Professional Documents
Culture Documents
បេតុងពង្រឹងដោយដែក 8 viii-shear-and-diagonal-tension
បេតុងពង្រឹងដោយដែក 8 viii-shear-and-diagonal-tension
T.Chhay
VIII.
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
Shear and Diagonal Tension
1> esckIepIm
enAeBlEdlFwmTMrsamBargnUvbnk m:Um:g;Bt; nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgnwgekIteLIgelIRbEvgFwm. edIm,IRT
nUvbnkenHedaysuvtiPaB FwmRtUv)aneFVIkarKNnaeLIgedIm,ITb;nwgkMlaMgTaMgBIrRbePTenH. karKNnasMrab;
karBt;RtUv)aneFVIeLIgdMbUgeK edIm,IkMNt;muxkat;Fwm nigEdkemcaM)ac; dUcEdl)anENnaMBIemeronmun.
bnab;mkFwmRtUv)anKNnaedIm,ITb;nwgkMlaMgkat;TTwg. kgkrNIEdlEdkkgminRtUv)andak; enaHFwm
nwg)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwg. kar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwg ekIteLIgedaymanPaBdabtUc nig)at;bg;nUv
lkNyWt ehIymin)anRbkasGasnenAmuneBl)ak;eT. sMrab;kar)ak;edaykarBt;begag ekIteLIgeday
karekIneLIgnUvPaBdabbnicmg nigmansameRbH dUcenHvamankarpl;sBaaRbkasGasnmuneBl)ak;cug
eRkay. karKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IFananUvkar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwgekIteLIg
eRkaykar)ak;edaykarBt;begag.
2> kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;enAkgFwmebtugGarem:
rUbmnTUeTAsMrab;kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgenAFwmrUbFatusac;mYy (homogenous beam) karBRgaykug
RtaMg
VQ
=
*>!
Ib
V - kMlaMgkat;srubenAmuxkat;EdlRtUvsikSa
Edl
Q - m:Um:g;saTiceFobGkSNWtnmuxkat;EdlxNedaybnat;EdlRtUvsikSakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
125
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
- m:Um:g;niclPaBnmuxkat;eFobGkSNWt
b - TTwgFwmnmuxkat;EdlRtUvsikSakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
karBRgaykugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt; nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgGaRsyeTAnwgRTwsIbTeGLasicsMrab;muxkat;Fwm
ctuekaN dUcbgajkgrUbTI8>2.
kugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt;
I
f =
Mc
I
Edl kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;enARKb;cMnucTaMgGs;RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmnkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
=
VQ
Ib
126
NPIC
T.Chhay
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
127
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
fp =
f
f
+ v2
2
2
*>@
GaMgtg;sIuetnkugRtaMgEkgEdlbNalmkBIkarBt;
v = kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
kar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkgFwmebtugPaKeRcInTMngCaekIteLIgenAkEngEdlkMlaMg
kat;TTwgGtibrma CaTUeTAenAEk,rTMrnGgt;. PstagTImYykar)ak;EdlKYreGayPyxayKWkarekIteLIgnUv
sameRbHGgt;RTUg.
Edl
f =
128
T.Chhay
NPIC
3> kareFVIkarrbs;FwmedayKanEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
ebtugexSaykgkarTaj ehIyFwmGac)ak;RbsinebImuxkat;EdkminRtwmRtUvRtUv)anpl;eGay. kugRtaMg
TajekItmanenAkgFwmbNalmkBIkMlaMgTajtamGkS kMlaMgBt; kMlaMgkat;TTwg kMlaMgrmYl bbnSMnbnk
TaMgenH. TItaMgnsameRbHenAkgFwmebtugGaRsynwgTisedAnkugRtaMgem (principal stresses). bnSMnkug
RtaMgkMlaMgEkg normal stress nigkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwg begIt)ankMlaMgTajtamGgt;RTUg (diagonal
tension) GtibrmaEdlsitenARbEhlcMgay d BImuxnTMr.
kareFVIkarrbs;FwmebtugGarem:edaymanbKanEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg RtUv)anBiesaFeRkamGMeBInkarekIn
eLIgnbnkdUc)anerobrab;enAkgemeronTI3. enAkgkarBiesaFn_Fwm sameRbHbBarEdlekItBIkarBt;ekIt
eLIgenAenAelImuxkat;Edlmanm:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugelIsBIm:UDuldac;
(module of rupture) rbs;ebtug b f r = 0.623 f 'c . sameRbHeRTtenAkgRTnugekItmanenAkgtMNak;kal
bnab;enATItaMgEk,rTMr.
sameRbHeRTtEdlekItmanenAkgFwmEdlminTan;)aneRbHBIdMbUg CaTUeTARtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa
sameRbHkMlaMgkat;RTnug (web-shear crack). RbsinebIsameRbHeRTtcab;epImenABIelIsameRbHEdlekItBI
karBt;EdlmanRsab; ehIyrIksayenAkgFwm enaHsameRbHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa sameRbHkMlaMgkat;rg
karBt; (flexural-shear crack) rUbTI8>5. sameRbH web-shear crack ekItmanenAkgFwmEdlmankMlaMgkat;
FM nigm:Um:g;Bt;tUcenAkgRTnugesIg. vaCasameRbHminFmtaehIyGacekItmanenAEk,rcMnucrbt;nFwmCab; b
Ek,rTMrnFwmsamBa.
