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Guía de Diseño Del Centro de Datos
Guía de Diseño Del Centro de Datos
DESIGN GUIDE
Table of Contents
Corning Cable Systems shall not be responsible for the performance of third-party products
or for any incorrect installation or installation in violation of Corning Cable Systems’ specifications and procedures.
SECTION
SECTION
1 Introduction
to Data Centers
Transceivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
OM3/OM4 EMBc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4 Performance Metrics
and Administration
SECTION
3
Chapter Eleven: Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49-52
Deploying the Physical Chapter Twelve: Testing and Documentation. . . . . . . . 53-62
Infrastructure Cable System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
End-to-End Attenuation Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-58
Application Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Chapter Seven: Choosing Infrastructure Components 26-38 Background and Trace Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Preterminated Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Test Equipment: OTDR Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Standard-Density Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-31 Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
High-Density Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-38 Maintenance and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter Eight: Writing a DC Request for Proposal. . . . 39-46 Chapter Thirteen: Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63-66
Steps Needed to Implement an RFP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Choosing a Labeling Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Generic Specifications for PretiumEDGE™ Labeling Racks and Cabinets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39-44 Labeling Patch Panels and Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-66
Generic Specifications for Pretium EDGE
1U Housing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Generic Specifications for Pretium EDGE
SECTION
5
4U Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Information and Tools
Chapter Nine: Procuring the Data Center Products . . . . . . 47
Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67-80
Chapter Ten: Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
What is a Data Center? content distribution, file storage and backup, database
Storage Switching
Figure 1.1
Functional Areas of the Data Center | Drawing ZA-3580
DESTINATION SOURCE
SOF
Figure 2.2
Ethernet Frame Format | Drawing ZA-3675
Fibre Channel
Figure 2.4
Fibre Channel is a high-performance, low latency, duplex Parallel Optics for 40G Ethernet | Drawing ZA-3299
fiber serial link application with data rates of 1 Gb/s, 2 Gb/s,
4 Gb/s, 8 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s and 16 Gb/s. It provides a very
reliable form of communication that guarantees delivery from the server host bus adapter (HBA) to the SAN Z
of information. The Fibre Channel T11 technical commit- director to the SAN storage. Similar to Ethernet, OM3
tees are responsible for developing transmitting guidance. and OM4 fibers are the dominant fibers and media type
Fibre Channel is used in the data center to transmit data used in the SAN network. Fibre Channel networks to date
TABLE 2.1
1G: Multimode 1G: Single-mode
have exclusively used optical media for the backbone as Electronic Engineer’s (IEEEs) Data Center Bridging
well as the interconnect into the electronics. SAN Fibre committee are defining standards to converge the two into
Channel links are being designed and deployed today to a unified fabric with Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE).
support migration to 16G. Maximum 16G OM3 and OM4
Channel
Header
Header
Header
FCoE
Fibre
CRC
EOF
FCS
Figure 2.5
Fibre Channel Payload | Drawing ZA-3673
As fiber becomes more widely deployed in the data center, include a minimum 2000 MHz•km effective modal band-
a system designer should evaluate all the various grades of width (EMB) for OM3 and 4700 MHz•km EMB for OM4.
multimode fiber optic cable to ensure the data center will The OM multimode fiber nomenclature originated in the
support current and future data rates. As data rates and ISO/IEC-11801, second edition standard and has been
the physical size of data centers increase, the need for adopted into TIA standards such as TIA-568, Rev C.3.
designing a bandwidth and link-length scalable network In addition to OM3 and OM4, OM1 and OM2 designations
is more important then ever. The purpose of this chapter are included for standard 62.5 µm and 50 µm multimode
is to familiarize the reader with OM3 and OM4 fiber types fibers, respectively. See Table 3.1.
and performance requirements needed to support local
area network (LAN) and storage area network (SAN) Data center high data rates in conjunction with the desired
applications commonly used in data centers. application distances support OM3 and OM4 as the default
choice fiber types. The small core size of 50/125 µm fiber
OM3/OM4 Laser-Optimized yields an inherent higher bandwidth capability than other
50/125 µm Multimode Fiber multimode fibers such as OM1 fiber. Tables 3.2 and 3.3
Data center LAN and SAN networks should be designed provide OM3 and OM4 fibers distance capabilities for
to support legacy applications as well as emerging high- Ethernet and Fibre Channel data rates.
data-rate applications. The emergence of high-data-rate
systems such as 10, 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet and 8 and Corning Cable Systems strongly recommends OM3 and
16 Gigabit Fibre Channel has resulted in OM3 and OM4 OM4 fibers for the data center. When compared to OM1
multimode fibers being the dominant optical fiber types and OM2 multimode fibers, OM3/OM4 fibers have
deployed in the data center. the highest 850 nm bandwidth to accommodate longer
distances, provide more system budget margin and support
The TIA-492AAAC OM3 detailed fiber standard was migration to higher data rates such as 16/40/100G.
released in March 2002, and the TIA-492AAAD OM4
detailed fiber standard was released in August 2009. The
fibers are optimized for laser-based 850 nm operation and
TABLE 3.1
Overfilled Modal Effective Modal
Optical Fiber
Fiber Reference Wavelength Bandwidth-Length Bandwidth-Length
Cable Type
Product (MHz•km) Product (MHz•km)
TIA-492AAAA-A
62.5/125 µm 850 200 Not Required
IEC 60793-2-10
multimode (OM1) 1300 500 Not Required
Type A1b
TIA-492AAAB
50/125 µm 850 500 Not Required
IEC 60793-2-10
multimode (OM2) 1300 500 Not Required
Type A1a.1
850 µm TIA-492AAAC-A
850 1500 2000
laser-optimized IEC 60793-2-10
1300 500 Not Required
50/125 µm (OM3) Type A1a.2
850 µm TIA-492AAAD
850 3500 4700
laser-optimized IEC 60792-2-10
1300 500 Not Required
50/125 µm (OM4) Type A1a.3
Expectation is that implementing an OM3/OM4 physical outside sources, fiber produces no electronic emissions,
layer solution should provide a 10-15 year service life therefore it is not a concern of the Federal Communications
without recabling. Commission (FCC) or European emissions regulations.
to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency cards are intended to support up to 48-64 ports, while
interference (RFI), therefore its signals cannot be corrupted 10GBASE-T cards are expected to have 8-16 ports.
