Solutions Supplement to Accompany

QUANTUM PHYSICS
OF ATOMS, MOLECULES, SOLIDS,
NUCLEI, AND PARTICLES
Second Edition
Robert Eisberg
Robert Resnick
Prepared by Edward Derringh
Thi s suppl ement cont ai ns sol ut i ons t o mast of t he
mor e- i nvol ved pr obl ems i n t he CUANI UMPHYSI CS t ext ;
wi t h one except i on, sol ut i ons t o pr obl ems i n t he
Appendi ces ar e not i ncl uded.
The suppl ement i s di r ect ed t owar d i nst ruct ors, and
t hi s has i nf l uenced t he pr esent at i on. Mot ever y
al gebr ai c st ep i s exhi bi t ed. The uni t s have not been
di spl ayed expl i ci t y i n ever y equat i on. (SI uni t s ar e
adopt ed i n t he suppl ement , mai nl y because t hey ar e
br i ef er t han t he t ext not at i on. ) Rul es wi t h r egar d
t o si gni f i cant f i gur es have not been st r i ct l y
obser ved, al t hough t her e shoul d be no out l andi sh
vi ol at i ons. Use of symbol s and choi ce of not at i on
i s gener al l y obvi ous and t her ef or e r ot exhaust i vel y
def i ned f or each probl em.
I t I s a pl easur e t o t hank Pr of . Ri char d Shur t l ef f
( Went wort h I nst i t ut e of Technol ogy) f or pr epar i ng
t he sol ut i ons t o t he pr obl ems i n Chapt er 18.
Pr epar at i on of t he suppl ement , i ncl udi ng choi ce of
probl ems, was l ef t t o t he under si gned, whs was al so
hi s own t ypi st and i l l ust rat or. He woul d appr eci at e
a not e, of up t o moder at e asper i t y, f r omt hose who
det ect an er r or and/ or mi st ake.
Decenf cer 24, 1984 Edwar d Der r i ngh
41 Mont gomer y Dr i ve
Pl ymout h, MA 02360
Chapt er O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapt er TMd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapt er Thr ee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapt er Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapt er F i v e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapt er S i x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Chapt er Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Chapt er Ei ght . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Chapt er Ni n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapt er T e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Chapt er El even . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Chapt er T we l v e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapt er Thi r t een. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Chapt er Four t een . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapt er Fi f t een . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chapt er Si x t een. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Chapt er Sevent een . . . . . . . 183
Chapt er Ei ght een . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
CHAPTER ONE
The r adi ant ener qy cont ai ned i n
vol ume dv t hat i s i rovi nq t owar d
A at any ti me, i n t he f r equency
i nt erval v, v+dv i s
dEp( v) dv = ppl vl dv ^ dV,
wher e fi i s t he sol i d anql e
subt ended at dv by A. Wi t h
= Acose/ r 2
dv = r 2si n6dr d0d<t>.
t he ener qy beccroes
dE^, (v)dv = pT (v)dv Asi n0cos6drd0d4i .
The ener gy i n t hi s f r equency i nt er val t hat cr osses A i n t i me t
f rcmt he ent i r e upper hemi spher e i s
rv/2 r2 T\i -ct
E^, (\>)dv = Apf vl dv ^ I I I si necosSdedi j i dr
J 0=ol <j )=o J r=0
E^, (v)dv = | PT( v) dv Act .
Hence t he ener qy t hat passes t hr ouqh a uni t ar ea i n uni t t i me
f r an t he uFper hemi spher e i s
I ^l vJ dv = E^p (v) dv/ At = pT (v)dv.
i d
P=A^BT<v)dv= Pr (u)dv = *AceT<vav>i v
. c/ x LSSL X- U t - 5. 4509 X 1014 Hz,
1 1 5. 50 x 10- '
= c/ X, = 2-9^8 x -10' = 5. 4410 X 1014 Hz.
1 5. 51 x 10 '
Ther ef or e,
uav = %( vl + V = 5- 46 X 1C)14 HZ!
Av = v2 - \>1 - 9. 9 x 1011 Hz.
Si nce
= ( 8T!hv^/ c3) (ehvav/ kT - l ) "1,
numer i cal l y;
8nhv3v/ c3 1-006 x 10- 13,
hVg^kT = 4. 37,
ehva\ / *cT - 1 = 78. 04,
pT l vav) = ( 1-006 x 10_X3) <78- 04>- 1 = i - 289 x 10_
The ar ea of t he hol e i s
A = *r 2 = n( 5 x 10- 3)2 = 7. 854 x 10- 5 m2.
Hence, f i nal l y,
P = i ( 7. 854 x 10- 5) ( 2. 998 x 108) ( 1. 289 x 10- 15) (9. 9 x
P = 7. 51 W.
15
(a) L = 4tiP2oT4 = 41,(7 X 108) 2(5.67 x 10~8) (5700)4,
L = 3.685 x 1026 W.
r _ <3 , 2. 2 dm
dt 11"0 ) - c at'
an L _ 3.685 x 1026 ......................9 . .
dt 7" (7x 108,2=4-094x10k/s-
(b) The mass l ost i n one year i s
^ = * t = ( 4-094 x 1C|9) ( 3- 156 x 10?) = J - 292 x 1017 kg.
The desi r ed f r act i on i s, then,
1.. 292 x 1017 . 6- 5 x 1q- 14.
M 2 . 0 x 1030
1-10
(a) The sol ar const ant S i s def i ned by
L
c _ Sim
r = Ear t h- sun di st ance, Lsun = r at e of ener gy out put of t he
sun. Let R = r adi us of t he eart h; t he r at e P at whi ch ener gy
i npi nges on t he ear t h i s
P = hr 2 = nR2s.
4nr
The aver agp r at e, per m2, of ar r i val of ener gy at t he ear t h' 3
sur f ace i s
p = _ L _ = J ?S = ,
av ? ? *1
4tiR 4ttR
338 Vi/m2 = i ( 1353 W/ m2) = 338 W/ m2.
(b)
338 = oT4 = (5. 67 X 10_8) T4,
T = 280 K.
1- 19
c . 2*k5T5 x5
v x> W x> T t r X
h e e - 1
wi t h x = he/ XkT. At X = ^max, x = 4. 965, by Pr obl em
VNnax' = 42 403, 1 ( W) 5/ h4c3.
Now f i nd x such t hat ^( X) = 0-2RT (Xmax>!
2nk5T5 x5 k5T^
", i -rr-- - (0 . 2)42. 40371 ^7^,
h e ex - 1 h V
If
4. 2403,
xx = 1. 882, x2 = 10. 136.
Numer i cal l y,
1 = he 1 ( 6. 626 x 10~34) ( 2. 998 x 108) 1
x ( 1- 38 x 10- 23) (3) x'
X = 4. 798 x 10' 3/ x ,
so t hat
Xx = 4. 798 x 10- 3/ 1. 882 - 2. 55 mn,
X2 = 4. 798 x 10- 3/ 10. 136 =0. 473 nm.
