More than

just a treatment
Natural Gas
Solutions
Does your raw natural gas contain hydrogen
sulde, carbon dioxide, mercaptans or more?
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions offers
treatments specically designed to your needs.
Our natural gas solutions enable you to
optimize the use of natural resources, and
thus add value to your operation.
More than just a treatment
2 Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment
Executive Summary
The challenge
The composition of natural gas varies tremendously:
almost every source contains a different blend of
impurities. The options for treatment are almost as
diverse. Thats why having a solution specically
designed for your particular gas eld is crucial: the quality
of the gas processing affects downstream products.
And tightened environmental regulations on emissions
and products are making sulfur management a necessity.

Natural gas solutions
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions provides answers to
each clients particular challenges, drawing on our
knowledge and skills across the entire gas conditioning
value chain, our extensive global experience and our
broad portfolio of proprietary Lurgi and cryogenics
technologies.
Natural Gas recovery up to 99+ %
Helium recovery 98+ %
Helium purity up to 99.995+ %
Lurgi Sulfur
Management
Cryogenic
Purification
CO
2
/ H
2
S
Mercaptans
H
2
S
N
2
Membranes
Amine Units
Purisol
MolSieves
Nitrogen abatement below 1 % content
in Natural Gas
OUR SOLUTION YOUR CHALLENGE YOUR BENEFIT
Bulk removal of CO
2
down to pipeline spec
Hollow fibres
Reduced CAPEX
Sulfur recovery 99.9+ %
Complete mercaptan destruction
Meeting SO
2
emission down to 150 mg/m
n
3
CO
2
removal less/or equal 10 ppm
H
2
S removal down to 2 ppm
Efficient mercaptan recovery with NMP
Mercaptan Removal down to 5 ppm
He
Solutions for all
types of natural
gas, including
associated and
unconventional
gas
The right technology
can open a lot of doors.
Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment 3
The best solution
Our technology is always of the highest quality, ensur-
ing maximum availability and reliability, and resulting
in greater productivity over a longer lifetime. But thats
not all: We take into account your raw gas, your budget
and your location to deliver the best solution for your
specic requirements. That means ensuring compliance
with relevant emissions regulations, and providing the
lowest possible CAPEX and OPEX. We will nd a solu-
tion even for the toughest challenges such as modular,
skid-mounted units for clients in remote regions.

Your choice of end products
When properly puried, natural gas offers a rich array
of opportunities liqueed natural gas (LNG), pipeline
gas, gas to liquid (GtL), various petrochemicals as well
as methanol and its derivates. Taking into account the
specic constraints of each industry, Air Liquide Global
E&C Solutions offers solutions that maximize the value
of the desired end products.

A spirit of partnership
Our ultimate goal is to enable our customers to reach
theirs. We provide advice and support throughout the
entire process, from R&D and feasibility studies to op-
erator trainings, up to maintenance after commissioning
and start-up. Even more we do act as an EPC provider.
As your partner of choice, we ensure that you keep up
to pace with our innovations, updating your plant with
new technology as it becomes available. And as your
business grows, we can help you expand your process-
ing capacity.


To ensure your plant runs smoothly and efciently
as possible, we can provide your staff with opera-
tor trainings.
Why Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions?
Customer-
specic
solutions with
lifetime support
Designing solutions for industries
A good business partner is
experienced, exible, future oriented
and has the resources and technol-
ogy to make things happen.
4 Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment
Natural Gas Processing Scheme
Mercaptan Rich Gas
Sweet Gas
Purisol

AGR
RSH + H
2
O
Removal
NRU
N
2
He
to Atmosphere
Incineration
LTGT

AGE
H
2
S
Rich Gas
Raw
Natural
Gas
Claus
Aquisulf

ASU
S
O
2
Fuel Gas
Regeneration Off Gas
Regeneration Gas
Acid Gas
AGE Acid Gas Enrichment AGR Acid Gas Removal ASU Air Separation Unit
LTGT

Lurgi Tail Gas Treatment NRU Nitrogen Recovery Unit RSH general formula for Mercaptan
Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment 5
Life can be easy.
Take the advantages
of our processes.
Solutions for CO
2
and H
2
S
Acid gas removal (AGR)
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions has installed close
to 100 units for acid gas removal around the world.
Thanks to our extensive expertise, we can deliver the
most appropriate acid gas treatment for your pipeline
and LNG specications.
Amine units
Amine-based solvents are an effective method for
processing some types of acid gas. Amine units are
also ideal for unconventional gases, such as shale gas,
which have varying compositions of hydrogen sulde
and carbon dioxide. Depending on the composition of
raw natural gas we apply BASFs OASE purple (former
aMDEA