sameRbH flexural-shear crack CaRbePTsameRbHFmtaEdleKGaceXIjmanenAelIFwm. dMbUgsam
eRbH flexural crack ekItmanbBarenAelIFwm bnab;mksameRbHeRTtcab;epImekItmanBIelIkMBUlnsameRbH
flexural crack enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgekItmanenAkgtMbn;enaH. enAkugtMbn;EdlmankugRtaMg
kMlaMgkat;TTwgFM FwmRtUvEtBRgwgedayEdkkg stirrup bEdkBt; (bent bar) edIm,IeFVIeGayFwmmanlkNsVit
(ductile) Edlmin)ak;b dac;. edIm,IeCosvagkar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat; munkar)ak;edaykarBt; emKuNsuvtiPaB
FMRtUv)anpl;eGayedIm,ITb;nwgkar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwg. ACI Code kMNt;emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;
= 0.75 sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkgGgt;ebtugGarem:RtUv)anekIteLIgedaybnSMnkMlaMgemkanicxageRkam
rUbTI8>5
- ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgnebtugminTan;eRbH Vz
- kareprkMlaMgkat;TTwgrvagGnrp (interface shear transfer) Va EdlbNalmkBIkarbgaMKarvag
fbMEbktambeNaypdKRKatrbs;sameRbH
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
129
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
c w
130
NPIC
T.Chhay
V d
V
vcr =
= 0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w u 0.29 f 'c
*>%
M
b d
w
EdlTb;edayebtug
*>^
Edl w = As / bwd / d CakMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs;muxkat;Fwm/ bw CaTTwgRTnugsMrab;muxkat;GkSret
bTTwgnmuxkat;ctuekaN Vu nig M u CakMlaMgkat;TTwgcugeRkay (ultimate shearing force) nigm:Um:g;Bt;
cugeRkay (ultimate bending moment) EdlekIteLIgkgeBldMNalKaenAelImuxkat;sikSa.
tMln Vu d / M u minRtUvFMCag 1.0 sMrab;smIkar *>^. RbsinebI M u mantMlFMenAkgsmIkar
*>^ enaHtYrTIBIrnwgmantMltUcesIEtesIsUn enaH vc xiteTArk 0.16 f 'c . RbsinebI M u mantMltUc
Vc = (0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
Vu d
)bw d 0.29 f 'c bw d
Mu
131
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
enaHtYrTIBIrnwgmantMlFM ehIytMl 0.29 f 'c lub. eRkABIsmIkar *>^ ACI Code, Section
11.3.1GnuBaatieGayKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;ebtugdUcxageRkam
*>&
1> kgkrNIsMrab;kMlaMgsgt;tamGkS N u
Vc = (0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w
Vu d
)bw d 0.29 f 'c bw d
Mm
*>*
4h d
M m = M u Nu
8
A
w = s
bw d
Edl
kMBs;srubrbs;Fwm
Vu d / M u GacFMCag 1.0 b:uEn Vc minRtUvFMCag
h=
Vc = bw d (0.29 f 'c ) 1 +
Nu
3.45 Ag
*>(
Edl
Ag CaRkLapTaMgGs; (gross section) KitCa mm 2
m:agvijeTot Vc GacRtUv)anKNnaeday
Vc = bw d (2 + 0.145
Nu
) f 'c
Ag
*>!0
2> kgkrNIsMrab;kMlaMgTajtamGkS N u
Vc = bw d (2 + 0.58
Nu
) f 'c
Ag
*>!!
N u mantMlGviCmansMrab;kMlaMgTaj
Edl
RbsinebI Vc GviCman enaH Vc RtUv)anykesIsUn.
5> FwmmanEdkkMlaMgkat;
EdkEdleRbIedIm,ITb;nwgkMlaMgkat; EdleKeRbIGacmaneRcInRbePTepSg
a. Edkkg EdleKeRbIedaydak;EkgeTAnwgEdkbeNay Edkem bRtUv)aneKdak;eRTt mMuEdl
eKniymeRbI 45 . EdkkgEdleKniymeRbImanmuxkat; DB10 nig DB12 .
b. EdkBt; EdlCaEpkmYyrbs;EdkbeNayEdleKBt;eLIg enAkEngEdleKbBab; edaymMu
30 nig 60 CaTUeTA 45 .
c. bnSMrvagEdkkg nigEdkBt;
d. sMNaj;Edk CamYynwgsMNaj;EkgeTAnwgGkS
o
132
NPIC
T.Chhay
e.
EdkkgvN EdleKeRbIsMrab;ssr
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;FwmebtugGarem:RtUv)anbegIneLIgedaykareRbInUvEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
munnwgekItnUvsameRbHGgt;RTUg EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgCYyersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgtictYcbMput. eRkayeBlEdl
sameRbHkMlaMgkat;TTwgekIteLIg EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgbegInersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;Fwm ehIykMlaMgkgmg
eTotEdlekIteLIgenAmuxkat;eRbH. enAeBlbrimaNEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgtUc kar)ak;EdlekIteLIgedaysar
EdkenARTnugeFVIkardl; yield GacnwgekIteLIg b:uEnRbsinebIbrimaNEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgFM enaHkar)ak;eday
shear-compression failure GacnwgekIteLIg TaMgenHCaGVIEdleyIgKYreCosvag.
ebtug Edkkg (stirrups) nigEdkdgErk (bent bars) eFVIGMeBIrYmKaedIm,ITb;nwgkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
edaysarersIusg;rgkarsgt;x<s; ebtugedIrtYCaGgt;rgkarsgt;Ggt;RTUgnRbBnFwm cMENkEdkkgedIrtYCa
Ggt;rgkarTajbBar. kMlaMgsgt;Ggt;RTUg kdUcCabgMkMlaMgbBarrbs;va mantMlesInwgkMlaMgTajenAkg
Edkkg. EdkBt;dgErk (bent-up reinforcement) kedIrtYdUcCaGgt;TajenAkg truss Edr rUbTI *>^.
