International Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematical Fundamentals (Vol.

07, Issue 01)

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On Certain S On Certain S On Certain S On Certain Spaces of Bicomplex paces of Bicomplex paces of Bicomplex paces of Bicomplex S SS Sequences equences equences equences

Mamta Amol Wagh

Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College
Shivaji Marg, Karampura, New Delhi 110015, India
(University of Delhi)
nigam.mamta@gmail.com


Abstract
The study of sequence spaces plays an important role
in the study of analytic and integral functions. In 2007,
Srivastava and Srivastava [7] defined and studied a
class B of bicomplex sequences associated with the
functions which are holomorphic in the bicomplex
space C
2
, i.e., bicomplex entire functions. In this
paper, we have furthered their study. The structure of
the spectrum of an element in B has been formulated.
Two subclasses B and B* have been defined and
studied with a functional analytic viewpoint. B* has
been shown to be a subalgebra of B which is not a
normed subalgebra of B. However B* has been
furnished with a Hilbert Space structure, in its own
right.
Keywords: Gelfand algebra, Spectrum, Quasi
invertible elements, Hilbert space.
1. Introduction
Analytic functions and integral functions have
always been an important part of analysis. Most
of the studies of such functions are done with the
help of their series representations. Certain
important behaviours of such functions can be
characterized in terms of the sequence of
coefficients of their series representations. This
makes the study of sequences of their
coefficients an important tool for the study of
analytic and integral functions. In this paper, we
have studied a particular class of bicomplex
sequences associated with the bicomplex
functions which are holomorphic in the
bicomplex space C
2.
In the year 2007, Srivastava
and Srivastava [7] studied a class B of entire
bicomplex sequences. In this paper, we have
explored the same class. Two subclasses of B
have been defined and studied.
2. About
2
C
Bicomplex numbers were discovered by Corrado
Segre [5] in 1892. Throughout this paper the set
of bicomplex numbers is denoted by
2
C and the
set of real and complex numbers are denoted by
C
0
and C
1
respectively.
A bicomplex numbers is defined as follows:
=
0 4 3 2 1 4 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
C x , x , x , x : x i i x i x i x + + +

where i
1
2

= i
2
2
= 1 ; i
1
i
2
= i
2
i
1
.

The set of bicomplex numbers defined as
follows:
2
C = { }
0 4 3 2 1 4 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
, , , : C x x x x x i i x i x i x + + +
or equivalently as
2
C = { } , :
1 2 1 2 2 1
C z z z i z + .
Equipped with coordinate wise addition and real
scalar multiplication and term by term
multiplication,
2
C becomes a commutative
algebra with identity
0 . . 0 . 0 . 1 1
2 1 2 1
i i i i + + + = .
2.1 Idempotent elements
Beside 0 and 1, there are exactly two nontrivial
idempotent elements in
2
C and defined as e
1
= (1 + i
1
i
2
) / 2, e
2
= (1 i
1
i
2
) / 2. Obviously, e
1
+
e
2
= 1 and e
1
.e
2
= e
2
.e
1
= 0.

Every bicomplex number =
2 2 1
z i z + has a
unique idempotent representation as
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=
1
.e
1
+
2
.e
2
(cf. [8]) where
1
=
2 1 1
z i z ,

2
=
2 1 1
z i z + are called the idempotent
components of .
2.2 Norm
Norm in
2
C is defined as
{ }
2 / 1
2
2
2
1
z z + = =
2 / 1
2
2
2
1
2

+
.
With respect to this norm
2
C becomes a
modified Banach algebra in the sense
that . 2 . .

2.3 Open Discus

An open discus centered at and associated
radii r
1
, r
2
is defined as
( ) { }
2
2 2
1
1 1
2
2
1
1
2 2 1
, : , ; r r e e C r r D < < + = =

2.4 Principal Ideals

The Principal Ideals in
2
C determined by
1
e and
2
e are denoted by
1
I and
2
I respectively; thus
{ }
2 1 1
: C e I = ,
{ }
2 2 2
: C e I = .
Alternatively,
{ }
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
, : ) ( C z z e z i z I =
{ }
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
, : ) ( C z z e z i z I + =
Note that { } 0
2 1
= I I and
2 2 1
O I I = , the
set of all singular elements of
2
C .


