បេតុងពង្រឹងដោយដែក 8 viii-shear-and-diagonal-tension

NPIC
T.Chhay
VIII.
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
Shear and Diagonal Tension
1> esckIepIm
enAeBlEdlFwmTMrsamBargnUvbnk m:Um:g;Bt; nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgnwgekIteLIgelIRbEvgFwm. edIm,IRT
nUvbnkenHedaysuvtiPaB FwmRtUv)aneFVIkarKNnaeLIgedIm,ITb;nwgkMlaMgTaMgBIrRbePTenH. karKNnasMrab;
karBt;RtUv)aneFVIeLIgdMbUgeK edIm,IkMNt;muxkat;Fwm nigEdkemcaM)ac; dUcEdl)anENnaMBIemeronmun.
bnab;mkFwmRtUv)anKNnaedIm,ITb;nwgkMlaMgkat;TTwg. kgkrNIEdlEdkkgminRtUv)andak; enaHFwm
nwg)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwg. kar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwg ekIteLIgedaymanPaBdabtUc nig)at;bg;nUv
lkNyWt ehIymin)anRbkasGasnenAmuneBl)ak;eT. sMrab;kar)ak;edaykarBt;begag ekIteLIgeday
karekIneLIgnUvPaBdabbnicmg nigmansameRbH dUcenHvamankarpl;sBaaRbkasGasnmuneBl)ak;cug
eRkay. karKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IFananUvkar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwgekIteLIg
eRkaykar)ak;edaykarBt;begag.
2> kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;enAkgFwmebtugGarem:
rUbmnTUeTAsMrab;kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgenAFwmrUbFatusac;mYy (homogenous beam) karBRgaykug
RtaMg
VQ
=
*>!
Ib
V - kMlaMgkat;srubenAmuxkat;EdlRtUvsikSa
Edl
Q - m:Um:g;saTiceFobGkSNWtnmuxkat;EdlxNedaybnat;EdlRtUvsikSakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
125
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
Department of Civil Engineering
- m:Um:g;niclPaBnmuxkat;eFobGkSNWt
b - TTwgFwmnmuxkat;EdlRtUvsikSakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
karBRgaykugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt; nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgGaRsyeTAnwgRTwsIbTeGLasicsMrab;muxkat;Fwm
ctuekaN dUcbgajkgrUbTI8>2.
kugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt;
I
f =
Mc
I
Edl kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;enARKb;cMnucTaMgGs;RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmnkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
=
VQ
Ib
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;GtibrmasitenAelIGkSNWt nigmantMlesI 1.5v kMlaMgkat;TTwgmFm

Edl = bhV . ExSekagkMlaMgkat;TTwgmanrag):ar:abUl.
a
sMrab;FwmebtugssEdkrgkarTaj (singly reinforced concrete beam) karBRgaykugRtaMg

kMlaMgkat;TTwgenAelIGkSNWtmanrag):ar:abUl. enAeRkamGkSNWt kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmamantMl
efr ehIy)anrkSatMlenHRtwmnIv:UEdkrgkarTaj BIeRBaHvaKankarpas;brkMlaMgTajBIcMnucGkSNWtehIym:ag
eTotkMlaMgTajkgebtugRtUv)anecal. kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgmantMlesIsUn enAeRkamnIv:UEdk rUbTI8>
3.
sMrab;ebtugssrEdkEdlmanEdkrgkarsgt; nigmuxkat;GkSret karBRgaykugRtaMgkMlaMg
kat;TTwgRtUv)anbgajkgrUbTI8>3. eyIgsegteXIjfa kMlaMgkat;TTwgesIrEtTaMgGs; RtUv)anTb;edayRT
nugEdlsabTb;nwgPaKrytUcbMput. sMrab;karGnuvtn_esIrTaMgGs; eKecalnUvlTPaBTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;
sab.
126
NPIC
T.Chhay
eyagtamrUbTI8>1 edayykFwmmYykMNat;tUc dx mkviPaK eyIgeXIjfa m:Um:g;Bt;enAcug

sgxagnkMNat; M nig M minmantMlesIKaeT. edaysar M < M dUcenHedIm,IrkSalMnwgsMrab;kMNat;
dx kMlaMgsgt; C RtUvmantMlFMCag C rUbTI8>4. dUcenHkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwg v ekItmanenAelImux
kat;edk a a1 b b b1 rUbTI8>4 a. kugRtaMgkMlaMgEkg (normal stresses) nigkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwg
(shear stresses) enAelIGgt;tUc enAkMritnIv:U a a1 b b b1 RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI8>4 b. cMNaMfa kug
RtaMgkM;laMgEkg (normal stresses) enAnIv:UnGkSNWtKW 0 b:uEnkMlaMgkat;TTwgmantMlGtibrma. kMlaMgkat;
TTwgedkesInwgkMlaMgkat;TTwgbBar dUcbgajenAkg rUbTI8>4 b. enAeBlEdl kugRtaMgkMlaMgEkgmantM
lesIsUn btUc enaHkrNIkMlaMgkat;TTwgsuTGacekItman. kgkrNIenH kugRtaMgTajGtibrma f t manGMeBI
tammMu 45o rUbTI8>4 c.
kugRtaMgTajsmmUleTAnwgkugRtaMgem dUcbgajkgrUbTI 8>4 d. kugRtaMgemenHRtUv)aneK
ehAfakugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUg. enAeBlkugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUgmantMlesIersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtug sameRbH
Ggt;RTUgekIteLIg. karviPaKy:agsegbenHBnl;BIKMnitnkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg nigsameRbHGgt;RTUg. kar
eFVICak;EsgmanlkNsKsajCag ehIyvaTTYl\TiBlBIktaepSg. sMrab;bnSMnGMeBInkMlaMgkat;TTwg
nigkMlaMgEkgenAcMnucNamYyenAkgFwm kMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg (principal stresses) Gtibrma nigGb,brma f p
RtUv)aneGayedaysmIkarxageRkam
1
127

2
fp =
f
f
+ v2
2
2
*>@
GaMgtg;sIuetnkugRtaMgEkgEdlbNalmkBIkarBt;
v = kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
kar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkgFwmebtugPaKeRcInTMngCaekIteLIgenAkEngEdlkMlaMg
kat;TTwgGtibrma CaTUeTAenAEk,rTMrnGgt;. PstagTImYykar)ak;EdlKYreGayPyxayKWkarekIteLIgnUv
sameRbHGgt;RTUg.
Edl
f =
128
T.Chhay
NPIC
3> kareFVIkarrbs;FwmedayKanEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
ebtugexSaykgkarTaj ehIyFwmGac)ak;RbsinebImuxkat;EdkminRtwmRtUvRtUv)anpl;eGay. kugRtaMg
TajekItmanenAkgFwmbNalmkBIkMlaMgTajtamGkS kMlaMgBt; kMlaMgkat;TTwg kMlaMgrmYl bbnSMnbnk
TaMgenH. TItaMgnsameRbHenAkgFwmebtugGaRsynwgTisedAnkugRtaMgem (principal stresses). bnSMnkug
RtaMgkMlaMgEkg normal stress nigkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwg begIt)ankMlaMgTajtamGgt;RTUg (diagonal
tension) GtibrmaEdlsitenARbEhlcMgay d BImuxnTMr.
kareFVIkarrbs;FwmebtugGarem:edaymanbKanEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg RtUv)anBiesaFeRkamGMeBInkarekIn
eLIgnbnkdUc)anerobrab;enAkgemeronTI3. enAkgkarBiesaFn_Fwm sameRbHbBarEdlekItBIkarBt;ekIt
eLIgenAenAelImuxkat;Edlmanm:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugelIsBIm:UDuldac;
(module of rupture) rbs;ebtug b f r = 0.623 f 'c . sameRbHeRTtenAkgRTnugekItmanenAkgtMNak;kal
bnab;enATItaMgEk,rTMr.
sameRbHeRTtEdlekItmanenAkgFwmEdlminTan;)aneRbHBIdMbUg CaTUeTARtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa
sameRbHkMlaMgkat;RTnug (web-shear crack). RbsinebIsameRbHeRTtcab;epImenABIelIsameRbHEdlekItBI
karBt;EdlmanRsab; ehIyrIksayenAkgFwm enaHsameRbHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa sameRbHkMlaMgkat;rg
karBt; (flexural-shear crack) rUbTI8>5. sameRbH web-shear crack ekItmanenAkgFwmEdlmankMlaMgkat;
FM nigm:Um:g;Bt;tUcenAkgRTnugesIg. vaCasameRbHminFmtaehIyGacekItmanenAEk,rcMnucrbt;nFwmCab; b
Ek,rTMrnFwmsamBa.
sameRbH flexural-shear crack CaRbePTsameRbHFmtaEdleKGaceXIjmanenAelIFwm. dMbUgsam
eRbH flexural crack ekItmanbBarenAelIFwm bnab;mksameRbHeRTtcab;epImekItmanBIelIkMBUlnsameRbH
flexural crack enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgekItmanenAkgtMbn;enaH. enAkugtMbn;EdlmankugRtaMg
kMlaMgkat;TTwgFM FwmRtUvEtBRgwgedayEdkkg stirrup bEdkBt; (bent bar) edIm,IeFVIeGayFwmmanlkNsVit
(ductile) Edlmin)ak;b dac;. edIm,IeCosvagkar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat; munkar)ak;edaykarBt; emKuNsuvtiPaB
FMRtUv)anpl;eGayedIm,ITb;nwgkar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwg. ACI Code kMNt;emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;
= 0.75 sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkgGgt;ebtugGarem:RtUv)anekIteLIgedaybnSMnkMlaMgemkanicxageRkam
rUbTI8>5
- ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgnebtugminTan;eRbH Vz
- kareprkMlaMgkat;TTwgrvagGnrp (interface shear transfer) Va EdlbNalmkBIkarbgaMKarvag
fbMEbktambeNaypdKRKatrbs;sameRbH
129
- GMeBIrbs;Fr (arch action)