1-20
I f x = hc/ XmaxkT, t hen, by Pr obl em18,
. Thus,
s
5 - x
Hence,
t (w
max
But,
x = 4.965;
\nax
Upon subst i t ut i on, t hese gi ve
x = 4.965; -f- = (4.965 j ^) 4.
r W = 170"
(he)
1-21
By Pr obl an 20,
pT<> = 170"
T mBX (he)4
so t hat t he wavel engt hs sought must sat i sf y
^ hcTxkT - ^- 170, - ^4.
Xs e ' - 1 (he)4
Agai n l et
x = hc/ XkT.
I n t er ms of x, t he pr ecedi ng equat i on beoanee
x5 _ 170
ex - l " 16 '
Sol ut i ons are
Xx = 2. 736; = 8. 090.
Si nce, f or X^,
t hese sol ut i ons gi ve
X1 - 1-B15W-
X2 = *614W
1- 24
Let X' = 200 nm, X" = 400 nm; then.
1 ______ 1_____ , , 1 _______ 1
x, 5 ehc/ X' kT _ ~ ( 3-82) x5 ehc/ x"kT _ ^
hc/ X- kT _ .
ehc/ XkT _ 3 82<X- ) -
Numer i cal l y,
t e . . (6. 62,6 X 10- 34) ( 2. 998 X 108) . ^ R#
A K (4 x 10- ' ) (1. 38 x 10- " )
so t hat
35987/ T _ ,
*71974/ T (3. 82) (%> 0. 1194.
Let x = e35987^; then,
7 7 7 = - 1194=t t t '
x = 7. 375;
e35987/ T _ 7- 375f
T = 18' 000 K-
CHAPTEK TOO
The phot oel ect r i c equat i on i s
he = eVQX +wQX.
Wi t h VQ = 1. 85 V f or X = 300 nm, and VQ = 0. 82 \
he = 8. 891 x Kf 26 + 3 x 10' 7wQ,
he = 5. 255 x 10- 26 + 4 x 10_7wQ.
Hence,
8. 891 x 10"26 + 3 x 10~7w0 = 5. 255 x 10- 26 +
(b) wQ = 3. 636 x 10_19 J = 2. 27 eV.
Theref ore,
he = 8. 891 X 10- 26 + (3 X 10- 7) ( 3. 636 X ]
he = 19. 799 x 10- 26 J - m,
(fl) h . 19,?99_ x. . 101 6 = 6-6Q4 x 10-34 ,
2.998 X 10
(c) wQ = hc/ X0,
3. 636 X 10- 19 = 19. 799 x 10_26/ X0,
Xq = 5. 445 x 10 7 m= 544. 5 nm.
2-8
I n a magnet i c f i el d
r = mv/ eB.
4 x 10
p = mv = er B = ( 1. 602 x 10- 19) (1. 88 x 10- 4),
p = 3. 012 x 10- 23 k^- m/ s,
( 3. 012 x 10~23) ( 2. 998 x 108) _ 0. 05637 MeV
Al so,
Hence,
(a)
c (1.602 x 10- 13)
E2 =P 2C2 + E2,
E2 = ( 0. 05637) 2 + ( 0. 511) 2,
E = 0. 5141 MeV.
K = E - E 0. 5141 - 0. 5110 = 0. 0031 M6V.
(b) The pbDt cmener gy i s
1240
Eph(eV>= S = 0 7 1 = - 0175 M6V!
wo - Eph - K - 17- 5 -
3. 1 = 14. 4 keV.
2- 9
(a) Assumi ng t he pr ocess can
oper at e, appl y conser vat i on of
mass- ener gy and of moment um:
hv +
E0
K + Eq hv
Ks

*1!
These equat i ons t aken t oget her i npl y t hat
P = K/ c.
But , t or an el ect r on,
E2 = P2c 2 + E^,
(K + Eq)2 - p2c2 + E*
(*)
p = / ( K2 + 2EQK) / c. (**)
(*) and (**) can be sat i sf i ed t oget her onl y i f Ep ^ 0, whi ch i s
not t r ue f or an el ect ron.
(b) I n t he Compt on ef f ect , a phot on i s pr esent af t er t he
col l i si on; t hi s al l ows t he conser vat i on l aws t o hol d wi t hout
cont radi ct i on.
2- 14
Let n = number of phot ons per uni t vol ume. I n t i me t, al l
phot ons i ni t i al l y a di st ance < ct wi l l cr oss ar ea A nor mal t o
t he beamdi r ect i on. Thus,
= Ener gy = n(hv)A(ct}_ = nhcv = nh_
At At X
For t wo beams of wavel engt hs X^ and X2 wi t h 1^=
f i =, = ni A i + Hi ,
I 2 n2/ X2 n2 X2'
and t her ef or e
n^/ At X^
n2/ At ~ X2
The ener gy densi t y i s p = nhv = nhc/ X. Si nce t hi s di f f er s f rom
onl y by t he f act or c ( whi ch i s t he same f or bot h beams) , t hen :
Px = p2, t he equat i on above hol ds agai n.
2- 26
Set = 20 keV, Kf = 0; K1 = el ect r on ki net i c ener gy af t er t he
f i r st decel er at i on; t hen
l J = Ki - Ki : r2 = K1 - Kf - Kr *2 = xi + fi x'
wi t h AX = 0. 13 nm. Si nce
he = 1. 2400 keV- nm,
h
h

W
t hese equat i ons beccme
1. 2400
20 - K, ;
Sol vi ng yi el ds,
(a) Kx - 5. 720 keV;
( W 0. 0868 r m; X2 - 0. 2168 i m.
2- 28
Appl y t he l aws of conser vat i on of t ot al ener gy and of i ranentam.
Cent er of Mass Fr ame
r
- VUVUUU- *
Ther ef or e,
i t r ot

E1 + me2 - i i ^c2,
- mv = 0.
mv + me 3mgC,
m( l + B) 3n^,
^ 2 I <1 + B) - 3m. ,
(1 - B > "
8 - 4/ 5.
Hence, m- 5m/ 3 and E' - mc2B - 4UC2/ 3. By t he Docpl er shi f t ,
wi t h B = 4/ 5, ~
E' = E{( 1 - B) / ( 1 + B) }%= E/ 3,
E - 3E' = Sl ^OgC2) - 4b1qC2.
Labor at or y Fr ame

' VWl Ar
-
-
-
X
%
Theref ore,
bo t hat
2- 29
(a)
(b)
E + m^c2 = 3^0^ + 3K,
E/ c = 3( K2 + 2mQc2K) Vc.
2it1qC2 + 3K = 3( K2 + 2mQc2K)
K - |V 2'
E = 2mQc2 + 3K = 4mQc2.
E + Mqc 2 = Mqc2 + 2mQc2 + K,
E - 2( 0. 511) + 1 = 2. 022 MeV.
p = E/ c = 2. 022 MeV/ c; p+ = 0;
p_ - i (K2 + 2m()c2K) %= i {l 2 + 2( 0. 511) (1)}%= J
P = ( 2. 022 - 1. 422) = 0. 600 MeV/ c;
%t r ansf er r ed = ^<100) = 29. 7%.
