PHYSICS

MODULE :
FORM 5
2.3 ELECTRICITY
TOPIC: ELECTRICITY
CONTENT: 2.3: ANALYSING SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHT:
The are two types o e!e"tr#" "#r"$#t: %%%%%%%%%%%% a&' %%%%%%%%%%%%%.
(. To #'e&t#y ser#es a&' para!!e! "#r"$#ts we "a& see !#)e that.
Ser#es "#r"$#t
Co&s#'er a "#r"$#t wh#"h has two !a*ps "o&&e"t#&+ to a "e!!.


A!! the e!e"tro&s that +o thro$+h o&e !a*p *$st a!so +o thro$+h the other.
,e say that the !a*ps are "o&&e"te' in series.
Para!!e! C#r"$#ts
Co&&e"t a -attery to two !a*ps #& the way show& -e!ow.
,e say these two !a*ps are "o&&e"te' in parallel. There #s *ore tha& o&e path #& wh#"h
the e!e"tro&s "a& !ow #& the "#r"$#t.
Comparison between series and parallel circuits
Series Parallel
Arrangement
I
I
Total
= I
1
= I
2
= I
3
The current should be the same
at all points
I
T otal
= I
1
+ I
2
+ 1
3
At the unctions! the current splits!
but then reoin at the "inal unctions.
#
#
Total
= #
1
+ #
2
+ #
3
The sum o" the $olta%e across
the indi$idual component is
e&ual to that o" po'er suppl(
#
Total
= #
1
= #
2
= #
3
#olta%e across each component
sta(s the same
R R
Total
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
The total resistance R
T
o" the
resistors connected in series
circuit is e&ual to the sum o" the
separate resistance
Total R
(
=
(
(
R
+
2
(
R
+
3
(
R
The reciprocal o" the total resistance
is e&ual to the sum o" the reciprocal
o" indi$idual resistances
ACTIVITY :
(. .#+$re ( shows a "#r"$#t "o&s#st#&+ o a -attery o e.*. /.01 a&' two pa#rs o 3.0
2 res#stors #& ser#es3 these pa#rs o res#stors -e#&+ "o&&e"te' #& para!!e!.
)i%ure 1
a4 5#4 ,hat #s the tota! res#sta&"e o the path 6L7 8
5##4 ,hat #s the tota! res#sta&"e o the path 6N7 8
5###4 ,hat #s the res#sta&"e o the "#r"$#t -etwee& 6 a&' 7 8
b* Calculate the current throu%h the batter(.
Solution:
5a4 5#4 Tota! res#sta&"e 6L7 9 3.0 : 3.0 9 /.0 2
5##4 Tota! res#sta&"e 6N7 9 3.0 : 3.0 9 /.0 2
5###4 Res#sta&"e -etwee& 6 a&' 7 9
/.0 /.0
/.0 ; /.0
+
9 3.0 2
5-4 C$rre&t thro$+h -attery 9
R
V
9
0 . 3
0 . /
2. .#+$re 2 shows three "o*-#&at#o&s o res#stors3 "o&&e"te' -etwee& po#&ts < a&' Y.
A!! the res#stors ha=e res#sta&"e /.0 2
)i%ure 2
5a4 Ca!"$!ate the tota! res#sta&"e -etwee& the po#&ts < a&' Y o ea"h "o*-#&at#o&.
5#4 "o*-#&at#o& A 5##4 "o*-#&at#o& > 5###4 "o*-#&at#o& C
5-4 Po#&ts < a&' Y #& "o*-#&at#o& > are "o&&e"te' to a -attery that pro=#'es a pote&t#a!
'#ere&"e o (.3?1 a"ross <Y3 as show& #& .#+$re 3. Ca!"$!ate the "$rre&ts I1, I2 a&'
I3 #& ea"h res#stor o the "o*-#&at#o&.
)i%ure 3
Solution:
5a4 5#4 R 9 /.0 : /.0 : /.0 9 (@.0 2
5##4 R 9 /.0 :
/.0 /.0
/.0 ; /.0
+
9 A.0 2
5###4 R 9 5
/.0
(
:
/.0
(
:
/.0
(
4
B(
9 2.0 2
5-4 I( 9 "$rre&t !ow#&+ thro$+h -attery 9
R
1
9
A.0
(.3?
9 0.(?A
I
2
= I
3
=
2
I(
= +.+,- A
ASSESTMET:
(. I& the "#r"$#t show&3 at wh#"h po#&t #s the "$rre&t the s*a!!est8