- GMeBIEdkf<k; (dowel action) Vd EdlbNalmkBIersIusg;nr)arEdkbeNayeTAkMlaMgkat;TTwg
tamTTwg (transverse shearing force)
bEnmeTAelIkMlaMgTaMgenH EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg (shear reinforcement) begInersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwg
Vs edayGaRsyeTAelIGgt;pit nigKMlatEdkkgEdleRbIenAkgGgt;ebtug. RbsinebIEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
minRtUv)andak;enAkgFwmragctuekaN enaHsmamaRtnkMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlTb;edaykMlaMgemkanicepSgKW
BI 20% eTA 40% edayVz / BI 35% eTA 50% eday Va / BI 15% eTA 25% eday Vd .
4> \TiBlm:Um:g;eTAelIersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
sMrab;FwmTMrsamBaeRkamGMeBIbnkBRgayesI muxkat;kNalElVgrgnUvm:Um:g;Bt;FM nigkMlaMgkat;TTwg
tUc besIsUn EdlpyBImuxkat;enAEk,rTMrEdlm:Um:g;Bt;mantMltUc kMlaMgkat;TTwgmantMlFM rUbTI8>1.
kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigm:Um:g;mantMlFMenAEk,rTMrkNalsMrab;FwmCab;. enATItaMgEdlkMlaMgkat;TTwgFM nigm:Um:g;
Bt;tUc enaHvanwgmankareRbHedaykarBt;tictYc ehIykugRtaMgmFm v = V / bd . kugRtaMgkMlaMgTajtam
Ggt;RTUgCakugRtaMgEdleRTtedaymMuRbEhl 45o rUbTI8>4 c . sameRbHGgt;RTUgGacrMBwgfanwgekItman
enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgkM;laMgTajGgt;RTUgEdlsitenAEk,rtMbn;GkSNWtxiteTACit belIsersIusg;kMlaMgTaj
rbs;ebtug. CaTUeTA ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgcugeRkay (ultimate shear strength) ERbRbYlcenaHBI
0.29 f 'c nig 0.42 f 'c . eRkayBIkarBiesaFn_eTAelIFwmCaeRcInGMBIkMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgTajtam
Ggt;RTUg eK)anrkeXIjfaenAkgtMbn;EdlmankMlaMgkat;TTwgFM nigm:Um:g;Bt;tUc enaHsameRbHkMlaMgTaj
Ggt;RTUgRtUv)anbegIteLIgenAeBlkMlaMgkat;TTwgmFm
V = 0.29 f ' b d
*>#
Edl bw CaTTwgRTnugmuxkat;GkSret bTTwgmuxkat;ctuekaN
d CakMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs;Fwm
enATItaMgEdlkMlaMgkat;TTwg nigm:Um:g;Bt;mantMlFM enaHsameRbHedaykarBt; (flexural crack)
RtUv)anekIteLIgdMbUg. enAdMNak;kalTImYy sameRbHxHBt;kgTisedAGgt;RTUgenAeBlEdlkugRtaMgkMlaMg
TajGgt;RTUg EdlsitenABIcugxagelInsameRbHTaMgenaHFMCagkugRtaMgkMlaMgTajrbs;ebtug.
RbsinebIeKeGaym:Um:g;FMmanGMeBIelIFwm sMrab;muxkat;EdlmanbrimaNEdkRKb;RKan; enaHkMlaMg nominal
shear force enAeBlEdlsameRbHekItmanRtUv)aneGaydUcxageRkam
Vcr = 0.16 f 'c bw d
*>$
cr
c w
130
NPIC
T.Chhay
tMlenHKWtUcCagtMlEdleGayedaysmIkar *># eRcInCaBak;kNalenAeBlEdlm:Um:g;Bt;man

tMltUcNas;. enHmannyfam:Um:g;Bt;FMkat;bnytMlrbs;kugRtaMgkM;laMgkat;TTwgenAeBlEdlsameRbH
ekIteLIg. smIkarxageRkamRtUv)anesIeLIgedIm,ITsSn_TaynUvkugRtaMg nominal shear stress enAeBlEdl
samGgt;RTUgRtUv)anrMBwgfaekItman
V d
V
vcr =
= 0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w u 0.29 f 'c
*>%
M
b d
w
ACI Code, Section 11.3.2
)anyksmIkarenHsMrab;KNnakMlaMg nominal ultimate shear force
EdlTb;edayebtug
*>^
Edl w = As / bwd / d CakMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs;muxkat;Fwm/ bw CaTTwgRTnugsMrab;muxkat;GkSret
bTTwgnmuxkat;ctuekaN Vu nig M u CakMlaMgkat;TTwgcugeRkay (ultimate shearing force) nigm:Um:g;Bt;
cugeRkay (ultimate bending moment) EdlekIteLIgkgeBldMNalKaenAelImuxkat;sikSa.
tMln Vu d / M u minRtUvFMCag 1.0 sMrab;smIkar *>^. RbsinebI M u mantMlFMenAkgsmIkar
*>^ enaHtYrTIBIrnwgmantMltUcesIEtesIsUn enaH vc xiteTArk 0.16 f 'c . RbsinebI M u mantMltUc
Vc = (0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w
Vu d
)bw d 0.29 f 'c bw d
Mu
131
enaHtYrTIBIrnwgmantMlFM ehIytMl 0.29 f 'c lub. eRkABIsmIkar *>^ ACI Code, Section
11.3.1GnuBaatieGayKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;ebtugdUcxageRkam
*>&
Vc = (0.17 f 'c )bw d
1> kgkrNIsMrab;kMlaMgsgt;tamGkS N u
Vc = (0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w
Vu d
)bw d 0.29 f 'c bw d
Mm
*>*
4h d
M m = M u Nu
8
A
w = s
bw d
Edl
kMBs;srubrbs;Fwm
Vu d / M u GacFMCag 1.0 b:uEn Vc minRtUvFMCag
h=
Vc = bw d (0.29 f 'c ) 1 +
Nu
3.45 Ag
*>(
Edl
Ag CaRkLapTaMgGs; (gross section) KitCa mm 2
m:agvijeTot Vc GacRtUv)anKNnaeday
Vc = bw d (2 + 0.145
Nu
) f 'c
Ag
*>!0
2> kgkrNIsMrab;kMlaMgTajtamGkS N u
Vc = bw d (2 + 0.58
Nu
) f 'c
Ag
*>!!
N u mantMlGviCmansMrab;kMlaMgTaj
Edl
RbsinebI Vc GviCman enaH Vc RtUv)anykesIsUn.
5> FwmmanEdkkMlaMgkat;
EdkEdleRbIedIm,ITb;nwgkMlaMgkat; EdleKeRbIGacmaneRcInRbePTepSg
a. Edkkg EdleKeRbIedaydak;EkgeTAnwgEdkbeNay Edkem bRtUv)aneKdak;eRTt mMuEdl
eKniymeRbI 45 . EdkkgEdleKniymeRbImanmuxkat; DB10 nig DB12 .
b. EdkBt; EdlCaEpkmYyrbs;EdkbeNayEdleKBt;eLIg enAkEngEdleKbBab; edaymMu
30 nig 60 CaTUeTA 45 .
c. bnSMrvagEdkkg nigEdkBt;
d. sMNaj;Edk CamYynwgsMNaj;EkgeTAnwgGkS
o
132
NPIC
T.Chhay
e.
EdkkgvN EdleKeRbIsMrab;ssr
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;FwmebtugGarem:RtUv)anbegIneLIgedaykareRbInUvEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
munnwgekItnUvsameRbHGgt;RTUg EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgCYyersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgtictYcbMput. eRkayeBlEdl
sameRbHkMlaMgkat;TTwgekIteLIg EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgbegInersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;Fwm ehIykMlaMgkgmg
eTotEdlekIteLIgenAmuxkat;eRbH. enAeBlbrimaNEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgtUc kar)ak;EdlekIteLIgedaysar
EdkenARTnugeFVIkardl; yield GacnwgekIteLIg b:uEnRbsinebIbrimaNEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgFM enaHkar)ak;eday
shear-compression failure GacnwgekIteLIg TaMgenHCaGVIEdleyIgKYreCosvag.
ebtug Edkkg (stirrups) nigEdkdgErk (bent bars) eFVIGMeBIrYmKaedIm,ITb;nwgkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
edaysarersIusg;rgkarsgt;x<s; ebtugedIrtYCaGgt;rgkarsgt;Ggt;RTUgnRbBnFwm cMENkEdkkgedIrtYCa
Ggt;rgkarTajbBar. kMlaMgsgt;Ggt;RTUg kdUcCabgMkMlaMgbBarrbs;va mantMlesInwgkMlaMgTajenAkg
Edkkg. EdkBt;dgErk (bent-up reinforcement) kedIrtYdUcCaGgt;TajenAkg truss Edr rUbTI *>^.
CaTUeTA karcUlrYmrbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgeTAkgersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;FwmebtugGarem:
GacRtUv)anBiBNnadUcxageRkam
133
- vaTb;Tl;EpkxHnkMlaMgkat;TTwg/ V
- vabegInGaMgtg;sIuetnkMlaMgkat;rvagGnrp/ Va rUbTI *>%/ edayTb;Tl;nwgkarrIkFMnsam
eRbHeRTt (inclined crack).
- vabegInnUvkMlaMgf<k; (dowel force)/ Vd rUbTI *>%/ enAkgEdkbeNay
- GMeBITb; (confining action) rbs;EdkkgeTAelIebtugGacbegInerIusg;rbs;va
- GMeBITb; (confining action) rbs;EdkkgeTAelIebtugbegInnUvsmtPaBrgVilnsnak;)asic
(rotation capacity of plastic hinge) EdlekItmanenAkgeRKOgbgM indeterminate structure
eRkambnkcugeRkay nigbegInRbEvgEdl yield GacekItmanenAelIva.
eday V CaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;muxkat;ebtugGarem:enaH
V =V +V
*>!@
V - ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;)anBIebtug
Edl
V - ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;)anBIEdk
RbsinebIV kMlaMgkat;Edl)anBIbnkxageRkAenaH
V V = (V + V )
*>!#
V = 1.2V + 1.6V
nig = 0.75
Edl
V RtUv)anKNnaedaykarviPaK truss rUbTI *>&. sMrab;sameRbH 45 nigesrInEdkkg bEdk
dgErk. kMlaMgkat;bBar V esInwgplbUkbgMkMlaMgbBarnkMlaMgTajEdlekItmanenAkgEdkeRTt
V = nA f sin
*>!$
Edl
A
-muxkat;kat;EdkkMlaMgkat;CamYyKMlat s
- ersIusg;EdkkMlaMgkat;
f
s
yt
yt
eday ns = aa + a a
1
1 2
134
NPIC
T.Chhay
BIRtIekaN aa a
BIRtIekaN aa a
d = a1a4 = aa1tg 45o
1 4
d = a1a4 = aa2tg
1 2
ns = d (cot 45o + cot ) = d (1 + cot )

d
n = (1 + cot )
s
A f d
A f d
Vs = v yt sin (1 + cot ) = v yt (sin + cos )
s
s
eKTTYl)an
sMrab;krNIEdkkgbBar = 90
A f d
A f d
b
V =
s=
s
V
sMrab;krNIEdkkgbBar = 45
A f d
A f d
V = 1.4
b
s = 1 .4
V
s
sMrab;krNIEdkdgErkEtmYy bRkumEdkenAmYykEng
b A = f Vsin
V = A f sin
*>!%
yt
yt
*>!^
yt
yt
*>!&
yt
*>!*
yt
sMrab;
= 45o
Av = 1.4
Vs
f yt
*>!(
6> tMrUvkarrbs; ACI Code sMrab;karKNnakMlaMgkat;TTwg

1> muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgmFm
Critical section for nominal shear strength calculation
GnuBaateGayykmuxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
mFm enAcMgay d BIpmuxnTMr. karENnaMenHQrenAelIPaBCak;EsgEdlsameRbHeRTtdMbUgeKTMngCaekIt
eLIgenAelIFwmRtg;cMgay d BITMrEdleRcInelcecjenAeBleFVIBiesaFn_. muxkat;eRKaHfak;enHRtUv)anGnuBaat
enAkglkxNEdlRbtikmTMrbBankMlaMgsgt;eTAkgtMbn;cug/ bnkRtUv)anGnuvtenAelI benAEk,rkMBUln
Ggt;ehIyKanbnkcMcMnucGnuvtenAcenaHpnTMr nigTItaMgnmuxkat;eRKaHfak;. bTdankkMNt;Edrfa Edk
kMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak;enAcenaHpnTMr nigcMgay d .
2> muxkat;EdkGb,brmasMrab;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
vtmanrbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkgFwmebtugTb;Tl;nwgkarrIkraldalnsameRbHeRTt. m:agvij
eTot PaBsVit (ductility) ekIneLIg ehIyva)anRbkasGasnmuneBl)ak;. RbsinebIKanEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
enaHFwmmanlkNRsYyehIy)ak;edaymin)anR)ab;mun. dUcenH muxkat;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)ankMNt;
ACI Code, Section 11.1.3
135
eday Code. ACI Code, Section 11.5.5 tMrUvEdkkgTaMgGs;eGaymanRkLapEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma Av esInwg

b s
b s
*>@0
Av = 0.062 f 'c w 0.35 w
f
f
yt
yt
Edl bw CaTTwgnRTnug nig s CaKMlatrbs;Edkkg. eKRtUvkarbrimaNEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brmaenAeBlEdl V > 0.5V elIkElg