CaTUeTA karcUlrYmrbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgeTAkgersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;FwmebtugGarem:
GacRtUv)anBiBNnadUcxageRkam
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
133
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
- vaTb;Tl;EpkxHnkMlaMgkat;TTwg/ V
- vabegInGaMgtg;sIuetnkMlaMgkat;rvagGnrp/ Va rUbTI *>%/ edayTb;Tl;nwgkarrIkFMnsam
eRbHeRTt (inclined crack).
- vabegInnUvkMlaMgf<k; (dowel force)/ Vd rUbTI *>%/ enAkgEdkbeNay
- GMeBITb; (confining action) rbs;EdkkgeTAelIebtugGacbegInerIusg;rbs;va
- GMeBITb; (confining action) rbs;EdkkgeTAelIebtugbegInnUvsmtPaBrgVilnsnak;)asic
(rotation capacity of plastic hinge) EdlekItmanenAkgeRKOgbgM indeterminate structure
eRkambnkcugeRkay nigbegInRbEvgEdl yield GacekItmanenAelIva.
eday V CaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;muxkat;ebtugGarem:enaH
V =V +V
*>!@
V - ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;)anBIebtug
Edl
V - ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;)anBIEdk
RbsinebIV kMlaMgkat;Edl)anBIbnkxageRkAenaH
V V = (V + V )
*>!#
V = 1.2V + 1.6V
nig = 0.75
Edl
V RtUv)anKNnaedaykarviPaK truss rUbTI *>&. sMrab;sameRbH 45 nigesrInEdkkg bEdk
dgErk. kMlaMgkat;bBar V esInwgplbUkbgMkMlaMgbBarnkMlaMgTajEdlekItmanenAkgEdkeRTt
V = nA f sin
*>!$
Edl
A
-muxkat;kat;EdkkMlaMgkat;CamYyKMlat s
- ersIusg;EdkkMlaMgkat;
f
s
yt
yt
eday ns = aa + a a
1
1 2
134
NPIC
T.Chhay
BIRtIekaN aa a
BIRtIekaN aa a
1 4
d = a1a4 = aa2tg
1 2
eKTTYl)an
sMrab;krNIEdkkgbBar = 90
A f d
A f d
b
V =
s=
s
V
sMrab;krNIEdkkgbBar = 45
A f d
A f d
V = 1.4
b
s = 1 .4
V
s
sMrab;krNIEdkdgErkEtmYy bRkumEdkenAmYykEng
b A = f Vsin
V = A f sin
*>!%
yt
yt
*>!^
yt
yt
*>!&
yt
*>!*
yt
sMrab;
= 45o
Av = 1.4
Vs
f yt
*>!(
GnuBaateGayykmuxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
mFm enAcMgay d BIpmuxnTMr. karENnaMenHQrenAelIPaBCak;EsgEdlsameRbHeRTtdMbUgeKTMngCaekIt
eLIgenAelIFwmRtg;cMgay d BITMrEdleRcInelcecjenAeBleFVIBiesaFn_. muxkat;eRKaHfak;enHRtUv)anGnuBaat
enAkglkxNEdlRbtikmTMrbBankMlaMgsgt;eTAkgtMbn;cug/ bnkRtUv)anGnuvtenAelI benAEk,rkMBUln
Ggt;ehIyKanbnkcMcMnucGnuvtenAcenaHpnTMr nigTItaMgnmuxkat;eRKaHfak;. bTdankkMNt;Edrfa Edk
kMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak;enAcenaHpnTMr nigcMgay d .
2> muxkat;EdkGb,brmasMrab;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
vtmanrbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkgFwmebtugTb;Tl;nwgkarrIkraldalnsameRbHeRTt. m:agvij
eTot PaBsVit (ductility) ekIneLIg ehIyva)anRbkasGasnmuneBl)ak;. RbsinebIKanEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
enaHFwmmanlkNRsYyehIy)ak;edaymin)anR)ab;mun. dUcenH muxkat;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)ankMNt;
ACI Code, Section 11.1.3
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
135
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
yt
*>@!
S max =
0.35b
(0.062 f ' )b
u
*>@@
*>@#
136
NPIC
T.Chhay
taragTI1> tMlrbs; S
max
= Av f yt / 0.35bw = 60cm
. enAeBlEdl
f yt = 400MPa
nig
bw (cm)
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
bw
60
55
50
40
35
35
30
25
179400 / bw
60
60
60
60
55
50
45
40
258250 / bw
3> kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaEdlTb;edayEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg V
edIm,IkarBarkar)ak; shear-compression failure EdlebtugGacEbkedaykugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgFM
nigkugRtaMgkMlaMgsgt;enAkgtMbn;eRKaHfak; enABIelIkMBUlnsameRbHGgt;RTUg ACI Code, Section
11.5.6.8, tMrUvfa V 0.67 f ' b d . RbsinebI V > 0.67 f ' b d enaHeKRtUvtMelIgmuxkat;ebtug.