by external interference. Just as it is immune to EMI from 10GBASE-SR server adapter cards typically use less
240
288
144
192
High fiber density, combined with the small diameter of
96
48
optical cable, maximizes raised floor pathways and space
utilization for routing and cooling. Optical cables also offer Number of 10G Ports
superior pathway usage when routed in aerial cable trays. Figure 3.1
A 0.7-inch diameter optical cable would contain 216 fibers Electronics and Cooling Savings
to support 108 10G optical circuits. The 108 copper cables
required to provide equivalent capability would have a
5-inch bundle diameter. The 10G twisted-pair copper cooling damming effects and interference with the ability
cable’s physical design contributes to major patch panel of ventilation systems to remove dust and dirt. Optical
and electronic cable management problems. The larger cable offers significantly better system density and cable
CAT 6A outer diameter impacts conduit size and fill ratio management and minimizes airflow obstructions in
as well as cable management due to the physical size and the rack and cabinet for better cooling efficiencies.
increased bend-radius. Copper cable congestion in pathways See Figures 3.2 and 3.3.
increases the potential for damage to electronics due to air
Figure 3.4
Relative Cost of Single-Mode vs. Multimode 10G Transceiver
A SAN is an area in the network linking servers to storage Data Center Needs
equipment, which introduces the flexibility of networking As data centers face the continued need to expand and
to servers and storage. Speeds are typically 2G, 4G, 8G or grow, the fundamental concerns are constant. Data
10G Fibre Channel. center infrastructures must provide reliability, flexibility
and scalability in order to meet the ever-changing data
When designing a data center, several factors should be center network.
taken into consideration, including standards compliance.
TIA-942, Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for • Reliability: Data center cabling infrastructures
must provide security and enable 24 x 365 x 7 uptime.
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
structure components and requirements for each within Horizontal Offices, Ops. Center,
Support Rooms
the data center. Additionally, the standard includes guid- Cabling
Computer
ance as to recommended topologies, cabling distances, Backbone Telecom Room Main Distribution Area
(Routers, Backbone LAN/SAN Room
Cabling (Office and Operations
building infrastructure requirements, labeling and Center LAN Switches) Switches, PBX, M13 Muxes)
Horiz Dist Area Horiz Dist Area Horiz Dist Area Horiz Dist Area
Data Center Spaces and Infrastructure (LAN/SAN/KVM
Switches)
(LAN/SAN/KVM
Switches)
(LAN/SAN/KVM
Switches)
(LAN/SAN/KVM
Switches)
The main elements of a data center, defined by TIA-942,
Zone Dist Area
are the entrance room (ER), main distribution area
(MDA), horizontal distribution area (HDA), zone Equip Dist Area
(Rack/Cabinet)
Equip Dist Area
(Rack/Cabinet)
Equip Dist Area
(Rack/Cabinet)
Equip Dist Area
(Rack/Cabinet)
Figure 4.2
Depending on the type and size of the data center, the Horizontal Distribution Area Topology | Drawing ZA-3581
HDA may be collapsed back to the MDA. This is a typical
Figure 4.3
Reduced Data Center Topology | Drawing ZA-3427
TIER 3
TIER 1
2 TIER
TIER 3
• Tier I – No Redundancy
– 99.671% available Primary Entrance Room Secondary Entrance Room
(Tier 1 and Higher) (Tier 3 and Higher)
TIER 1
TIER 4
Offices,
Operations Center, 3 TIER
– 99.741% available Support Rooms TIER 4
Figure 4.4
Tier Ratings for Data Centers | Drawing ZA-3582
Figure 5.1
Data Center Example | Drawing ZA-3583
LAN
can be consolidated from hundreds of jumpers to just a Horizontal Offices, Ops. Center,
Support Rooms
few low-profile, high-fiber-count trunk cables routed to Cabling
Computer
several zone locations. When adding equipment, extender Backbone
Cabling
Telecom Room
(Office and Operations
Main Distribution Area
(Routers, Backbone LAN/SAN Room
Center LAN Switches) Switches, PBX, M13 Muxes)
trunks (usually much lower fiber count than the trunks,
i.e., 12 fibers to 48 fibers) can be added incrementally,
interconnected at the ZDA (TIA-942 only allows one Horiz Dist Area Horiz Dist Area Horiz Dist Area Horiz Dist Area
(LAN/SAN/KVM (LAN/SAN/KVM (LAN/SAN/KVM (LAN/SAN/KVM
ZDA in a link; ZDAs cannot be concatenated) and routed Switches) Switches) Switches) Switches)
to the equipment racks. This can be done easily without Zone Dist Area
Figure 5.3
TIA-942 | Drawing ZA-3301
mended design practices for all areas of the data center, Cabinets
Server Cabinets Server Cabinets
ZDA MDF
including pathways and spaces and the cabling infrastructure. grouped
into zones
Server Cabinets Server Cabinets
ZDA
Cabinets
ZDA MDF
grouped
into zones
ZDA
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
Figure 5.6
Distribute Lower-Fiber-Count Cabling | Drawing ZA-3587 ZA 3587
The selection of the fiber count, or number of fibers used TABLE 6.1
in the cable plant, is an extremely important decision that
impacts both the current and future system capabilities,
Layer Logical Architecture
as well as the cost of a communications network. The
development and widespread use of fiber in all aspects of
the data center network require the designer to plan not
only for the immediate system requirements, but for the Core
evolution of future system demands as well. Since these
fiber systems will provide service for a number of differ-
ent applications later, the number of fibers designed
into the network today must be carefully considered.
Before fiber counts are determined, the designer needs Aggregation
to analyze the following:
Storage
The storage layer contains the Fibre Channel switches and
other storage devices such as magnetic disc media or tape.