2. ,hy "a& -#r's sta&' o& a& o=erhea' tra&s*#ss#o& !#&e w#tho$t s$er#&+ a&y har*8
A. The#r -o'#es ha=e a =ery h#+h res#sta&"e
>. The#r eet are =ery +oo' #&s$!ators.
C. There #s &o pote&t#a! '#ere&"e -etwee& the#r eet.
D. The spa"es -etwee& the#r eathers a"t as #&s$!ators.
3. A "#r"$#t "o&s#sts o a -attery "o&&e"te' #& ser#es w#th res#stors R( a&' R2 a&' a pa#r
o res#stors3 R3 a&' RC "o&&e"te' #& para!!e!. The p.'.s a"ross the res#stors are 1(3 123
133 a&' 1C. .#&' the tota! pote&t#a! '#ere&"e.
A. 1( : 12
>. 1( : 12 : 13
C. 1( : 12 : 13 : 1C
D. 1( : 12 :
3
(
V
:
C
(
V
C. A "#r"$#t #s set $p as show&.
,h#"h sw#t"h sett#&+ !#+hts a!! three !a*ps8
Switch 1 Switch 2 Switch 3
A C!ose' C!ose' Ope&
> C!ose' Ope& C!ose'
C Ope& C!ose' C!ose'
D Ope& C!ose' Ope&
?. A st$'e&t has a set o 20 est#=e !#+hts. The !#+hts are w#re' #& ser#es a&' "o&&e"te'
to the *a#&s. O&e -$!- -$r&s o$t a&' a!! the !#+hts +o o$t. The st$'e&tDs pare&ts as)
her to #&' the a$!ty -$!- a&' rep!a"e #t. ,here sho$!' the st$'e&t -e+#&8
A. A&ywhere3 -e"a$se the "$rre&t w#!! ha=e -ee& the sa*e e=erywhere.
>. At the !#=e e&'3 -e"a$se the "$rre&t w#!! ha=e -ee& +reatest there.
C. At the *#''!e3 -e"a$se the "$rre&t w#!! ha=e -ee& +reatest there.
D. At the &e$tra! e&'3 -e"a$se the "$rre&t w#!! ha=e -ee& +reatest there.
/. .#+$re ( a&' .#+$re 2 show photo+raphs o two "#r"$#t. Ea"h "#r"$#t "o&ta#&s o$r
e!e"tr#"a! -$!-s "o&&e"te' to o$r #'e&t#"a! &ew 'ry "e!!s.
a4 Draw a "#r"$#t '#a+ra* ro* ea"h photo+raph
-4 O-ser=es the photo+raphs #& .#+$re ( a&' .#+$re 2. Co*pare the -r#+ht&ess o the
-$!-. Re!ate' the -r#+ht&ess o the -$!-s -etwee& .#+$re ( a&' .#+$re 2 to 'e'$"e a
"o&"ept #& phys#"s #& re+ar' to the pote&t#a! '#ere&"e a&' the "$rre&t !ow or the
-$!-s #& ser#es a&' para!!e! "#r"$#ts.
Answers:
(. >
2. C
3. >
C. C
?. A
..
)i%ure 1 )i%ure 2
/eries parallel
I
Total
= I
1
= I
2
= I
3
= I
0
I
T otal
= I
1
+ I
2
+ 1
3
+ I
0
#
Total
= #
1
+ #
2
+ #
3
+ #
0
#
Total
= #
1
= #
2
= #
3
=#
0
R
Total
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ R
0
Total R
(
=
(
(
R
+
2
(
R
+
3
(
R
+
C
(
R
.ro* the ta-!e a-o=e we )&ow3 #& ser#es the pote&t#a! '#ere&"e #s !ess "o*pare #&
para!!e! "#r"$#t a&' ee"t#=e res#sta&"e *ore #& ser#es "#r"$#t "o*pare #& para!!e! "#r"$#t.
So3 ro* that state*e&t we )&ow -$!- #& para!!e! "#r"$#t *ore -r#+ht&ess "o*pare -$! #&
ser#es "#r"$#t.
TOPIC: ELECTRICITY
CONTENT: 2.C: ANALYSING ELECTRO7OTI1E .ORCE AND INTERNAL
RESISTANCE
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHT:
!e"inition o" electromoti#e "orce $e%m%"& :
#4 The %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -y a so$r"e #& 'r#=#&+ a $&#t "har+e aro$&' a "o*p!ete "#r"$#t.
##4 A *eas$re*e&t o the rate at wh#"h e&er+y 5 Eo$!e4 #s tra&serre' per e!e"tr#" "har+e
5"o$!o*-4 ro* a& e&er+y so$r"e s$"h as a -attery or a 'y&a*o3 #& the )#&et#" e&er+y o
the *o=#&+ "har+e.