edayQrenAelIkarkMNt;enH
RbsinebI f 'c = 20MPa enaH Vs 3bwd b Vs / bwd 3MPa
RbsinebI f 'c = 28MPa enaH Vs 3.5bwd b Vs / bwd 3.5MPa
RbsinebI f 'c = 35MPa enaH Vs 4bwd b Vs / bwd 4MPa
4> KMlatEdkkgGtibrma
edIm,IFanafasameRbHGgt;RTUgRtUvkat;Edkkgy:agehacmYy enaH ACI Code, Section 11.5.4 tMrUv
fa KMlatrvagEdkkgminKYrelIs d / 2 b 600mm RbsinebI V 0.33 f ' b d edayQrelIkarsnt;fa
sameRbHGgt;RTUgekItmantammMu 45o niglatsnwgtamcMgayedkRbEhlcMgay d . enAkgtMbn;kMlaMgkat;
TTwgFM Edl Vs > 0.33 f 'c bwd KMlatEdkkgGtibrmacenaHEdkkgminRtUvFMCag d / 4 . karkMNt;enH
caM)ac;edIm,IFanaeGaysameRbHGgt;RTUgkat;Edkkgy:agehacbI. enAeBlEdl V > 0.67 f ' b d kar
kMNt;nKMlatGtibrmaminRtUv)anGnuvt ehIyTMhMrbs;muxkat;ebtugKYrRtUv)antMeLIg.
karkMNt;TIBIrsMrab;KMlatGtibrmanEdkkgkGacTTYl)anBIlkxNmuxkat;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,
brma. Av Gb,brma RtUv)anTTYlenAeBlKMlat s Gb,brma smIkar *>@!.
karkMNt;TIbIsMrab;KMlatGtibrmaesInwg 600mm enAeBlEdl V 0.33 f ' b d nigesInwg
300mm enAeBlEdl 0.33 f 'c bw d < Vs 0.67 f 'c bw d . tMltUcCageKnKMlatGtibrmaRtUv)anyk
s
c w
c w
c w
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
c w
c w
137
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
138
NPIC
T.Chhay
7> EdkkgenAEdlenAEk,rTMr
ACI Code, Section 11.1.3 kMNt;faEdkkgkMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlpl;eGayenAcenaHpTMr nigmuxkat;
eRKaHfak; (critical section) EdlsitenAcMgay d BITMr KYrRtUv)anKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg Vu dUcKa enAnwg
muxkat;eRKaHfak;. vaCakarGnuvtn_Fmtaedaydak;EdkkgTImYyenAcMgay s / 2 BIpnTMr Edl s CaKMlat
EdlKNnaedaysmIkar *>!^ sMrab; Vu enAmuxkat;eRKaHfak;.
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
139
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
8> RbEvgRbsiTPaBrbs;EdkdgErk
manEtbIPaKbYnRtg;cMnuckNalnEpkeRTtnEdkbeNayRtUv)anKitfamanRbsiTPaBsMrab;EdkkM
laMgkat;TTwg. enHmannyfa KMlatGtibrmarbs;EdkdgErkKW 0.75(d d ' ) . BIrUbTI *>( RbEvgRbsiTPaB
rbs;EdkdgErkKW 0.75(d d ' ) / sin 45o = 0.75(1.414)(d d ' ) = 1.06(d d ' ) . KMlatGtibrma s esInwgcM
gayedkEdl)anBIkarTMlak;cMeNalEkgnRbEvgRbsiTPaBEdkdgErk. dUcenH
S max = 1.06(d d ' ) cos 45o b S max = 1.06(d d ' )0.707 = 0.75(d d ' )
7> karKNnaEdkkgbBar
eKRtUvkarEdkkg (stirrup) enAeBlEdl Vu > 12 Vc . EdkkgGb,brmaRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdl
1 V < V < V . kgkrNIenHeKeRbIEdkkg DB10 EdlRtUv)andak;nUvKMlatGtibrma. enAeBlEdl
c
u
c
2
Vu > Vc eKRtUvEtdak;EdkkgCamYyKMlattUcCagKMlatGtibrma ehIyGacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIsmIkar
*>!^ S = Av f yt d / Vs .
EdkkgEdlRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAenAkgmuxkat;ebtugCaEdkkg DB10 nig DB12 GkSr U eCIgBIr
CamYynwg f yt = 400MPa . RbsinebI DB10 RtUv)aneRbIenaH smIkar*>!^kayCa
S Av f yt 157 400 62800
*>@$
=
=
=
d
Vs
Vs
Vs
RbsinebI DB12 RtUv)aneRbIenaH
S Av f yt 226 400 90400
*>@%
=
=
=
d
Vs
Vs
Vs
pleFobKMlatEdkkgelIkMBs;RbsiTPaB d rbs;Fwm GaRsynwg Vs . tMln S / d sMrab;tMl
epSgKan Vs enAeBlEdl f yt = 400MPa RtUv)aneGayenAkgtaragTI2 nigtaragTI3 sMrab;Edk DB10 nig
Edk DB12 erogKa. tMldUcKaRtUv)anbgajCadaRkamdUcenAkgrUbTI 8>10 nigrUbTI 8>11.
140
NPIC
T.Chhay
Vs (kN )
S /d
0.44
= 400MPa S / d = 62800 / Vs
251.2
0.33 0.264
yt
0.25
yt
DB10
0.19 0.165
= 400MPa S / d = 90400 / Vs
0.15 0.132
592.5
0.106
DB12
180.8
225
265
310
361.6
445
490.0
535
665
775
850
0.5
0.40
0.34
0.29
0.25
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.11
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
141
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
Tamtarag nigdaRkamxagelIeyIgGacsnidan)anfa
- RbsinebIeKeRbI DB10 / S = d / 2 enAeBlEdl Vs 125.6kN . enAeBlEdl Vs ekIneLIg
S / d fycuHtamExSekageTArktMl 0.132 enAeBl Vs = 475.8kN . RbsinebIKMlatGb,brma
RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 75mm enaH d 568mm . enAeBlEdl Vs > 251.2kN enaH S d / 4 .