The next step is to choose the TIA-942 architecture that Figure 6.1
will best map to the logical architecture shown in Figure Logical Architecture | Drawing ZA-3656
6.1. Since this data center is small, a reduced TIA-942
architecture will be implemented. In this architecture,
Application
EDA EDA EDA EDA ZDA EDA EDA EDA EDA
Layer Zone
The next step is to determine the number of fibers that Server Cabinets
MC
are needed to implement this structured cabling solution. Back-End
Layer Zone
EDA EDA EDA EDA ZDA EDA EDA EDA EDA
Two things the designer needs to take into account are: Server Cabinets
Storage
EDA EDA EDA EDA ZDA EDA EDA EDA EDA
Zone
Figure 6.4
Switch Configuration | Drawing ZA-3657
8:1 4 8 24
4:1 8 16 48
1.6:1 20 40 96
careful planning for fiber counts. Advanced systems such Fiber Layer
CountZone
EDA EDA EDA EDA ZDA EDA EDA EDA EDA
Configuration | Drawing ZA-3658 Core “A” Core “B”
Figure 6.6
Switch Configuration | Drawing ZA-3588
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
4:1 8 96 144
Back-End
In this example, each of the nine EDA cabinets require Layer Zone
EDA EDA EDA EDA ZDA EDA EDA EDA EDA
576 fibers to support the oversubscription rate of 1.6:1 576F 576F 576F 576F 576F 576F 576F 576F
Storage
EDA EDA EDA EDA ZDA EDA EDA EDA EDA
and the requirements for redundancy. Using 144-fiber Zone 18 x 144F 18 x 144F
Preterminated Solutions
PUSH
connectors and hardware into a variety of preterminated,
TO REMOVE
pre-assembled and factory-tested solutions while seamlessly
Pull
managing polarity.
CONEC
MTP® Multi-Fiber Connector
Plug & Play Universal Systems utilize the MTP®
Connector. The MTP Connector is a multi-fiber array-style
connector that can accommodate up to 12 fibers in roughly Figure 7.1
the same size and footprint as an SC connector. It has a MTP Multi-fiber Connector | Drawing ZA-1572
single high-density footprint of 25 x 10 mm and features
simple push-on/pull-off mating. A general industry term
for this style of connector is MPO. This connector, which Plug & Play Systems Components
is used in both multimode and single-mode applications, Cable Trunk Assemblies
maximizes valuable panel and hardware space, ensuring A traditional Plug & Play Universal Systems trunk consists
high density. MTP Connectors are manufactured with of an optical cable with each end factory-terminated with
either alignment pins or with alignment holes to ensure MTP Connectors and a pulling grip on one or both ends.
proper alignment of the fibers. A connector with alignment Trunks are available in a variety of fiber types and typically
pins always mates with a connector with alignment holes. carry a plenum rating unless otherwise specified. When
(Figure 7.1). The MTP Connector offers: ordering Plug & Play Universal Systems trunks, the MTP
Connectors on both ends will have pin alignment holes.
• Up to 54 percent reduction in pathway congestion
This ensures that it will integrate with the remaining parts
of the system that have pins. It should be noted that MTP
• Modularity and scalability with a fiber count that maps
Connector panels have neither pins nor alignment holes, as
to current and future line-card port counts
they are connection points for various components of the
Plug & Play Universal Systems.
• Universal wiring and superior loss performance for
migration to higher data rates To successfully deploy a cable that is preterminated on both
ends, it is necessary to accurately predetermine the installed
link length. This can be relatively straightforward if well-
defined pathways and spaces exist for the cable route, which
is usually true for the data center environment.
Harnesses
Like modules, harnesses allow the user to maintain
modularity with a system solution implemented by
providing a transition from the MTP Connectors used on Figure 7.5
the trunk or extender trunk cables to single- or dual-fiber Integrated Trunk Module | Photo LAN1680
connectors. A harness is a cable assembly with a multi-fiber
pinned MTP Connector on one end and simplex or duplex
connectors at the ends of up-jacketed legs.
Figure 7.6
Harness | Photo LAN1371
Hardware
In addition to the modular cabling components of the
Plug & Play™ Universal Systems solution, hardware choices
for the data center must be considered. Typically the main
distribution area is very dense and requires a higher-density
rack-mount solution. When implementing structured cabling
within a zone distribution area, a low-profile solution is
desirable within a rack. Other zone locations include above
the rack in the cable tray or below the rack underneath
Figure 7.10
1U 96-Fiber Shelf | Photo LAN1248
Figure 7.11
Fiber Zone Box with Blank Panels | Photo LAN589
Figure 7.12
RBC-02P with Module | Photo LAN1208
Figure 7.13
CPP-01U-PNL Low-Profile Bracket | Photo LAN1361
Five to six times the fiber tray capacity can be achieved over
traditional bulkier cabling solutions while minimizing cable
tray weight and cooling air impediment. The trunk cables
contain Corning® ClearCurve® multimode optical fiber,
which enables a bend-radius of five times the cable outside Figure 7.18A
diameter and allows for smaller slack storage coils or loops. Pretium EDGE Solution Trunk, 12-Fiber | Photo LAN1548
The cables feature a 2.9 mm round furcation leg which
provides easy routing and improved slack storage.
Modules
Figure 7.22
Module in Easy-Open Plastic Packaging | Photo LAN1543
Figure 7.26
Pretium EDGE Solutions MTP Connector Panels, 48-Fiber
| Photo LAN1795
Housings
Pretium EDGE™ Solutions housings are available in both
1U and 4U sizes and mount in 19-in racks or cabinets.
Combined with Pretium EDGE Solutions trunks, modules
and jumpers, they provide industry-leading high-density
connectivity, with a port density of 576 fibers within a single
4U housing (Figure 7.27). The housings are highly config-
urable to meet the dynamic connectivity environments of
both the main distribution area (MDA) and equipment
distribution area (EDA) locations in the data center.
Jumpers
Corning Cable Systems offers the most complete line of Figure 7.30
Pretium EDGE Solutions External Jumpers | Photo LAN1783
connectors and factory-terminated cables, including jumpers
that meet or exceed all industry standards for reflectance and
insertion loss. Corning Cable Systems’ advanced, state-of-
the-art manufacturing process ensures unsurpassed jumper
performance. Fibers and ferrules are thoroughly screened at
the beginning of every process, assembled and polished in
a carefully monitored and controlled process, and tested to
ensure the same outstanding quality in every connector.
Figure 7.32
Pretium EDGE Solutions Jumper | Photo LAN1547
This section will discuss how to choose the proper Generic Specification Example:
specifications needed to create a good request for proposal Pretium EDGE™ Solutions
(RFP). The RFP process is an important step in insuring Corning Cable Systems reserves the right to update these
that the data center designer procures the proper product. specifications without prior notification.