2.5 Conjugates

Three types of Conjugates are defined (cf. [4]):
1. i
1
conjugate of

= =
_
2 2
_
1
z i z +
2. i
2
conjugate of =
2 2 1
*
z i z =


3. i
1
i
2
conjugate of = =
#

_
2 2
_
1
z i z

2.6 Holomorphic functions
Let X be a domain in C
2
. A function
2
: C X f is said to be holomorphic function
if , X a discus ( )
2 1
, ; r r D with r
1
>
0, r
2
> 0 and a bicomplex power series
representation in D such that
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1
; ,
k
k
k
f D r r

.
H(X) denotes the set of all holomorphic
functions on C
2
.

2.7 Entire Functions
A function f of a bicomplex variable is said to be
an entire function if it is holomorphic in the
entire bicomplex space
2
C .
2.8 Entire Bicomplex Sequence
If ( ) ( )
k
k
k
f =

1
represents an entire
function, the series
k
is called entire
bicomplex series and the sequence { }
k
is
called entire bicomplex sequence.
Refer [3] for detailed study of Bicomplex
numbers.

3. The Class B of Entire Bicomplex
Sequences

Srivastava & Srivastava [7] defined and studied a
class of entire Bicomplex sequences denoted by
B and defined as
{ } { }

< < + = =

k
k
k
k
k
k
k k k
k k e e f f
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
sup , sup : :

Or equivalently, as

{ }

< = =

k
k
k
k
k f f B
1
sup : : .
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3.1 Algebraic structure for B.

The binary compositions on B are defined as
follows:
Let { }
k
f = and { }
k
g = be arbitrary
members of B and
0
C a .
1. Addition : { }
k
g f = + where
1 , + = k
k k k

2. Scalar multiplication : { }
k
f a = .
where
0
, 1 , . C a k a
k k
=
3. Weighted Hadamard Multiplication :
{ }
k
g f = where
1 , = k k
k k
k
k
.
B is shown to be a commutative algebra with
identity element { }
k
k u

= .
B becomes a modified Banach algebra with
respect to the norm defined as
{ } B f k f
k k
k
k
= =

, sup
1
.
One of the results obtained by Srivastava and
Srivastava [7] which shall be required for our
work is given below.

Theorem 3.1: A sequence { }
k
f = in B
formed by non-singular bicomplex
numbers
k
, 1 k is invertible in B iff there
exists some M > 0 such that
1 ,
1

k M k
k
k

.

4. Spectrum of an Element of the
Class B

Srivastava and Srivastava [7] have obtained
conditions for invertibility and quasi invertibility
in B. This prompted us to investigate the
spectrum of an element of B.
Recall that the spectrum ( cf. [6]) of an element x
in a Banach algebra B with identity e defined as

( ) ( ) { } invertible non is e x C f = :
1

We, in this section, characterize the spectrum for
an element of the Banach algebra B with identity
u.
Theorem 4.1: Let { } B f
k
= . The spectrum
of f is given by F E A U U , where
A = set of all limit points of { }
k
k
k f =
*

E = the family of degenerate discuses
( ) 0 , ;
2
e D where
k
k
k .
2
=
F = the family of degenerate discuses
( ) , 0 ;
1
e D where
k
k
k .
1
=
Proof: Let { } B f
k
= . Then spectrum of f is
( ) { } { } B in invertible non is k C f
k
k B

= :
2

By Theorem 3.1,
{ }
k
k k k
k

= , is non-invertible in B, if
and only if one of the following two conditions
hold
(a) either
k
k
k

is unbounded, (4.1)
(b) or
2
O
k
for some k.