e.*. 9 E!e"tr#" e&er+y pro=#'e' -y the so$r"e
Char+e that !ow ro* the so$r"e
The $&#t o e.*. #s FC
B(
or =o!t3 1.
( 1 9 (FC
B(
The rea'#&+ o =o!t*eter #s the e.*. o the -attery
Note: The pos#t#=e ter*#&a! o the "e!! #s "o&&e"te' to the pos#t#=e ter*#&a! o the =o!t*eter a&'
the &e+at#=e ter*#&a! o the "e!! #s "o&&e"te' to the &e+at#=e ter*#&a! o the =o!t*eter.
Comparison between e%m%" and potential di""erence
E.m.f Potential difference
The ener%( supplied b( the
source per unit char%e
In electricit( source such as
batter(! %enerator
The positi$e terminal o" the cell
is connected to the positi$e
terminal o" the $oltmeter and the
ne%ati$e terminal o" the cell is
connected to the ne%ati$e
terminal o" the $oltmeter.
The ener%( used to mo$e
char%e "lo' throu%h the
component
In electrical component such as
bulb! rheostat! resistor
To measure the potential
di""erence bet'een t'o points
1 or across the component *
separated b( a load! the
$oltmeter is connected in parallel
to the load 1 component*
Internal resistance $r&
G Res#sta&"e "a$se' -y the '##"$!ty o #o& *o=e*e&t #& e!e"tro!yte
E;p!a#&at#o&:
.#+$re (
I& "#r"$#t 5a4 o .#+ (3 the sw#t"h #s ope& a&' there #s &o "$rre&t thro$+h the -$!-3
-$t the rea'#&+ o& the =o!t*eter #s (2.( 1. I& "#r"$#t 5-43 the sw#t"h #s "!ose' a&'
there #s a "$rre&t thro$+h the -$!-. The =o!t*eter shows the p.'. a"ross the -$!-
a&' a"ross the -attery. The rea'#&+ o& the =o!t*eter #s &ow s!#+ht!y !ess3 at ((.@1.
I& the #rst "ase3 the o&!y "$rre&t #s a ew *#"roa*peres thro$+h the =o!t*eter.
Th#s "$rre&t #s &e+!#+#-!e "o*pare' w#th the "$rre&t #& the -$!- #& the se"o&'
"#r"$#t. ,hy 'oes the =o!ta+e 'e"rease8 The '#ere&"e #& =o!ta+e "a& -e
e;p!a#&e' -y "o&s#'er#&+ the internal resistance o the -attery.
Relations'ip between e%m%" and internal resistance
= e.m" 1 ele2tromoti$e "orce *
# = potential di""erence
I = current
R = resistor
r = internal resistance
Graph show& Re!at#o&sh#p -etwee& e.*. a&' #&ter&a! res#sta&"e
ACTIVITY:
(. State what #s *ea&t -y #&ter&a! res#sta&"e
2. A tor"h !#+ht !#+hte' or 20 *#&$tes a&' the res$!t shows that a 'ry "e!! #& tor"h !#+ht
-e"o*e hot. ,hy8
3. .#+$re -e!ow shows +raph o pote&t#a! '#ere&"e3 1 a"ross the ter*#&a! o a -attery
a+a#&st "$rre&t3 I that !ows thro$+h the -attery.
.ro* the +raph3 #&' the =a!$e o
5a4 e!e"tro*ot#=e or"e a&'
5-4 #&ter&a! res#sta&"e or the -attery
0.
.#+$re a-o=e shows a& e!e"tr#" "#r"$#t that "o&s#st a "e!!3 sw#t"h a&' res#stor. A =o!t*eter
"o&&e"te' a"ross the "e!! rea's ?.01 whe& the sw#t"h #s ope& a&' C.21 whe& the sw#t"h #s
"!ose. .#&'
5a4 e!e"tro*ot#=e or"e o "e!!
5-4 "$rre&t that !ows #& "#r"$#t
5"4 #&ter&a! res#sta&"e o "e!!
5'4 pote&t#a! '#ere&"e a"ross res#stor whe& the sw#t"h #s "!ose
?. A A.0 1 -attery whose #&ter&a! res#sta&"e r #s 0.?0 #s "o&&e"te' #& the "#r"$#t as
show& -e!ow.
5a4 How *$"h "$rre&t #s 'raw& ro* the -attery8
5-4 ,hat #s the ter*#&a! =o!ta+e o the -attery8
Solution:
1. 3pposite the current "lo'
'hen the current throu%h the
chemical material in cell.
2. Internal resistance
3. 1a* . #
1b* . 4 1
+ 5 0
0. 1a* -.+ #
1b* 0.2 #
2+
1c* -.+# = 0.2 # ++.21A 6 r
r = 3.71