The steps needed to implement an RFP are:
Pretium EDGE Solutions: General
1. Pre-work Pretium EDGE Solutions include factory-terminated
Figure out what you really need, what you want, and system components that can be quickly mated to form
what is possible for the data center design. an end-to-end optical link between patching locations
2. Distinguish between needs and wants and/or equipment ports. Pretium EDGE Solutions are
Use proper wording to make sure you can separate high-density system solutions with reduced installation time.
“needs and wants.”
3. Decide what the winner will look like • Pretium EDGE Solutions are modular solutions with
Each RFP response will be different. Each company fiber trunks terminated with 12-fiber MTP® Array
that responds will have different strengths. Connectors that mate at each end to a transition harness
4. Organize the document or transition module. Harnesses are cable assemblies
Make sure the document has a logical flow and that that transition from a 12-fiber MTP Array Connector
the points are clear. to single-fiber connectors. Modules have an identical
5. Introduction configuration and they are protected in a modular case.
Explain to potential bidders why you are publishing Modular system solutions offer a greater degree of
the RFP. flexibility in managing equipment moves, adds, or
6. Requirements changes. An example of this type of system is given
This section is the most important and it usually takes in Figure 8.1.
the most time. Make good use of generic specifications
(see examples in this chapter) to help you write correct Pretium EDGE MTP-terminated
Module Trunk Cable
requirements. Optional
Transceiver MTP-terminated
7. Selection criteria LC Duplex
Patch Cord
Extender Trunk
In this section you tell the bidders how the winning Rx/Tx
bidder will be selected. MTP to LC Duplex
Transceiver
8. Timelines Harness
RFP how quickly they must act and how long the
Figure 8.1
process may take. This is also where you tell the Modular Pretium EDGE Solutions Connected to Transceiver
bidders how long the evaluation process will take. Ports with Jumpers and Harnesses | Drawing ZA-3667
9. Process
In this section you explain how the process will work- To maintain proper system polarity, components shall be
from sending out the RFP to awarding the contract specified to comply with universal wiring as described in
and starting the work. Chapter 11 for new builds.
10. Decide how to send out the RFP
Most RFPs are mailed, but you can send the RFP Insertion loss specifications of individual components
by e-mail or post it on your company website. represent the expected performance when mated to other
11. Decide to whom to send the RFP system components of like specification.
Your company’s list of acceptable vendors.
12. Send the RFP
Chapter Eight: Writing a Data Center Request for Proposal | LAN-1160-EN | Page 39
Trunk Specifications and Options • A tool-less snap-on device shall be used to secure the
TABLE 8.2: Available Fiber Types, Optical Specifications, Jacket Colors for Trunks
Multimode Single-Mode
Pretium® 300 Ultra-Bendable Pretium 500 Ultra-Bendable Bend-Improved Single-
Priority
Optimized 50 µm (850/1300 nm) Optimized 50 µm (850/1300 nm) Mode (1310/1550 nm)
Fiber Attenuation,
3.0/1.0 3.0/1.0 0.4/0.3
max (dB/km)
Minimum Over Filled Launch
1500/500 3500/500 -/-
(OFL) Bandwidth (MHz•km)
Minimum Effective Modal
2000/- 4700/- -/-
Bandwidth (EMB) (MHz•km)
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
Notes:
1) As predicted by RML BW, per TIA/EIA 455-204 and IEC 60793-1-41, for intermediate performance laser-based systems (up to 1 Gb/s).
2) As predicted by minEMBc, per TIA/EIA 455-220 and IEC 60793-1-49 for high-performance laser-based systems (up to 10 Gb/s).
Chapter Eight: Writing a Data Center Request for Proposal | LAN-1160-EN | Page 40
TABLE 8.3: Pulling Grip Specifications – MTP®-Terminated Trunks
Recommended Minimum
Cable Type/Fiber Count Grip Outer Diameter (in) Duct Size/Minimum Bend-Radius
• The trunk legs shall be round and have a 2.9 mm outer Trunk Protective Pulling Grips and Covers
diameter with no preferential bend for easy routing. • Both ends of a trunk shall have a protective packaging
• Trunks shall meet the connector performance over the furcation plug, legs, and connectors. Customer
specifications of TIA/EIA-568-C.3, Optical Fiber may specify a protective pulling grip on one end, both
Cabling Components Standard, (normative) Annex A. ends, or neither end.
• Pulling grips shall be fastened to the epoxy furcation
Trunk Fiber Types, Optical Specifications, plug in a manner that isolates the cable assembly
and Jacket Color components (connectors and legs) from tension, torsion,
• Available fiber types and their optical performance crush, and bending loads encountered when following
specifications shall be as indicated in Table 8.2. recommended installation practices.
• Trunk jacket color shall be as indicated in Table 8.2. • Pulling grips shall withstand a maximum pulling force
of 100 lbs.
Trunk Connectivity • Trunk pulling grip diameter and minimum allowable
• Where modular trunks are specified, connectors shall be bend-radius shall be as indicated in Table 8.3.
MTP having 12 fibers per ferrule. • The pulling grip shall be a three components design.
• MTP-terminated primary trunks shall have non-pinned The components include a zipper bag, a corrugated
MTP Connectors on both ends. tube and two coupling shelves that allow quick and easy
• MTP-terminated extender trunks shall have pinned removal of the pulling grip.
MTP Connectors on the end to be interconnected with a
primary trunk and non-pinned MTP Connectors on the Trunk Packaging
other end. • The trunk shall be packaged in a corrugated plastic reel.
The trunk shall be secured to the reel with shrink wrap.
• The plastic reel shall be constructed with 100%
recyclable polypropylene material.
• The reel shall have the dimensions and capacities shown
in Table 8.4.
