The Future We Want SreenidhiMUN SOCHUM Study Guide
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Table of Contents: 1) Note from Chairperson - Sarala Sameera Morusupalli 1a) Important questions 2) Note from Chairperson - Saloni Gupta 3) Introduction 4) SOCHUM History 4a) SOCHUM Mandate 5) General overview 5a) Institutional Racism 5b) Economic Racism 5c) Racial discrimination 6) UN and UNHRD 6a) Other Treaties 1 7) Xenophobia 7a) Broad Categorization 7b) Gender and other related intolerances 8) General Causes 9) Conflicts Around the World 10) Possible Solutions
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Greetings Delegates! Hello and welcome to the best committee of SREENIDHIMUN 2014, THE Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Affairs Committee or SOCHUM. My name is Sarala Sameera Morusupalli, and I will be serving as your chairperson along with Saloni Gupta. I have been a part of over 23 MUNs as Executive Board member, as well as a delegate, and have learnt quite a few things along the way. One of those things being the importance of Model United Nations and their ability to provide a unique platform for self expression, political and international opinions, heated debate, and a change on global outlook.MUNs are a great opportunity to learn new things, meet different people, find a confident self expression style, showcase diplomacy and most importantly, have LOADS of fun. I believe that as a delegate, not only should you display the ability to speak well, convey your ideology, come up with solutions, research comprehensively and express diplomacy effectively, but should harbor the ability to work together as a team to result in a fruitful committee. The agenda that you will be discussing is one of utmost importance, and plays a huge role in the global economic, developmental, and social scenario. Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity, or gender not only violates basic human rights, but has been responsible for the majority of conflicts, hatred, and deaths around the world. This year, you will be conflicted with major questions, and will have the fate of our world in your hands. The decisions this committee is going to make, will affect millions of people around the world for generations to come, and it is up to you whether or not they will be the right ones. I believe that safeguarding human rights is one of the most important things we as authority figures can do. The vitality of this represents a string of either negative or positive repercussions that will follow, impacting the world as large, and can NOT be underestimated. Your Chairs have created this comprehensive background guide to serve as only a resource for you to use as a basis to expand off into a vast realm of researching. DO NOT use this as your only source of information. I hope to see a debate where not only will you fight out your beliefs, but will come up with new solutions that can change the world for the better. Along with this, I have enclosed a list of helpful research links and INCREDIBLY important questions that must be kept in mind while researching and debating. Whether you are a first time delegate, or an experienced one, I can assure you that this will be a memorable experience for you full of surprises, where you can showcase your diplomacy, debating skills, leadership, and have an incredibly fun time!:) If you need any help, or have ANY questions what so ever, please do not hesitate to contact me. With that, I wish you all the best with your preparation, and am incredibly excited to meet all of you and see what you have in store for this year's SOCHUM. See you there!:) Best Regards, Your Chairperson, Sarala Sameera Morusupalli mailto:saralasameera@hotmail.com
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Important things to keep in mind while researching - 1) What solutions have been implemented in the past regarding the situation? 2) How drastically has the situation risen in the years, what are the effects of the ongoing discrimination crises, and how will this in turn affect the global scenario in terms of economy, development, and social and humanitarian outlook? 3) Why have the past solutions failed or the efficiency of these solutions not been at par with the problem? If not, how can you contribute to implementing these solutions on a much wider and effective scale? 4) What exactly are the definitions of Racism and Discrimination? Do these definitions fairly represent the atrocities occurring at an international level? 5) What problems related to this are faced in your representing nation? What are the causes of these? Have the resulted in wider repercussions? If so, what has your government done to solve them? 6) What can your nation contribute towards eradicating the problem as such? 7) What are the human rights that need to be safeguarded, and for what purpose? 8) How do these problems affect areas of war and conflict, poverty, education, adequate healthcare, and general economic lively hood? 9) How does religion and cultural beliefs take effect on the situation? 10) Does this problem affect your allies and neighboring countries? If so, how does this in turn affect you?