- RbsinebIeKeRbI DB12 / S = d / 2 enAeBlEdl Vs 180.8kN . enAeBlEdl Vs ekIneLIg
S / d fycuHtamExSekageTArktMl 0.14 enAeBl Vs = 665kN . RbsinebIKMlatGb,brma
RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 75mm enaH d 535mm . enAeBlEdl Vs > 361.6kN enaH S d / 4 .
- RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkkgGkSr U f yt = 280MPa enaHeKRtUvKuN S / d edaytMl 7 /10 bCaTUeTA
f yt / 400 .
8> segbviFIsaRsKNnaEdkkgbBar
CMhankgkarKNnaEdkkgbBarsMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg edayeyagtam ACI Code GacRtUv)ansegb
dUcxageRkam
a. kMNt;kMlaMgkat;KNna V BIbnkEdlGnuvtnmkelIeRKOgbgM. kMlaMgkat;KNnaRKITic
EdlRtUvykmksikSasitenARbEvg d BImuxnTMr.
Vd
b. kMNt; V = 0.17 f ' b d b V = (0.16 f ' + 17.2
)b d 0.29 f ' b d
M
u
c w
c w
bnab;mkKNna 12 V
k> RbsinebI V < 12 V muxkat;minRtUvkarEdkkg
x> RbsinebI 12 V < V V eRbImuxkat;EdkkgGb,brma
K> RbsinebI V > V muxkat;Edkkg RtUvKNnadUcxageRkam
kMNt;kMlaMgkat;EdlTb;eday Edkkg
c
c.
d.
Vs =
e.
f.
Vu Vc
c w
c2
c w
c1
c2
yt
g.
142
NPIC
T.Chhay
k> s
x>
RbsinebI V V = 0.33
RbsinebI V < V V
d
60cm
2
d
s2 = 30cm
4
3A f
16 Av f yt
s3 = v yt
bw
bw f 'c
2
c1
c1
f 'c bw d
c2
max
max
max
dMeNaHRsay
= 55.65kN
(
Vc 2 = (0.67
) (
)
f 'c )bd = 576kN
k>
x>
/ muxkat;RKb;RKan; edayminRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
Vu = 110kN > 12 Vc / b:uEnvatUcCag Vc = 111.3kN . eday Vs = 0 dUcenH muxkat;RtUvkarEdk
kMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma. eRbI DB10 CaEdkkgGkSr U enAKMlatGtibrma.
Vu = 50kN < 12 Vc = 55.565kN
Av = 2 10 2
= 157mm 2
KMlatGtibrmaCatMltUcCageKkgcMeNam
S 2 = d / 2 = 275mm yk 250mm lub
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
143
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
yk 550mm beRbItaragTI1
S 4 = 600mm
144
NPIC
T.Chhay
2> sMrab; X> Vs = 311.6kN / S / d = 0.18 enaH S1 = 100mm / Vs = 311.6kN > 251.2kN enaH
S max = d / 4 RtUv)aneRbI.
]TahrN_2 FwmTMrsamBaEdlmanRbEvg 5.2m nigmanRbEvgcenaHssr (clear span) 4.9m edayRTnUv
bnkBRgayesIefr 65kN / m nigbnkBRgayesIGefr 55kN / m . TMhMrbs;Fwm nigssrEdkRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 8>12. epgpat;muxkat;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigKNnaEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgcaM)ac;. eKeGay
f 'c = 20MPa nig f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay
= 57.87 kN
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
145
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
KNna Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bwd = 0.33 20 350 580 103 = 299.6kN
KNna Vc2 = 2Vc1 = 599.2kN
3> eday Vu > Vc dUcenHmuxkat;RtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg. cMgay x' EdlenARtg;cMgayenHmuxkat;
ebtugminRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg enA 12 Vc KW
406.7 57.87 4.9
x' =
= 2.10m
406.7
4> KNna Vs = (Vu Vc ) / = (310.42 115.75) / 0.75 = 259.56kN . edaysar Vs < Vc1 enaH
S max = d / 2 600mm RtUv)anBicarNa beyagtamrUbTI 8>10 btaragTI2 Vs > 251.2kN .
5> KNnaEdkkg eRCIserIsEdkkgGkSr U DB10 / Av = 157mm 2 . KNna S1 edayQrelI
Vs = 259.56kN / S1 = Av f yt d / Vs = 140mm yk 125mm byk S / d = 0.24 BItaragTI2
bBIrUbTI 8>10
6> KNnaKMlatGtibrma S 2 = d / 2 = 580 / 2 = 290mm yk 250mm /
S 3 = Av f yt / 0.35bw = 500mm beRbItaragTI1/ S 4 = 600mm . dUcenH S max = 250mm .
7> edaysar S1 = 125mm < S max = 250mm eRbI DB10 @125mm
8> KNna Vs sMrab;KMlatGtibrma 250mm
Vs =
As f yt d
s
Vs = 109.3kN
Vc + Vs = 115.75 + 109.3 = 225kN
406.7 2
edaysar x1 mantMltUc eRbI s = 125mm sMrab;cMgayFMCag besI 1.09m . cMNaMfa RbsinebI x1 Evg
KMlatenAcenaH 150mm eTA 250mm GacRtUv)anbEnm.