TABLE 8.4: Reel Capacity and Dimensions
Reel Capacities (ft)
Trunk Fiber Count Reel A Reel B Reel C
12 5-999
24 5-999
36 5-999
48 5-800 801-999
72 5-450 451-999
96 5-400 401-999
144 5-300 301-800 801-999
Reel Dimensions (in)
Reel A Reel B Reel C
Flange Diameter 23.5 23.5 23.5
Drum Diameter 15.68 15.68 15.68
Traverse Width 5 12 18
Chapter Eight: Writing a Data Center Request for Proposal | LAN-1160-EN | Page 41
Harness Specifications and Options Harness Fiber Types and Optical Specifications
Notes:
1) As predicted by RML BW, per TIA/EIA 455-204 and IEC 60793-1-41, for intermediate performance laser-based systems (up to 1 Gb/s).
2) As predicted by minEMBc, per TIA/EIA 455-220 and IEC 60793-1-49 for high performance laser-based systems (up to 10 Gb/s).
Chapter Eight: Writing a Data Center Request for Proposal | LAN-1160-EN | Page 42
TABLE 8.6: Modules - Available Fiber Types, Optical Specifications, Adapter Colors
Multimode Single-Mode
Pretium® 300 Ultra-Bendable Pretium 500 Ultra-Bendable Bend-Improved Single-
Priority
Optimized 50 µm (850/1300 nm) Optimized 50 µm (850/1300 nm) Mode (1310/1550 nm)
Fiber Attenuation,
3.0/1.0 3.0/1.0 0.4/0.3
max (dB/km)
Minimum Over Filled Launch
1500/500 3500/500 -/-
(OFL) Bandwidth (MHz•km)
Minimum Effective Modal
2000/- 4700/- -/-
Bandwidth (EMB) (MHz•km)
Adapter Color
LC Aqua Aqua Blue
MTP Aqua Aqua Black
Notes:
1) As predicted by RML BW, per TIA/EIA 455-204 and IEC 60793-1-41, for intermediate performance laser-based systems (up to 1 Gb/s).
2) As predicted by minEMBc, per TIA/EIA 455-220 and IEC 60793-1-49 for high-performance laser-based systems (up to 10 Gb/s).
Adapter Panel Specification • Modules shall contain one 12-fiber cable assembly
Adapter Panel Function and Construction within a protective housing.
• Panels shall meet the following dimensions • Modules shall have shutter LC adapters at the front.
4.87 in x 3.53 in x 0.463 in (L x W x H). • Modules shall be dimensionally compatible with Pretium
• Panels shall provide a means for joining MTP®- EDGE Solutions rack-mountable connector housings.
terminated trunks entering the back of an MTP adapter • The small form module shall meet the following
panel to a pinned MTP-terminated extender trunk or dimensions 4.87 in x 3.53 in x 0.463 in (L x W x H).
harness entering at the front of the panel. It shall provide a high-density solution when loaded into
• Panels shall be dimensionally compatible with Corning the 01U and 04U Pretium EDGE Solutions housings.
Cable Systems LANscape® Pretium EDGE™ Solutions • Modules shall permit front and rear installation into
rack-mountable connector housings. the Pretium EDGE Solutions housings.
• Panel design shall permit front and rear installation into • When uninstalling a module from the back, a rear
the Pretium EDGE Solutions housings. accessible retention trigger and finger handle must be
present in order to facilitate this operation. An I.D.
Module Specifications and Options and warranty seal label shall be affixed to every module.
Module Function and Construction • When mounted in a connector housing, the adapter
• Modules shall provide a means for joining MTP- sleeves shall be accessible from the front, thus providing
terminated trunks entering the back of an appropriately a cross-connection point with other modules.
designed connector housing to LC jumpers or cables • Modules shall contain discrete fiber and port
entering the front of the housing. identification. This fiber and port identification shall
be pad printed on top and bottom of the modules.
Multimode Single-Mode
Pretium 300 Ultra-Bendable Pretium 500 Ultra-Bendable Bend-Improved Single-
Priority
Optimized 50 µm (850/1300 nm) Optimized 50 µm (850/1300 nm) Mode (1310/1550 nm)
MTP Mated Pair Loss 0.35 0.35 0.75
*Insertion loss specifications when mated to other system components of a like performance specification.
Chapter Eight: Writing a Data Center Request for Proposal | LAN-1160-EN | Page 43
Module Connectivity • Extender trunks shall have both MTP Connectors
Identical
Universal
Modules
Module packaging
• The modules shall be packaged in blister packs. Simplex/Duplex Fiber
face of the blue fiber on the left of the MTP Connector Universal
Module
as the MTP end face is viewed in the key-up position. Universal
Harness
• Reverse ribbon position is defined as having the end face Simplex/Duplex
Furcation
Fiber Terminations
of the blue fiber on the right of the MTP Connector as Plug
Connectors on the other end oriented in the reverse 1) All MTP Connectors shall be installed in standard ribbon position
ribbon position. except as noted.
2) Extender trunk shown in upper right corner is optional.
Chapter Eight: Writing a Data Center Request for Proposal | LAN-1160-EN | Page 44
Generic Specification for 1U Pretium EDGE™ • The trays shall be manufactured using 18-gauge cold
Solutions Housing rolled steel or equivalent for structural integrity and
Rack-Mountable Connector Housings shall be finished with reflective silver powder coat for
Rack-mountable connector housings shall be available for durability.
cross-connecting or interconnecting purposes. • The trays shall slide 3.6 in to the front in order to
provide appropriate finger access to the connectors and
Standards modules. The tray shall have a closed and open position
• Housings shall be mountable in an EIA-310 compatible with their respective mechanical stops.
465 mm (18.3 in) rack. One EIA rack space or panel • The Pretium EDGE Solutions hardware shall provide
height (denoted as 1U) is defined as being 44.45 mm access to each adapter port with no interference of
(1.75 in) in height. adjacent ports. In addition the accessibility to the
connectors shall be tool-less.
1U Housing • The trays shall have a cut-out in front of each module
• Housings shall be available in a 1U size. location in order to provide accessibility from the top
• The housing shall be modular, allowing the installation and bottom of adapters and modules.
of 12-fiber Pretium EDGE™ modules in order to provide • The trays shall incorporate rails to facilitate front and
scalability in increments of 12 fibers. The maximum rear module installation while providing a locking
housing density shall be 96 fibers when it is fully loaded mechanism that secures the module in place.
with modules. • The trays shall have protruding finger tabs on the sides
• The unit shall be mounted with a 5.33 in to allow easy access to modules and connectors. The
frontal projection. tabs shall have silk screened numbers for tray identification.