), MDEA, or other amine based solvents for an

optimal selective processing of acid gas.
Membranes
Some natural gas is rich in carbon dioxide. In this case,
meeting product specications requests a particularly
efcient method of removing carbon dioxide. In con-
junction with Air Liquide Medal, Global E&C Solutions
offers membranes comprised of hollow bers for
selective permeation of carbon dioxide while minimizing
hydrocarbon losses. These combine high permeability
with high hydrocarbon resistance, making them an
attractive option for bulk carbon dioxide removal. And
they require little maintenance, making them ideal for
remote and offshore locations. Plus they are highly ex-
ible membrane banks can easily be activated or shut
down in line with demand.


Membranes offer a substantial CAPEX reduction
for gas elds with large CO
2
amount.
Gas Treatment
6 Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment
Life can be easy.
Take the advantages
of our processes.
Molsieves
Molecular sieves (molsieves) remove water and a wide
range of mercaptan from raw natural gas, producing the
dry, sweet gas. Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions uses
a specialized multilayer bed for mercaptan removal,
increasing adsorption capacity and thereby reducing
CAPEX. At the same time, low coking tendency during
regeneration and high thermal and mechanical stress
resistance ensure low OPEX.
Purisol

The Lurgi Purisol

process effectively removes mercap-

tan from molsieve unit regeneration gas streams, boost-
ing the overall sulfur recovery rate of your plant. This
process is based on an eco-friendly physical solvent,
NMP, which is stable, non-corrosive, non-toxic and easy
to regenerate, keeping operating costs down.
Effective
removal of
mercaptan
Mercaptan
Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment 7
Claus
The Claus process is the most widely used option world-
wide for converting hydrogen sulde to sulfur. Air Liquide
Global E&C Solutions uses Lurgi Claus technology with
a highly efcient and reliable burner system. Whats
more, our proprietary Claus burner is specically
designed for the destruction of mercaptan. This is the
only solution on the market that completely eradicates
these problematic substances.
OxyClaus

Lurgi OxyClaus

technology boosts the capacity of new

and existing Claus and tail gas units by adding air and
oxygen for more efcient combustion. This proprietary
burner increases your operational exibility temporarily
high or low amounts of hydrogen sulde are efciently
managed by an automatic change over from air to oxygen
operation and vice versa, without the need for additional
equipment. OxyClaus

is capable of processing feed

gases with hydrogen sulde contents from 20 to 100
percent.


OxyClaus

enables you to save round about 30

percent of the total installed cost of a new sulfur
recovery unit. Benet from CAPEX savings on
your tailor-made solution.
Claus and
OxyClaus

burners convert
hydrogen sulde
and mercaptan
Process Air
H
2
S Acid Gas
Oxygen
Air Claus Burner
OxyClaus

Burner
Pilot
Fuel Gas
Steam
Mercaptan
Combustion Air
Oxygen
More than 170 plants
based on Lurgi Claus
technologies.
Sulfur Management
H
2
S and Mercaptan
8 Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment
Recovery Rates
and Cost Factors
Lurgi Sulfur Technology Recovery
in %
Cost
Factor
in %
Claus 2cs,
(2 catalytic stages)
96.0 97.0 100
Claus 3cs,
(3 catalytic stages)
97.0 98.0 110
Claus 2cs + SULFREEN

99.0 99.4 135

Claus 3cs + SULFREEN

99.4 99.6 145

Claus 2cs +
HYDROSULFREEN

99.5 99.7 155

Claus 2cs + LTGT

using
existing regeneration unit
99.8 99.9+ 165
Claus 2cs + LTGT

incl. regeneration
99.8 99.9+ 185
Emission-free Claus 100 165
LTGT

Lurgi Tail Gas Treatment
For even higher yields, you can decide on LTGT

, which
uses selective chemical absorption for an outstanding
recovery rate of 99+ percent. This extremely efcient
method has a low pressure drop, and offers the possi-
bility of using existing solvent regeneration units, saving
equipment costs.
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions constantly innovates
its portfolio, taking into consideration increasingly strin-
gent environmental regulations.
With our sulfur management you meet World Bank
Standards in terms of sulfur dioxide (SO
2
) emissions
providing scrubber solutions or giving you an alternative
by using BASFs OASE yellow in our LTGT

.
Sulfreen

With Lurgis patented sub-dewpoint tail gas treatment

Sulfreen

, you can achieve sulfur yields of up to 99.6

percent. As it does not require chemicals or solvents,
this process minimizes investment and operating costs.
Sulfreen

has successfully been employed in more than

45 sulfur recovery units.
Tail gas treat-
ment solutions
for increased
sulfur recovery
rates
Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment 9
Aquisulf

Liquid sulfur obtained from hydrogen sulde in Claus

units always contains an amount of dissolved hydrogen
sulde. This poses a risk for operators, as it is toxic.
Moreover, hydrogen sulde in liquid sulfur has an ad-
verse effect on the solidity of formed sulfur. Our liquid
sulfur degassing process, Aquisulf

, brings residual
hydrogen sulde down to less than 10 ppm by weight.
Only small quantities of the catalyst are needed, lower-
ing the cost of the solution and making it a sound
investment to manage risks and ensure a quality end
product.

