1 - Fundamentals of The Digital TV - ITS

Fundamentals of the Fundamentals of the
Digital TV Digital TV
Gilles TOQUET
2013
Teamcast - 2013 Teamcast - 2013
Hertzian Analogic Broadcast
Contribution
Network
Distribution
Network
Editor Editor Broadcast operator Broadcast operator Editor Editor Broadcast operator Broadcast operator
A l i A l i Analogic
Noise sensitivity
1 prg / RF channel
Analogic
Digital AES
1 prg / link
Analogic source
Audio content
22
11 December 2013 11 December 2013
Digital broadcast chain
Contribution
Network
Distribution
Network
Editors Editors Broadcast operators Broadcast operators Multiplex operators Multiplex operators
Digital Broadcast
Robust
5 prg / RF channel
Mixte contributions
Programmes multiplexing
Digital multiplex distribution
Analogic sources
Digital sources
Multimdia content
33
Layer identification
Compression
coding
Compression
coding
Compression
Multiplexing
Distribution
Modulation
Transmission Reception
p
coding
Transmission Reception
101001 101001
I/F
Datas
Audio
S i f TS
Audio
Service frame
Multiplex frame
COFDM frame
RF
TC
TM
TS
TRAINING
44
Transmission channel behavior
RECEIVER
TRANSMITTER
F Modifications of the transmitted signal in Time and Frequency domains
55
Channel behavior: the dispersion
Dirac peak
Path 1
p
Dirac peak
t
t
Time
Echoes
Monochromatic
signal
F
f
F
f
Frequency
Doppler
effect
The response to a Dirac peak defines the transmission channel response (in time and in frequency)
F
p p p q y
The many paths gives some delays (Echoes)
The relative speed between antennas gives some modifications in the frequency domain (Doppler)
66
Estimation of the
transmission channel transmission channel
M d l ti
Demodulation
Modulation
Coding
Channel
estimation
Correction
Decoding
Analyzing the transmission channel allows to extract the useful data's
Channel estimation:
-> in frequency domain (fading correction)
-> in time domain (mobile)
77
Channel behavior:
f l ti it frequency selectivity
Bandwidth
Frequency response of the
channel
The frequency response of the channel is not constant
Some frequencies will be attenuated (FADING), other will be reinforced
88
Perturbations synthesis
Echoes Doppler Noise
Echoes: The multi paths cause some delays and some Fading
effects
DOPPLER ff t Th bilit i l i ti i DOPPLER effect: The mobility causes some signal variations in
frequency domain
Noise: The Hertzian transmission channel generates some noise.
It is added to the useful signal (C/N ratio) It is added to the useful signal (C/N ratio)
99
Perturbations study:
1- The noise 1- The noise
Perturbations F(t) F(t)
t t
N
+
C
C/N
(dB)
The noise: The C/N ratio defines the minimal conditions to have The noise The C/N ratio defines the minimal conditions to have
good signal decoding (QEF)
Note: The noise has a random distribution
10 10
The noise: C/ N illustration
Source: ETS 300 744
The DVB-T standard defines a C/N minimum level of 16,5dB, in 64-
QAM-2/3 mode to obtain the QEF condition
11 11
The noise: BER measurement
Perturbations
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
BER (Bit Error Rate): It corresponds to the ratio between the non BER (Bit Error Rate): It corresponds to the ratio between the non
corrected errors and the datas number
It is the main parameter that defines a transmission quality
Example: 2x10E
-4
after Viterbi defines the QEF after RS (DVB-T)
12 12
Perturbations study: 2- Echoes y
The echoes are due to:
Adjacent
-waves reflections on various obstacles (hills,
buildings etc),
-reception of different transmitters.
transmitter
Main
Receiver
Main
transmitter
-The problem of the echoes remained the most important The problem of the echoes remained the most important
-Echoes can be
-> Passive (Multipath)
-> Active (Transmitter in SFN)
13 13
The problem of echoes p
Amplitude Amplitude
T
A A
Time
Frequency
F=1/T
Without Echo
A(t) A(f)
Amplitude Amplitude
T
A A
Time
Frequency
F=1/T
With Echo
A(t) A(f)
- Frequency is not affected by the echoes
- Amplitude and phase are affected by the echoes
- The answer in frequency of the terrestrial channel changes in the time in function :
- of the echoes delay,
- of the echoes level.