9> EdkkgRtUv)anBRgaydUcxageRkam
dak;EdkkgTI1enAcMgay S / 2 BImuxpnTMr
EdkkgTImYyenA S / 2 = 125 / 2 = 62.5mm yk 50mm
R)aMbYnEdkkgmanKMlat S = 125mm = 1125mm
srub 1175mm > 1090mm
bYnEdkkgmanKMlat S = 250mm = 1000mm
srub 2175mm < 2450mm
Shear and Diagonal Tension
146
T.Chhay
NPIC
9> kMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlbNalBIbnkGefr
enAkg]TahrN_TI2 TaMgbnkefr nigbnkGefrRtUv)ansnt;faBRgayesIeBjtambeNayFwm Edl
begIt)ankMlaMgkat;TTwgsUnenAkNalElVg. CaFmta bnkefrBitCaBRgayeBjelIbeNayFwm Etbnk
GefrGacGnuvteBj bkGnuvtEtEpkxHrbs;Fwm EdltMrUveGaymankMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaekIteLIgenA
kNalElVg bmuxkat;kMNt;NamYy. rUbTI 8>14 a bgajBIFwmTMrsamBaCamYynwgbnkBRgayesIGnuvteBj
beNayFwm. kMlaMgkat;TTwgERbRbYlCaragbnat;tambeNayFwm CamYynwgkMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaenATMr
A.
kgkrNIEdlbnkGefr W2 = 1.6WL kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmamanGMeBIenARtg;TMr A enAeBlEdl
W2 GnuvteBjElVgFwm rUbTI 8>14 a . kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaekItmanenAkNakElVgRbsinebIbnkGefr
RtUv)andak;EtBak;kNalFwm BC rUbTI 8>14 b EdlbegIt)an Vu enAkNalElVgesInwg W2 L / 8 . dUc
enH kMlaMgkat;TTwgKNnaRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaykarbEnmkMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaEdlbNalmkBIbnk
Gefr EdlRtUv)andak;enAelIRbEvgepSgnElVg eTAelIkMlaMgkat;TTwgGefr rUbTI 8>14 c . vaCakar
Gnuvtn_FmtaedayKitkMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaRtg;TMr A esInwg Wu L / 2 = (1.2WD + 1.6WL ) L / 2 / b:uEn Vu
enAkNalElVgesI W2 L / 8 = (1.6WL ) L / 8 CamYybnat;Rtg;ERbRbYltambeNay AC nig CB dUcbgajenA
kg rUbTI 8>14 d. karKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkkrNIenHnwgGnutdUcKanwgkarBnl;kg]TahrN_2.
RbsinebI karerobrab;xagelIenHGnuvteTAFwmkg]TahrN_2 enaH Vu enATMr A = 406.7kN nig Vu enA
kNalElVg = (1.6 55)4.9 / 8 = 53.9kN .
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
147
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
148
NPIC
T.Chhay
f y = 400MPa
dMeNaHRsay
1> KNnakMlaMgkat;TTwgtambeNayFwmEdlbNalmkBIbnkxageRkA
Vu enATMr = 80 3 + 89 + 36 = 365kN
510
Vud enAcMgay d = 365 80
= 351.4kN
3000
Vu enAcMgay 1.2m xageqVg = 365 80 1.2 = 269kN
Vu enAcMgay 1.2m xagsaM = 269 89 = 180kN
Vu enAcugTMenr = 36kN
daRkamkMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>15.
2> KNna Vc
Vc = (0.17 f 'c bd ) = 0.75(0.17 28 )300 510 10 3 = 103.2kN
1 V
c
2
= 51.6kN
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
149
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
Vc 2 = 2Vc1 = 534.4kN
Av f yt d
Vs
S 4 = 300mm
S 2 = d / 2 = 255mm
b 250mm
A. Vu = 180kN > Vc
Vs = (180 103.2) / 0.75 = 102.4kN < Vc1 = 267.2kN
B. S1 = Av f yt d / Vs = 157 400 510 / 102400 = 313mm
C. S 2 = d / 2 = 510 / 2 = 255mm
150
NPIC
T.Chhay
srub 3000mm
karBRgayEdkkgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>16. EdkkgsrubmancMnYn 20 .
10> kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkgGgt;EdlmankMBs;ERbRbYl
edaysarEtkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwg v CaGnuKmn_nkMBs;RbsiTPaB d dUcenHkugRtaMgkat;TTwgERbRbYl
tambeNayFwmebtugBRgwgedayEdkCamYynwgkBs;ERbRbYl. enAkgFwmEbbenH rUbTI 8>17 eKBicarNa
elIGgGnntUc dx . kMlaMgsgt; C enAelImuxkat;NamYyesInwgm:Um:g;EckeGaydXas; b C = M / y .
edrIevTImYyn C KW
dC =
ydM Mdy
y2
dM M
2 dy
y
y
y
1 dM M dy
v=
yb dx by 2 dx
vbdx =
( jd ) nig v =
v=
tan
2
bjd b( jd ) 2
bjd b( jd ) dx
*>@^
151
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
V
M
2 tan
bd bd
*>@&
sMrab;viFIKNnaersIusg; smIkarxageRkamGacRtUv)aneRbI
vu =
Vu
M
tan
bd bd 2
*>@*
sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg
Vn = Vu
Mu
tan
d
*>@(
152
NPIC
T.Chhay
V d
ACI Code Eq.11.6
Vc = 0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w u bw d (0.29 f 'c )bw d
M
mMuEdlbegIteLIgedayTisrbs;Edk. vaRtUv)anKitfaviCmansMrab;FwmEdlmankMBs;tUc
enATMr nigGviCmansMrab;FwmEdlmankMBs;FMenATMr rUbTI 8>18
d s = kMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs;FwmenATMr
ACI Code Eq.11.3 CasmIkarRtUv)ansMrYl nigGaceRbIedIm,IKNna Vc
Vc = (0.17 f 'c )bw d
*>#!