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Dear Delegates, Welcome to SreenidhiMUN 2014 and the Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Committee. My name is Saloni Gupta and I will be chairing SOCHUM along with Sarala Sameera Morusupalli. I started my MUN journey in 2011, having attended various conferences and got the opportunity to be on the Executive Board of a few, I have to say I have tremendously enjoyed the journey thus far. I hope that delegates look at the issue from various perspectives and come up with innovative solutions. The experience will only be as meaningful and fruitful as you make it out to be! Besides attending MUN conferences, I enjoy reading and watching movies. During this conference I expect everyone to contribute equally and have a thrilling debate on the topic. The purpose of this study guide is to give you some direction on the topic. I expect you to do some of your own research on the topic and come up with great points during the session. And above all else, I want you to have fun We shall make SOCHUM the best committee in the MUN and also a memorable experience for all. Please do not hesitate to contact me under salgup@gmail.com in case you have any questions on the topics or MUN in general. Looking forward to meeting all of you! Saloni Gupta
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Introduction: Racism and discrimination have been used as powerful weapons encouraging fear or hatred of others in times of conflict and war, and even during economic downturns and has converted itself into a global phenomenon. , Everyone is born as equals; all human beings, Regardless of skin color, Social status, or gender, and should enjoy and share the same right. Every member nation of this year's SOCHUM is confronted with the monument us task of working on the elimination of different types of discrimination, and safeguarding basic human rights, and start the path to a peaceful world.
SOCHUM- History and Mandate The Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Affairs Committee (SOCHUM) is one of the six specialized subcommittees of the United Nations General Assembly and generally referred to as the Third Committee. It was established after the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. The committees main task is to strive for better compliance to human rights in every region of this world and thus promote international peace and security. The Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Affairs Committee, (SOCHUM), deals with some of the most pressing social, humanitarian, and human rights issues facing the global community, including the advancement of women, protecting children, refugee issues, fighting racial discrimination, the right to self-determination and social development questions that relate to youth, family, persons with disabilities, and crime prevention, among others and is incredible vital for coming up with solutions for the same.
Due to SOCHUMs general mandate, the committee has the ability to discuss many topics presented to the UN. Most issues have a social or cultural aspect, allowing this committee to be involved in developing numerous solutions. SOCHUM consists of a vast mandate, but it is important to note that SOCHUM can not enforce action, but only recommend it to the appropriate authority.
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A General Overview: Racism, a problem that has been happening since human society was formed, is still occurring today. Many ethnics were victims of racial discrimination in history. Although it seems like racism and related intolerance have disappeared in modern countries, unfortunately, many still suffer from this ancient ideology of supremacy. There are many types of racism: racial discrimination, which refers to the separation of people based on ethics for differential treatment; institutional, racism based on religion, government, educational level etc.; economic, which is based on economic background, or social status. The injustices suffered by victims of racial discrimination and related intolerance are: limited employment opportunities, segregation, and endemic poverty. In history, racism was a driving force behind the transatlantic slave trade, and behind states based on racial segregation such as the U.S. in the 19 th and early 20 th century and South Africa under apartheid. It was not until 1999, when a proposal to include a racial equality provision in the Covenant of the League of Nations was supported by a majority, but previously it was not adopted in the Paris Peace Conference. In 1943, Japan and its allies declared work for the abolition of racial discrimination to be their aim at the Greater East Asia Conference. As time goes by, many other actions were taken by the anti-racism activists, trying to help the victims of racism to gain back their rights, because everyone is born equally, no one should be discriminated due to their race or skin colors. Movements such as the African-American Civil Rights Movement and the Anti-Apartheid movement were examples of anti-racist movements. Nonviolent resistance sometimes an element of anti-racial movements, although this was not always the case. Economic racism is also related to the crisis of the cities, where most ghettos and barrios are located. As basic industries move out, services are allowed to decline, streets fall apart, bridges crumble. Here the drug crisis continues unabated, infant mortality rates zoom to levels above those in the Third World, and diseases like AIDS and tuberculosis rage almost out of control. Here the communities are in a virtual state of siege as racist police departments, under the pretext of fighting drugs, terrorize and intimidate. Here Black and Brown youth are routinely rounded up in sweeps, and have filled the nation's jails and prisons to the point of overflow, with 35 percent of African American youth either in jail or under the control of the criminal justice system. For Black and Brown people, racism means shorter, less healthy, less-valued lives.