. 422 MeV/ c.
Use t he Doppl er shi f t t o conver t t he gi ven wavel engt hs t o
wavel engt hs as seen i n t he r est f r ame of t he pai r:
2XJ = \'2,
4 1 - P , 1 +
1 + B 1 - B'
3B2 - 10B + 3 = 0,
B=i ; v = f .
2-33
The r amber of par t i cl es st opped/ scat t er ed bet ween di st ances x
and x-tdx i s dl (x) = oI ( x) pdx. Hence, f or a ver y t hi ck sl ab t hat
ul t i mat el y st ops/ scat t er s al l t he i nci dent par t i cl es, t he
aver age di st ance a par t i cl e t r avel s i s
. . f l SS . gp/ xl dx _ x e^_ dx
av / dl op/ I dx fe~<>xdx ap
t he l i mi t s on al l x i nt egr al s bei ng x = 0 t o x = .
CHAPTE2? THREE
f ci
X h/ m.
x _ e e
*x h/ mxv - m - v -
Xe mx vx'
1. 813 x l O- ^- 9-^ 9- ^10-"31^ ),
mx 3
mx = 1. 675 x l ( f 27 kg;
vl dentl y, t he par t i cl e i s a neut ron.
3- 7
(a) E2 =p 2c2 + E^; (K +Eq) 2 = p2c2 + E^,
Ri t K = eV and Eg = m^c2, so t hat
. 2KE- , 2( eV) ( mc2) ,
C (2KEq) = ( )* = {- - - - - 2^-- ) = / ( 2meV) ,
c c
and
K/ 2EQ =eV/ 2m0c2.
Theref ore,
X =$ = 77^47r ( l + - ^r ^.
p = 7( ^i vr l i + ^ c2
(b) Nonr el at i vi st l c l i mi t : eVmgC2; set 1 + eV/ 2rruc2
get J
X =h/ ( 2m0eV)' ! = h/ ( 2m0K)' s =
Numer i cal l y,
hence.
bj . = ( 6. 626 x 1Q- 34 J s) (2. 998 x 108 m/ s)
( 1. 602 x 10- 13 J / MeV) ( 10- 9 m/ m)
he = 1. 2400 x 10"3 MeV- nm;
. . . . 1. 2400 x 10~3 MeV- r mj l - f,2)'5
*' ' Eq (MeV) B
3-19
(a)
p = h _ 6. 626 x 10~34 J - s ( 2. 998 x 108 m/ s) = 0. 12400 MeV
X (10- 11 n0 c ( 1. 602 x 10- 13 J / MeV) c
E2 = ( 0. 1240) 2 + ( 0. 511) 2 E = 0. 5258 MeVs
K * E - E0 0. 5258 - 0. 5110 - 0. 0148 MeV - 14. 8 keV.
(t>) _
P - V 124kev-
These ar e qartma- rays, or har d x- rays.
(c) The el ect r on mi cr oscope i s pr ef er abl e: t he gamna- r ays ar e
di f f i cul t t o f ocus, and shi el di ng wcul d be requi red.
3-28
(a) Set Ax = 10- 10 m.
_ h_ _ 6. 626 x 10~34 J - s
P_4P **
= 5. 2728 x 10~25 kg- m/ s 2. 998 x 10R m/ s = 0. 9868 keV_
c 1. 602 x 10- 16 J / keV c
E = <P2C2 +E2)*5 = {( 0. 9868) 2 + (511)2}s = 511. 00095 keV;
K = E - Eq = 511. 00095 - 511 =0. 95 eV.
At omi c bi ndi ng ener gi es ar e on t he or der of a f ewel ect r on vol t s
i) t hat t hi s r esul t i s consi st ent wi t h f i ndi ng el ect r ons i nsi de
i i tans.
(b) Ax = 10- 14 m; hence, p = 9. 868 MeV/ c, f r an (a).
E = (p2c2 +Eg) ^ = <9. 8682 + 0. 5112) ^= 9. 8812 MeV;
K = E - Eg = 9. 8812 - 0. 5110 = 9. 37 MeV.
Thi s i s appr oxi mat el y t he aver age bi ndi ng ener gy per nucl eon,
so el ect r ons wi l l t end t o escape f r an nucl ei .
(c) For a neut r on or prot on, p = 9. 868 MeV/ c, f r an ( b) . Usi ng
938 MeV as a r est energy,
E = (p2c2 + E2)11 = ( 9. 8682 + 9382) ^=938. 052 MeV;
K = E - Eg = 938. 052 - 938 = 0. 052 MeV.
Thi s l ast r esul t i s much l ess t han t he aver age bi ndi ng ener gy
per nucl eon; t hus t he uncer t ai nt y pr i nci pl e i s consi st ent wi t h
f i ndi ng t hese par t i cl es conf i ned i nsi de nucl ei .
3- 32
(a) Si nce p > Ap and x >Ax, f or t he anal l est E use px = Apx
and x = Ax t o obt ai n
E = ^<APX) 2 + *sC(Ax)2.
wi t h
APXAX = W =
t he mi ni mumener gy beccmes
E =to(4ik >2 +!>C(to>2 =-~ A ,2 +
32n m( Ax)
(b) Set t he der i vat i ve equal t o zero:
= _ +C( f i x) =0 *
Subst i t ut i ng t hi s i nt o t he expr essi on f or E above gi ves
Emi n * " "
3- 34
(a) Let t he cr ack be of zer o wi dt h and Ax * hor i zont al ai mi ng
er r or (i . e. , dr op poi nt not exact l y above cr ack) . I bi s i npl i es
an i ni t i al hor i zont al speed v^ gi ven by
v = Av
x x mAx
As a r esul t of t hi s, t he bal l l ands a hor i zont al di st ance x f ran
t he r el ease poi nt , gi ven by
Hence, t he t ot al hor i zont al di st ance X f r an cr ack t o i i rpact
poi nt i s
X = AX + x - AX + <f ) * i .
l b mi ni mi ze, set
dX
0 - A* =
d( Ax) " u l 2m' g'
Tti eref ore,
(b) I f H = 10 m, H/ g = 1, m - 0. 001 kg, t hen X ^ - (10- 34103) ^
= 3 x 10 ^ m, appr oxi mat e 1 y.
Put an el ect r on behi nd each
sl i t and obser ve any recoi l
due t o i t s col l i si on wi t h a
phot on emer gi ng f r an t he
sl i t , l b det er mi ne whi ch
el ect r on recoi l ed, i t s obser ved
di spl acement ay must sat i sf y
Ay W,
at l east , or even
W
X
Ay 4J .
Due t o t he col l i si on, t he pt ot on' s manent umchanges. I n or der
not t o dest r oy t he i nt er f er ence pat t ern,
mX _ mh _ j nh.
px 6 - d - pd - pxd-
^Py T d'
mt he or der of t he f ri nge. By conser vat i on of manent un, t hi s i s
al so t he uncer t ai nt y i n t he el ect r on' s rranentum. Hence, f or t he
el ect ron, i t i s r equi r ed t hat , i n or der not t o dest r oy t he
pat t ern,
(Ay) <apy) <> (> = W.
