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Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-1:
Principles and Theories of Penetrating Radiation
Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used
for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full
understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.
1. Which of these isotopes emit Alpha particles?
Cobalt 60
Radium 226
Iridium 192
Caesium 137
2. Calculate the efficiency of X-ray production given that the accelerating voltage is 250 Kv and the
target material is tungsten?
18.5
3.34
1.85
0.33
3. Which of those listed below could be considered as a photon?
Gamma Ray
X-ray
Beta particle
Gamma ray and x-ray
All the above
4. X-rays used in radiography have a wavelength in the region of?
10
-1
- 10
-4
m

10
2
- 10
-4
m

10
-9
- 10
-13
m

10
-2
- 10
-4
m

5. Compton scattering occurs at photon energies of approximately?
Upto about 0.3 MeV
0.3 to 3.0 MeV
Over 3.0 MeV
May occur at any photon energy
6. A scattered photon that does not experience an energy shift is called?
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Page 1 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-1.html
Compton scatter
Photoelectric effect
Coherent scatter
Pair production
7. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in the K Shell of an atom?
8
6
4
2
8. The mode by which low energy photons interact with matter is known as?
Photoelectric effect
Pair production
Compton scattering
All of the above
9. The positron is considered to be equal to the electron in which of the following conditions?
Charge
Rest mass
Rest energy
All of the above
Rest energy and rest mass only
10. Which group in the chemical periodic table is very inactive?
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group O
11. Photons have which of the following characteristics?
No energy
No elastic charge
Positive magnetic field
No energy and no electric charge
All of the above
12. Given a decay constant of 0.0023 calculate the half life of the isotope?
73 days
165 days
301 days
370 days
13. How many Becquerels are there in 28 curie?
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Page 2 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-1.html
1.036 GBq
10.36 GBq
1036 GBq
103.6 GBq
14. Generally, neutron interaction may occur in which of the following ways?
Collision with oribital electrons
Collision with the nucleus
Scattered by the nucleus
All the above
Only collision with the nucleus and scattered by the nucleus
15. A photon enters an atom with an energy of 350 KeV. It knocks out an electron held by a binding
energy of 58 Kev and accelerates it to an energy of 95 KeV. What energy would the scattered radiation
be?
197 KeV
95 KeV
123 Kev
Not enough information is given
16. Calculate the intensity of 20 curies of Ir 192 at 5 m from an unshielded source?
0.384 R / Hr
0.22 R / Hr
0.88 R / Hr
0.66 R / Hr
17. Caluclate the build up factor for a 30 mm thick material with an absorption coefficient of 0.45?
13.5
2.35
1.35
14.35
18. Which of the following statements is true?
As energy decreases inherent unsharpness increases
As energy increases omherent unsharpness increases
Inherent unsharpness values are constant
Inherent unsharpness values do not relate to energy values
19. Calculate the thickness of a material - half value layer of 15mm - required to reduce the intesnity
from 100 R / Hr to 50 R / Hr?
60.2mm
64.85mm
43.29mm
58.54mm
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Page 3 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-1.html
20. Caluclate the intensity of 135 Ci Ir 192 isotope 5 m from the outside of conrete bunker - 430mm
thickness. The isotope is in the centre of a 26mm steel vessel 4m diamater. The distance from the
vessel to the wall of the bunker is 2m. HVL - Iridium 13mm, HVL Concrete - Iridium 43mm, Dose rate
iridium R / Hr / Ci at 1m = 0.48?
2.63mR/Hr
0.195mR/Hr
13.23mR/Hr
0.062mR/Hr

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> Contact Us
Lavender International , Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom
Telephone: + 44 (0) 1226 765 769 Fax: + 44 (0) 1226 760 707
All Content & Design is Copyright 2000 Lavender International NDT Ltd
Page 4 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-1.html
Here are the corrections:
1. Radium 226
2. 1.85
3. Gamma ray and x-ray
4. 10
-9
- 10
-13
m
5. 0.3 to 3.0 MeV
6. Coherent scatter
7. 2
8. Photoelectric effect
9. Rest energy and rest mass only
10. Group O
11. No elastic charge
12. 301 days
13. 1036 GBq
14. Only collision with the nucleus and scattered by the nucleus
15. 197 KeV
16. 0.384 R / Hr
17. 2.35
18. As energy increases omherent unsharpness increases
19. 64.85mm
20. 0.195mR/Hr