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Racial Discrimination Racism is ruling-class ideology and is the concept and practice of white supremacy. It is the practice of discrimination and oppression based on skin color, physical characteristics, continent of origin and culture. It has its origins as a justification for slavery and the conquest of the Americas. From the beginning, slavery in the U.S. was tied to development and growth of capitalism. Founded on the scale and ownership of human beings on the basis of their physical characteristics and color, its purpose was the exploitation of unpaid labor for super profits. As chattels, Africans were hunted like animals, transported to the New World and then sold on the auction clock. In like manner Native American Indians were exterminated on a massive scale
UN AND UDHR During the last fifty years since the adoption in 1948 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the international community has made some important progress in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. National and international laws have been enacted and numerous international human rights instruments, particularly a treaty to ban racial discrimination, have been adopted. Progress has been made -witness the defeat of apartheid in South Africa. Yet, the dream of a world free of racial hatred and bias remains only half fulfilled. As technology brings the peoples of the world closer together and political barriers tumble, racial discrimination, xenophobia and other forms of intolerance continue to ravage our societies. Horrors such as "ethnic cleansing" have emerged in recent years, while ideas of racial superiority have spread to new media like the Internet. Even globalization carries risks that can lead to exclusion and increased inequality, very often along racial and ethnic lines. As racial discrimination and ethnic violence grow in complexity, they become more of a challenge for the international community. As a result, new tools to deal with racism are called for. Since its creation, the United Nations has struggled to find measures to combat racial discrimination ,ethnic violence and related intolerance. This commitment to human dignity and equality is reflected in all the last sessions of the General Assembly and in particular of the Social Humanitarian and Cultural Committee, where the elimination of racism and racial discrimination have been one of the major topics of the agenda. With the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, the UN made the first of many steps towards combating global racism, discrimination and intolerance. That SreenidhiMUN SOCHUM Study Guide
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same year, its efforts were further advanced by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which made genocide a crime under international law both in war and peacetime (e.g. in the Nuremburg Trials, genocide was only cited as a crime against humanity for those acts committed after 1939). In the 1963 Declaration and subsequent Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965), racial discrimination was more clearly defined and specifically condemned. The definition of racial discrimination includes indirect discrimination, meaning laws or societal constructs that may not explicitly discriminate against one group, but still result in the creation or continuation of prejudicial circumstances. The convention also expands on rights and freedoms not delineated in the UDHR, including the right to work and join unions, right to inherit, right to housing and right to access to any space or service designated for general/public use. Most notably, however, was the conventions creation of a monitoring and reporting mechanismthe Committee for Elimination of Racial INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention. A third-generation human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. Controversially, the Convention also requires its parties to outlaw hate speech and criminalize membership in racist organizations. The Convention also includes an individual complaints mechanism, effectively making it enforceable against its parties. This has led to the development of a limited jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Convention. The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the United Nations General Assembly on 21 December 1965, and entered into force on 4 January 1969. As of April 2013, it has 87 signatories and 177 parties. The Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD).