- kMralxN nigeCIgtag
- rnUtebtug
- FwmEdlmankMBs;tUcCag max{250mm; 2.5 dgkMras;nsab; ; 1.5 nTTwgRTnug }
RbsinebI 0.062 f 'c = 0.35 enaH f 'c = 31.9MPa . enHmanyfaenAeBlEdl f 'c < 32MPa enaH
tMlGb,brma Av = 0.35bw s / f yt manlkNlb; EtenAeBlEdl f 'c 32MPa enaHtMlGb,brma
Av = 0.062 f 'c bw s / f yt manlkNlub. karekIneLIgnUvRkLapEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgsMrab;
f 'c 32MPa KWedIm,IkarBarCamunnUvkar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;TTwg (shear failure )Pam enAeBlEdlekIt
mansameRbHeRTt.
vaCakarGnuvtn_mYydFmtakgkardMeLIgkMras;kMralxN kMras;eCIgtag bkMBs;Fwmrak;edIm,IbegIn
lTPaBTb;Tal;nwgkMlaMgkat;TTwg. EdkkgGacnwgKan\TBlenAkgGgt;rak; edaysartMbn;rgkarsgt;
rbs;vamankMBs;tUcEmnETn nigminmanTMBk;RKb;RKan;EdlRtUvkarsMrab;Edkkg. sMrab;FwmEdlminrak;
eKminRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgenAeBlEdl Vu < 0.5Vc .
RkLapEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brmaGacnwgRtUv)anTTYledayeRbIEdkkg DB10 dak;enAKMlatGtibrma S max . RbsinebI f yt = 400MPa ehIyEdkkg DB10 manragGkSr U eCIgBIrRtUv)aneRbI enaH
smIkar *>@0kayeTACa
Av f yt
Av f yt
*>@!
S max =
0.35b
(0.062 f ' )b
u
sMrab; f 'c < 32MPa / S max = 157 400 / 0.35bw = 179400 / bw

sMrab; f 'c = 32MPa / S max = 179000 / bw
RbsinebIeKeRbIEdk DB12 manragGkSr U enaH
sMrab; f 'c < 32MPa / S max = 258250 / bw
*>@@
*>@#
136
NPIC
T.Chhay

RtUvcgcaMfa S max minRtUvFMCag 600mm b d / 2 eT.
taragTI 1 pl;nUv S max edayQrelIsmIkar *>@@ nig *>@#. KMlatcugeRkayKYrEtRtUvrMkil
eTArktMlEdltUc. ]TahrN_ S max = 515mm kayeTACa S max = 500mm .
taragTI1> tMlrbs; S
max
= Av f yt / 0.35bw = 60cm
. enAeBlEdl
f yt = 400MPa
nig
f 'c < 32MPa
bw (cm)
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
bw
S max (cm) DB10
60
55
50
40
35
35
30
25
179400 / bw
S max (cm) DB12
60
60
60
60
55
50
45
40
258250 / bw
3> kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaEdlTb;edayEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg V
edIm,IkarBarkar)ak; shear-compression failure EdlebtugGacEbkedaykugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgFM
nigkugRtaMgkMlaMgsgt;enAkgtMbn;eRKaHfak; enABIelIkMBUlnsameRbHGgt;RTUg ACI Code, Section
11.5.6.8, tMrUvfa V 0.67 f ' b d . RbsinebI V > 0.67 f ' b d enaHeKRtUvtMelIgmuxkat;ebtug.
edayQrenAelIkarkMNt;enH
RbsinebI f 'c = 20MPa enaH Vs 3bwd b Vs / bwd 3MPa
RbsinebI f 'c = 28MPa enaH Vs 3.5bwd b Vs / bwd 3.5MPa
RbsinebI f 'c = 35MPa enaH Vs 4bwd b Vs / bwd 4MPa
4> KMlatEdkkgGtibrma
edIm,IFanafasameRbHGgt;RTUgRtUvkat;Edkkgy:agehacmYy enaH ACI Code, Section 11.5.4 tMrUv
fa KMlatrvagEdkkgminKYrelIs d / 2 b 600mm RbsinebI V 0.33 f ' b d edayQrelIkarsnt;fa
sameRbHGgt;RTUgekItmantammMu 45o niglatsnwgtamcMgayedkRbEhlcMgay d . enAkgtMbn;kMlaMgkat;
TTwgFM Edl Vs > 0.33 f 'c bwd KMlatEdkkgGtibrmacenaHEdkkgminRtUvFMCag d / 4 . karkMNt;enH
caM)ac;edIm,IFanaeGaysameRbHGgt;RTUgkat;Edkkgy:agehacbI. enAeBlEdl V > 0.67 f ' b d kar
kMNt;nKMlatGtibrmaminRtUv)anGnuvt ehIyTMhMrbs;muxkat;ebtugKYrRtUv)antMeLIg.
karkMNt;TIBIrsMrab;KMlatGtibrmanEdkkgkGacTTYl)anBIlkxNmuxkat;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,
brma. Av Gb,brma RtUv)anTTYlenAeBlKMlat s Gb,brma smIkar *>@!.
karkMNt;TIbIsMrab;KMlatGtibrmaesInwg 600mm enAeBlEdl V 0.33 f ' b d nigesInwg
300mm enAeBlEdl 0.33 f 'c bw d < Vs 0.67 f 'c bw d . tMltUcCageKnKMlatGtibrmaRtUv)anyk
s
c w
c w
c w
c w
c w
137
mkeRbI. tMrUvkarKMlatGtibrman ACI Code FanaKMlatCitKarbs;EdkkgedIm,Icab;EdkrgkarTajbeNay

enAkgFwm edayehtuenHva)anbegInlTPaBbgb;Edkrbs;va Vd rUbTI *>%.
5> ersIusg; yield rbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
ACI Code, Section 11.5.2. tMrUveGayersIusg; design yield strength rbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
minKYrelIs 420MPa . mUlehtuEdlenABIeRkaykarsMercenHKWedIm,IkMNt;TMhMsameRbHEdlbNalmkBI
kMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg nigedIm,IFanafaEKmrbs;sameRbHenArkSapb:HCitKaedIm,IbegInkMlaMgbBannkMlaMg
kat;rvagGnrp Va rUbTI *>%. sMrab;ssrEdkfaMgGMeBAsMrab;pSar (welded deformed wire fabric)
ersIusg; design yield strength minKYrelIs 560MPa .
6> TMBk;rbs;Edkkg
ACI Code, Section 11.5.2. tMrUvfaEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak;enAEk,rsesrrgkarsgt;eRkA
bMput nigssrrgkarTajeRkAbMputtamEtGaceFVIeTA)an CamYynwgtMrUvkarrbs; code sMrab;kMra;karBarEdk
edaysarEt enAeBlEdlbnkEdlmanGMeBIenAelIFwmxiteTACitbnkcugeRkay (ultimate load) sameRbHkM
laMgTaj edaykarBt; (flexural tension crack) bnayy:ageRCAcUleTAkgFwm. dUcKa edIm,IeGayEdkkg
TTYl)annUversIusg; yield eBj vaRtUvkarnUvTMBk;Edll. enAeBlEdlbnkEdlmanGMeBIelIFwmxiteTACitbnk
cugeRkay (ultimate load) kugRtaMgenAkgEdkkg)aneTAdl;kugRtaMg yield rbs;va enAcMnucEdlsameRbH
Ggt;RTUgkat;cMEdkkgenaH. tMrUvkarrbs; ACI Code sMrab;TMBk;Edkkg/ Section 12.13 dUcxageRkam
- karBt;nImYyenAkgEpkCab;nEdkkgGkSr U Fmta bBhuEdkkgGkSr U KYrBTCMuvijEdk
beNay (ACI Code, Section 12.13.3) emIlrUbTI *>*a.
- Code GnuBaateGayeRbInUvTMBk; standard 90o / 135o b 180o CMuvijEdkbeNysMrab;Edkkg
DB16 . RbsinebIEdkkg DB19 / DB 22 nig DB 25 CamYynwg f yt > 280MPa enaH Code,
Section 12.13.2 tMrUvTMBk; standard bUknwgRbEvgbgb; 0.17d b f yt / f 'c cenaHBak;kNal
kMBs;Fwm nigEpkxageRkAnTMBk;. RbsinebIEdkRtUvBt;edaymMu 90o RbEvgBntminRtUvtUcCag
12d b . sMrab;Edk DB16 bEdkkgTMhMtUcCagenH RbEvgBntKW 6d b (ACI Code, Section 7.1)
emIlrUbTI *>*.
- RbsinebIEdkkgGkSr U DubRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IpMCaEdkkgbiTCit RbEvgRCYs (lap length)
minRtUvtUcCag 1.3ld (ACI Code, Section 12.13.5) emIlrUbTI *>*c .
- ssrEdkEdlpSar (welded wire fabric) RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkg]sSahkm
plitTukmun (precast industry) . TMBk;lMGitRtUv)anpl;eGayenAkg ACI Code, Section
12.13.2.3 nigenAkgesckIBnl; (commentary) rbs;va.
138
NPIC
T.Chhay
- EdkkgbiTCitRtUv)anpl;eGaysMrab;FwmEdlrgnUgkMlaMgrmYl (ACI Code, Section 7.11).

- FwmEdlenABTCMuvijeRKOgbgMRtUveRbIEdkkgbiTCitedIm,IrkSa structural integrity rbs;Ggt;
(ACI Code, Section 7.13.2.2).
7> EdkkgenAEdlenAEk,rTMr
ACI Code, Section 11.1.3 kMNt;faEdkkgkMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlpl;eGayenAcenaHpTMr nigmuxkat;
eRKaHfak; (critical section) EdlsitenAcMgay d BITMr KYrRtUv)anKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg Vu dUcKa enAnwg
muxkat;eRKaHfak;. vaCakarGnuvtn_Fmtaedaydak;EdkkgTImYyenAcMgay s / 2 BIpnTMr Edl s CaKMlat
EdlKNnaedaysmIkar *>!^ sMrab; Vu enAmuxkat;eRKaHfak;.
139
8> RbEvgRbsiTPaBrbs;EdkdgErk
manEtbIPaKbYnRtg;cMnuckNalnEpkeRTtnEdkbeNayRtUv)anKitfamanRbsiTPaBsMrab;EdkkM
laMgkat;TTwg. enHmannyfa KMlatGtibrmarbs;EdkdgErkKW 0.75(d d ' ) . BIrUbTI *>( RbEvgRbsiTPaB
rbs;EdkdgErkKW 0.75(d d ' ) / sin 45o = 0.75(1.414)(d d ' ) = 1.06(d d ' ) . KMlatGtibrma s esInwgcM
gayedkEdl)anBIkarTMlak;cMeNalEkgnRbEvgRbsiTPaBEdkdgErk. dUcenH
S max = 1.06(d d ' ) cos 45o b S max = 1.06(d d ' )0.707 = 0.75(d d ' )
7> karKNnaEdkkgbBar
eKRtUvkarEdkkg (stirrup) enAeBlEdl Vu > 12 Vc . EdkkgGb,brmaRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdl
1 V < V < V . kgkrNIenHeKeRbIEdkkg DB10 EdlRtUv)andak;nUvKMlatGtibrma. enAeBlEdl
c
u
c
2
Vu > Vc eKRtUvEtdak;EdkkgCamYyKMlattUcCagKMlatGtibrma ehIyGacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIsmIkar
*>!^ S = Av f yt d / Vs .
EdkkgEdlRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAenAkgmuxkat;ebtugCaEdkkg DB10 nig DB12 GkSr U eCIgBIr
CamYynwg f yt = 400MPa . RbsinebI DB10 RtUv)aneRbIenaH smIkar*>!^kayCa
S Av f yt 157 400 62800
*>@$
=
=
=
d
Vs
Vs
Vs
RbsinebI DB12 RtUv)aneRbIenaH
S Av f yt 226 400 90400
*>@%
=
=
=
d
Vs
Vs
Vs
pleFobKMlatEdkkgelIkMBs;RbsiTPaB d rbs;Fwm GaRsynwg Vs . tMln S / d sMrab;tMl
epSgKan Vs enAeBlEdl f yt = 400MPa RtUv)aneGayenAkgtaragTI2 nigtaragTI3 sMrab;Edk DB10 nig
Edk DB12 erogKa. tMldUcKaRtUv)anbgajCadaRkamdUcenAkgrUbTI 8>10 nigrUbTI 8>11.
140
NPIC
T.Chhay
taragTI2> pleFob S / d sMrab;tMl V f

s
Vs (kN )
125.6 142.7 190.3 237.9

0.5
S /d
0.44
taragTI3> pleFob S / d sMrab;tMl V f

Vs (kN )
S /d
= 400MPa S / d = 62800 / Vs
251.2
0.33 0.264
yt
0.25
yt
DB10
285.5 330.5 380.6 418.7 475.8

