method in U.S. Considered to be reliable Determine amount of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, water, entrained and entrapped air to produce 1 cu.yd. Or 27 cu.ft. Of concrete on most state's P.E. Exam. Must know these specifications: grading of fine and coarse aggregate, including FM Unit weight of the aggregate; SG of cementitious materials.
ACI Absolute volume method most common method in U.S. Considered to be reliable Determine amount of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, water, entrained and entrapped air to produce 1 cu.yd. Or 27 cu.ft. Of concrete on most state's P.E. Exam. Must know these specifications: grading of fine and coarse aggregate, including FM Unit weight of the aggregate; SG of cementitious materials.
School of Civil Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Mix Proportioning Workability Strength with Time Durability Economy Variables under control of designer Materials selection Cement paste/aggregate W/C or W/Cm Sand/coarse aggregate Type, size, grading of aggregate Use of chemical and mineral admixtures Mix Proportioning Balance between the desired properties can be difficult to achieve. (L) Segregation ACI Absolute Volume Method Most common method in U.S. Considered to be reliable Determine amount of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, water, entrained and entrapped air to produce 1 cu.yd. or 27 cu.ft. of concrete On most states P.E. exam Must know these specifications: Grading of fine and coarse aggregate, including FM Unit weight of the aggregate BSG (bulk specific gravity) of the aggregate; SG of cementitious materials Absorption capacity and moisture content in the aggregate Variations in water requirement with different slump, air content, and aggregate grading Relationships between strength and w/c Job specifications (e.g., max w/c, min air content, MSA, etc.) ACI Method Step 1: Select appropriate slump ACI Method Step 2: Select appropriate MSA For economy select maximum MSA within these guidelines: MSA should be smaller than 1/5 of the narrowest dimension of the form MSA should be smaller than of the maximum clear distance between the reinforcing bars (and cover) MSA should be smaller than 1/3 the slab depth ACI Method Step 3: Determine required strength f cr = (f c 500) + ts f cr = strength required including some allowance for variability in materials, mixing, transporting, placing, curing, and testing t = 2.328, a statistical variable representing the probability that no more than 1 in 100 occurrence that an individual cylinder strength will be below fc s = standard deviation (usually provided), based on previous track records kept by contractor no cylinder < f c - 500 psi ACI Method Step 3: Determine required strength Use if standard deviation information is not available Step 4: Estimate water and air contents ACI Method Step 5: Select w/c Consider strength ACI Method Step 5: Select w/c And durability ?Select lower w/c ACI Method Step 5: Select w/c ACI Method Step 6: Calculate cement content c w W C / ? ACI Method Step 7: Estimate coarse aggregate content Multiply by 27 to convert to volume in cu.ft. Multiply by dry- rodded unit weight (bulk density) to convert volume to weight ACI Method Step 8: Estimate fine aggregate content V FA (cu.ft./cu.yd.)