CHAPTER FtXI R
4=1
Consi der an el ect r on osci l l at i ng al ong a di anet er . When at a
di st ance r f r an t he cent er of t he at om, t he f or ce on t he el ect r on
i s
F =
wher e p = e/ ( 4nR3/ 3) > 0 si nce t he net char ge on at ai t- el ectron
i s +e. Ther ef or e,
- - - r.
4tte0
Thi s f or ce i s at t r act i ve: i . e. , di r ect ed t cwar d t he cent er of t he
at cm. Hence,
F - ma.
I f t he el ect r on r evol ves i n a ci r cul ar or bi t of r adi us R,
F ma.
The t wo f r equenci es ar e seen t o be equal . The equal i t y appl i es
al so t o osci l l at i ons of ar pl i t ude l ess t han R and ci r cul ar
or bi t s of r adi us l ess t han R, si nce t he char ge ext er i or t o t he
anpl i t ude or r adi us exer t s zer o f or ce on t he el ect r on f or
spher i cal l y symmet r i c char ge di st r i but i ons.
4- 4
(a) Manent amconser vat i on:
Mv = MucosS + mwcos*,
Musi nS = i twsi n*.
I B
Ki net i c ener gy conser vat i on:
IjMv2 = ^Mu2 + !smw2-
The rrcmentumequat i ons gi ve:
mwcosi j ) = M( v - ucos8)
mwsi ni ti = Musi n8.
Hence, 2 2 2 2 2
mw = tr (v - 2uvcos6 + u ).
The ener gy equat i on yi el ds
m2w2 = Mn( v2 - u2) .
Equat i ng t he t wo expr essi ons f or m2w2:
M2 (v2 - 2uvcos6 + u2) = Mn( v2 - u2),
cos0= &U-B> + +
( Si nce m<M, cosfl ? 0, 6 i4 90. ) For maxi mum6, set dcos6/ du=0
and l ook f or mi ni ma:
Thi S gi ves d2cos0/ du2 > 0, a mi ni numf or cos0, a maxi i mmf or 0.
Subst i t ut e t hi s val ue of u i nt o t he equat i on f or cos0 t o get
The maxi nun f or ce f el t by t he al pha- par t i cl e i n passage t hr ough
t he at omoccur s at t he at on' s sur f ace:
p = _ 1_ (Ze]. L2eI
it. 4ne0 r 2
For maxi mumdef l ect i on, suppose t hi s f or ce i i rparts trcmentun Ap
per pendi cul ar t o t he or i gi nal di r ect i on of mot i on:
Ap = J Tdt =Fm(At) .
_ 1 4Ze2
^ " 4ne0 Rv -
Then, ant i ci pat i ng a smal l def l ect i on 8,
Aj >= 1 2Ze2 _ Usur f
rav 4e0 R( %Mv2) Ka
For gol d, Z = 79; suppose Kq = 5 MeV; t hen
6 = (8.988 X 109) <2)(79M1.602 X 10-,^ 2 , 4-55 ^- 4 ^
(10_AU) ( 5) (1.602 X 10 i J )
Hence, t he def l ect i on due bot h t o t he posi t i ve and negat i ve
char ge i n a TTomson at an each ar e about 0. 0601 rad, so t hat t he
over al l def l ect i on i s about 0. 0001 r ad al so. Onl y i f al l t he
def l ect i ons due t o t he el ect r ons ar e i n t he same di r ect i on
coul d a l ar ger def l ect i on, about 0.01 rad, be obt ai ned.
. 1 . 2 , zZe2, 2. 1
dN = (-7 ) (-- ?) I n-- j - - - - <#2.
,1,e0 2Mv si n (0/ 2)
'flio sol i d angl e of t he det ect or i s
Alao,
an = dA/ r 2 = 1. 0/ ( 10) 2 = 10- 2 st rad.
n = (#nucl ei per arf*) ( t hi ckness) ,
- - - - - - - - - - - 57- ( 10- 5) = 5. 898 x 1021 m- 2.
( 197) ( 1. 661 x 10
l l nnce, by di r ect nuner i cal subst i t ut i on,
dN = 6. 7920 x 10- 5 -- r - - - s- 1.
si n (6/ 2)
The r amber of count s per hour i s
#= (3600)dN = 0. 2445 -- 1-- .
si n 6/2
mi s gi ves: 6 = 10: #= 4237;
6 = 45*: #= 11. 4.
L = " = -
7. 382 x 10- 34 = ^<6. 626 x 10- 34)
n - 7.
The per i ods of r evol ut i on of el ect r on and pr ot cn ar e equal :
2 n e
2nrp
v_
= v
ve
P
v = ( - Ej v .
p
e e
The not i on i s abcut t he cent er of mass of t he el ect r on- pr ot on
syst em, so t hat
r _ m
V p
r = m r -E = .
ee re
Ther ef or e,
m
v.
4- 22
(a) Fr equency of t he f i r st l i ne: = c/ X1 = cH{- ^- - - -
m (nr+1)
Fr equency of t he ser i es l i mi t : = c/\a = - 0).
m
Ther ef or e, ^
Av " v - v. - - - - - - r.
1 (m+1)
(b) 2
Avl v <y ( ^>2
i vPf cKj j / f S+X)2
(l>)
t- i 2
K = 26. 6 - 10. 2 = 16. 4 eV.
Eph, l = 13- 6 + 16- 4 = 30- eV-
(n) By nonent umconservat i on,
i!H = Mv.
c
(' i i rbi ni ng t hi s wi t h ener gy conser vat i on gi ves
fi E = hvn = hv + >j Mv2 = hv + lsM( ^) 2 = hv + - ^r - .
0 ^ 2Mc
0 2Mc 2Mc
v0 = v , l +^ , ,
(b) Si nce \) = c/ X, vQ = c/ XQ,
&E = (13. 6) - A) = 12. 089 ev.
1 3
Negl ect i ng recoi l s
Wi t h recoi l :
f _ J S , . --------(12.089) (1.602. x. 10-191_ _ 6. 440 x l tf 9 ,
A0 2Mc^ (2) ( 1. 673 x 10 ) ( 2. 998 x l o V
AX = 661 am.
4- 34
Hi e ki net i c ener qy of t he el ect r on i s
K = ( 0. 511 MeV) (/ i - " p 11
g = 0. 0400,
2. 998 x 10
t hi s gi ves K = 409. 3 eV. For hel i i m, t he second i oni zat i on
pot ent i al f r an t he gr ound st at e i s
, a 4 , W.ftffl.2. . 54.4 eV.
i on n2 x2
Hence,
4- 38
E ^ = 54. 4 + 409. 3 = 463. 7 eV,
, _ 1240
463. 7
2. 674 nm.
(a) Hydr ogen Hq : Xj j 1 =
Hel i um, Z = 2: X^1 = 4 1 ^ - ^> =
I f XH = XHe'
2 = nf / 2 - nf = 4,
3 = nj / 2 -* n= 6.