0.22
0.19 0.165
= 400MPa S / d = 90400 / Vs
0.15 0.132
592.5
0.106
DB12
180.8
225
265
310
361.6
445
490.0
535
665
775
850
0.5
0.40
0.34
0.29
0.25
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.11
141
Tamtarag nigdaRkamxagelIeyIgGacsnidan)anfa
- RbsinebIeKeRbI DB10 / S = d / 2 enAeBlEdl Vs 125.6kN . enAeBlEdl Vs ekIneLIg
S / d fycuHtamExSekageTArktMl 0.132 enAeBl Vs = 475.8kN . RbsinebIKMlatGb,brma
RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 75mm enaH d 568mm . enAeBlEdl Vs > 251.2kN enaH S d / 4 .
- RbsinebIeKeRbI DB12 / S = d / 2 enAeBlEdl Vs 180.8kN . enAeBlEdl Vs ekIneLIg
S / d fycuHtamExSekageTArktMl 0.14 enAeBl Vs = 665kN . RbsinebIKMlatGb,brma
RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 75mm enaH d 535mm . enAeBlEdl Vs > 361.6kN enaH S d / 4 .
- RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkkgGkSr U f yt = 280MPa enaHeKRtUvKuN S / d edaytMl 7 /10 bCaTUeTA
f yt / 400 .
8> segbviFIsaRsKNnaEdkkgbBar
CMhankgkarKNnaEdkkgbBarsMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg edayeyagtam ACI Code GacRtUv)ansegb
dUcxageRkam
a. kMNt;kMlaMgkat;KNna V BIbnkEdlGnuvtnmkelIeRKOgbgM. kMlaMgkat;KNnaRKITic
EdlRtUvykmksikSasitenARbEvg d BImuxnTMr.
Vd
b. kMNt; V = 0.17 f ' b d b V = (0.16 f ' + 17.2
)b d 0.29 f ' b d
M
u
c w
c w
bnab;mkKNna 12 V
k> RbsinebI V < 12 V muxkat;minRtUvkarEdkkg
x> RbsinebI 12 V < V V eRbImuxkat;EdkkgGb,brma
K> RbsinebI V > V muxkat;Edkkg RtUvKNnadUcxageRkam
kMNt;kMlaMgkat;EdlTb;eday Edkkg
c
c.
d.
Vs =
e.
f.
Vu Vc
kMNt; V = 0.33 f ' b d nig V = 0.67 f ' b d = 2V . RbsinebI V > V

tMeLIgmuxkat;.
kMNt;KMlatrbs;Edk s = A Vf d
kMNt;KMlatEdkGtibrmaEdlGnuBaatieday ACI Code. KMlatEdkGtibrmaCatMltUcbMput
n s nig s
c1
c w
c2
c w
c1
c2
yt
g.
142
NPIC
T.Chhay
k> s
x>
RbsinebI V V = 0.33
RbsinebI V < V V
d
60cm
2
d
s2 = 30cm
4
3A f
16 Av f yt
s3 = v yt
bw
bw f 'c
2
c1
c1
f 'c bw d
c2
k> RbsinebI s < s eRbI s

x> RbsinebI s > s eRbI s
i. ACI Code min)ankMNt;nUvKMlatGb,brmaeT. eRkamlkxNFmta KMlatGb,brma S
RtUv)ansnt;ykesInwg 75mm sMrab; d 50cm nigmanKMlatGb,brmaesInwg 100mm
sMrab;FwmeRCA (deep beam) . RbsinebI S mantMltUcenaH eKGactMeLIgmuxkat;Edkkg
beRbIEdkkgeCIgeRcIn rUbTI 8>8.
j. sMrab;muxkat;mUl RkLapEdleRbIsMrab;KNna Vc = plKuNGgt;pitCamYykMBs;RbsiTPaB
d / Edl d = 0.8 nGgt;pit/ ACI Code, Section11.3.3 .
]TahrN_1 FwmTMrsamBamanmuxkat;ctuekaN b = 30cm / d = 55cm nig h = 60cm ehIyRtUv)anBRgwg
eday 4DB25 . epgpat;faetImuxkat;enHRKb;RKan;bGt;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwgemKuN (ultimate shear force)
xageRkam. RbsinebIva minRKb;RKan; cUrKNnaEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgkgTMrg;CaEdkkgGkSr U . edayeRbI
f 'c = 28MPa nig f yt = 400MPa .
k> Vu = 50kN x> Vu = 110kN K> Vu = 240kN X> Vu = 345kN g> Vu = 570kN
h.
max
max
max
dMeNaHRsay
CaTUeTA bw = b = 300mm / d = 550mm nig

Vc = (0.17 f 'c )bd = 0.75(0.17 28 )300 550 10 3 = 111.3kN
1 V
c
2
= 55.65kN
(
Vc 2 = (0.67
) (
)
f 'c )bd = 576kN
Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bd = 0.33 28 300 550 10 3 = 288kN
k>
x>
/ muxkat;RKb;RKan; edayminRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
Vu = 110kN > 12 Vc / b:uEnvatUcCag Vc = 111.3kN . eday Vs = 0 dUcenH muxkat;RtUvkarEdk
kMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma. eRbI DB10 CaEdkkgGkSr U enAKMlatGtibrma.
Vu = 50kN < 12 Vc = 55.565kN
Av = 2 10 2
= 157mm 2
KMlatGtibrmaCatMltUcCageKkgcMeNam
S 2 = d / 2 = 275mm yk 250mm lub
143
S 3 = Av f yt / 0.35bw = 157 400 /(0.35 300) = 598mm
yk 550mm beRbItaragTI1
S 4 = 600mm
dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 250mm

K> Vu = 240kN > Vc / RtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg. karKNnaGaceFVIeLIgCaCMhanxageRkam
KNna Vs = (Vu Vc ) / = (240 111.3) / 0.75 = 171.6kN
edaysar Vs < Vc1 enaH S max = d / 2 600mm
eRCIserIs DB10 CaEdkkgGkSr U nigKNnaKMlatRtUvkaredayQrelI Vs
Av f yt d 157 400 550
S1 =
=
= 201mm yk 200mm
Vs
171600
KNnaKMlatGtibrma S 2 = 250mm / S3 = 550mm nig S 4 = 600mm dUcenH S max = 250mm
edaysar S = 200mm < S max = 250mm
dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 200mm
X> Vu = 345kN > Vc /RtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
KNna Vs = (Vu Vc ) / = (345 111.3) / 0.75 = 311.6kN
edaysar Vs > Vc1 enaH S max = d / 4 300mm yk 125mm
edaysar Vc1 < Vs < Vc2 enaHeKGaceRbIEdkkg edaymincaM)ac;tMeLIgmuxkat;ebtug.
eRCIserIs DB10 CaEdkkgGkSr U nigKNnaKMlatRtUvkaredayQrelI Vs
Av f yt d 157 400 550
S1 =
=
= 110mm yk 100mm
Vs
311600
KNnaKMlatGtibrma S 2 = d / 4 = 137.5mm yk 125mm / S3 = 550mm nig S 4 = 300mm
dUcenH S max = 125mm
edaysar S = 100mm < S max = 125mm
dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @100mm
g> Vu = 570kN > Vc / RtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
KNna Vs = (Vu Vc ) / = (570 111.3) / 0.75 = 611.6kN
edaysar Vs > Vc2 enaHmuxkat;minRKb;RKan;. eKRtUvkartMeLIgTMhMrbs;muxkat;mYy bkTaMgBIr.
cMNaM taragTI 2 nigrUbTI 8>10 kGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnaKMlat S sMrab; K> nig X> )anpgEdr.
1> sMrab; K> Vs = 171.6kN BIrUbTI 8>10 btaragTI 2> sMrab;EdkkgGkSr U DB10 eyIgTTYl)an
S / d = 0.37 dUcenH S1 = 203.5mm EdltUcCag d / 2 = 250mm . cgcaMfa S max EdlQrelI Vs
KW d / 2 minEmn d / 4 eT. dUcKaBItaragTI 1> eyIgTTYl)an S3 = Av f yt / 0.35bw = 550mm .
144
NPIC
T.Chhay
2> sMrab; X> Vs = 311.6kN / S / d = 0.18 enaH S1 = 100mm / Vs = 311.6kN > 251.2kN enaH
S max = d / 4 RtUv)aneRbI.
]TahrN_2 FwmTMrsamBaEdlmanRbEvg 5.2m nigmanRbEvgcenaHssr (clear span) 4.9m edayRTnUv
bnkBRgayesIefr 65kN / m nigbnkBRgayesIGefr 55kN / m . TMhMrbs;Fwm nigssrEdkRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 8>12. epgpat;muxkat;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigKNnaEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgcaM)ac;. eKeGay
f 'c = 20MPa nig f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay
eKeGay bw = 350mm / d = 580mm

1> KNnakMlaMgkat;TTwgemKuN (ultimate shear) BIbnkxageRkA
bnkBRgayesIemKuN = 1.2 65 + 1.6 55 = 166kN / m
166 4.9
Vu enABImuxpTMr =
= 406.7 kN
2
KNna Vu enAcMgayBImuxpnTMr = 406.7 0.58 166 = 310.42kN
2> KNna Vc :
Vc = (0.17 f 'c )bw d = 0.75(0.17 20 )350 580 10 3 = 115.75kN
1 V
c
2
= 57.87 kN
145
KNna Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bwd = 0.33 20 350 580 103 = 299.6kN
KNna Vc2 = 2Vc1 = 599.2kN
3> eday Vu > Vc dUcenHmuxkat;RtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg. cMgay x' EdlenARtg;cMgayenHmuxkat;
ebtugminRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg enA 12 Vc KW
406.7 57.87 4.9
x' =
= 2.10m
406.7
4> KNna Vs = (Vu Vc ) / = (310.42 115.75) / 0.75 = 259.56kN . edaysar Vs < Vc1 enaH
S max = d / 2 600mm RtUv)anBicarNa beyagtamrUbTI 8>10 btaragTI2 Vs > 251.2kN .
5> KNnaEdkkg eRCIserIsEdkkgGkSr U DB10 / Av = 157mm 2 . KNna S1 edayQrelI
Vs = 259.56kN / S1 = Av f yt d / Vs = 140mm yk 125mm byk S / d = 0.24 BItaragTI2
bBIrUbTI 8>10
6> KNnaKMlatGtibrma S 2 = d / 2 = 580 / 2 = 290mm yk 250mm /
S 3 = Av f yt / 0.35bw = 500mm beRbItaragTI1/ S 4 = 600mm . dUcenH S max = 250mm .
7> edaysar S1 = 125mm < S max = 250mm eRbI DB10 @125mm
8> KNna Vs sMrab;KMlatGtibrma 250mm
Vs =
As f yt d
s
157 400 580 3