If
2
O
k
for some k, then
1
I
k
, for some k or
2
I
k
, for some k.
i.e., either 0
2 2
=
k
k
k , for some k (4.2)
or 0
1 1
=
k
k
k , for some k (4.3)
Therefore if the sequence { }
k
is non-invertible
in B, then either of the above three conditions
(4.1), (4.2), and 4.3) must hold.
Now, (4.1) holds if and only if

k
k
k

is unbounded
k
k
k
k
k

1

is unbounded

k
k
k
1
is unbounded

0
k
k
k
k
k
k

i.e., corresponding to { } B f
k
= there is
{ }
k
k
k f =
*
in B, and the limit points of all
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such sequences will belong to ( ) f . Let A be
the set of all these limit points.
Again,
(4.2)
k
k
k

=
2 2
, for some k

2 2
=
k
k
k , for some k
i.e., { } 1 , ,
1 2
2
1
+ k C e k e
k
k
, here
k
k
k
2 2
. = is fixed and varies over the
complex plane. All such bicomplex numbers
which are generated by
1 1 1
, C I e and a
single element
2 2
2
I e , that is, the discus
determined by
1
I and a singleton point in
2
I will
be a part of ( ) f .Let ( ) { } 0 , ;
2
2
= e D E be
the family of all such degenferate discuses.
(4.3)
k
k
k

=
1 1
, for some k

1 1
=
k
k
k , for some k
By the same argument as above, we can say that
( ) { } = , 0 ;
1
1
e D F ( ) f
Hence ( ) f = F E A U U .

{ } S u f C f
B
) ( : ) (
2

where S is the set of singular elements in B.
u f is singular in B
1
( B B
1
Q )
) (
1
f
B

Thus
) ( ) (
1
f f
B B

5. The Subclasses of B
In this section, we have defined two subclasses
of B viz., B and B . B consists of sequences
with members in I
1
and B consists of sequences
with members in I
2
defined as
B = { }

< =

k
k
k
k
k e f f
1
1
1
1
sup : :
and
B = { }

< =

k
k
k
k
k e f f
2
1
1
2
sup : : .
These subclasses can be viewed as the
idempotent parts of B in the sense that a member
of B is made up of the first idempotent
components of the terms of a member B.
Similarly a member of B is made up of the
second idempotent components of the terms of a
member B.
Since the study of these two subclasses is
similar we have studied only B . Similar
results can be analogously obtained for the
subclass B .
Theorem 5.1: B is a Gelfand algebra of B.
Proof: Let
{ }
p
f be an arbitrary Cauchy
sequence in B , where
{ }
1
1, '
p pk
p f z e B =
Since
{ }
p
f is a Cauchy sequence in B ,
therefore it is a Cauchy sequence in B.
And since B is complete, therefore B f
such that f f
p

0 f f
p
as p .
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
0
p p
f e f e fe fe + as
p
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
1 2
0
p p
f f e f f e + as
p
1 1 2 2
0, 0
p p
f f f f as
p
Now, since 1 , 0 , '
2
p f B f
p p
and
hence 0
2
f .
So that
1
1
.e f f =
In other words, ' B f
Hence B is complete.
Thus B is a commutative Banach algebra but
the identity of B, i.e.,
{ }
k
u k

= does not
belong to B . However, there is a localized
identity,
{ }
1
'
k
u k e

= , which belongs to B and

which is different from the identity of B.
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Finally note that B is a Gelfand algebra since,
1 sup '
1
= =

k k
k
k k u .

6. Hilbert Space B
*


In this section, we study another subclass B* of
Bicomplex Sequences defined as


{ }

< = =

=1
2
2
: *
k
k
k
k
k B f B

6.1 Algebraic Structure of B
*

B* is closed with respect to coordinate wise
addition and scalar multiplication.

6.1.1 Addition:
Let
{ } { }
k k k k k
x i i x i x i x f
4 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
+ + + = =
and
{ } { }
k k k k k
y i i y i y i y g
4 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
+ + + = =
be two sequences in B*.
< <


=

=
2
1
2
2
1
2
k
k
k
k
k
k
k and k

(6.1)
{ }
k
g f = + , where
k k k
+ = .
Now,
2 / 1
1
2
2
2 / 1
1
2
2
2 / 1
1
2
2

=
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k k
k
k k
k


,

(By Minkowski inequality.)

=1
2
2
k
k k
k
k <
* B + g f
Thus B* is closed with respect to addition.