(Ii) Now t ake i nt o account t he r educed mass y:
_ i _ 2 = (_ L , 2 = hf e
^ 4ne0 4*K3c 4" 0 4n3c h ^
mm m m (4m) m
^ ~me-Hnp =rae(1 " ni p1' pHe ~ ( 4 ^) ^ =me (1 ~ I ni ^1'
Theref ore,
He V
no t hat
X^= >4rh4 - t|}-
l l once, compar ed t o t he hydr ogen Ha l i ne, t he hel i um&4 l i ne
wavel engt h i s a l i t t l e short er.
(b) Si nce X ji * ( t he f act or Z2 i s combi ned wi t h 1/ n? - 1/ n?
t o gi ve equal val ues f or H and He) , 1
XH ~ ^He _ He ~h . _ ^_H_
*H He He*
M _1 - me/ mp _ 3 ^ _ 1 0, 511 = - 4
xH 1 - ^7% 4p 4 938-3 '
AX = ( 4. 084 x 10- 4) (656. 3 nm) = 0. 268 nm.
4- 42
Hi e i ranentun associ at ed wi t h t he angl e 8 i s L = I u. The t ot al
ener gy E i s
E = K = %I oi 2 = j r.
L i s i ndependent of 6 f or a f r eel y r ot at i ng obj ect . Hence, by
t he Wi 1 son- Scnmer f el d rul e,
i Ld0 = nh,
LSI de = L(2t i) = / (2IE) (2n) = nh,
A/ ( 2I E) = nj i ,
E =
CHAPTER FI VE
'J J
I n) The t i me- dependent par t of t he wavef unct i on i s
e- l j i t/ (C/ m) = e- i Et / K = e-i 2i rv)t_
'l1Tef ore,
ft'1 * 2 *
(l>) Si nce E = hv = 2u)l v,
E =
(-) The l i mi t i ng x can be f ound f ran
<l Cx2 = E,
x = i ^r ) * = ^( Qn) - *1.
i - i
Accor di ng t o Exampl e 5- 6, t he nor mal i zi ng i nt egral i s
1
(2E/C)h ( 2E/ C) %
- - - - - - ^ - - - Y T = 2B2(|)' 5si n" 1-- r|
j ((2E/ C) - x^}* C (2E/ C) 0
1 = B2tt (^)% - B2 = (C/i mr2)^.
a=s
Probl em5- 3(c) pr ovi des t he l i mi t s on x; t he wavef unct i on i s
w - tQn)1/fl V (C m)x2/ 2H -i oj t
Y - , /. t: c
( nW1/ 4
Hence, t he desi r ed pr obabi l i t y i s gi ven by
Prob. = ^ L V l O n l x 2^ .
(nH) l n
I f u = - ^ x .
"fc
Prob. *=2l 7 ^ - e"2/ 2du = 2( 0. 42) = 0. 84.
The l ast i nt egr al i s t he nor mal pr obabi l i t y i nt egral .
5- 7
(a) Si nce
V = <f ) *cos? e- ^.
Pr ob. = ^( cos2( nx/ a) dx = - | Cos2udu = j - ^ = 0. 1955,
J a/6 J n/6
i ndependent of E.
(b) Cl assi cal l y,
Pr ob. = ^ = 3 = 0. 3333.
5- 9
(a), (b) Let V = 0 i n t he r egi on i n whi ch t he par t i cl e i s
conf i ned, so t hat Schr odi nger ' s equat i on becones
tf2 a2? _ 3'f
V S'
wi t h
y = Asi n( 2nx/ a) e"i Et ^' .
Put t i ng t hese i nt o Schr odi nger ' s equat i on qi ves
<- (- ^4 = i tf<- TT V) = Ef ; E = E =
^ a2 * 1 2ma2
I n t he gr ound st at e, E = E^= n2H2/ 2ma2, so t hat Ex = 4EQ.
(c) The space par t s of t he wave Q
f unct i ons ar e
*0 = Acos(i t x/ a) ,
= Asi n( 2nx/ a) .
i l / j Osci Hates rrore rapi dl y, si nce
wi t h Ex > EQ, *1, *Q <A,
| - d2V dx2| - J l E ^I > | - d\ / dx 2| - ^ \ eq %
r
f or most x.
f cao
(a) Tti nor mal i ze t he wavef unct i on, eval uat e
0
/2
*ydx,
/ 2
I f - 0 out si de t hi s r egi on) . Wi t h Y =Asi n( 2nx/ a) e_i Et/ >i , t hi s
I wxmes
1 = 2A2| si n2(2i Tx/ a)dx = - A2 I s
J o " J o
si n2udu = A2 ?,
A = / 0 .
a
(b) Thi s equal s t he val ue of A f or t he gr ound st at e wavef unct i on
nd, i n f act, t he nor mal i zat i on const ant of al l t he exci t ed
st at es equal s t hi s al so. Si nce al l of t he space wave f unct i ons
ar e si npl e si nes or cosi nes, t hi s equal i t y i s under st andabl e.
5-11
The wavef unct i on i s
= (f | lisi n(27i x/ a)e"i Et/ >i ,
a
and t her ef or e
r+a/2
x = ~l x si n2(2ti x/ a)dx = 0.
J-a/ 2
As f or x2:
r +a/ 2 2
x2 = - l x2 si n2(2nx/ a) dx = -^- =\ u2si n2udu = -t(-| -- ^>) a2,
J -a/2 24 >
x2 = 0. 07067a2.
5-12
The l i near moment umoper at or i s -i tf and t her ef or e
r+a/ 2 r
= - \ si r 3^ {- i H ^( si n^~) }dx = - - ^Asi nu cosu du = 0.
J - a/ 28 J o
P " a\elrrT = a
Si mi l arl y,
f +a/ 2 2
3x2
_ r+
p2 = Ms i n^f i 2*2 ^( s i n^J dx ,
a] a rw* a
J
' a/ 2
r71
2 = - 8ni 2 (^) 2i si n2udu = 4it2$ 2 = <>2.
J o
P ---------- ...
5- 13
Let Ax = (x2)1*; tsp = (p2)^1.
Hence,
Ax4p = (na) (|) = 4mi ( *) = (| n2 - 2) 1* | = 3. 34 | .
(b) I n t he gr ound st at e,
AxAp = (0. 18a) ( ^) = 1. 13
I n t he f i r st exci t ed st at e t he uncer t ai nt i es i n posi t i on and
nement umbot h i ncr ease over t he gr ound st at e val ues, due t o t he
l i i gher ener gy of t he part i cl e.
5- 14
Hi e nor mal i zed wavef unct i on i s
_ ( On) 1/ 8 V( Cm) x2/ 2K - i Et / K
T ^ /A K e
(irW7
wi t h E = <sK/ (C/ m).