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Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-2:
Radiographic Equipment X-Ray
Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used
for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full
understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.
1. Of the following which is an electron accelerating device?
Van De Graaf
Betatron
250 Kv X Ray Set
All of the above
Van De Graaf and betatron only
2. Calculate the charge on the belt of a Van De Graaf given that capacitance is 350F and the voltage is
250V?
8750 C
87.5 x 10
3
C

8.75 x 10
3
C

875 C
3. Betatrons are capable of penetrating steel upto the order of?
40cm
60cm
80cm
100cm
4. Which of the following circuits give a rectified AC output?
Graetz circuit
Villard circuit
Greinacker circuit
Graetz circuit and Greinacker circuit only
5. Which of the following may occur if the correct X Ray tube warm up procedure is NOT followed?
Thermal shock
Backfire due to outgassing of the target
Arc over
All of the above
6. The additio of a hood to the anode provides which of the following advantages?
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Page 1 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-2
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-2.html
Increase the efficiency of X Ray production
Reduces the amount of external radiation shielding required
Increases the flow of electrons from the cathode giving higher output
Increase the efficiency of X Ray production and Increases the flow of electrons from
the cathode giving higher output
All of the above
7. Which of the following will reduce the amount of geometric unsharpness?
Increase object to film distance
Reduce focal spot size
reduce focal spot to object distance
None of the above
8. When constructing an X Ray exposure chart which of the following variables are NOT held constant?
Processing times
Kilovoltages
Exposure times
All of the above are held constant
9. In Figure One at the bottom of the page, what does 4 represent?
The belt
The insulting gas
The target
The electron gun
10. In Figure One at the bottom of the page, what does 1 represent?
The belt
The insulting gas
The target
The electron gun
11. In Figure One at the bottom of the page, what does 5 represent?
The belt
The insulting gas
The target
The electron gun
12. Which of the following X Ray generators uses a magnetic field to produce high energy radiation?
Linear accelerators
Betatrons
Resonance transformers
Van de Graaf Generators
13. How does a focusing cup in an X Ray tube focus the beam?
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Page 2 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-2
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-2.html
By using a magnetic field
By using a positive field
By using a negative field
By using frequency modulation
14. Filament currents in X Ray tubes are correct in the order of ?
1 - 10 amps
10 - 20 amps
0.5 - 20 milliamps
1 - 10 milliamps
15. Calculate the geometric unsharpness given that the focal spot size is 3mm, the focus to the film
distance is 350mm and the material thickness is 30mm?
0.19mm
0.26mm
0.28mm
0.31mm
16. Which of the following metals is more transparent to X rays than any other?
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Byzantum
17. In Figure Two below, which number represents the milliameter?
4
6
7
9
18. In Figure Two below, what number represents the kilovoltage selector switch?
2
3
9
8
19. In Figure Two below, what number represents the HT Transformer?
1
2
3
5
8
20. In Figure Two below, what number represents the filament transformer?
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Page 3 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-2
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-2.html
1
2
3
5
8



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Figure One (click image to enlarge) Figure Two (click image to enlarge)
> Contact Us
Lavender International , Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom
Telephone: + 44 (0) 1226 765 769 Fax: + 44 (0) 1226 760 707
All Content & Design is Copyright 2000 Lavender International NDT Ltd
Page 4 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-2
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-2.html
Here are the corrections:
1. All of the above
2. 87.5 x 10
3
C
3. 40cm
4. Graetz circuit and Greinacker circuit only
5. All of the above
6. Reduces the amount of external radiation shielding required
7. Reduce focal spot size
8. Exposure times
9. The insulting gas
10. The belt
11. The electron gun
12. Betatrons
13. By using a negative field
14. 1 - 10 amps
15. 0.28mm
16. Beryllium
17. 4
18. 9
19. 2
20. 5