]TahrN_4 KNnaFwm cantilever dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>19 eRkamGMeBIbnkemKuN. FwmenHkMBs;srub
enAcugTMenr 300mm ehIyekIneLIgeTArkTMr. edayeRbIPaKryEdk = 1.5% / f 'c = 28MPa /
f y = 400MPa nig b = 250mm .
=
dMeNaHRsay
M
269 10 6
=
= 477.5mm
Ru b
4.72 250
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
153
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
Vu
Mu
(tan )
bd bd 2
490 240
= 0.1
2500
153250
269 10 6
=
TMr
4> kugRtaMgkMlaMgTTwgenAcugTMenrKW Vu / bd M u = 0
vu
vu =
62000
= 1.38MPa
0.75 250 240
= 1.09MPa
0.75 250 441 0.75 250 4412
enAcMgay
BITMr=
154
NPIC
T.Chhay
= 1.15MPa
0.75 250 365 0.75 250 365 2
M u = 62 1.25 + 36.5
Vu = 83.9kN
M u = 43.8kN
vu = 1.23kN
M u = 20.2kN
vu = 1.29kN
Vu = 73kN
tMlTaMgGs;enHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>20
7> kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgedayebtugKW
0.17 28 = 0.9MPa
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brmaEdlRtUvTb;edayEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
vus = 1.38 0.9 = 0.48MPa
caM)ac;
sMrab;
eTA
enAcugTMr
sMrab;Gb,brma
9> epgpat;KMlatGtibrma (d / 2) : vus 0.33 f 'c
0.33 f 'c = 0.33 28 = 1.74MPa > 0.48MPa
155
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
srub = 2375mm
dUcenHenAsl;cMgay 125mm BIpmmuxTMr.
156
T.Chhay
NPIC
11> Ggt;rgkarBt;eRCA
Ggt;rgkarBt;KYrRtUv)anKNnaCaFwmeRCARbsinebIpleFobn clear span ln Edlvas;BIpmuxTl;Ka
rbs;TMr rUbTI 8>21 elIkMBs;srub h mantMltUcCag 4 (ACI Code, Section 11.8) . Ggt;KYrrgnUvbnk
enAelIpEdlQmnwgpnTMr EdlGaceFVIeGay strut rgkarsgt;GacbegIteLIgenAcenaHbnk nigTMr rUbTI
8>22. RbsinebIbnkGnuvtenA)at bpxagrbs;FwmeRCA smIkarKNnakMlaMgkat;TTwgsMrab;FwmFmta
Edl)aneGayBIxagmuxKYrRtUv)aneRbI. Ca]TahrN_ FwmeRCAKWCaFwmElVgxIEdlRTbnkFn;/ CBaaMgbBareRkam
bnkTMnajEpndI (gravity load), shear wall, nigkMralxNrgnUvbnkedk.
niymnyrbs;Ggt;rgkarBt;eRCAkRtUv)anbgajenAkg ACI Code, Section 10.7.1. vabgajfa
Ggt;rgkarBt;EdlmanpleFob ln / h < 4 nigtMbn;rgbnkcMcMnucsitenAcMgayBIrdgnkMBs;rbs;Ggt;BIpn
TMrRtUv)ancat;TukCaGgt;rgkarBt;eRCA. FwmEbbenHKYrRtUv)anKNnaedayKitnUvkarBRgay nonlinear nkug
RtaMg nigkarPat;xag (lateral buckling) rUbTI 8>22 a.
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
157
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
158
NPIC
T.Chhay
a.
b.
*>##
byk Vn = 0.83 f 'c bwd
krNITaMgBIr manEcgenAkg ACI Code, Section 11.8.3. RbsinebI Vu > Vn enaHeKRtUvtMeLIg
muxkat;ebtug.
3> a. ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;ebtug Vc ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta (nominal shear strength)
Vc rbs;ebtugGacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
Vc = 0.17 f 'c bw d
*>#$
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
159
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
Vc
enHRsedogKanwgersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgebtugsMrab;FwmFmta dUcenAkgEpkxagmuxnem
eronenH.
b.
m:agvijeTot eKGaceRbIsmIkarmYyepSgeTotEdlmanTak;Tgnwgm:Um:g;emKuN
nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgemKuNenAmuxkat;eRKaHfak;
2.5M u
V d
0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w u bw d
*>#%
Vc = 3.5
M
V d
+
S
S
12
12
160
NPIC
T.Chhay
tMln As minGactUcCagEdkrgkarBt;Gb,brmaEdlRtUvkarsMrab;FwmFmtaEdlnwgeGayenA
eBlbnab; edaysnt; d = 0.9h .
0.25 f 'c
1.38
As Gb,brma =
bw d
bw d
*>#*
f
f
y
GgTIBIrlub enAeBlEdl f 'c < 30MPa . cMNaMfa f y nig f 'c KitCa MPa .
EdkrgkarTajedaykarBt; (flexural tension reinforcement) KYrdak;enA h / 4 eTA h / 5 n
Fwm nigKYrmanKMlatRKb;RKan;tambeNay)attMbn;Taj. EdkrgkarTajKYrEtf<k;eTAkgTMr
eGay)anl.
sMrab;karviPaK nigkarKNnaEdlmanlkNsuRkwt nigsMrab;FwmeRCACab; viFI nonlinear Edl
manlkNht;ct;GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbrimaNdRtwmRtUv nigkarBRgaynEdkrgkarTaj.