OmniSulf

OmniSulf

is a one-stop solution that brings together

the key technologies involved in natural gas condition-
ing. This end-to-end, tailor-made process comprises
Claus, AGE, LTGT

, incineration, Aquisulf

, OASE
purple, molsieves and Purisol

. As the licensor, we have

sole responsibility for the entire process, guaranteeing
its effective integration and ensuring compliance with
tight end-product specications. And with just one
interface, OmniSulf

is extremely convenient for clients.

Liquid sulfur
degassing
process
We are
constantly
developing new
processes for
SRU units.
Sweep Air
S to Storage
S
Sweep
Air out
ejector
Worlds largest LNG
plant in Qatar uses our gas
treatment technology.
Aquisulf

OmniSulf

Sulfur Management
aMDEA

DMR
Purisol

Offgas Inc. LTGT

Claus
10 Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment
Nitrogen removal units (NRU)
Often, natural gas is of substandard quality due to high
nitrogen content. This can occur naturally, or result from
well management using nitrogen injection. Nitrogen
is removed from natural gas by cryogenic separation
down to 1 percent or few percent residual content with
high natural gas recovery up to 99 percent or more.
The rejected gaseous nitrogen (which also possibly
contains helium) is ared or released to atmosphere. It
can also be treated in a helium recovery unit.
The design of the cryogenic system is optimized for the
specic requirements of each application, can handle
wide ranges of nitrogen contents in the feed gas and
delivers puried gas with constant nitrogen content.
Combining Lurgi technologies with cryogenics expertise
in cold boxes, Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions offers
tailor-made solutions for efcient nitrogen removal from
your natural gas stream.


Nitrogen and helium solutions drawing on our
extensive expertise in cryogenic cold boxes.
Helium recovery units
Helium is a scarce resource highly sought after, especially
in light of the multitude of promising new applications
that are currently emerging, such as optic bers, self-
cleaning glas, and innovative semi-conductors. Helium
is often separated from natural gas in the course of
removing nitrogen. Raw helium is rst recovered from
this rejected nitrogen by cryogenic separation through
several partial condensation or distillation steps. It is
further successively puried from hydrogen, methane
and nitrogen in a dehydrogenation unit and in a Pressure
Swing Adsorption (PSA) unit.
N
2
and He
Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment 11
Air Liquide turnkey
Helium liquefaction system
Pure helium 99.995+ % purity is then liqueed for stor-
age or lling into containers and trailers at temperatures
in the range of -270C; Air Liquide offers a full liquefac-
tion system from gaseous helium to customer applica-
tion including supervision station, gas analysis system,
liqueer, liquid helium storages, gas bags for recovery of
helium losses as well as compression.
How does it work? The Air Liquide helium liquefaction
train cool down is achieved by a thermodynamic helium
cycle with compression and turbine. Liqueed nitrogen
(LIN) is used for the cool down of the helium containers
only. The overall consumption of LIN is minimized.


References
Ras Laffan 1 2005
Capacity: ~ 10 t /d LHe
Ras Laffan 2 FIP Q1 2013
Capacity: ~ 20 t /d LHe
Largest helium processing plant in the world

Taylor-made solutions, specically designed
to address both the type of impurities you en-
counter in the raw natural gas you dispose of, and
the specic end-product you need.
Liquefaction capacity without pre-cooling with N
2
Up to 145 l/h
Liquefaction capacity with pre-cooling with N
2
Up to 330 l/h
Liquid N
2
consumption < 125 l/h
Electricity consumption 45 to 250 kW
Adding value through expertise
12 Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment
Tried and tested
Hundreds of plants around the world are based on our
technologies. The numbers speak for themselves:
More than 170 Lurgi Claus plants, ranging from small
(4 t/d) to large (up to 1,000 t/d) train sizes, are in
operation
More than 40 Lurgi OxyClaus

burners are in
operation
More than 60 tail gas treating processes are in
operation
More than 50 Aquisulf

contracts have been signed

Four trains according to the OmniSulf

concept are
in operation, and two are under construction
Air Liquide has designed more than 500 cold boxes,
which can also be used for nitrogen removal in
natural gas