• The unit shall not exceed a depth requirement • The rails shall incorporate a release button, engraved
of 16.3 in. with the word “push”, which allows removal of modules
• The 1U Pretium EDGE Solutions housing shall have from the front.
two sliding trays contained in a single drawer and shall • The trays shall provide visible module identification
allow the installation of four modules per tray. The with the letters A, B, C and D.
drawer shall slide out and tilt 25 degrees for easy
module installation. The unit shall have eight trunk strain-relief locations
• The unit shall meet the design requirements of which allow fully loading the housing to its maximum
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568 and the plastics flammability capacity using 12-fiber trunks.
requirements of UL 94 V-0.
• Housings shall be manufactured using 0.050 in aluminum The housing shall contain a front door. This door shall be
or equivalent for structural integrity. The housing’s hinged with a pivot point at the bottom of the housing.
drawer and mounting brackets shall be manufactured The door shall utilize a sliding latch mechanism to provide
with 18-gauge cold rolled steel. The housing shall be easy access when opening and closing.
finished with a reflective silver coat for durability.
Installation fasteners shall be included and shall be The housings shall have a removable cover at the back
black in color. of the housing and shall provide protection to trunk legs.
The connector housings shall have a labeling scheme that
Tray complies with ANSI/TIA/EIA-606.
• The 1U Pretium EDGE Solutions housing shall have
two sliding trays and each having four modules capacity.
• Each tray shall provide connectivity through 48 LC
connectors when fully loaded.
• Each individual tray shall have patch cord routing guides
that allow a transition and jumper management point.
The jumpers shall be able to exit through the right and
left sides of the housing. This jumper management
scheme shall provide access to individual trays to ease
administration in high-density applications.
Chapter Eight: Writing a Data Center Request for Proposal | LAN-1160-EN | Page 45
Generic Specification for 4U Pretium EDGE™ • The trays shall slide 3.6-in to the front in order to
Chapter Eight: Writing a Data Center Request for Proposal | LAN-1160-EN | Page 46
Chapter Nine:
Procuring the Data Center Products
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Network Design
A good contractor should be able to assist with the
design process. The contractor should be able to
help the customer:
1. Choose the correct optical fibers
- OM2, OM3, OM4, OS2
2. Choose the correct optical cables
- Outside plant, indoor, riser, plenum
3. Choose the correct hardware
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
Figure 11.1
Simplex and Duplex Connector Polarity | Drawing ZA-2418
1 Blue 7 Red
2 Orange 8 Black
3 Green 9 Yellow
4 Brown 10 Violet
5 Slate 11 Rose
6 White 12 Aqua
Method C
Method C (Figure 11.5) uses a pair-wise flip in the
trunk cable to correct for polarity. This enables the use
of the same module type on both ends of the channel and
standard patch cords. Because polarity is managed in the
trunk, extending the links requires planning of the number
Method B
Method B (Figure 11.4) uses a single module type wired in
a straight-through configuration and standard patch cords
on both ends. The differences are that all components in
the system are mated key-up to key-up. When the link is
configured in this fashion, physical position #1 goes to
physical position #12 on the other end. A module on one
easily accommodates all simplex/duplex connector types as Module with Module with
MTP Connector MTP Connector
well as single-mode fiber APC MTP® Connectors. Similar
to Methods A, B and C, the universal polarity management Key-Up to Key-Down Key-Up to Key-Down
method easily facilitates migration to parallel optics. The Trunk with Standard MTP and
Ribbon Twist MTP Connectors
wired modular system components enable fast and simple
networking moves, adds and changes without polarity
concerns associated with special polarity-compensating
components used in Methods A, B and C.
Figure 11.6
Universal Polarity Management Method | Drawing ZA-3486
Parallel Optics for 40G and 100G Ethernet
The IEEE standard for 40G and 100G Ethernet
employs a parallel optics scheme for multimode fiber. For example, for 40G Ethernet, eight fibers from a 12-fiber
The IEEE 802.3ba task force has specified parallel MTP connector would be used. Four fibers would be used
transmission of 40G and 100G Ethernet to 100 m with for Tx at 10G, and four others would be used for Rx at
OM3 fiber and 125 m with OM4 fiber. 40G Ethernet 10G for an aggregate signal of 40G. To transmit 100G
parallel optics transmission will utilize the current 12-fiber Ethernet, one would use 20 fibers on a single 24-fiber
MTP Connector while 100G Ethernet will utilize a 24-fiber MTP Connector (Figures 11.7 and 11.8). Ten would
MTP Connector to transmit data on multiple fibers. transmit 10G each or 100G in aggregate. The other
10 would then receive 10G each or 100G in aggregate.
The end electronics would then multiplex the data.
Corning Cable Systems’ Universal Polarity Management
Method is fully compatible with the final polarity scheme
developed by this task force.