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Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-3:
Radiographic Equipment Gamma-Ray
Note: Question 7 - 10 are based on the following 1/2 lives Ir 192 - 75 days Co60 - 5.3 years and Tm 170 - 130 days (You may want to
use log graph paper to help you)
Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used
for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full
understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.
1. Which of the following isotopes is created artificially?
Radium 226
Thulium 170
Uranium 238
All of the above
2. Why is depleted uranium now preferred as an isotope shield in place of lead?
More file resistance
Less material is required for the same protection
More structurally durable
All of the above
Only more file resistance and more structurally durable
3. Which isotope would have gamma ray energy of 0.3-0.6Mev?
Iridium
Cobalt
Radium
Thulium
4. Which of the following is NOT a disintegration mechanism on its own?
Alpha particle emission
Beta particle emission
Gamma ray emission
All are possible
5. What symbol is missing from the equation: 191 Ir + ? - 192 Ir + Gamma Ray
Nuclide
Nucleus
Neutron
Proton
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Page 1 of 3 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-3
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-3.html
6. To which of the following elements does iridium 192 decay?
Platinum 192
Iridium 191
Osmium 192
Both Platinum 192 and Osmium 192
All of the above
7. What will be the activity of a 50 curie Co60 Isotope after 7.4 years?
38 curie
25 curie
19 curie
14 curie
8. What will be the activity of a 65 curie Ir 192 Isotope after 200 days?
18.5 curies
15.2 curies
12.6 curies
9.75 curies
9. What will be the activity of a 20 curie Tm 170 isotope after 26 days?
17.4 curies
15.6 curies
12.8 curies
10.1 curies
10. What will be the activity of 35 curies Ir 192 after 110 days?
32.18 curies
22.63 curies
12.78 curies
5.23 curies
11. To what stable element does Cobalt 60 decay?
Cobalt 59
Nickel 60
Nickel 59
Barium 60
12. What are the gamma ray energies of Cobalt 60?
1.33 MeV
1.17 MeV
0.66 MeV
All of the above
Both 1.33 MeV and 1.17 MeV
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Page 2 of 3 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-3
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-3.html
13. Which of the following isotopes could be succesfully used to radiography 15mm of Aluminium?
Cobalt 60
Iridium 192
Thulium 170
Isotopes cannot be used on that thickness of Aluminium
14. Gamma ray energies are measured in?
Roentgens
Roentgens per hour
MeV or KeV
Any of the above
15. Calculate the intensity 3m from a 25 curie isotope of iridium?
5.092 R/Hr
1.528 R/Hr
0.611 R/Hr
0.323 R/Hr


> Check Your Answers

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> Contact Us
Lavender International , Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom
Telephone: + 44 (0) 1226 765 769 Fax: + 44 (0) 1226 760 707
All Content & Design is Copyright 2000 Lavender International NDT Ltd
Page 3 of 3 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-3
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-3.html
Here are the corrections:
1. Thulium 170
2. All of the above
3. Iridium
4. All are possible
5. Neutron
6. Both Platinum 192 and Osmium 192
7. 19 curie
8. 9.75 curies
9. 17.4 curies
10. 12.78 curies
11. Nickel 60
12. Both 1.33 MeV and 1.17 MeV
13. Thulium 170
14. MeV or KeV
15. 1.528 R/Hr