= 27 (V water +V cement +V CA +V air ) Can calculate volume from the weight divided by the unit weight (=BSGX62.4 lbs/cu.ft.) All volumes should be in cu.ft./cu.yd., as we are designing for 1 cu. yd. of concrete ACI Method Step 9: Calculate unit weight of mixture Unit weight = (W water +W cement +W CA +W FA )/(27cu.ft./cu.yd.) ACI Method Step 10: Adjust for field moisture conditions Aggregate is assumed to be SSD If MC field < SSD or air dry, need to decrease aggregate and increase water If MC field > SSD or wet, need to increase aggregate and decrease water CHECK : Total weight should be the same as in the previous step! ACI Method Adjustments for field moisture content solid water-filled pores solid air-filled pores water-filled pores solid water-filled pores surface water ? too much solid, not enough water ? too much water, not enough solid EXAMPLE Materials Type I cement, BSG=3.15 ? 3.15x62.4lb/cu.ft.=196lb/cu.ft.= density FA with BSG=2.60, density=162 lb/cu ft. FM=2.8, moisture state = +2.5% (from SSD) CA with BSG=2.70, density=168 lb/cu ft. dry-rodded unit weight=100 lb/cu. ft., moisture state=+0.5% (from SSD) EXAMPLE Problem statement Reinforced concrete footing, not exposed to sulfate or freezing MSA is 1 Desired slump 3-4 f c28days =3000psi, no standard deviation data available Step1: Select Slump Step2: Select MSA Step3: Select Strength Step 3: Determine required strength If standard deviation information is not available: f cr = 3000 + 1200 = 4200psi Step 4: Estimate water and air contents water air Step 5: w/c Consider Strength and Durability no requirements 0.53 Step 6: Cement content With w/c=0.53 and a water content of 300 lbs./cu.yd. ? Cement content = (300/0.53) = 566 lbs./cu.yd. What if we are using SCMs? For example, at 10% silica fume (SG=2.2) replacement for cement, we would have cement = 0.90(566 lbs./cu.yd.) = 509.4 lbs. silica fume = 0.1 (566 lbs./cu.yd.) = 56.6 lbs. Step 7: Coarse Aggregate Content Dry rodded-volume CA =0.71x27cu.ft./cu.yd.=19.17cu.ft./cu.yd. Weight of CA = 19.17cu.ft./cu.yd x 100 lb./cu.ft.=1917 lbs/cu.yd. dry-rodded unit weight Step 8: Fine Aggregate Content V FA (cu.ft./cu.yd.) = 27 (V water +V cement +V CA + V air ) = 7.67 cu.ft/cu.yd. W FA (lb./cu. ft.) = 7.67 cu.ft./cu.yd.x162lb./cu.ft. =1243 lb./cu.yd. V water = (300lb/cu.yd.)/(62.4lb./cu.ft.) = 4.81 cu.ft./cu.yd. V cement = (566lb/cu.yd.)/(3.15x62.4lb./cu.ft.) = 2.88 cu.ft./cu.yd. V CA = (1917lb/cu.yd.)/(2.7x62.4lb./cu.ft.) =11.37 cu.ft/cu.yd. V air = 27 cu.ft./cu.yd. x 0.01 = 0.27 cu.ft/cu.yd. TOTAL = 19.33 cu.ft/cu.yd. Step 8: Fine Aggregate Content with SCMs V FA (cu.ft./cu.yd.) = 27 (V water +V cement +V scm +V CA + V air ) = 7.55 cu.ft/cu.yd. W FA (lb./cu. ft.) = 7.55 cu.ft./cu.yd.x162lb./cu.ft. =1223 lb./cu.yd. V water = (300lb/cu.yd.)/(62.4lb./cu.ft.) = 4.81 cu.ft./cu.yd. V cement = (509.4lb/cu.yd.)/(3.15x62.4lb./cu.ft.) = 2.59 cu.ft./cu.yd. V scm = (56.6lb/cu.yd.)/(2.2x62.4lb./cu.ft.) = 0.41 cu.ft./cu.yd. V CA = (1917lb/cu.yd.)/(2.7x62.4lb./cu.ft.) =11.37 cu.ft/cu.yd. V air = 27 cu.ft./cu.yd. x 0.01 = 0.27 cu.ft/cu.yd. TOTAL = 19.45 cu.ft/cu.yd. Step 9: Unit Weight Unit weight = (W water +W cement +W CA +W FA )/27 = 149 lb./cu.yd. W water = 300lb./cu.yd. W cement = 566lb./cu.yd. W CA = 1917lb./cu.yd. W FA = 1243 lb./cu.yd. Step 10: Field Moisture Correction Both aggregate were wet ? need to adjust CA, FA, water present correction SSD basis Cement 566 566 FA 1243 1243x0.025=31 1274 CA 1917 1917x0.005=10 1927 Water 300 300-(31+10) 259 TOTAL 4026 4026 Deviation in MC from AC