12 Fiber Position 1
Rx Tx
Rx Tx
Rx Tx
Rx Tx
Tx Rx
Tx Rx
Tx Rx
Tx Rx
1 Fiber Position 12
Testing of any installed cabling system in the data center Cable System Testing
is crucial to ensuring the overall integrity and long-term End-to-end attenuation and OTDR tests provide quantita-
performance of the network. Documenting test results tive measures of the installed performance of the cable
quantifies system quality, identifies system faults and estab- system and its components. This section outlines the basic
lishes accountability when multiple vendors are involved. concepts, test methods, test equipment and specific appli-
terminated fiber as shown in Figure 12.1. Best results are -20.0 dBm
7
5
8
6
9
Power Received = P reference (dBm) 4
7
5
8
6
0 0
= -20.0 dBm
End-to-End Attenuation Test for
Single-Fiber Connectors Figure 12.1
Step 1: Reference End-to-End Attenuation Test | Drawing ZA-3593
For the TIA/EIA-568-C compliant networks, Corning Cable F
Systems recommends the use of a 1-jumper reference as Referencing occurs with test jumpers that are only a few
described in the procedures below. Performing the 1-jumper meters in length. Over a short distance, the high-order
reference provides the most accurate and appropriate test modes do not completely dissipate before reaching the
for your system. Additional jumper referencing will falsely test meter. This extra optical power is calculated into the
improve results by eliminating potential loss events. reference. When actual system testing occurs, however,
Note: A 2-jumper reference should only be used when your system begins at
the higher-order modes completely dissipate over the
a patch panel and ends directly in end equipment. Additionally, a 3-jumper
reference should only be used when your system begins and ends directly in the length of the system and do not reach the meter. This
end equipment. difference in power gives the appearance of a higher-loss
system. To prevent the high-order modes from invalidating
the test results, they need to be attenuated during the
referencing step to obtain a valid measure of the optical
power that will actually travel along the fiber core. This is
often done by wrapping a length of fiber around a smooth,
round mandrel (rod) during the testing process. The fiber
used should be long enough to allow for five wraps around
Step 2: Check
Five Turns Around a Mandrel
Disconnect test jumper no. 1 from the power meter and (Multimode Fiber Only)
insert a second test jumper (test jumper no. 2), using an Test Jumper #1 Test Jumper #2
ensuring that the power is within the appropriate connec- Power Received = P check = 0.4 dB 0.4 dB
tor loss, typically < 0.5 dB. If this criterion is met, contin- 1
7
2
8
3
9
1
7
2
8
3
0 0
If the criterion is not met, clean all connectors except the Figure 12.3Five Turns Around a Mandrel
(Multimode Fiber Only)
source connection point and repeat Step 2. If the loss is End-to-End Attenuation Test | Drawing ZA-3593
still greater than 0.5 dB, replace test jumper no. 2 and
repeat Step 2. If the loss is still greater than 0.5 dB, try
replacing the adapter and repeat Step 2 (see Figure 12.3). O
Note: Mandrel part numbers currently available in NAFTA and ready for shipment.
OTS-MANDREL-50
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
OTS-MANDREL-62
OTS-MANDREL-4
OTS-COMBOMAN (This part number comes with the Standard 50 µm and 62.5 µm.
and optical meter. Disconnect the two jumpers at the Test Test
Jumper System Jumper
adapter. Attach the optical source/test jumper no. 1 to #1 Patch Patch #2
one end of the system fiber to be tested and the power OTS-600
Panel Panel
OTS-600
meter/test jumper no. 2 to the other end of the same Power Received = P test 7.7 dB
4
2
5
3
6
1
4
2
5
3
7 8 9
Power Received = P check = 7.7 dB 7 8 9
Figure 12.4
End-to-End Attenuation Test | Drawing ZA-3593 ZA-3593
• SC adapters – two
Note: The example herein utilizes a light source and power meter that each
have an SC connector interface; other single-fiber interface types work in a 1 2 3
Figure 12.5
similar fashion.
OTS Display | Drawing ZA-3594
4 5 6
M
leg (same number or color) must be connected to the
setup for each measurement. 1
7
2
0
3
9
1
7
2
0
3
Source Meter
1.5 dBm
MTP Pinned Connector
Figure 12.9
SC Connectors
Setup and Verification MTP
of Test
PinlessJumpers
Connector SC Connectors
| Drawing ZA-3596
Bl L Bl L
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
7
2
0
3
9
1
7
2
0
3
For additional information, please refer to Corning Cable Systems Applications For example, a system that has 1.6 km of fiber, two connec-
Engineering Note AEN 78 – Field Test Procedure for Measuring Optical Power tor pairs and two splices. If the fiber in the cable is 50/125
Loss of MTP (Pinless) Connector Links. µm, the maximum fiber loss is 1.6 km multiplied by 3.5
dB/km @ 850 nm and 1.5 dB/km @ 1300 nm for values
Application Guidelines of 4.2 dB @ 850 nm and 1.8 dB @ 1300 nm. With a total
Testing the attenuation of each segment from patch panel connector loss of 1.5 dB and a total splice loss of 0.6 dB,
to patch panel allows the loss of virtually any path to be the budget will be 7.7 dB @ 850 nm and 4.5 dB @ 1300 nm.
determined by adding the loss of the segments involved.
This testing will ensure predicted system performance, OTDR Testing
document the system as built and allow routine mainte- End-to-end attenuation testing measures the total amount
nance checks. of loss between two end points. To find out what causes
this loss and where it occurs in the cable system, an
The current TIA/EIA 568 Rev. C standard recommends Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is needed.
end-to-end attenuation tests on both specified wavelengths An OTDR can locate fiber events and measure the losses
for every connectorized fiber in the backbone and tests at attributable to cable, connectors, splices and/or other
one wavelength in horizontal segments. Based on current components. The graphical display of loss over a cable’s
multimode deployments where the vast majority of applica- entire length provides the most revealing analysis and
tions use 850 nm transceivers, Corning Cable Systems documentation available on a cable link, commonly
recommends determining if 1300 nm testing is necessary referred to as its signature trace.
in the backbone by reviewing potential future protocols
• The OTDR plots distance in meters or feet on the hori- • Test fiber boxes are required to mitigate the effects of
zontal scale and relative loss in dB on the vertical scale. OTDR high-powered launches which may saturate the
The overall trace declines from left to right, indicating OTDR receiver. This generates an inaccurate trace for
that the light is being attenuated by the fiber, connectors the first several meters of the tested system. A minimum
and splices as it travels down the length of the cable. length of 100 m for multimode systems and 300 m for
Linear sections represent continuous spans of cable. single-mode systems is required. Test fiber boxes are
the same fiber core diameter as the system length
• Slopes indicate distributed loss over a section of fiber being tested.
(steeper slopes indicate higher fiber loss in dB/km).
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
User Tip: Use of a test fiber box also allows simultaneous OTDR testing of a link’s
signature trace and near-end connector loss. These test results can be documented
together on OTDRs that have event tables.
An important step in the documentation process is proper Labeling Racks and Cabinets
labeling of all the data center infrastructure components. With today’s data centers, finding the right patch panel
Every component of the telecommunications infrastructure and port starts with quickly finding the rack or cabinet that
should be labeled in an independent manner. For purposes houses the patch panel. Some data center administrators have
of tracking the fiber and documentation, the most important created their own system for identifying cabinets or racks in
AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT
01
X-axis
02 (MDA)
Front - End
03 Layer Zone EDA EDA EDA EDA ZDA EDA EDA EDA EDA
05Application
Layer Zone EDA EDA EDA EDA ZDA EDA EDA EDA EDA
06
07
Back - End
08 Layer Zone EDA EDA EDA EDA ZDA EDA EDA EDA EDA
09
12
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
Y-axis
Figure 13.1
“Grid Coordinate” System for Data Center Equipment | Drawing ZA-3660
Example
The code shown on page 65 provides an analogous solution
in accordance with TIA-606-A-1 for mapping to be
employed with Corning Cable Systems Pretium EDGE™
Solutions hardware.