(a) Si nce t he ki net i c ener gy i s p2/ 2mt he cor r espondi ng
oper at or i s
T = - t
Theref ore,
eV( Qn) x2/ 2K l f _eV( Qn) x2/ 2KdXj
3x2
<nH)% J
5 - u2)e_u2du = =**
Jo
Jo
Si mi l ar l y f or t he pot ent i al ener gy U = %Cx2:
5 . i a 4 ^V ^^d x ,
Jo
0 = & * 4 =* - w -
(b) Thi s same rel at i on, U = T = *j E, i s obeyed by t he cl assi cal
osci l l at or al so.
5-15
Use t he not at i on
dx. ( xp>i = - i ^ x f dx, , xp) 2 = - i n j f ^
Cl ear l y
pH
(xp) 2 = - i nW*( x + V) dx = ( xp^ - 1#,
i mpl yi ng t hat (i gi ^^and (xp>2 cannot bot h be real . Al so, by
i nt egr at i ng by
f +CD
+<*> r f
(xp) 2 = - i H{xy*y| - \ x-f ^d x } = my
Thus,
(xp)2 = (xp)*.
I f (xp)1 i s real , t hi s l ast r el at i on says t hat ( xp) 2 i s real
al so, whi ch cont r adi ct s t he f i r st f i ndi ng above. Hence ( xp) ^i s
car pl ex and t her ef or e so i s ( xp) 2- I fowt r y
x) V dx;
xp = fc{(xp>1 + ( xp) 2) = >s{(xp)1 + (xp) *>,
xp = Re( xp) 1#
so t hat t hi s new xp i s real , as desi red.
5- 21
Wi t h V = 0, t he ener gy of t he phot on i s
E = pc.
Repl aci ng t he ener gy E and moment ump by t hei r oper at or s gi ves
i t * = - i *cf *.
Now set ( x, t ) = i |i (x)T(t) and di vi de t he equat i on by T t o get
--afeii =K'
wher e K i s i ndependent of x and t . Wr i t e K = k>tc and t he t wo
equat i ons di r ect l y above become
= - i kcT +T e_i kct ,
| * =i k * - * = ei kx.
Hence, f or t he phot on,
y a ei k( x- ct ) _
5- 22
(a), (b) The cur vat ur e of ipi s pr opor t i onal t o | v - E| : wher e
| v - E| i s l ar ge t he f unct i on osci l l at es r api dl y i n x, and
wher e | V - E| i s smal l i t osci l l at es l ess r api dl y (hence, nodes
ar e cl ose t oget her i n t he f or mer case, f ar t her apar t i n t he
l at t er ) . I n t he f i r st st at e, | v - E| i s j ust l ar ge enough t o
t ur n over : no nodes. The 10t h st at e wi l l have 10- 1 = 9 nodes,
l eadi ng t o an odd f unct i on si nce V i s synmet r i cal about t he
ori gi n. The wavef unct i on decays exponent i al l y wher ever V>E, t he
cl assi cal l y f or bi dden regi on. For f ur t her di scussi on, see
Exampl e 5- 12, whi ch t r eat s t he si mi l ar si mpl e har moni c
oaci l l at or pot ent i al .
'E/ C
(c) Cl assi cal l y, t he pr obabi l i t y densi t y f unct i on P i s gi ven by
P = B2/ v ,
B2 t he nor mal i zat i on const ant . Ener gy conser vat i on gi ves v:
E = %mv2 Cx,
t he upper si gn f or x>0. Usi ng t hi s,
P = B2(| ),s(E + Cx) "*.
Tto det er mi ne B, use t he nor mal i zat i on condi t i on
f C f + E / C
9 v <7E *5r* T ^a r i - 1'
J - E/ C J O
si nce t he t ur ni ng poi nt s ( and t her ef or e l i mi t s) ar e gi ven by
v = 0 o r E = V = i Cx. Eval uat i ng t he I nt egr al s gi ves
. _ C 1
* ~ 471 + Cx)
Par t i cul ar val ues are:
P( 0) = C/ 4E; P( E/ C) = P( - E/ C) = ; ^( x=0) = t c2/ 8E2.
(d) The gr aph of t he cl assi cal densi t y f unct i on r esembl es t hat
f or t he si mpl e har moni c osci l l at or , t he l ack of a hor i zont al
t angent at t he or i gi n bei ng t he mai n di f f er ence on a r ough
ketch.
5- 25
Wi t h no bump, t he wavef unct i on wi l l be si nusoi dal i nsi de t he
cl assi cal r egi on of not i on and a decayi ng exponent i al out si de.
The l owest ener gy wavef unct i on wi l l cont ai n no nodes.
I n t he pr esent si t uat i on, i n t he r egi on of t he turrp t he
cur vat ur e of t he wavef unct i on wi l l be l ess t han cut si de t he
bump, si nce t he cur vat ur ei s pr opor t i onal t o E - V. Thi s wi l l
upset t he good behavi or of t he wavef unct i on at l ar ge x
associ at ed wi t h t he val ue E, cor r espondi ng t o t he f i r st bound
st at e wi t hDUt t he bump. Tto compensat e f or t hi s r educed
cur vat ur e i n t he r egi on of t he bump, a l ar ger cur vat ur e (as
canpar ed wi t h t he no- bump case) i s needed out si de t he bump.
Her e V = 0 so t hat t he cur vat ur e i s pr opor t i onal t o E. Hence,
a l ar ger E i s requi r ed: t hat i s, t he f i r st ei genval ue wi t h t ump
i s gr eat er t han t he f i r st ei genval ue wi t hout t he bunp.
5- 25
By assumpt i on.
Eh = E1 + / V*VbVdx,
Vb = bump pot ent i al energy, - wavef unct i on wi t h no t xnp i n thi
pot ent i al . The i nt egral i s t he ar ea under a cur ve of Y*Vb vs x
Nowvb = 0 except wher e i t i s equal t o VQ/ 10. Cl ear l y t he ar ea
wi l l be l ar ger i f t he bump i s l ocat ed wher e * i s r el at i vel y
l ar ge (i . e. , i n t he cent er f or f j ) t han i f t he I xmp i s pl aced
wher e * i s smal l , i . e. , at t he edge i n t hi s case. Evi dent l y
t hen. Eh i s l ar ger f or t he cent er ed bunp.
Schr odi nger ' s equat i on i s
+ %E - V)4. = 0.
dx K
I n t he r egi on i n quest i on, V = VQ = const ant , E <VQ, so t hat
q2 - ^ (vn - E>> o-
y2 0
Hence,
>(i = Ae~qx + BeqX,
i s t he gener al sol ut i on. I fcwever, i l i (x=) = 0, r equi r i ng B = 0,
l eavi ng
* = Ae qx,
as t he wavef unct i on.
5- 28
Si nce * i s real , t he pr obabi l i t y densi t y P i s
P = = i^2 = A2e- 2qX.