10 = 145.7 kN
250
Vs = 109.3kN
Vc + Vs = 115.75 + 109.3 = 225kN
cMgay x1 EdlenARtg;cMgayenHmuxkat;GaceRbIKMlat s = 250mm

406.7 225 4.9
x1 =
= 1.09m
406.7 2
edaysar x1 mantMltUc eRbI s = 125mm sMrab;cMgayFMCag besI 1.09m . cMNaMfa RbsinebI x1 Evg
KMlatenAcenaH 150mm eTA 250mm GacRtUv)anbEnm.
9> EdkkgRtUv)anBRgaydUcxageRkam
dak;EdkkgTI1enAcMgay S / 2 BImuxpnTMr
EdkkgTImYyenA S / 2 = 125 / 2 = 62.5mm yk 50mm
R)aMbYnEdkkgmanKMlat S = 125mm = 1125mm
srub 1175mm > 1090mm
bYnEdkkgmanKMlat S = 250mm = 1000mm
srub 2175mm < 2450mm
146
T.Chhay
NPIC
cMnYnEdkkgsrubsMrab;FwmKW 2(1 + 9 + 4) = 28 . karBRgayEdkkgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>13

kMlaMggkat;TTwgEdl)anKNnaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>12.
10>
dak;Edkkg DB12 cMnYnBIredIm enABIelImuxkat;Fmw edIm,IedIrtYrCaEdkkgBr.
9> kMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlbNalBIbnkGefr
enAkg]TahrN_TI2 TaMgbnkefr nigbnkGefrRtUv)ansnt;faBRgayesIeBjtambeNayFwm Edl
begIt)ankMlaMgkat;TTwgsUnenAkNalElVg. CaFmta bnkefrBitCaBRgayeBjelIbeNayFwm Etbnk
GefrGacGnuvteBj bkGnuvtEtEpkxHrbs;Fwm EdltMrUveGaymankMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaekIteLIgenA
kNalElVg bmuxkat;kMNt;NamYy. rUbTI 8>14 a bgajBIFwmTMrsamBaCamYynwgbnkBRgayesIGnuvteBj
beNayFwm. kMlaMgkat;TTwgERbRbYlCaragbnat;tambeNayFwm CamYynwgkMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaenATMr
A.
kgkrNIEdlbnkGefr W2 = 1.6WL kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmamanGMeBIenARtg;TMr A enAeBlEdl
W2 GnuvteBjElVgFwm rUbTI 8>14 a . kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaekItmanenAkNakElVgRbsinebIbnkGefr
RtUv)andak;EtBak;kNalFwm BC rUbTI 8>14 b EdlbegIt)an Vu enAkNalElVgesInwg W2 L / 8 . dUc
enH kMlaMgkat;TTwgKNnaRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaykarbEnmkMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaEdlbNalmkBIbnk
Gefr EdlRtUv)andak;enAelIRbEvgepSgnElVg eTAelIkMlaMgkat;TTwgGefr rUbTI 8>14 c . vaCakar
Gnuvtn_FmtaedayKitkMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaRtg;TMr A esInwg Wu L / 2 = (1.2WD + 1.6WL ) L / 2 / b:uEn Vu
enAkNalElVgesI W2 L / 8 = (1.6WL ) L / 8 CamYybnat;Rtg;ERbRbYltambeNay AC nig CB dUcbgajenA
kg rUbTI 8>14 d. karKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkkrNIenHnwgGnutdUcKanwgkarBnl;kg]TahrN_2.
RbsinebI karerobrab;xagelIenHGnuvteTAFwmkg]TahrN_2 enaH Vu enATMr A = 406.7kN nig Vu enA
kNalElVg = (1.6 55)4.9 / 8 = 53.9kN .
147
148
NPIC
T.Chhay
]TahrN_3 Fwm cantilever RbEvg 3m manmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg nigRTnUvbnkemKuNBRgayesI nigcMcMnuc

bnkpal;xnRtuv)anrab;bBalrYc dUcbgajenAkgrUb 8>15. edayeRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig
KNnaEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgcaM)ac;sMrab;dak;kgFwmTaMgmUl edayeyagtam ACI Code.
f y = 400MPa
dMeNaHRsay
1> KNnakMlaMgkat;TTwgtambeNayFwmEdlbNalmkBIbnkxageRkA
Vu enATMr = 80 3 + 89 + 36 = 365kN
510
Vud enAcMgay d = 365 80
= 351.4kN
3000
Vu enAcMgay 1.2m xageqVg = 365 80 1.2 = 269kN
Vu enAcMgay 1.2m xagsaM = 269 89 = 180kN
Vu enAcugTMenr = 36kN
daRkamkMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>15.
2> KNna Vc
Vc = (0.17 f 'c bd ) = 0.75(0.17 28 )300 510 10 3 = 103.2kN
1 V
c
2
= 51.6kN
edaysar Vud > Vc muxkat;ebtugRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg. KNna

Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bd = (0.33 28 )300 510 10 3 = 267.2kN
149
Vc 2 = 2Vc1 = 534.4kN
cMgay x EdlenARtg;enHmuxkat;minRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg enA 12 Vc = 51.6kN EdlRtVv)an

vas;BITMr A .
180 51.6
x = 1.2 +
1.8 = 2.8m
180 36
200mm BIcugTMenr. dUcKa x1 sMrab; Vc KW 2.16m BI A 840mm BIcugTMenr

3> Epk AC kMlaMgkat;TTwgKNna Vu = Vud = 351.4kN . KNna Vs = (Vu Vc ) /
= (351.4 103.2) / 0.75 = 330.9kN . edaysarEt Vc1 < Vs < Vc 2 enaH S max d / 4 RtUv)an
BicarNa bepgpat;edayeRbIrUbTI 8>10.
4> KNnaEdkkg eRCIserIsEdkkgGkSr U DB10 / Av = 157mm 2 . KNna S1 QrelI Vs
S1 =
Av f yt d
Vs
157 400 510

= 100mm
330900
eRbI 100mm bTTYl s / d = 0.19 BIrUb 8>10.

5> KNnaKMlatGtibrma S 2 = d / 4 = 510 / 4 = 127.5mm yk 125mm
Av f yt
157 400
S3 =
=
= 550mm BItaragTI1 sMrab; b = 300mm
0.35b
0.35 300
w
S 4 = 300mm
dUcenH S max = 125mm

6> eday S = 100mm < S max = 125mm dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @100mm
7> enAcMnuc C / kMlaMgkat;TTwgKNna Vu = 269kN > Vc enaH Vs = (269 103.2) / 0.75 = 221kN .
S1 = Av f yt d / Vs = 145mm
Vs = 221kN < Vc1 = 267.2kN
S 2 = d / 2 = 255mm
b 250mm
enaH S1 = 145mm b 125mm

8> edaysarKMlat 125mm nig 100mm mantMlEk,rKa eRbIEdkkg DB10 @100mm sMrab;Epk AC .
9> Epk BC
S1 = 145mm < S 2
A. Vu = 180kN > Vc
Vs = (180 103.2) / 0.75 = 102.4kN < Vc1 = 267.2kN
B. S1 = Av f yt d / Vs = 157 400 510 / 102400 = 313mm
btUcCag S3 = 550mm nig S 4 = 600mm .

yk S max = 250mm . eRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 250mm sMrab;Epk BC .
C. S 2 = d / 2 = 510 / 2 = 255mm
150
NPIC
T.Chhay
10> karBRgayEdkkgedayvas;ecjBITMr A dak;EdkkgTImYyenA S2 = 50mm

12 100 = 1200mm
7 250 = 1750mm
srub 3000mm
karBRgayEdkkgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>16. EdkkgsrubmancMnYn 20 .
10> kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgenAkgGgt;EdlmankMBs;ERbRbYl
edaysarEtkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwg v CaGnuKmn_nkMBs;RbsiTPaB d dUcenHkugRtaMgkat;TTwgERbRbYl
tambeNayFwmebtugBRgwgedayEdkCamYynwgkBs;ERbRbYl. enAkgFwmEbbenH rUbTI 8>17 eKBicarNa
elIGgGnntUc dx . kMlaMgsgt; C enAelImuxkat;NamYyesInwgm:Um:g;EckeGaydXas; b C = M / y .
edrIevTImYyn C KW
dC =
ydM Mdy
y2
RbsinebI C1 FMCag C2 enaH C1 C2 = dC = vbdx

ydM Mdy
dM M
2 dy
y
y
y
1 dM M dy
v=

yb dx by 2 dx
vbdx =
edaysar y = jd / dM / dx esInwgkMlaMgkat;TTwg V nig d ( jd ) / dx CaCMral (slope)/

V
M
V
M d
( jd ) nig v =
v=
tan
2
bjd b( jd ) 2
bjd b( jd ) dx
*>@^
Edl V nig M CakMlaMgkat;TTwg nigm:Um:g;xageRkA ehIy CamMuCMralnpmYyrbs;FwmeTAnwgpmYy

eTotrbs;Fwm. sBaabUkRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdlkMBs;fycuHm:Um:g;ekIneLIg b:uEnsBaadkRtUv)aneRbIenAeBl
kMBs;ekIneLIgehIym:Um:g;kekIneLIg. rUbmnenHRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdlmMuCMraltUc EdlmMu 30o .
151
TMrg;samBansmIkar *>@^GacRtUvbegIteLIgedaysMrYl j enaHeyIgTTYl)an

v=
V
M
2 tan
bd bd
*>@&
sMrab;viFIKNnaersIusg; smIkarxageRkamGacRtUv)aneRbI
vu =
Vu
M
tan
bd bd 2
*>@*
sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg
Vn = Vu
Mu
tan
d
*>@(
152
NPIC
T.Chhay
rUbTI 8>18 bgajBIFwm cantilever CamYynwgbnkcMcMnucenAcugTMenr. m:Um:g;nigkMBs; d ekInelIgkg