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SUMMARY: Part 1 (Articles 1 7) commits parties to the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination and to promoting understanding among all races (Article 2). Parties are obliged to not discriminate on the basis of race, not to sponsor or defend racism, and to prohibit racial discrimination within their jurisdictions. They must also review their laws and policies to ensure that they do not discriminate on the basis of race, and commit to amending or repealing those that do. Specific areas in which discrimination must be eliminated are listed in Article 5. The Convention imposes a specific commitment on parties to eradicate racial segregation and the crime of apartheid within their jurisdictions (Article 3). Parties are also required to criminalize the incitement of racial hatred (Article 4), to ensure judicial remedies for acts of racial discrimination (Article 6), and to engage in public education to promote understanding and tolerance (Article 7). Part 2 (Articles 8 16) governs reporting and monitoring of the Convention and the steps taken by the parties to implement it. It establishes the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and empowers it to make general recommendations to the UN General Assembly. It also establishes a dispute-resolution mechanism between parties (Articles 11 13), and allows parties to recognize the competence of the Committee to hear complaints from individuals about violations of the rights protected by the Convention (Article 14). Part 3 (Articles 17 25) governs ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Convention. XENOPHOBIA Xenophobia is the unreasoned fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange. Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and perceptions of an ingroup towards an outgroup, including a fear of losing identity, suspicion of its activities, aggression, and desire to eliminate its presence to secure a presumed purity. Xenophobia can also be exhibited in the form of an "uncritical exaltation of another culture" in which a culture is ascribed "an unreal, stereotyped and exotic quality". Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action urges all governments to take immediate measures and to develop strong policies to prevent and combat all forms and manifestations of racism, xenophobia or related intolerance, where necessary by enactment of appropriate legislation including penal measure. SreenidhiMUN SOCHUM Study Guide
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Broadly categorizing, Xenophobia is of two types: 1. The first is a population group present within a society that is not considered part of that society. Often they are recent immigrants, but xenophobia may be directed against a group which has been present for centuries, or became part of this society through conquest and territorial expansion. This form of xenophobia can elicit or facilitate hostile and violent reactions, such as mass expulsion of immigrants, pogroms or in other cases, genocide. 2. The second form of xenophobia is primarily cultural, and the objects of the phobia are cultural elements which are considered alien. All cultures are subject to external influences, but cultural xenophobia is often narrowly directed, for instance, at foreign loan words in a national language. It rarely leads to aggression against individual persons, but can result in political campaigns for cultural or linguistic purification. In addition, entirely xenophobic societies tend not to be open to interactions from anything "outside" themselves, resulting in isolationism that can further increase xenophobia. It can sometimes be difficult to differentiate between what can be classified as racism and xenophobia. Generally, however, racism tends to be defined as discrimination based on physical characteristics and xenophobia describes discrimination based on cultural differences and/or othering of foreign persons. For example, black-white relations in the United States, apartheid South Africa or Rhodesia (now called Zimbabwe) or anti-Semitism, most notably in Nazism, can be classified as racism, where one group feels it is superior to the other due to evolutionary/physical advantage. Alternatively, xenophobia can be seen in the discrimination that has been reported in European countries, like France, Spain, United Kingdom, and Germany, where peoples belonging to groups that are not under the traditional definition of European descent (regardless of country of origin) find themselves marginalized from society politically, economically and socially. Xenophobia has been on the rise, almost hyperbolically due to the accelerated trend of integration and globalization seen over the last two decades. Achieving an ideal of a world free of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance has been a long and difficult road for the UN and international community. Intolerance in some form, despite several meetings, including First World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (Geneva, 1978), Second World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (Geneva, 1983), World Conference against Racism, Racial SreenidhiMUN SOCHUM Study Guide
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Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (Durban, 2001) and UN World Conference Against Racism aka Durban II or Durban Review (Geneva, 2009), intolerance permeates our global community, and can be found in both developing and developed states. Significantly, none of these forms of intolerance (racism, racial discrimination, or xenophobia) are part of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In 2011, the First World Summit of People of African Descent decided to urge the UNGA to adopt a 9th development goal that includes such language. Part of SOCHUMs work could be to make elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, and related intolerance part of the post-2015 development agenda. GENDER RACISM Other than the racism based on ethnic, there are also racism based on genders. Gender racism, also as known as sexism, is also a big concern for many countries. The disadvantages faced by women in societies around the world are also familiar: lower pay for work of equal value; high illiteracy rates; and poor access to health care. The literacy rate for women worldwide is 71.4%, compared with 83.7% for men. Of the 960 million illiterate adults, are women. The gender gap in earning persists, with women employed in industry and services typically earning 78% of what men earn in the same sector. Additionally, of 1.3 billion people living in poverty, 70% are women. These statistics are all showing how sexism is still affecting every country, and women do not share the same rights as man. The experience and impact of racism during armed conflict is clearly a gendered experience: the majority of those who are killed or disappeared are men and male youths. This accounts for the refugee populations, who in the majority are women and their dependent children, who generally have been exposed to extreme physical violence. Research has shown that the legal protections for women around the world, including refugee women who have experienced violence, are largely gender blind and do not address the reality of womens lives. It has also been argued that the very nature of international law has made dealing with the structural disadvantages of sex and gender difficult. Refugee women continue to be discriminated against in situations of armed conflict, in refugee determinations, and in resettlement because of their gender.