6.1.2 Scalar multiplication:

Let
0
C a
{ }
k
f a = . , where
k K
a . =
< = =


=

= 1
2
2 2
1 1
2
2
2 2
2
. .
k
k
k
k k
k
k
k
k
k a k a a k

Thus, B* is closed with respect to scalar
multiplication.

6.1.3 Define, norm in B* as
2 / 1
1
2
2

= k
k
k
k f
Let { } { } { }
*
, , B h g f
k k k
= = = ,
Where
k k k k k
x i i x i x i x
4 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
+ + + = ,

k k k k k
y i i y i y i y
4 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
+ + + = ,

k k k k k
p i i p i p i p
4 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
+ + + =

6.1.4 Define the inner product as
follows:
( ) ( )

=
+ + + =
1
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
2
,
k
k k k k k k k k
k
y x y x y x y x k g f

This inner product generates the same norm on
B* as defined above. In fact,
( ) ( )

=
+ + + =
1
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
,
k
k k k k
k
x x x x k f f
=
2
1
2
2
f k
k
k
k
=

=

It can be verified that the inner product defined
as above satisfies the conditions

( ) ( ) g f f g , , . 1 =
2. ( ) f f , 0 and ( ) 0 , = f f 0 = f
3. ( ) h bg af , + ( ) ( ) h g b h f a , , + = .

6.1.5. Completeness of B*

Theorem 6.1. B
*
is complete.
Proof: Let { }
kp p
f = be an arbitrary Cauchy
sequence in B*, where
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kp p k p k p k p k
x i i x i x i x
4 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
+ + + = .
Therefore, given > 0, p
0
1 such that
0
, , p q p f f
q p
<
0
2
1
2
2
, , p q p k
k
kq kp
k
<

=


(6.2)
0
2
2
, 1 , p q p and k
kq kp
<

0
2
2
4 4
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
, , p q p x x
x x x x x x
kq kp
kq kp kq kp kq kp
< +
+ +
4 , 3 , 2 , 1
, 1 , , ,
0
=
<
j
k p q p x x
jkq jkp


Thus, 4 ,..., 1 , 1 = j k , { }
p k j
x is a Cauchy
sequence of real numbers, therefore, there exist
real numbers, say,
k k k k
x x x x
4 3 2 1
, , , such that
{ }
jk jkp
x x as p .
Define, { }
k
f = ,where
k k k k k
x i i x i x i x
4 2 1 3 2 2 1 1
+ + + =
We have to show that
(a) f f
p

(b) * B f
Taking q in (6.2), we get
2
1
2
2
<

= k
k kp
k
k ,
0
p p
< f f
p
,
0
p p
f f
p

Further,

2 / 1
1
2
2
2 / 1
1
2
2

= k
kp k kp
k
k
k
k
k k


2 / 1
1
2
2
2 / 1
1
2
2

= k
kp
k
k
k kp
k
k k

p p
f f f + = <
* B f
Hence, B* is complete.
Thus, * B is a complete inner product space and
hence a Hilbert space.

References

[1] S. K. Berbarian, Lectures in Functional
Analysis and Operator Theory, Springer
International, Student Edition 1974.
[2] R. Larsen, "Functional Analysis : An
Introduction", Marcel Dekker, New York,
1973.
[3]G. Baley Price, "An Introduction to
Multicomplex Spaces and functions", Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1991.
[4] D. Rochon, M. Shapiro, "On Algebraic
Properties of Bicomplex and Hyperbolic
Numbers, Anal. Univ. Oradea, fasc.
Math.,11, 2004, 71 110.
[5] C. Segre, Le Rapresentazioni Reali Delle
forme complesse e Gli Enti Iperalgebrici,
Math. Ann., 40, 1892, 413 467.
[6] D. Somusundaram, A First Course in
Functional Analysis, Narosa Publishers,
2006.
[7] R. K. Srivastava, N. K. Srivastava On a
class of Entire Bicomple sequences, South
East Asian J. Math. & Math. Sc. 5(3), 2007,
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[8] R. K. Srivastava, Certain topological aspects
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Math. Dec., 2008.