Figure 13.3
Step 1: Frame or Cabinet Location | Drawing ZA-3662
MODULE LOCATION D A
WITHIN A TRAY C B
B
A
LC MODULE
4
3 2
2
1 1
PORT ID
06
4
- AJ0
12N
04-28
12N-AJ
12N-AJ04-28
TO 12N-BK09-40 T-08:A1-12
4
- AJ0
12N
CCS Collision
Closet connector and splice housing The result when two users attempt to send data simultane-
ously on a shared media network. Data is corrupted and
CDF both devices must retransmit their information.
Closet distribution frame
Composite Cable
Central Member A cable containing both fiber and copper media.
The center component of a stranded loose tube cable. It
serves as an anti-buckling element to resist temperature- Computer Room
induced stresses. The central member material is steel, An architectural space to accommodate data
Coupling Decibel
See Adapter. The unit for measuring the relative strength of light signals
expressed as dB. It is equal to one-tenth the common
Cross-Connect logarithm of the ratio of the two power levels. It is expressed
Incoming and outgoing fibers terminated in adapter sleeves in dBm when a power level is compared to 1 milliwatt.
or the backplane of the patch panel. Single-fiber jumpers,
which are installed on the front plane, complete the circuits. Demarcation Point
A point where the operational control or ownership
Cross-Connect Switch changes.
A fabric switch that connects only to other switches (I/O).
Dielectric
CSH Non-metallic electrically non-conductive. Glass fibers
Closet splice housing are considered dielectric. A dielectric cable contains no
metallic components.
Composite Second-Order Beat (CSO)
A clustering of second-order beats 1.25 MHz above
Digital
A data format that uses discrete physical levels to
the visual carriers in CATV systems.
transmit information.
Composite Triple Beat (CTB)
Dispersion
A clustering of third-order distortion products around
The broadening of light pulses along a length of the fiber.
the visual carriers in CATV systems.
Two major types are (1) modal dispersion caused by differ-
ent optical path lengths in a multimode fiber; (2) chromat-
Corning® ClearCurve® Multimode Optical Fiber
ic dispersion which is the sum of material dispersion and
The world's first laser-optimized multimode fiber to
waveguide dispersion in single-mode fiber. Material dis-
withstand tight bends at or below 10 mm radius with
persion is pulse spread caused by different index of refrac-
substantially less signal loss than traditional multimode
tion for light of various wavelengths in a waveguide mate-
fiber. This new fiber allows designers, installers and
rial. Waveguide dispersion is caused by light traveling at
operators of enterprise networks - including local area
different speeds in the core and cladding of single-mode
networks, data centers and industrial networks - to deploy
fibers with the spreading of a light pulse as it travels down
optical fiber in more places by delivering all of the band-
a fiber. The higher the dispersion, the lower the maximum
width benefits of optical fiber in a package that is easier
transmission frequency.
to handle and install than copper.
FCC Frame
Federal Communications Commission The smallest subset of data; frames make up sequences.
Field-Installable Connector
An optical connector that can be assembled in the field
(at the job site) and installed by hand.
Multi-Trunking OSE
Increasing available bandwidth by connecting more than Optical splice enclosure
one switched port to a single device.
Parallel Optic Transmission
Multiuser Telecommunications Outlet The simultaneous transmission of related signal elements
A telecommunications outlet used to serve more than over two or more separate fibers. Parallel optics relies on
one work area, typically used in open-systems furniture spatial division multiplexing, in which a signal is spatially
applications. divided among multiple fibers and simultaneously
transmitted across those fibers.
National Electrical Code® (NEC®)
Provides practical safeguarding of persons and property Patch Panel
from hazards arising from the use of electricity. This code A collection of connector panels located in a common
is updated by the NEC® every three years. housing.
NIC PBX
Network interface card Private branch exchange. A private telecommunications
switching system.
OFL
Over filled launch, typical of LED source systems. PCH
Pretium® Connector housing
On-the-Reel Test
Test of a new reel of cable prior to installation to verify Physical Mesh
length and condition of the fiber. Each switch is connected directly to each of the other
switches on the network.
Optical Fiber
See Fiber. Physical Ring
A cable layout in which each node is connected to two adja-
Optical Hardware cent nodes. There is not a central point of cable termination.
Housings designed to facilitate splicing and/or termination
of optical fiber cable. Physical Star
A cable layout in which all cables route back to a central
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) location, directly or through other consolidation points.
An instrument that measures the transmission characteristics
of optical fiber by sending a series of short pulses of light Pigtail
down the fiber and providing a graphic representation of Optical fiber cable that has connectors installed on one
the backscattered light. end. See Cable Assembly.
Port Reference
The transmit/receive connection that is found within a node. The power level of the source as measured through a
test jumper that will be connected to a fiber for testing.
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
Reflection Scattering
Light which is reflected whenever there is a difference The loss of signal power (light) from the fiber core
in media and the index of refraction, such as a connector caused by impurities or changes in the index of refraction
interface, where air (different index) is present, or the end of the fiber.
of a fiber, where glass meets air.
SCF
Repeater Splice closure family
A device used to regenerate an optical signal to allow an
increase in the system length. Sequence
One or more subsets of an exchange.
Resilience
A network's ability to preserve in the presence of failures. Serial Optic Transmission
Example: The mesh architecture offers multiple paths The sequential transmission of signal elements of a data
between switches, so if a switch fails, only the users on group. The characters are transmitted in a sequence over
that switch are out of operation; all other users are still a single fiber, rather than simultaneously over two or more
functional. fibers, as in parallel transmission.
Route Diagram
A schematic diagram showing the physical location/layout
of the fiber run and the location of splices and termination
points.
Transition Splice
A splice, usually in the building entrance, to join
flame-rated and non-flame-rated cables together.
INFORMATION AND TOOLS
UDP WCH
User datagram protocol Wall-mountable connector housing