]TahrN_5 FwmeRCATMrsamBamanElVgRbEvg 4.2m man clear span RbEvg ln = 3.6m kMBs;srub
h = 2.5m nigTTwg b = 0.4mm . FwmeRCARTedaybnkeFVIkarefBRgayesI 600kN / m rYmbBalbnkpal;
xn nigbnkGefr 320kN / m enAelIEpkxagelInFwm. KNnassrEdkrgkarBt; nigEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
sMrab;FwmenH edayeRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa rUbTI8>24.
dMeNaHRsay
1> KNnasMrab;EdkTb;nwgm:Um:g;
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL = 1.2 600 + 1.6 320 = 1232kN / m
Wu L2 1232 4.2 2
=
= 2716.56kN .m
8
8
l n 3 .6
=
= 1.44
h 2 .5
Mu =
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
161
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
Mu
2716.56 10 6
=
= 4868mm 2
yf y 0.9 1550 400
KNna
x> KNna Vc
3 .5 2 .5
Mu
= 3.5 2.5(0.29 ) = 2.775 > 2.5
Vu d
Mu
Vu
= 0 .4
= 2 .5
Vu d
Mud
A
4909
= 0.00545
w = s =
bw d 400 2250
162
NPIC
T.Chhay
= 226mm 2
KMlatGtibrmaGnuBaatrbs;EdkQr nigEdkedk
S v = S vh =
d 2250
=
= 450mm > 300mm
5
5
yk Sv = S nh = 300mm
EdkQrGb,brma
Av Gb,brma= 0.0025 400 300 = 300mm 2 > 226mm 2
bBaHKMlatEdkkgbBar Sv = 400 226
= 226mm
0.0025
EdkedkGb,brma
Avh Gb,brma= 0.0015 400 300 = 180mm 2 < 226mm 2
dUcenH eRbI DB12 @ 200 sMrab;TisbBar
nig DB12 @ 300 sMrab;Tisedk
3> RbsinebIeyIgeRbI Vc = 0.17 f 'c bwd enaH Vc = 0.17 28 400 2250 10 3 = 809.6kN nig
Vc = 607.2kN < 1552.3kN . dUcenH eKRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
Vs =
1552.3 607.2
= 1260.1kN
0.75
= 226mm 2
1 + l n / d Avh 11 l n / d
f y d
12 S h 12
400 2250
S 12 S 12
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
163
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
164
NPIC
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
2> epgpat;faetIFwmenHeRCAtamkarEcgrbs; ACI Code, Section 11.8: clear span ln = 3.6m nig
h = 1.8m ehIy l n / d = 2 < 4 dUcenH FwmenHCaFwmeRCA.
3> KNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmanmuxkat;Fwm
yk Vu enARtg; A = R A = 1771.66kN nigsnt;yk d = 0.9h = 0.9 1.8 = 1.62m
Vn = 0.83 f 'c bw d = 0.83 28 450 1620 10 3 = 2743.1kN
OK
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
165
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
f ce = 17.85MPa
lb;elI nodal
BIFrNImaRt RbEvg
dUcKa RbEvg
166
NPIC
T.Chhay
x> Edkedk mMurvagEdkedk nigGgt; strut KW 36.5o BIrUbTI 8>27 a. eRbIEdk DB16 EdlmanKMlat
OK
l dh = 0.02 e f y d b /
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
f 'c
167
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
e = = 1.0
d b = 30
168
NPIC
T.Chhay
rgnUvbnkBRgayefr
47.5kN / m nigbnkBRgayGefr 25kN / m . FwmenHmanmuxkat; b = 35cm nig d = 55cm .
FwmenHBRgwgedayEdk 4DB25 BRgaymYyCYr. cUrkMNt;nUvmuxkat;caM)ac;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg. smtikm
f ' = 28MPa nig f = 280MPa .
c
span
yt
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
169
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
dMeNaHRsay
x> kMlaMgkat;TTwgKNnaenARtg;muxxagssr
Vu = 97
6
= 291kN
2
X> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlTb;edayebtug
Vc = 0.17 f 'c bd = 0.17 28 350 550 = 173.2kN
Vc = 130kN
1
Vc = 65kN
2
g> kMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlEdkRtUvTb;
Vs =
Vu Vc
c> cMgayBImuxpssrmk
x' =
291 65
3 = 2.33m
291
q> KNnaEdkkg
1> eRCIserIsEdk RB10 EdkkgmaneCIgBIr
Av = 2 78.5mm 2 = 157 mm 2
A f d 157 280 550
s1 = v yt =
= 168.5mm < 600mmm
Vs
143.5 103
s2 =
s1 < s2 < s3
2> RtYtBinitKMlatGtibrmaesI
d
4
170
NPIC
T.Chhay
c1
max
max
cMgayBImuxTMr eTAdl;EdkkgEdlmanKMlat s
x1 =
max
= 275mm
dUcenH sMrab; 0.98m BImuxnTMr eRbIEdkkg RB10 KMlat 160mm nigsMrab;EpkenAsl; eRbIEdkkg
Gb,brma KMlatGtibrma
Q> karBRgayEdkkg
Edkkg1 manKMlat 2s = 80mm
Edkkg6 manKMlat 160mm = 960mm
srub 1040mm = 1.04m > 0.98m
Edkkg6 manKMlat 270mm = 1620mm
srub 2660mm = 2.66m < 3m
nigEdkkgcugeRkay (3 2.66) = 0.34m
srubEdkkgTaMgGs;EdlRtUveRbIsMrab;RbEvgFwm 6m man 28kg.
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
171
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
172