TisedAeTArkTMr. kgkrNIenH sBaadkRtUv)aneRbIenAsmIkar *>@& *>@* nig*>@(. dUcKa sBaadk
RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;muxkat; t enAkgFwmTMrsamBadUcbgaj ehIysBaabUkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;muxkat; Z Edlm:U
m:g;ekIneLIgenAeBlEdlkMBs;fycuH.
enAkgkrNICaeRcIn karERbRbYlkMBs;rbs;FwmekItmanenAeLIEpkrbs;FwmEdlenAEk,rTMr rUbTI
8>18.
karBesaFn_eTAelIFwmCamYykMBs;ERbRbYlbgajfa FwmEdlmankMBs;FMenATMrCaTUeTA)ak;edaysar
kMlaMgkat;TTwgsgt;. FwmEdlmankMBs;tUcenATMrCaTUeTA)ak;edaysarPaBKanesrPaB EdlbNalmkBI
karraldalnsameRbHemenAkgFwmeLIgelI ehIybnab;mksameRbHenaHraldaltamTisedkenAelImuxkat;
FwmEpkxagelI. karBiesaFn_k)anbgajEdrfa sMrab;FwmEdlmankMBs;ERbRbYl rUbTI 8>18 CamYynwgmMu
eRTt RbEhl 10o nigrgnUvkMlaMgkat;TTwg nigkMlaMgBt; ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;ebtug VCV Gac
RtUv)anKNnaeday
VCV = Vc (1 + tan )
*>#0
Edl VCV = ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;FwmCamYynwgkMBs;ERbRbYl
V d
ACI Code Eq.11.6
Vc = 0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w u bw d (0.29 f 'c )bw d
M
mMuEdlbegIteLIgedayTisrbs;Edk. vaRtUv)anKitfaviCmansMrab;FwmEdlmankMBs;tUc
enATMr nigGviCmansMrab;FwmEdlmankMBs;FMenATMr rUbTI 8>18
d s = kMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs;FwmenATMr
ACI Code Eq.11.3 CasmIkarRtUv)ansMrYl nigGaceRbIedIm,IKNna Vc
Vc = (0.17 f 'c )bw d
*>#!
]TahrN_4 KNnaFwm cantilever dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>19 eRkamGMeBIbnkemKuN. FwmenHkMBs;srub
enAcugTMenr 300mm ehIyekIneLIgeTArkTMr. edayeRbIPaKryEdk = 1.5% / f 'c = 28MPa /
f y = 400MPa nig b = 250mm .
=
dMeNaHRsay
1> M u TMr = 36.5 2.52 / 2 + 62 2.5 = 269kN.m

2> sMrab; = 1.5% / Ru = 4.72MPa
d=
M
269 10 6
=
= 477.5mm
Ru b
4.72 250
153
As = 0.015 250 477.5 = 1790mm 2
eRbIEdk 3DB28 yk d = 490mm / h = 550mm .
3> KNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaenATMrKW 62 + 36.5 2.5 = 153.25kN . Eday

sarmuxkat;FwmERbRbYl m:Um:g;RtUv)anBicarNakgkarKNnakMlaMgkat;TTwg. edaysarkMBs;FwmekIn
eLIgCamYym:Um:g;ekIneLIg sBaadkRtUv)aneRbIenAkgsmIkar *>@*
vu =
Vu
Mu
(tan )
bd bd 2
edIm,Irk tan / yk d enAcugTMenresI 490mm nig d enAKl;TMresI 240mm

tan =
490 240
= 0.1
2500
153250
269 10 6
=
0.1 = 1.07 MPa

0.75 250 490 0.75 250 490 2
TMr
4> kugRtaMgkMlaMgTTwgenAcugTMenrKW Vu / bd M u = 0
vu
vu =
62000
= 1.38MPa
0.75 250 240
5> enAcMgay d = 490mm BImuxpnTMr kMBs;RbsiTPaBKW 441mm BIrUbFrNImaRt

Vu = 153.25 36.5 0.49 = 135.4kN
2.012
Mu
490mm
62 2.01 + 36.5
= 198.4kN.m
2
135.4 10 3
198.4 10 6 0.1
vu =
= 1.09MPa
0.75 250 441 0.75 250 4412
enAcMgay
BITMr=
154
NPIC
T.Chhay
6> enAkNalElVg 1.25m BITMr

d = 365mm
Vu = 153.25 36.5 1.25 = 107.6kN

1.25 2
= 106kN .m
2
107.6 10 3
106 10 6 0.1
vu =
= 1.15MPa
0.75 250 365 0.75 250 365 2
M u = 62 1.25 + 36.5
dUcKa enAcMgay 1.9m BITMr 0.6m BIcugTMenr

d = 300mm
Vu = 83.9kN
M u = 43.8kN
vu = 1.23kN
M u = 20.2kN
vu = 1.29kN
enAcMgay 2.2m BITMr 0.3m BIcugTMenr

d = 270mm
Vu = 73kN
tMlTaMgGs;enHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>20
7> kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgedayebtugKW
0.17 28 = 0.9MPa
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brmaEdlRtUvTb;edayEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
vus = 1.38 0.9 = 0.48MPa
vu nig vus RtUv)anekIneLIgedaypleFob 1/ kgsmIkar 8>28

8> eRCIserIsEdkkg DB10 EdlmanEdkBIr
Av = 2 78.5 = 157mm 2
Av f yt 157 400
S
=
=
= 523mm
v s bw 0.48 250
d
S max
= 245mm
120mm
2
Av f yt
157 400
S max
Av =
=
= 718mm
0.35bw 0.35 250
caM)ac;
sMrab;
eTA
enAcugTMr
sMrab;Gb,brma
9> epgpat;KMlatGtibrma (d / 2) : vus 0.33 f 'c
0.33 f 'c = 0.33 28 = 1.74MPa > 0.48MPa
10> karBRgayEdkkg cMgayBIcugTMenr

EdkkgcMnYnmYymancMgay 50mm = 50mm
EdkkgcMnYndb;mancMgay120mm = 1200mm
EdkkgcMnYnbImancMgay175mm = 525mm
EdkkgcMnYnbI;mancMgay 200mm = 600mm
155
srub = 2375mm
dUcenHenAsl;cMgay 125mm BIpmmuxTMr.
156
T.Chhay
NPIC
11> Ggt;rgkarBt;eRCA
Ggt;rgkarBt;KYrRtUv)anKNnaCaFwmeRCARbsinebIpleFobn clear span ln Edlvas;BIpmuxTl;Ka
rbs;TMr rUbTI 8>21 elIkMBs;srub h mantMltUcCag 4 (ACI Code, Section 11.8) . Ggt;KYrrgnUvbnk
enAelIpEdlQmnwgpnTMr EdlGaceFVIeGay strut rgkarsgt;GacbegIteLIgenAcenaHbnk nigTMr rUbTI
8>22. RbsinebIbnkGnuvtenA)at bpxagrbs;FwmeRCA smIkarKNnakMlaMgkat;TTwgsMrab;FwmFmta
Edl)aneGayBIxagmuxKYrRtUv)aneRbI. Ca]TahrN_ FwmeRCAKWCaFwmElVgxIEdlRTbnkFn;/ CBaaMgbBareRkam
bnkTMnajEpndI (gravity load), shear wall, nigkMralxNrgnUvbnkedk.
niymnyrbs;Ggt;rgkarBt;eRCAkRtUv)anbgajenAkg ACI Code, Section 10.7.1. vabgajfa
Ggt;rgkarBt;EdlmanpleFob ln / h < 4 nigtMbn;rgbnkcMcMnucsitenAcMgayBIrdgnkMBs;rbs;Ggt;BIpn
TMrRtUv)ancat;TukCaGgt;rgkarBt;eRCA. FwmEbbenHKYrRtUv)anKNnaedayKitnUvkarBRgay nonlinear nkug
RtaMg nigkarPat;xag (lateral buckling) rUbTI 8>22 a.
rUbTI 8>22 a bgajBIkarBRgaykugRtaMgeGLasic enARtg;muxkat;kNalElVgnFwmeRCA nigrUbTI

8>22 b bgajBIExSekagkugRtaMgemenAkgFwmeRCAEdlrgbnkenApxagelI (top-load deep beam). ExS
Cab;bgajBI karBRgaykugRtaMgTaj ExSdac;bgajBIkarBRgaykugRtaMgsgt;. eRkambnkFn; sameRbH
bBareRTtekItmanenAkgebtugkgTisedAEkgnwgkugRtaMgTajem ehIyesIrEtRsbeTAnwgExSKngdac; rUbTI
8>22 c . dUcenH eKRtUvkarTaMgEdkedk nigEdkbBaredIm,ITb;nwgkugRtaMgem. elIsBIenH EdkrgkarBt;
edaykarTaj (tensile flexural reinforcement) RtUv)andak;enARbEhlmYyPaKR)aMenA)atrbs;FwmtamKng
kugRtaMgTaj rUbTI 8>22b . CaTUeTA karviPaKFwmeRCAmanlkNsKsaj nigGacGnuvtedayeRbIKMrU truss
bedIm,ITTYl)anlTplkan;EtsuRkiteKeRbIviFI finite element bviFIRsedogKa. edIm,IgayRsYlkgkarKNna
kMlaMgkat;TTwgnFwmeRCA eKGacGnuvttamCMhanEdl)anerobrab;xageRkam
157
1> muxkat;eRKaHfak; (critical section) RbsinebImuxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;KNnakMlaMgkat;TTwg

enAkgFwmeRCAEdlRTbnkbBarGnuvtenApxagelIrbs;Fwm sitenAcMgay X BIpnTMr enaHcM
gay X GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam rUbTI 8>23
158
NPIC
T.Chhay
a.
b.
sMrab;FwmeRCAEdlRTbnkBRgayesI X = 0.15ln / Edl ln = clear span .

sMrab;bnkcMcMnuc X 1 = 0.5a1 TMrxageqVg b X 2 = 0.5a2 TMrxagsaM rUbTI 8>23/
Edl a1 nig a2 esInwg shear span Ek,rTMrnImYy. Shear span CacMgayBIbnkcMcMnuc
eTApnTMr.
enAkgRKb;krNITaMgGs; cMgay X / X 1 nig X 2 dac;xatminRtUvFMCagkMBs;RbsiTPaB d .
2> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrma Vn ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrma Vn sMrab;Ggt;rgkar

Bt;eRCAminKYrmantMlFMCagtMlxageRkam = 0.75
*>#@ a
sMrab; ldn < 2 / Vn = 0.67 f 'c bwd
sMrab; 2 ldn 5 / Vn = 0.05510 + ldn f 'c bwd
*>#@ a
*>##
byk Vn = 0.83 f 'c bwd
krNITaMgBIr manEcgenAkg ACI Code, Section 11.8.3. RbsinebI Vu > Vn enaHeKRtUvtMeLIg
muxkat;ebtug.
3> a. ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;ebtug Vc ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta (nominal shear strength)
Vc rbs;ebtugGacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
Vc = 0.17 f 'c bw d
*>#$
159
Vc
enHRsedogKanwgersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgebtugsMrab;FwmFmta dUcenAkgEpkxagmuxnem
eronenH.
b.
m:agvijeTot eKGaceRbIsmIkarmYyepSgeTotEdlmanTak;Tgnwgm:Um:g;emKuN
nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgemKuNenAmuxkat;eRKaHfak;
2.5M u
V d
0.16 f 'c + 17.2 w u bw d
*>#%
Vc = 3.5
M
V d
b:uEn Vc minKYrelIsBI 0.5 f 'c bwd

tMl (3.5 2.5M u / Vu d ) minKYrFMCag 2.5 nigminKYrtUcCag 1. tMln M u nig Vu
RtUv)anykenARtg;muxkat;KNnaeRKaHfak;. ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;FMnsmIkar *>#$ RtUv)aneRbICamYyKMnitfa
sameRbHEdltUcesIrEtemIlmineXIjGacekItmanenAkgFwmeRCA nigGacGueRKaH)an. sameRbHGaccab;epIm
ekItmanenARbEhlmYyPaKbInbnkemKuN.
4> EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg enAeBlkMlaMgkat;TTwgemKuN Vu > Vc eKRtUvdak;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
Edlcat;Tukfa Vu = (Vc + Vs ) b Vs = (Vu Vc ) / . CMhannkarKNnamandUcxageRkam
a. kMNt; Vs kMlaMgTb;edayEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg Vs RtUv)ankMNt;BIsmIkarxageRkam
A 1 + l n / d Avh 11 l n / d
*>#^
Vs = v
f y d
+
S
S
12
12
Edl Av = RkLapsrubnEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgbBarEdlmanKMlat S v ehIyEkgeTAnwgEdk

emrgkarTajedaykarBt;npxagTaMgBIrrbs;Fwm
Avh = RkLapsrubnEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgedkEdlmanKMlat S h RsbnwgEdkemrgkar
TajedaykarBt;npxagTaMgBIrrbs;Fwm
b. KMlatEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgKW
KMlatQrGtibrma S v d5 300mm
KMlatedkGtibrma S h d5 300mm
c. EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma RkLapEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgbBarKW Av = 0.0025bw S v .
RkLapEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgedkKW Avh = 0.0015bw S h .
d. EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUvkarenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;KYrRtUv)anlatsnwgeBjRbEvg nigkMBs;
rbs;FwmeRCA.
e. sMrab;FwmeRCACab; EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgdUcKaKYrRtUv)aneRbIenARKb;ElVg RbsinebIElVgTaMgenaH
manRbEvgesIKaCamYybnkRsedogKa.
160
NPIC
T.Chhay
5> EdkrgkarBt;nFwmeRCA dMeNIrRbRBwteTAnkarBt;rbs;FwmeRCAKWmanlkNsKsaj nigTam

TarkarviPaKkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobtamlkN nonlinear tamkMBs;rbs;Fwm. sMrab;kar
KNnadMbUg viFIdsMrYlxageRkamGacRtUv)aneRbI
M n = As f y ( y )
Edl y = dXas; = (d a / 2) . edaysartMl (d a / 2) mankarBI)akkgkarKNna/ d

Xas; y GacRtUv)anKNnaRbEhlykesInwg 0.6h sMrab; ln / h = 1 nigmantMl
esInwg 0.8h sMrab; ln / h = 2 . viFanRtzan (Linear interpolation) GacRtUv)an
eRbIedIm,IKNna y enAeBl ln / h ERbRbYlcenaH 1.0 nig 2.0 . dUcenH
M
As = u
*>#&
yf
y
tMln As minGactUcCagEdkrgkarBt;Gb,brmaEdlRtUvkarsMrab;FwmFmtaEdlnwgeGayenA
eBlbnab; edaysnt; d = 0.9h .
0.25 f 'c
1.38
As Gb,brma =
bw d
bw d
*>#*
f
f
y
GgTIBIrlub enAeBlEdl f 'c < 30MPa . cMNaMfa f y nig f 'c KitCa MPa .
EdkrgkarTajedaykarBt; (flexural tension reinforcement) KYrdak;enA h / 4 eTA h / 5 n
Fwm nigKYrmanKMlatRKb;RKan;tambeNay)attMbn;Taj. EdkrgkarTajKYrEtf<k;eTAkgTMr
eGay)anl.
sMrab;karviPaK nigkarKNnaEdlmanlkNsuRkwt nigsMrab;FwmeRCACab; viFI nonlinear Edl
manlkNht;ct;GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbrimaNdRtwmRtUv nigkarBRgaynEdkrgkarTaj.
]TahrN_5 FwmeRCATMrsamBamanElVgRbEvg 4.2m man clear span RbEvg ln = 3.6m kMBs;srub
h = 2.5m nigTTwg b = 0.4mm . FwmeRCARTedaybnkeFVIkarefBRgayesI 600kN / m rYmbBalbnkpal;
xn nigbnkGefr 320kN / m enAelIEpkxagelInFwm. KNnassrEdkrgkarBt; nigEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
sMrab;FwmenH edayeRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa rUbTI8>24.
dMeNaHRsay
1> KNnasMrab;EdkTb;nwgm:Um:g;
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL = 1.2 600 + 1.6 320 = 1232kN / m
Wu L2 1232 4.2 2
=
= 2716.56kN .m
8
8
l n 3 .6
=
= 1.44
h 2 .5
Mu =
161
kMNt;dXas;/ y . sMrab; ln / h = 1 / y = 0.6d nigsMrab; ln / h = 2 / y = 0.8d dUcenHsMrab;

l n / h = 1.44 / y = 0.688d eday interpolation = 0.688 0.9 2.5 = 1.55m edaysnt;
d = 0 .9 h
As =
Mu
2716.56 10 6
=
= 4868mm 2
yf y 0.9 1550 400
edaysar f 'c < 30MPa

1.38
1.38
As Gb,brma =
bw d =
400 2250 = 3105mm 2
f
400
y
dUcenH As = 4868mm 2 lb;. eRbI 10DB25 4909mm 2 EdlmanR)aMedImenApmYy edayBRgay

kgkMBs; h / 5 = 500mm EdlCatMbn;TajnFwm. KMlatrbs;Edk = 500 / 5 = 100mm . EdkTaMgenH
KYrbgb;cUleTAkgTMreGay)anl.
2> KNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg
k> KNna Vu nig M u enAcMgay x = 0.15ln = d BImuxpnTMr
0.15l n = 0.15 3.6 = 0.54m < 2.25m
3.6
Vu = 1232
1232 0.54 = 1552.3kN
2
0.54 2
M u = 1232 3.6 0.54 1232
= 1017.9kN .m
2
Mu
1017.9
=
= 0.29
Vu d 1552.3 2.25
KNna
x> KNna Vc
3 .5 2 .5
Mu
= 3.5 2.5(0.29 ) = 2.775 > 2.5
Vu d
dUcenH eRbI 2.5 . enAkgkrNIenH KNna M u / Vu d edIm,IeRbIkgkarKNna Vc

2.5 = 3.5 2.5M u /(Vu d )
Mu
Vu
= 0 .4
= 2 .5
Vu d
Mud
A
4909
= 0.00545
w = s =
bw d 400 2250
Vc = 2.5 0.16 28 + (17.2 0.00545 2.5) 400 2250 10 3 = 2432.2kN

Vc 0.5 f 'c bw d = 0.5 28 400 2250 = 2381.2kN
dUcenH Vc = 2381.2kN lb;. Vc = 1785.9kN
162
NPIC
T.Chhay
K> KNna Vs = (Vu Vc ) / edaysar Vc = 1785.9kN > 1552.3kN enaH Vs = 0

dUcenHeKRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma.
X> KNnaEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
edaysnt;eRbIEdk DB12 sMrab;dak;enApsgagTaMgtamTisedAedk nigTisedAQrenaH
Av = Avh = 2 12 2
= 226mm 2
KMlatGtibrmaGnuBaatrbs;EdkQr nigEdkedk
S v = S vh =
d 2250
=
= 450mm > 300mm
5
5
yk Sv = S nh = 300mm
EdkQrGb,brma
Av Gb,brma= 0.0025 400 300 = 300mm 2 > 226mm 2
bBaHKMlatEdkkgbBar Sv = 400 226
= 226mm
0.0025
EdkedkGb,brma
Avh Gb,brma= 0.0015 400 300 = 180mm 2 < 226mm 2
dUcenH eRbI DB12 @ 200 sMrab;TisbBar
nig DB12 @ 300 sMrab;Tisedk
3> RbsinebIeyIgeRbI Vc = 0.17 f 'c bwd enaH Vc = 0.17 28 400 2250 10 3 = 809.6kN nig
Vc = 607.2kN < 1552.3kN . dUcenH eKRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg.
Vs =
1552.3 607.2
= 1260.1kN
0.75
edaysnt;eRbIEdk DB12 sMrab;dak;enApsgagTaMgtamTisedAedk nigTisedAQrenaH

Av = Avh = 2 12 2
= 226mm 2
edaysnt;faKMlatrbs;EdkTaMgBIrTisedAesInwg Sv = S h = S nig ln / d = 3.6 / 2.25 = 1.6

A
Vs = v
Sv
1 + l n / d Avh 11 l n / d
f y d
12 S h 12
226 1 + 1.6 226 11 1.6

1260100 =
400 2250
S 12 S 12
yk S = 150mm EdltUcCag Sv Gtibrma nig S h Gtibrma. eRbI S = 150mm sM

rab;TaMgKMlatedk nigKMlatQr.
Av Gb,brma= 0.0025 400 150 = 150mm 2 < 226mm 2
Avh Gb,brma= 0.0015 400 150 = 90mm 2 < 226mm 2
S = 161mm
163
dUcenH eRbI DB12 @150mm enAelIpTaMgBIrTaMgTisedAedk nigTisedAQr. sMNaj;EdkpSarGac

RtUv)aneRbIedIm,ICMnYskarBRgayEdkEdlCadMeNaHRsaymYyEdlmanlkNsnSMsMcCag. kar
BRgayEdkenAkgmuxkat;ebtugRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>24.
]TahrN_6 FwmeRCA strut and tie
FwmeRCATMrsamBaEdlman clear span = 3.6m kMBs;srub = 1.8m nigTTwg = 450mm . FwmenHRT

ssrkaerEdlmanRCug = 450mm enAkNalElVgEdlRTnUvbnkefr = 1335kN nigbnkGefr = 1070kN .
KNnaFwmenHedayeRbIviFI strut and tie. eKeGay f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa rUbTI8>25.
164
NPIC
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
1> KNnabnkemKuN rUbTI 8>25

TMgn;Fwm = 4.5 1.8 0.45 25 = 91.1kN
edaysarTMgn;pal;rbs;FwmmantMltUcebIeFobCamYybnkcMcMnucenAkNalElVg dUcenHbEnmvaeTA
kgbnkGefrcMcMnucEdlmanGMeBIrenAkNalElVg
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(1335 + 91.1) + 1.6 1070 = 3423.32kN
R A = RB = 1711.66kN
2> epgpat;faetIFwmenHeRCAtamkarEcgrbs; ACI Code, Section 11.8: clear span ln = 3.6m nig
h = 1.8m ehIy l n / d = 2 < 4 dUcenH FwmenHCaFwmeRCA.
3> KNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmanmuxkat;Fwm
yk Vu enARtg; A = R A = 1771.66kN nigsnt;yk d = 0.9h = 0.9 1.8 = 1.62m
Vn = 0.83 f 'c bw d = 0.83 28 450 1620 10 3 = 2743.1kN
Vn = 0.75 2743.1 = 2057.3kN > Vu
OK
4> eRCIserIsKMrU truss

eRCIserIsKMrU truss RtIekaN. snt;facMnuc node eFVIGMeBIsitenAGkSTMr nigenAcMgay 150mm BI
EKm)at bEKmkMBUlFwm rUbTI8>26. KMrU strut and tie pMeLIgedayGgt; tie AB mYynigGgt;
strut BIr AD nig DB . dUcKa RbtikmenARtg;cMnuc A nigcMnuc B nigbnk Pu Rtg;cMnuc D tMNagCa
strut bBar.
RbEvg strut Ggt;RTUg AD = 1.52 + 2.0252 = 2.52m
yk CamMurvagGgt; strut nigGgt; tie enaH
1.5
tan =
= 0.7407
enaH = 36.5o > 26o OK
2.025
5> KNnakMlaMgenAkgGgt; truss
kMlaMgsgt;enAkgGgt; strut AD = FAD = FBD = 1711.66 21..525 = 2875.6kN
kMlaMgTajenAkgGgt; tie AB = FAB = 2875.6 22..025
= 2311kN
52
6> KNnaersIusg;RbsiTPaB f ce . snt;EdkTb; (confining reinforcement) RtUv)andak;edIm,IkarBar
kMlaMgbMEbk (splitting force). Ggt; strut AD nig DB tMNageGayGgt;rgkarsgt;ragdb
(bottle-shape compression member) dUcenH s = 0.75 .
f ce = 0.85 s f 'c = 0.85 0.75 28 = 17.85MPa
165
Ggt; strut bBarenAcMnuc A / B nig D manmuxkat;esI (uniform section) dUcenH s = 1.0