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Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-4:
Radiographic Safety & Detection Equipment
Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used
for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full
understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.
1. During exposure to X or gamma radiation what is the mechanism by which damage to cell tissue
occurs?
Scintillation
Ionisation
Contamination
Ionisation and Contamination
2. Which of the following is considered to be the most biologically dangerous when coming into contact
with living tissue?
X-rays
Gamma rays
Alpha particles
Beta rays
All the above are equally dangerous
3. What do the letters TLD stand for?
Thermonic luminous diode
Thermo luminescent dosimetry
Thermo luminous dosemeter
Thermonic luminescent dosemeter
4. Which is the most common phospur used in TLD manufacture?
Calcium tungstate
Sodium fluoride
Sodium carbonate
Lithium fluoride
5. Apart from personnel monitoring what other uses may a TLD have?
Environmental monitoring
Archaeology
Geological diating
All of the above
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Page 1 of 3 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-4
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-4.html
6. Which of the following radiation types may be detected using Scintillation detectors?
Alpha particles
Gamma rays
Beta particles
Neutrons
All of the above
7. Which of the following radiation detectors uses a gas filled chamber?
Semi conductor detector
Thermoluminescent detector
Proportional counter
All of the above
8. Which below is an advantage of the scintillation detector over the typical gas ionisation chamber?
Higher efficiencies
Smaller than the gas filled detector
Highly sensitive
All of above
9. Which cell of the human body is considered the most radiosensitive?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Skin cells
Blood vessel cells
10. Which of the following measures the ionising effect in air?
Rad / Grey
Rem / Sievert
Roentgen
All of the above
11. Calculate the distance required to reduce the intensity from 550 R/Hr at 0.5m to 7.5m R/Hr?
183.3.m
152.5m
135.4m
18.3m
12. Which of the following devices uses a gas to help amplifier the ionisation effect and thereby make it
more sensitive?
Semi conductor detectors
Scintillation detectors
Thermoluminescent detectors
GM tube devices
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Page 2 of 3 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-4
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-4.html
13. How much concrete would be required to reduce the intensity of an Ir 192 source from 100 R/Hr to
10 R/Hr?
139.7mm
125.3mm
62.5mm
34mm
14. Calibration limits when checking the accuracy of survey instruements is usually?
+/ -20%
+/ -15%
+/ -10%
+/ -5%
15. Which of the following is the most essential piece of equipment when working with isotopes?
Film badge
Warning signals
Survey meter
Pocket dosemeters


> Check Your Answers

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> Contact Us
Lavender International , Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom
Telephone: + 44 (0) 1226 765 769 Fax: + 44 (0) 1226 760 707
All Content & Design is Copyright 2000 Lavender International NDT Ltd
Page 3 of 3 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-4
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-4.html
Here are the corrections:
1. Ionisation
2. Alpha particles
3. Thermo luminescent dosimetry
4. Lithium fluoride
5. All of the above
6. All of the above
7. Proportional counter
8. All of above
9. White blood cells
10. Roentgen
11. 135.4m
12. GM tube devices
13. 139.7mm
14. +/-20%
15. Survey meter

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Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-5:
General Radiographic Principles
Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used
for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full
understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.
1. Calculate the density when Incident Light source is 5000 lux and the transmitted light intensity is 70
lux?
0.92
1.85
4.21
7.14
2. Radiographic sensitivity is a function of which of the following factors?
Definition and resolution
Resolution and contrast
Contrast and definition
Unsharpness and resolution
3. An acceptable radiograph was made at 300 mm for 20 mA minutes. What would be the new
exposure at 500 mm?
40.8 mA min
55.6 mA min
33.3 mA min
12 mA min
4. The density difference on two adjacent areas of a radiograph is called?
Sensitivity
Resolution
Subject Contrast
Radiographic Contrast
5. Which of the following screen types will give the sharpest definition?
Lead foil screens
Fluorescent screens
Fluo-metallic screens
All the above will give a similar definition
6. Pair production occurs at energies above approximately
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Page 1 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-5
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-5.html
0.1 MeV
0.53 MeV
1.02 MeV
10.06 MeV
7. You are required to radiograph a 80 mm section of steel which radiation type listed below would you
use?
200 Kv X-Ray Unit
Iridium 192
Thulium 170
Cobalt 60
8. The thickness variation that corresponds to the useful density range is known as?
Contrast
Resolution
Latitude
Sensitivity
9. The clarity and sharpness of an image can be improved by which of the following?
Slow speed films
Longer object to film distances
Larger size films
Slow speed films and longer object to film distances
10. The process by which silver halide is converted to metallic silver is known as?
Fixing
Development
Latent imaging
Transformation
11. Which of the following will affect contrast?
Scatter
Grain size of the film
Radiation energy
Changes in section thickness
All of the above
12. An increase in electron flow from the filament will result from which of the following?
An increase in the millamps
An increase in the kilovoltage
An increase in the temperature of the filament
All of the above will increase electron flow
13. Calculate the geometric unsharpness given the following: Object thickness of 25mm, Source to film
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Page 2 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-5
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-5.html
distance 350mm and Source effective size 3mm?
0.21mm
4.67mm
4.33mm
0.23mm
14. Which of the following represents the reciprocity law?
M
1
X T
1
2
= M
2
X T
2
2