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CAUSES OF XENOPHOBIA Governments being unable to control the rising in crime levels in communities. This is a primary cause of xenophobia, because people become afraid of what is unfamiliar to them in their community and may consider it as a threat. It is a huge dilemma that can only be addressed by strengthening laws and making the community safer for everyone. The economic situation, because some citizens who are unable to secure jobs blame immigrants, so they get frustrated, depressed and potentially become xenophobic, and resort to violence. Corruption in many countries can be a main cause of xenophobia since natives become angry at the ability of illegal immigrants to have access to services, making communities resort to violence. Ignorance as it can cause people to see others as unequal. Ignorance of and lack of understanding of other cultures, religions will make a person view differences as frightening; therefore, developing multi-cultural social tolerance is essential in every community. Media has huge role in either fostering or eradicating xenophobia. Absence of quality education and peace education could play a major role in increasing intolerance and xenophobia. Lack of political, economic, and social policies on country level which stress diversity, and ensure upholding human rights of all citizens can lead to increase in intolerance and hate crimes. CAUSES OF RACISM IN GENERAL People are not born being racist just as they are not born knowing right from wrong. Racism is said to be something that is learned, according to Murray from the American Psychological Association. Children are born, at least that is what is told by social scientists, with purity, with no predetermined hate of others. Therefore, one can conclude that children learn hatred, racism, and stereotyping. Another contributing factor to racism is social and economic status. People are often judged by where they live, how much money they make, what type of car they drive and SreenidhiMUN SOCHUM Study Guide
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so on. According to CNN, in 2004 the percentage of Americans living under the poverty level was 12.5%. In this same year the percentage of African Americans living under the poverty level was 24.4%, almost twice the national level. This tends to cause a feeling of superiority amongst some people over the African Americans. This also may cause people to generalize all African Americans as poor since the number is so high. In a study done at the University of Michigan it was found that all minorities are viewed negatively by whites in terms of potential for violence. In the essay Black Men and Public Space, the author finds that people feel threatened by him because he is black. They see him as a potential danger to their safety and often choose to keep their distance from him even though in reality he poses no threat and is in fact a young grad student. In the same study done at Michigan it was also found that 45% of whites think blacks are lazy; 29% think blacks are unintelligent; less than one in five think Blacks are hard working; and 56% of whites feel that blacks would rather live on welfare than work. The location and environment of this study could also contribute to the results, however they are unknown. According to the national consensus in 2004 the unemployment rate of African Americans was 10.9 % whereas the unemployment rate and whites was 4.9%, and the unemployment rate of Hispanic Americans was 8.2%. This also contributes to the idea that whites think blacks are lazy therefore causing a feeling of racial superiority. Not all people who are racist are taught from their parents or an older generation. Sometimes it is the lack of diversity in the area in which one lives. Generally when people are unaccustomed to something they judge it. For example in Wallowa county racism is common due to lack of minorities in the area. One resident of the area acknowledges this also by adding that many of the children who live in the area dont have much interaction with children of other races because there simply arent any in their schools. This also creates an atmosphere of racism. While not all people are violent racists there are some that are, and those that are commit horrendous hate crimes either injuring or killing people. For example in 1963 members of the white supremacies group, Klu Klux Klan bombed an all black church in Birmingham, Alabama killing four young girls. Another example of a less severe and more recent hate crime happened in Orangevale, California in July of 2002. A mail carrier of Indian descent who wore a turban and had a full beard was shot in the neck by a pellet gun. The shooter was a man who had a confederate flag hanging on his garage and ended up pleading guilty to the charges brought on him. These are only two examples out of the thousands of hate crimes that are committed annually in the U.S. In 2003 the Federal SreenidhiMUN SOCHUM Study Guide
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Bureau of Investigations reported that out of the 9,100 reported hate crimes 52% were targeted as victims because of their race.