f ce = 0.85 s f 'c = 0.85 1 28 = 23.8MPa
tMbn;cMnuc (nodal zone) D mankMlaMg C C C dUcenH s = 1.0 . ersIusg;RbsiTPaBenA nodal

zone D KW
f ce = 0.85 s f 'c = 0.85 1 28 = 23.8MPa
edaysarEtGgt; strut AD nig DB Pab;eTAcMnucepSgeTot enaH

zone TaMgGs;.
f ce = 17.85MPa
lb;elI nodal
7> KNna nodal zone

k> KNna nodal zone enAcMnuc A snt;fakMlaMgn nodal zone mankugRtaMgdUcKaKW 17.85MPa
ehIypEkgeTAnwgkMlaMgEdlRtUvKa
Fn Fu
b f ce Acs Fu
Edl = 0.75 sMrab; strut, tie nig node.
RbEvgnpedk ab rUbTI8>27 a esInwg
Fu /(f ce b) = 1711.66 10 3 /(0.75 17.85 450) = 284mm
2311
ac = 284
= 383mm
1711.66
2875.6
bc = 284
= 477mm
1711.66
BIFrNImaRt RbEvg
dUcKa RbEvg
166
NPIC
T.Chhay
TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; nodal zone sitenA 383 / 2 = 191.5mm BI)atnFwm eyIg)ansnt; 150mm

x> KNna nodal zone enAcMnuc D rUbTI8>27 b
RbEvgnpedk de = 3423.32 103 /(0.75 17.85 450) = 568mm
2875.6
RbEvgn df = ef = 568 3423
= 477mm
.32
RbEvgrbs; fg = 477 2 ( 568
) 2 = 383mm
2
dUcenH TIRbCMuTMgn;n nodal zone sitenA 383 / 3 = 128mm BIpxagelIrbs;FwmeyIg)ansnt;
150mm
8> KNnaEdkQr nigEdkedk
k> EdkQr mMurvagEdkQr nigGgt; strut KW 53.5o BIrUbTI 8>27 a. eRbIEdk DB16 EdlmanKMlat
300mm / As = 2 16 2 = 402mm 2 eCIgBIr/ sin 53.5o = 0.804

4
( Asi / bs S ) sin i = 402 /(450 300) 0.804 = 0.0024
x> Edkedk mMurvagEdkedk nigGgt; strut KW 36.5o BIrUbTI 8>27 a. eRbIEdk DB16 EdlmanKMlat
300mm / As = 2 16 2 = 402mm 2 eCIgBIr/ sin 36.5o = 0.595

4
( Asi / bs S ) sin i = 402 /(450 300) 0.595 = 0.0018
K> ( Asi / bs S ) sin i srub = 0.0024 + 0.0018 = 0.0042 > 0.003

9> KNnaGgt; tie edk AB
k> KNna As
Fu = As f y
OK
As = 2311 10 3 / (0.75 400) = 7703mm 2
eRbI 12DB30 As = 8482mm 2 dak;CabIbICYrdUcbgajkgrUbTI 8>27 c.

x> KNnaRbEvgf<k; (anchorage length) RbEvgf<k;RtUv)anvas;BIcMnuccab;BI nodal zone
rUbTI8>28.
tan 36.5o = 190 / x
x = 257 mm
RbEvgTMBk;Edlman = 257 + 142 + 225 35 kMras;ebtugkarBarEdk = 589mm

RbEvgTMBk;caM)ac;sMrab;Edk DB30 KW 47.5 30 = 1425mm > 589mm
dUcenHeRbITMBk; 90o cgPab;CamYyEdkssr
(
l dh = 0.02 e f y d b /
f 'c
167
e = = 1.0
d b = 30
l dh = (0.24 400 )30 / 28 = 544mm < 589mm
168
NPIC
T.Chhay
]TahrN_7 eKmanFwmTMrsamBamYyEdlmanRbEvg 6m clear
rgnUvbnkBRgayefr
47.5kN / m nigbnkBRgayGefr 25kN / m . FwmenHmanmuxkat; b = 35cm nig d = 55cm .
FwmenHBRgwgedayEdk 4DB25 BRgaymYyCYr. cUrkMNt;nUvmuxkat;caM)ac;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg. smtikm
f ' = 28MPa nig f = 280MPa .
c
span
yt
169
dMeNaHRsay
k> bnkemKuN bnkKNna

1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 47.5 + 1.6 25 = 97 kN / m
x> kMlaMgkat;TTwgKNnaenARtg;muxxagssr
Vu = 97
6
= 291kN
2
K> kMlaMgkat;TTwgKNnaenAcMgay d BIpxagssr

Vud = 291 (0.55 97) = 237.65kN
X> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlTb;edayebtug
Vc = 0.17 f 'c bd = 0.17 28 350 550 = 173.2kN
Vc = 130kN
1
Vc = 65kN
2
g> kMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlEdkRtUvTb;
Vs =
Vu Vc
c> cMgayBImuxpssrmk
x' =
237.65 (0.75 173.2)

= 143.5kN
0.75
1
Vc = 65kN
2
291 65
3 = 2.33m
291
q> KNnaEdkkg
1> eRCIserIsEdk RB10 EdkkgmaneCIgBIr
Av = 2 78.5mm 2 = 157 mm 2
A f d 157 280 550
s1 = v yt =
= 168.5mm < 600mmm
Vs
143.5 103
dUcenHykKMlat 160mm RtYtBinitKMlatGtibrma

d 550
=
= 275mm
2
2
3A f
3 157 280
s3 = v yt =
= 376.8mm
b
350
s2 =
s1 < s2 < s3
2> RtYtBinitKMlatGtibrmaesI
d
4
Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bd = 0.33 28 350 550 = 336.1kN

Vc 2 = 2Vc1 = 2 336.1kN = 672.2kN
170
NPIC
T.Chhay
eday V < V dUcenHKMlatEdkGtibrmakMritRtwm s = d2 = 275mm

C> kMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlTb;edayEdksMrab;KMlat s = d2 = 275mm
s
c1
max
max
Vs ( for smax = 275mm) =
Av f yt d 157 280 550

=
= 87.9kN
smax
275
Vs = 0.75 87.9kN = 65.94kN
cMgayBImuxTMr eTAdl;EdkkgEdlmanKMlat s
x1 =
max
= 275mm
291 (130 + 65.94)

3 = 0.98m
291
dUcenH sMrab; 0.98m BImuxnTMr eRbIEdkkg RB10 KMlat 160mm nigsMrab;EpkenAsl; eRbIEdkkg
Gb,brma KMlatGtibrma
Q> karBRgayEdkkg
Edkkg1 manKMlat 2s = 80mm
Edkkg6 manKMlat 160mm = 960mm
srub 1040mm = 1.04m > 0.98m
Edkkg6 manKMlat 270mm = 1620mm
srub 2660mm = 2.66m < 3m
nigEdkkgcugeRkay (3 2.66) = 0.34m
srubEdkkgTaMgGs;EdlRtUveRbIsMrab;RbEvgFwm 6m man 28kg.
171
172

បេតុងពង្រឹងដោយដែក 8 viii-shear-and-diagonal-tension

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បេតុងពង្រឹងដោយដែក 8 viii-shear-and-diagonal-tension

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NPIC

Department of Civil Engineering

kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;GtibrmasitenAelIGkSNWt nigmantMlesI 1.5v kMlaMgkat;TTwgmFm

sMrab;FwmebtugssEdkrgkarTaj (singly reinforced concrete beam) karBRgaykugRtaMg

eyagtamrUbTI8>1 edayykFwmmYykMNat;tUc dx mkviPaK eyIgeXIjfa m:Um:g;Bt;enAcug

Department of Civil Engineering

Shear and Diagonal Tension

Department of Civil Engineering

- GMeBIrbs;Fr (arch action)

Shear and Diagonal Tension

tMlenHKWtUcCagtMlEdleGayedaysmIkar *># eRcInCaBak;kNalenAeBlEdlm:Um:g;Bt;man

ACI Code, Section 11.3.2

)anyksmIkarenHsMrab;KNnakMlaMg nominal ultimate shear force

Department of Civil Engineering

Vc = (0.17 f 'c )bw d

Shear and Diagonal Tension

Department of Civil Engineering

Shear and Diagonal Tension

d = a1a4 = aa1tg 45o

ns = d (cot 45o + cot ) = d (1 + cot )

6> tMrUvkarrbs; ACI Code sMrab;karKNnakMlaMgkat;TTwg

Department of Civil Engineering

eday Code. ACI Code, Section 11.5.5 tMrUvEdkkgTaMgGs;eGaymanRkLapEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma Av esInwg

Edl bw CaTTwgnRTnug nig s CaKMlatrbs;Edkkg. eKRtUvkarbrimaNEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgGb,brmaenAeBlEdl V > 0.5V elIkElg

sMrab; f 'c < 32MPa / S max = 157 400 / 0.35bw = 179400 / bw

sMrab; f 'c = 35MPa / S max = 246450 / bw

f 'c < 32MPa

S max (cm) DB10

S max (cm) DB12

Department of Civil Engineering

mkeRbI. tMrUvkarKMlatGtibrman ACI Code FanaKMlatCitKarbs;EdkkgedIm,Icab;EdkrgkarTajbeNay

- EdkkgbiTCitRtUv)anpl;eGaysMrab;FwmEdlrgnUgkMlaMgrmYl (ACI Code, Section 7.11).

Department of Civil Engineering

Shear and Diagonal Tension

taragTI2> pleFob S / d sMrab;tMl V f

125.6 142.7 190.3 237.9

taragTI3> pleFob S / d sMrab;tMl V f

285.5 330.5 380.6 418.7 475.8

Department of Civil Engineering

kMNt; V = 0.33 f ' b d nig V = 0.67 f ' b d = 2V . RbsinebI V > V

Shear and Diagonal Tension

k> RbsinebI s < s eRbI s

CaTUeTA bw = b = 300mm / d = 550mm nig

Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bd = 0.33 28 300 550 10 3 = 288kN

Department of Civil Engineering

S 3 = Av f yt / 0.35bw = 157 400 /(0.35 300) = 598mm

dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 250mm

eKeGay bw = 350mm / d = 580mm

Department of Civil Engineering

157 400 580 3

cMgay x1 EdlenARtg;cMgayenHmuxkat;GaceRbIKMlat s = 250mm

cMnYnEdkkgsrubsMrab;FwmKW 2(1 + 9 + 4) = 28 . karBRgayEdkkgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>13

Department of Civil Engineering

Shear and Diagonal Tension

]TahrN_3 Fwm cantilever RbEvg 3m manmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg nigRTnUvbnkemKuNBRgayesI nigcMcMnuc

edaysar Vud > Vc muxkat;ebtugRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg. KNna

Department of Civil Engineering

cMgay x EdlenARtg;enHmuxkat;minRtUvkarEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg enA 12 Vc = 51.6kN EdlRtVv)an

200mm BIcugTMenr. dUcKa x1 sMrab; Vc KW 2.16m BI A 840mm BIcugTMenr

157 400 510

eRbI 100mm bTTYl s / d = 0.19 BIrUb 8>10.

dUcenH S max = 125mm

enaH S1 = 145mm b 125mm

btUcCag S3 = 550mm nig S 4 = 600mm .