I
1
X D
1
2
= I
2
X D
2
2
M
1
X T
1
= M
2
X T
2

E
1
X D
2
2
= E
2
X D
1
2
15. Calculate the new distance given that the original exposure was 12 mA minutes at 300mm and a
new exposure of 5 mA minutes is desired?
154.2mm
193.6mm
464.8mm
37500mm
16. The equivalence factor for steel / lead using Iridium 192 is 1.0 to 4.0. What exposure would be
required to shoot 1.5cm of lead if the exposure fr the same thickness of steel was 15 curie minutes?
3.75 curie minutes
7.5 curie minutes
30 curie minutes
60 curie minutes
17. Which of the following will help to reduce scattered radiation?
Lead foil screens
Masks
Diaphrams
Lead foil screens and masks
All the above
18. What effect will a filter have when placed in a radiation beam?
Reduce subject contrast
Increases the radiation energy
Reduce the latitude
All the above
19. When radiographing a large grain material a mottled pattern is observed on the radiograph. How
may this be eliminated?
Lower the Kv and use fluorescent screen
Lower the Kv and use lead screens
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Page 3 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-5
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-5.html
Raise the Kv and use lead screens
Raise the Kv and use fluorescent screens
20. Scatter with an angle of greater than 90 degrees is known as?
Side scatter
Back scatter
Internal scatter
Radiographic undercutting

> Check Your Answers

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Page 4 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-5
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-5.html
Here are the corrections:
1. 1.85
2. Contrast and definition
3. 55.6 mA min
4. Radiographic Contrast
5. Lead foil screens
6. 1.02 MeV
7. Cobalt 60
8. Latitude
9. Slow speed films
10. Development
11. Grain size of the film
12. All of the above will increase electron flow
13. 0.23mm
14. M
1
X T
1
= M
2
X T
2

15. 193.6mm
16. 60 curie minutes
17. All the above
18. Reduce subject contrast
19. Raise the Kv and use lead screens
20. Back scatter

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Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-6:
Film and Film Processing
Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used
for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full
understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.
1. Which of the following will improve film contrast?
Using a faster film
Using a higher temperature developer
Increasing the radiation energy
Reducing the focal spot size
2. Which of the following chemicals is checked for when condisdering archival storage?
Thulium sulphate
Thiosulphate
Silver bromide
Acitic acid
3. A straight dark line is evident on a radiograph however, on a re-shoot the line is no longer evident.
What may be the cause of the problem?
A crack in the weld
Dust on the film
A scratch on the lead foil screen
Static marks
4. The abrupt bending of a film prior to exposure will cause which of the following?
White crimp mark
Static marks
Scratches
Fogging
5. Which of the following may cause slight fogging of a film?
High temperatures
High humidity
Incorrect safelight levels
All the above
6. When using real time radiography which of the following artefacts could occur
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Page 1 of 3 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-6
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-6.html
Crimp marks
Dust
Electronic Noise
Dust and electronic noise
All of the above
7. What is required to create a latent image on a silver halide salt crystal?
Developer
Fixation
Energy
All of the above
8. Which of the following is a component of the developer?
Ammonium thiosulphate
Sodium carbonate
Acetic Acid
Aluminium chloride
9. Which of the following is a component of the fixer which clears away unexposed silver bromide
crystals?
Ammonium thiosulphate
Sodium carbonate
Acetic Acid
Aluminium chloride
10. Which of the following chemicals is used in the stop bath?
Ammonium thiosulphate
Sodium carbonate
Acetic Acid
Aluminium chloride
11. Approximately what percentage of the original silver in the film remains in the fixer solution?
10%
20%
40%
60%
12. Calculate the density if the incident light is 6200 lux and the transmitted light is 20 lux?
2.5
1.5
2.3
2.8
13. Which chemical is used in both developer and fixer as a preservative?
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Page 2 of 3 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-6
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-6.html
Phenidone
Sodium sulphate
Water
Potassium bromide
14. Fast films have ??? with respect to slow films?
Wider latitude and good contrast
Wider latitude and low contrast
Narrow latitude and low contrast
Narrow latitude and good contrast
15. What is the approximate PH level of the stop bath?
10
8
6
4
2