Recal l i ng t hat x i s measur ed f r an t he cent er of t he bi ndi ng
regi on, t he suggest ed cr i t er i on f or D gi ves
A2e- 2q( %a) _ e- l A2e- 2q( W(
e- qa - 2qD = p- aq - 1^
D 1 - - - - - - - ts- - - - -
** 2{2m( V0 - E) }*
wi
Use t he scheme suggest ed i n Pr obl em5- 26:
E = Ex + ' / Wydx,
i n whi ch E. and ar e ei genval ue and ei genf unct i on of t he l owest
ener gy st at e of t he i nf i ni t e, f l at, squar e wel l pot ent i al . Fr an
\
Exampl e 5- 9, 10 t he t i me- i ndependent par t of i s
Hence,
^ = (-) cos (i tx/ a).
a
/i^*Vi|ax = ^jc o s 2 (irx/a) VQcos (irx/a) dx = - ^j c o s 3 (nx/a)dx.
3 %
/ ^Wpf l x = - ^Mcos udu = -j j -.
E _ 2 2 a**
5- 32
The wavef unct i ons i n quest i on ar e
Vx = (| )%oos(i rx/ a)e- i E, t/ >1s *2 = (|)' ssl n( 2/ a) e_1E!t/ >',
wi t h E2 = 4E1>The l i near combi nat i on i s
V =
Nor mal i zi ng t hi s l ast gi ves
v = o1v1 + c2y2.
1 = / *dx,
^cJ / TJ ^dx + c2c*/ Y*Y2dx + c ' c ^^d x + cc 1/ | 1<3x *=1.
Si nce f 1 and 2 al r eady ar e nor mal i zed,
n* ^J x = / y*2dx = 1.
The real par t s of / Y*2dx and / VJ Tj dx each ar e
cos(irx/ a)sin(2nx/ a)dx = Mcosu sin2udu =0.
-i j a
Ther ef or e, i n or der t hat be nor mal i zed, I t i s r equi r ed t hat
(a) The t ot al ener gy i s E = p2/ 2m+V. But V = 0 i n t he regi on
of not i on, so t hat
Hence,
* = - + C2y2,' ^ (Ci y1 + C2Y2,dx-
a ^/ a x 2 = - ( f ) \ ; a2v2/a x2 = -<?f) 2vr
Al so, by Pr obl em5- 32, / Y*Y2dx = / Y^dx = 0 and t her ef or e
E = ^( ( f ) 2c1c*/ *' )' i dx + ( ^) 2/ *V2 dx},
E - c c , L t c c * ^
' H 9__2 + 2 2 2
2ma ma
I = c1c*E1 + c2c *2E2.
But
(b) Si nce Cj C* + c2c* = 1,
E = (1 - c2c*) El + c2c*E2 = Ex + c2c*( E2 - E1) .
Wi t h 0 < c2c* < 1, t hi s means t hat
E l <E <E2.
Hence, i f t he par t i cl e can be f ound ei t her i n l evel 1 or 2,
maki ng t r ansi t i ons bet ween than, i t s aver age energy, as woul d be
expect ed, l i es bet ween t he ener gi es of t he t o l evel s.
(a)' Hi e pr obabi l i t y densi t y V*Y has a t i me dependence of
e- i ( E2 - E, ) t / H
and t her ef or e t he f r equency i s
v = (E2 - E^/ h.
E = L td = J j L , ____________ ( 6. 626 x 10~3V
But ,
1 2ma2 8ma2 8( 1. 67 x 10~27) (10_1V ( 1. 602 x 10- 13) '
Ex = 2. 051 MeV; E2 = 4E;L= 8. 204 MeV.
Hence,
V C 8J 04 - 2. 051 = 1 4 8 8 X i 021 ^
4. 136 x 10 X
(b) The f r equency of t he phot on i s t he same as i n ( a) . Hi e
phot on' s ener gy i s
hv = 8. 204 - 2. 051 = 6. 153 MeV.
(c) Phot ons wi t h t hi s ener gy l i e i n t he ganma- r ay r egi on of t he
spect rum.
CHAFTED SI X
Amnme t hat
: Ce
- l k, x
bA*
-----------
*2 =Ae' 1* 2* + Bei J <!X,
wt mr e A = ampl i t ude of i nci dent - - - - - - - - -
ynw, B = ampl i t ude of r ef l ect ed J
wnvr, C = anpl i t ude of t he
I i nnmi t t ed wave. Ther e i s no wave movi ng i n t he +x- di r ect i on
I n reqi on I . Al so, i
k . (M il k - i ^ v r
ki - >i * 2 - - - - - - - if
nmt i nui t y of wavef unct i on and der i vat i ve at x = 0 i mpl y
A + B = C, - k ^ + k2B = - kj C.
' Hi ene equat i ons may be sol ved t o gi ve t he r ef l ect i on and t he
I rnnsni ssi on ampl i t udes i n t er ms of t he i nci dent ampl i t ude, t he
sui t s bei ng:
k2 ~kl
k2 + kl
2k
A, C
k2 +k l
A.
ref l ect i on coef f i ci ent F and t r ansmi ssi on coef f i ci ent T now
l cane
R. S I . S * - . ( ?L
B2. ,kl k2. 2
A*A
' kl + k2
vxC*C
V^A*A
Hk 2k ,
f__k\ I- - - - \ *
W kl + k2
4kl k2_
<kx + k2)
2-
These expr essi ons f or R and T ar e t he same as t hose obt ai ned i f
the i nci dent wave came frati t he l ef t.
6- 5
r a t r B B
*
r egi on 1
r r gi no 2 r cgi ns 3
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(a) Assumi ng a wave i nci dent f r an t he l ef t:
r egi on I s * Ae1* 1* + Be' i k x, = (2mE)
r egi on 2: * = Fe- kj X + Ge*2*, k2 = {2m( VQ - E) }V#;
r egi on 3: i(i = Ce*k, x + De ^ l X, t ut D = 0 si nce t her e exi st s
onl y a wave movi ng t o t he
r i qht i n t hi s regi on.
Cont i nui t y of t he wavef unct i on at x = 0 and x = a r equi r e that:
A + B = F + G, (i )
Fe k2a + cek2a - ce* ' 3, (i i )
Cont i nui t y of d^i / dx at t hese same poi nt s yi el ds
i kj A - i kj B = - kj F + k2G, (i i i )
- k2Fe"k?a + k2Gek2a = i k1Cei k, a. (i v)
(b) Fr cm (i ), A + B - G = F;
Fr an ( i i ) , (A + B - G) e_kza + Gekza = Ce ^3,
Ae' k2a + Be k2a + G( ek2a - e' k2a) = Ce1*5' 3. (i i *)
Fr om (i i i ), Ai kx - Bi kj = - k2(A + B - G) + kj G,
A( i k^+ k2) + B( k2 - i k^ - 2(3c2. (i l i a)
- k2e' k2a(A + B - G) + Gk2ek2a = i kJ Cei ki a,
-Rk2e~kia - k2Be~k,a + Gk2<ek: a + ek2a) = Ci kJ ei ki a.
Nowvrork wi t h (i l a), ( i i i a) , ( i va) . Fr an (i i i a),
G = 2^( A( k2 + l kx) + B( k2 - i kx)}.