1d* 0.2 #
-!
ASSESTMET
(. De#&e
5a4 e.*.
5-4 #&ter&a! res#sta&"e
2. G#=e two "o*par#so& -etwee& e.*. a&' p.'
3. ,r#te 'ow& the re!at#o&sh#p -etwee& e.*. a&' #&ter&a! res#sta&"e. State the
*ea&#&+ o ea"h sy*-o! $se'.
C. The #+$re shows a -attery o e.*. /.01 #& ser#es w#th res#stors o res#sta&"e
C.0 a&' @.0
.or the "#r"$#t show& #& the #+$re3
5#4 e;p!a#& what #s *ea&t -y a& He.*. o /.01I
5##4 "a!"$!ate the "$rre&t thro$+h the -attery
5###4 "a!"$!ate the =o!ta+e a"ross the C.0 res#stor a&' that a"ross the @.0
res#stor
?. The +raph 1 a+a#&s I -e!ow shows the res$!ts o the e;per#*e&t to 'eter*#&e the
e!e"tro*ot#=e or"e3 E3 a&' the #&ter&a! res#sta&"e3 r3 o a 'ry "e!!.
.#+$re 2
>ase' o& the +raph #& .#+$re 23
5a4 5#4 what happe& whe& I #&"reases8
5##4 'eter*#&e the =a!$e o the pote&t#a! '#ere&"e3 1 whe& the "$rre&t3 I 9
0.0(A Show o& the +raph3 how yo$ 'eter*#&e 1.
5###4 &a*e the phys#"a! J$a&t#ty that represe&ts the =a!$e #& 5a45##4.
5-4 The #&ter&a! res#sta&"e3 r3 o the 'ry "e!! #s +#=e& -y
r9B*
where * #s the +ra'#e&t o the +raph.
Ca!"$!ate the =a!$e o r.
Answers:
(. 5a4 e.*. 9 E!e"tr#" e&er+y pro=#'e' -y the so$r"e
Char+e that !ow ro* the so$r"e
5-4 Oppos#te the "$rre&t !ow whe& the "$rre&t thro$+h the "he*#"a!
*ater#a! #& "e!!.
2.
e.m." p.d
The ener%( supplied b( the
source per unit char%e
In electricit( source such as
batter(! %enerator
The positi$e terminal o" the cell
is connected to the positi$e
terminal o" the $oltmeter and the
ne%ati$e terminal o" the cell is
connected to the ne%ati$e
terminal o" the $oltmeter.
The ener%( used to mo$e
char%e "lo' throu%h the
component
In electrical component such as
bulb! rheostat! resistor
To measure the potential
di""erence bet'een t'o points
1 or across the component *
separated b( a load! the
$oltmeter is connected in parallel
to the load 1 component*
3.

= e.m" 1 ele2tromoti$e "orce *
# = potential di""erence
I = current
R = resistor
r = internal resistance
C. 5#4 / Fo$!e e&er+y #s $se' or s$pp!#e' to ea"h "o$!o*- o "har+e w#th#& #t.

5##4 /1 9 0.?A
(2
5###4 =o!ta+e a"ross: C: 0.?A ; C.0 9 21
@: 0.?A ; @.0 9C1
?. 5a4
5#4 pote&t#a! '#ere&"e 'e"rease
5##4 (.CA 1
5###4 =o!t

5-4 * 9 (.2? K (.00 9 B? L r 9 ?
0.? K (.0