Our natural gas treating solutions are in opera-
tion at the worlds biggest LNG plant in Qatar.
References
OmniSulf

s excellent
safety and reliability is backed up
by overall process guarantees.
Natural gas
solutions with
a proven track
record
Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment 13
Rising prices
Natural gas is far more abundant than crude oil, which
is rapidly being depleted. As a result, climbing energy
prices are making unconventional forms of gas, such as
shale gas, coalbed methane and tight gas, increasingly
attractive. However, many new sources of gas are sour,
so sweetening is essential. Along with environmental
regulations, putting an end to aring. Increasingly, are
gas is being put to good use, with the help of natural
gas conditioning.
Rising standards
In recent years, stricter environmental standards have
been introduced around the world, applying to treat-
ment plants as well as end products. Many countries
have already imposed tough limits on sulfur emissions
from natural gas processing facilities, while others are
likely to follow suit. As a result, businesses that invest in
highly efcient sulfur management solutions now will be
prepared for the future.
Growing demand
LNG, which produces relatively low greenhouse
emissions, is becoming increasingly sought after as a
clean source of fuel although standards for LNG are
continuing to be tightened, requiring more and more
efcient processing. Even the move towards renewable
energies is increasing demand for gas as renewables
are intermittent and need back-up in the form of highly
available gas power plants.
New applications
As larger quantities of natural gas are processed, more
byproducts are becoming available for commercial
exploitation. We are working on new patents and co-
operating with partners to explore new possibilities in
this regard. One exciting area is enhanced oil and gas
recovery (EOR/ EGR) which uses carbon dioxide to
help extract oil/ gas from wells that have lost sufcient
pressure.


Driven by spiraling crude oil prices and growing
environmental considerations, natural gas is
the fastest growing fossil fuel within the global
energy mix.
Fuel of the future
Increasing
demand for
natural gas
and efcient
treatment solu-
tions
Your partner of choice
14 Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment
About Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions
A premium strategic partner
able to meet constantly growing
customer needs.
Cutting-edge innovations
We enable our customers to optimize the use of the
planets natural resources in order to provide clean
and sustainable energy thanks to our people and their
capability to innovate constantly. Through cutting-edge
innovation applied to our proprietary technology,
Cryogenics, Lurgi and Zimmer, we contribute to the
transformation of the energy industry and help to
preserve and protect the atmosphere of our planet.
Long term experience
With over 1600 patents to our credit, we foster innovation
to continuously enhance our technological, engineering
and project execution skill-set. Our technology focus
and long term view of people development allow us the
consequent nurturing and development of competencies
of our 4,000 experts.
Your partner of choice
Offering a full spectrum of standard and customized
solutions and drawing on our expertise in engineering,
procurement and construction through to manufac-
turing, technology development and FEED studies,
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions will meet the
challenges of the most complex projects, maintaining
control over reliability and delivering on performance
guarantees while meeting the highest safety standards.
Global capabilities, local footprint
Your global success will be built on our global capabilities
organized in a network of 15 engineering centers,
3 manufacturing workshops as well as sales and busi-
ness ofces and representatives spread around virtually
all continents with a strong local footprint to serve
our clients.
Natural Gas Solutions More than just a treatment 15
Copyright Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions, 310e Natural Gas Solutions / 03.13. / 10
www.engineering-solutions.airliquide.com
Engineering Centers
Calgary
Air Liquide E&C Canada Inc.
4399 Bankers Hall West
888 3
rd
Street S.W.
T2P 5C5 Calgary, Alberta
CANADA
Tel: +1 40 37 74 43 14
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FRANCE
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Donetsk
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Ofce 1004
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83004 Donetsk
UKRAINE
Tel: +38 062 210 28 40
Frankfurt
Lurgi GmbH
Lurgiallee 5
60439 Frankfurt am Main
GERMANY
Tel: +49 69 58 080
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Air Liquide Hangzhou Co., Ltd.
No. 1-1
Miao Chang Qiao Road
Gouzhuang Industrial Park
Yuhang District Hangzhou 311112
CHINA
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Air Liquide Engineering Japan
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Kako-gun, Hyogo-pref
675-0181
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Houston
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Houston TX 77056
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UL; Mogilska 41
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POLAND
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Modern Service High-Tech Park
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Standart Plants product line
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Manufacturing Workshops
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Business Ofces
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Abu Dhabi
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Consulting Co. Ltd
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th
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609927
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rd
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