MAJOR RACISM CONFLICTS 20 TH CENTURY: During World War II and the period of the Nazi regime in Europe, all of the Jews, Gypsies, Blacks, mixed race people and Slavic people - mainly ethnic Poles, Serbs, and Russians, along with other ethnic groups whose racial origin were non-European, according to the Nazi ideology were classified as "subhumansand were viewed as the opposite to the superior Aryan "master race". The Nazi philosophy was that the Germans were part of a "master race", and therefore had the right to expand their territory and enslave or kill members of other races deemed inferior. Approximately 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In the longer term, the Nazis planned to exterminate some 3045 million Slavs (mostly Poles and Serbs), however some of them were seen as good material for slaves. Eventually over 2.5 million ethnic Poles, 0.7 million Gypsies, and 0.5 million ethnic Serbs died during the World War II, and were among the main non-Jewish victims of the Holocaust.
Racial politics remains a major phenomenon. Racism continues to be reflected in socioeconomic inequality and has taken on more modern, indirect forms of expression, most prevalently symbolic racism. Racial stratification continues to occur in employment, housing, education, lending, and government. OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD: Racism world-wide is manifested in every continent. In Europe extreme racist groups have gained more and more acceptability in countries like France, Germany, and Australia, the Aborigines have lost much of their land and have been the victim of extreme prejudice. Not only has the Apartheid (legalized separation) being practiced in Australia, it has been a well-publicized condition in South Africa. Many African countries have endured long-term civil wars, some beginning shortly after that nations freedom from former colonial countries. In Asia, Cambodians harbor extreme prejudice against the Vietnamese, and Chinese students have been forbidden access to higher education in Malaysia. In the Middle East, antagonism between the Israelis and the Palestinians continues to exist. New studies point to what is termed "hyper segregation" of African Americans in the nation's largest industrial cities - LA, Houston, Newark, Chicago, Detroit, New York, Cleveland, Philadelphia, cities in which the structural crisis and long-term and generational unemployment have been sharpest. By hyper segregation is meant the geographic, political, economic and SreenidhiMUN SOCHUM Study Guide
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cultural isolation of these communities. This hyper segregation reveals that racism directed at African Americans has a unique quality and has reached a new and unprecedented stage.
ON GOING PROBLEMS The fact that the Stephen Lawrence case, which, in UK is one of the perhaps most infamous on-going cases of racism in the police force and has received much attention Immigrants face numerous criticisms and challenges; It is difficult enough often, to get into another nation as mentioned above. If one succeeds, then additional are faced: Living in a new country can be daunting, especially when the cultural differences are great. As a result it can be expected that an immigrant would try to maintain some semblance of their own culture in their new country of stay. Or, due to fears of racism or due to the culture shock it would be expected that immigrant communities would form as a way to deal with this and as a means to help each other through. By doing this, sometimes they face criticism of not integrating and of sticking with their own kind; Yet, on the other hand, if they do integrate in some way, they face critique from certain types of environmentalists and others of contributing to environmental degradation by increasing their consumption to the high levels typical of the host nation. (And if environmental degradation is the concern, then it would make sense that one of the main issues at hand to address would be the consumption itself and its roots, regardless of who is doing it in this context That is, if the host nation had different modes of consumptions, immigrants would likely follow those too.
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Possible Solutions -
Addressing racial discrimination and related intolerance can seem like a daunting task, beyond SOCHUM's sphere of influence. But SOCHUM and its partners can make a difference if the psychological elements behind these protection issues are understood and if it is recognized that the responsibility for combating them rests with all of society. A strategic approach to tackle these issues will normally include the following elements: (i) monitoring signs of racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and tracking and reporting hate crimes; (ii) analysing the underlying reasons; (iii) assessing the manifestations of these phenomena and their impact on protection; (iv) understanding legal obligations to protect all individuals from racial discrimination and multiple forms of discrimination; (v) engaging a network of diverse organizations and actors that implement complementary activities Targeting different groups in society; (vi) including affected communities in the Strategic approach; and (vii) providing individual support to victims.