14 14
Echoes in rural environment
Not many obstacles Short echoes
15 15
Echoes in rural environment
H(t)
10dB
H(t)
10dB
10dB
0dB
- 10dB
-20dB
10dB
0dB
- 10dB
-20dB
27 ns / OdB 300 ns / OdB
H(f)
t
-30dB
-40dB
t
-30dB
-40dB
H(f)
10dB
0dB
H(f)
10dB
0dB
Fading
0dB
- 10dB
-20dB
-30dB
0dB
- 10dB
-20dB
-30dB
f
-40dB
f
-40dB
16 16
Echoes in urban environment
Many obstacles Long echoes
17 17
Echoes in urban environment
H(t)
10dB
H(t)
10dB
1us / OdB 5us / OdB
10dB
0dB
- 10dB
-20dB
10dB
0dB
- 10dB
-20dB
H(f)
t
-30dB
-40dB
t
-30dB
-40dB
H(f)
10dB
0dB
H(f)
10dB
0dB 0dB
- 10dB
-20dB
-30dB
0dB
- 10dB
-20dB
-30dB
f
-40dB
f
-40dB
18 18
I mpulse response of the
transmission channel with echo transmission channel with echo
Direct path
Echo
19 19
Perturbations study:
3- DOPPLER
Carriers
3- DOPPLER
V=0 km/h
f
V=120 km/h
f
V 120 km/h
f
F
1
V=300 km/h
f
F
2
F
2
The DOPPLER effect causes frequency shifts of the transmitted signal
Notion of Inter carriers interferences
20 20
Channel response
always changes always changes
H(f)
0dB
10dB
20dB
-10dB
0dB
T
0
-30dB
-20dB
f
T
1
In mobile reception, the frequency response of the channel always changes m p , f q y p f y g
So, it is necessary to realize a time prediction on the decoding
This implies the implementation of Time Interleaves
21 21
Operating Modes Gaussian
Gaussian Ricean Rayleigh Mobile y g
Condition to emulate
Fixed receiving condition
Echoless signal
Channel Characterization
1 2 3 4 5 6
Tap
One main path signal
Measurements objective
Intrinsic performance measurements p
Methodology
C/N increase to reach QEF
Input level sensitivity for different Input level sensitivity for different
modulation modes
Noise is added to the signal
22 22
Noise is added to the signal
Operating Modes Ricean
Condition to emulate Condition to emulate
Fixed receiving condition
Roof-antenna reception
Tap
One main path signal with 5 echoes
Set-top-box performances
1 2 3 4 5 6
Set-top-box performances
Methodology
Configure Ricean channel profile
C/N increase to reach QEF C/N increase to reach QEF
Input level sensitivity for different modulation
modes
23 23
Operating Modes Rayleigh
Portable receiving condition
Indoor/outdoor
Tap
One main path signal with 4 echoes
and 1 pre-echo
1 2 3 4 5 6
Portable receiver performances
Methodology
Configure Rayleigh channel profile Configure Rayleigh channel profile
C/N increase to reach QEF
Input level sensitivity for different modulation
modes
24 24
modes
Operating Modes Mobile
profiles profiles
Mobile receiving condition
6 path channel with Doppler effect 6 path channel with Doppler effect
Handset performances in mobilty
In car demodulator performances In car demodulator performances
Methodology
Configure Mobile channel profile
Adjust the C/N and Doppler to reach FER5% or Adjust the C/N and Doppler to reach FER5% or
MFER 5%
Draw the C/N performance curve
25 25
DVB- T example
26 26
Source: ETS 300 744
The transmission constraints
Noise
- Random phenomenon
- Transmission errors
?
?
Frequency selectivity
- Fading/lost of some
frequencies
?
Time selectivity
- Changes of the channel
response
- Mobility
?
Echoes
- Echoes interferences with the
main path
?
y
DOPPLER
- Spectrum changes in
frequencies (DOPPLER)
?
27 27

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