> Check Your Answers

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> Contact Us
Lavender International , Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom
Telephone: + 44 (0) 1226 765 769 Fax: + 44 (0) 1226 760 707
All Content & Design is Copyright 2000 Lavender International NDT Ltd
Page 3 of 3 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-6
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-6.html
Here are the corrections:
1. Using a higher temperature developer
2. Thiosulphate
3. A scratch on the lead foil screen
4. White crimp mark
5. All the above
6. Dust and electronic noise
7. Energy
8. Sodium carbonate
9. Ammonium thiosulphate
10. Acetic Acid
11. 40%
12. 2.5
13. Sodium sulphate
14. Wider latitude and low contrast
15. 2

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Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-7:
Other Radiographic Methods (excluding Neutron Radiography)
Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used
for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full
understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.
1. Most commercial flash radiography is performed with equipment using exposure in the order of?
0 - 10 nS
20 - 70 nS
10 - 30 S
50 - 100 S
2. Which of the following is an application of flash radiography?
Delonics
Ballistics
Biomedical
All of the above
3. Which of the following can be used to record flash radiography?
Film
Electro optical systems
Cinefilm
All of the above
4. Using the rigid formula method calculate the depth from the source side of the test plate - 80mm
thick - to the defect given the following: Source shift between exposure 'A'=150mm, The image shift of
the flaw 'B'=20mm, The source to film distance 'T'=500mm. Assume the film is in contact with the test
piece
21.2mm
58.8mm
62.3mm
Not enough information is given
5. The technique that produces an image of a region in a plane of an object without interference from
the adjacent plane is known as?
Real time radiography
In motion radiography
Tomography
Microradiography
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Page 1 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-7
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-7.html
6. Which of the following is NOT required in radiation gaging techniques
Film
Source
Gaging device
All the above are required
7. Which of the following can be achieved using radiation gaging?
Composition gaging
Thickness gaging
Density gaging
All the above
Only thickness gaging and density gaging
8. Which technique would generally be used to inspect a pipeline where access is available to both
inside and outside of the pipe?
Double wall double image
Double wall single image
Panoramic
Single wall double image
9. X-ray diffraction is used in which od the following applications?
Defect location
Identifying compunds
Thickness gaging
Density measurements
10. Which is another term to describe fluoroscopy?
Tomography
Laminography
Real time radiography
Microradiography
11. Which screen type is used with real time radiography?
Lead foil
Calcium tungstate
Fluorometallic
A combination of the above screens may be used
12. Calculate the magnification factor for a Real Time Image projection given that focal spot to object
distance 'a'=250mm and the object to screen distance 'b'=150mm?
1.6X
1.4X
0.5X
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Page 2 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-7
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-7.html
0.625X
13. Which of the radiation sources listed below can be used for real time radiography?
Iridium 192
Cobalt 60
Conventional hot cathode X-ray units
Linear accelerators
All the above may be used
14. As compared to conventional film radiography which of the following is an advantage of fluroscopy?
Higher sensitivity
Higher resolution
Faster results
Can work at any Kv level
15. When viewing fluroscopic images which screen colour would give the highest visual activity all
factors being equal?
Red light
Blue light
White light
Yellow / Green light
16. Which of the following is an application of fluoroscopy?
Steel castings
Light alloy castings
Baggage inspection
All of the above
Only light alloy castings and baggage inspection
17. A tube which converts photons to electrons, accelerates the electrons, and then reconverts them to
light is known as a?
Photdiode
Image intesnifier
Photomultiplier tube
Fluorescent screen
18. The radiographic technique which uses radiation given off from a radioactive specimen is known
as?
Neutron radiography
Autoradiography
Stereoradiography
Electronradiography
19. Which of the following is an example of in-motion radiography?
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Page 3 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-7
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-7.html
Linear motion
Rotary motion
Syncronous radiography
Only linear motion and rotary motion
All of the above
20. Which of the following is a method of Radiographically determining the depth of a flaw?
The parallax method
Rigid formula method
Single marker approximate formula
All the above will determine the depth of a flaw

> Check Your Answers

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> Contact Us
Lavender International , Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom
Telephone: + 44 (0) 1226 765 769 Fax: + 44 (0) 1226 760 707
All Content & Design is Copyright 2000 Lavender International NDT Ltd
Page 4 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-7
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-7.html
Here are the corrections:
1. 20 - 70 nS
2. All of the above
3. All of the above
4. 21.2mm
5. Tomography
6. Film
7. All the above
8. Panoramic
9. Identifying compunds
10. Real time radiography
11. Calcium tungstate
12. 1.6X
13. All the above may be used
14. Faster results
15. Yellow / Green light
16. Only light alloy castings and baggage inspection
17. Image intesnifier
18. Autoradiography
19. All of the above
20. All the above will determine the depth of a flaw

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Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-8:
Interpretation Welds and Castings
Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used
for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full
understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.
1. Density readigs should be accurate to within?
+/ -0.02
+/ -0.04
+/ -0.05
+/ -0.10
2. Which of the following would cause a white spot on the film?
Light fog
Dust on the film prior to development
Crimp mark after development
Static marks
3. How might an inclusion appear on a radiograph?
Straight back line
Dark, irregular shaped area
Light irregular shaped area
Dark, irregular shaped area OR light, irregular shaped area depending on the nature
of the inclusion
4. A dark well defined black line 2mm in width is noted in the centre of the weld, what would you
interpret this defect to be?
Lack of root fusion
Root undercut
Lack of penetration
Slag line
5. Another name for pipe misalignment is?
Hi-low
Underfill
Undercut
Overlap
6. Which of the following defects would be most difficult to observe radiographically?
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Page 1 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-8
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-8.html
Porosity
Undercut
Overlap / Cold lap
Slag line
7. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where lack of fusion may occur?
1
2
3
4
8. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where lack of penetration may occur?
3
2
4
6
9. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where undercut would occur?
1
2
6
3
10. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where heat affected zone cracking may occur?
1
2
3
4
11. A black jagged line is noted on a radiograph of the change in section of a casting. What is the most
likely cause of this indication?
Filamentary shrinkage
Hot tear
Micro shrinkage
Sand inclusion
12. When two bodies of molten metal fail to fuse in a casting the resultant discontinuity is called?
A misrun
Lack of fusion
Cold shut
All of the above
13. A metal device used to support the core inside the mold of a casting is called?
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Page 2 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-8
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-8.html
Chaplet
Chill
Core shift
Feeder head
14. Which of the following cast defects could easily be radiographically interpreted as a crack?
Sand inclusions
Blow holes
Hot tears
Shrinkage
15. A black line 2mm wide is noted on a radiograph. It runs from the cast surface into the casting.
Which of the following is the best description of this indication?
Wormhole
Blowhole
Porosity
Sand inclusion
16. A dark patchy area is noted on a radiograph in the centre of a parallel sided cast section. Which of
the following discontinuities is this likely to be?
Sand inclsuion
Wormhole
Shrinkage
Cold shut
17. A metal insert in the mold surface used to increase the cooling rate in that area is called?
A chaplet
A cooler
A core
A chill
18. A resovoir of molten metal used to reduce the effects of solidification shrinkage is called?
A feeder
A runner
A flask
A hot spot
19. When radiographing the butt weld end of a casting using the single wall single image method it is
noticed that the density varies around the butt weld end assuming there has been no changes in
exposure or development, what may have caused this condition?
Shrinkage
Chill
Core shift
Unfused chaplet
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Page 3 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-8
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-8.html
20. Which of the following could give rise to a leakage path through the wall of a casting?
Core shift
A chill
An unfused chaplet
A sand inclusion



> Check Your Answers

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Figure One (click image to enlarge)
> Contact Us
Lavender International , Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom
Telephone: + 44 (0) 1226 765 769 Fax: + 44 (0) 1226 760 707
All Content & Design is Copyright 2000 Lavender International NDT Ltd
Page 4 of 4 Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-8
9/19/2001 http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-8.html
Here are the corrections:
1. +/-0.02
2. Dust on the film prior to development
3. Dark, irregular shaped area OR light, irregular shaped area depending on the nature of
the inclusion
4. Lack of penetration
5. Hi-low
6. Overlap / Cold lap
7. 2
8. 4
9. 3
10. 1
11. Hot tear
12. Cold shut
13. Chaplet
14. Hot tears
15. Blowhole
16. Shrinkage
17. A chill
18. A feeder
19. Core shift
20. An unfused chaplet