Subst i t ut i ng t hi s i nt o (i i a) gi ves
A{ (%+ i k1/ 2k2) ekj a + (%- i k1/ 2k2)e"l t2a}
+ B{ (%- i k1/ 2k2)ek?a + <%+ i k1/ 2k2) e' k2a} = Ce1*' 3,
and (i va) becomes
A{( %+ i k1/ 2k2) ek2a - (%- i k1/ 2k2)e"k2a}
+B{ (%- - (%+ i k1/ 2k2) e' k2a} = i C ei k a.
Sol ve f or B i n (i i b) and subst i t ut e i nt o ( i vb) ; i f g, q* at
def i ned by
q = 1 + i kj / kj ! q* = 1 - i k ^,
t he r esul t may be wr i t t en
k- a " q% % lk,a - f(qek2a + q.e-k2a) ,
q*e + qe kja 2
+f (qek2a - q*e- k2a) = i C
2
New sol ve f or C/ A, usi ng t he def i ni t i ons of q, q*, such as
et c. , t o obt ai n
q2 - q*2 = 4i k1A 2,
c 4i ( k1A 2) e"i k a
A = ^. 2ek2a + q2e- k2a-
(i va)
(i i b)
(i vb)
Hence, t he t r ansni ssi on coef f i ci ent i s
Vj C*C - 4i ( k1A 2) ei ki a 4i (k]/ k2) el k, a
T = = q* V ksa - q2ekj a - q*2ekj a + q2***'
T = 16( k1A 2) 2( q V2(ek2a - e k2a) 2 - (q2 - q*2) 2}"1,
T = 16( k1A 2) 2{( l + k2/ k2)2(ek2a - e"k2a) 2 + 16 ( k ^) 2}"1.
T = {1 +- - - - - i V ( e k2a - e k2a)2} 1.
Fi nal l y,
so t hat
16 (k1/ k2)
,kl ) 2 E . 2 2 V0
(k2 " VQ - E' 1 + 1 2 " VQ - E'
V?/ ( V - E) 2 . . , ,
T = (I + -2___P ____ (p 2a - e 2 1 1
T U + 16E/ ( VQ - E) , e e > '
(pk; a _ p_k2ai 2 _i
T = {1 + E e ' >
16 f-a - f-)
vo vo
6-6
I f k2a 1, t hen ekza e k2a and t he t r ansmi ssi on coef f i ci ent
beccmes, under t hese ci rcumst ances,
T {1 +------ jT - }_ 1.
16
Now 0 < EA' o < 1 and t her ef or e
16 | - <1 - | - ) < 4,
V0 V0
t he upper l i mi t occur i nq at E/ VQ = 1/ 2. Hence, i f e2^ 8 > 4,
Si nce, i n f act, i t i s assumed t hat kj a 1,
2k2a
16%11- f
1,
and t heref ore, under t hese condi t i ons,
T = 16 #- ( 1 - r f j e"2* 3.
6- 7
Regi on 1:
regi on 2:
regi on 3:
tatrgB- f-
* = Ae1* 1* + Be- i k>x,
* = Fei k>x + Ge- l k, x,
i k, x
* = Ce
I n t hese equat i ons,
kx = (2mE) '>/)(, k3 = {2m( E - VQ) }*/ #.
(a) Cont i nui t y of t he wavef unct i on at x = 0 and x = a gi ves
A + B = F + G,
Fe'
, 1k, . + gg- i kj a
Ce'
l k, a
Cont i nui t y of di (i /dx at x = 0 and x = a gi ves
l k^A - l k^B = l kj F - I Xj G,
Fi k3ei ksa - i k3Ge"i l Csa = U^Ce1* 13.
(b) These ar e t he same as t he cor r espondi ng expr essi ons I n
Pr obl em6- 5, i f i n t he l at t er k2 i s r epl aced wi t h - i kj . Maki ng
t hi s al t er at i on i n t he expr essi on f or T i n Pr obl em6- 5 yi el ds
f or t he new t r ansmi ssi on coef f i ci ent ,
T={1- - e-^Vr1.
i 6<kj / k3)
Usi ng t he expr essi ons f or kj , k3 gi ven above r educes t hi s t o
_ e_l kJ a) 2 _i
t - a - ee--- }
16 - X)
V0 V0
6- 9
(a) The opaci t y of a bar r i er i s pr opor t i onal t o 2mV0a2/)(2 and
t her ef or e t he l ower mass par t i cl e (proton) has t he hi gher
pr obabi l i t y of get t i ng t hrough.
(b) Wi t h VQ = 10 MeV, E = 3 MeV, a = 10- 14 m, i t f ol l ows t hat
16 f ( l - $-) = 3. 36.
V0 V0
The r equi r ed masses ar e i r^= 1. 673 x 10 27 kg, md = 2mp. For
t he pr ot on k2a = 5. 803 and, usi ng t he appr oxi mat e f omwl a,
T = 3. 36e- 2( 5- 803) = 3. 06 x 10- 5.
P
Si nce m(j =2itip, as not ed above, k2a = / 2( 5. 803) 8. 207. Hence,
f or t he deut exon,
T. = 3. 36e_2( 8-207) - 2. 5 x 10- 7.
a
(a)
vo = 4i r 0 ? = ( 9x 1q9) ' 6J -U M 1-6 x 10
2 x 10
- 15
. ...6, 912 X 10~] 3 J . 4 32
1. 6 x 10 J / MeV
(b) E = l OkT = ( 10) ( 1. 38 x 10~23) ( 107) = 1. 38 X 10' 15 J =
8. 625 X 10~3 MeV = 0. 002VQ.
(c) Numer i cal l y, a = 2r' - r* = 2 x 10- 15 m; al so,
P E / {2m( V- E) }
16 ^ (1 " = - 032' k23 =- - - - > ^ ~
a = 0. 91.
T = {1 + &i 84..- ..0- 40.3?2}- 1 . 0 . 0 0 7 3 .
(d) Hi e act ual bar r i er can be
consi der ed as a ser i es of
barri ers, each of const ant
hei qht t ut t he hei qht s decr easi ng
wi t h r; hence V^- E di mi ni shes
wi t h r and t he pr obabi l i t y of
penet r at i on i s ar ea t er t han f or
an equal wi dt h bar r i er of
const ant hei ght V,
O'
f cl 5
/K
1-
l
rtj ' o* 3
(a) Assumi ng a wave i nci dent f r an t he l ef t , t he wavef unct i on i n
t he i ndi cat ed r egi ons wi l l be
r egi on I s \|>= Ael k x + Be- l kl X,
r egi on 2 s * = Fe~i kj X + Ge1* 2*,
r egi cn 3 s ip= Cei kl X.
The expr essi ons f or t he k' s ar e
/ {2m( E - V0)}/)4, k2 =/ (2mE)/ 7i .
The equat i ons f or t he wavef unct i on ar e i dent i cal wi t h t hose i n
Pr obl em6- 5 i f i n t he l at t er k2 i s r epl aced wi t h i kj ( not e t he
di f f er ent expr essi ons f or t he k' s i n t he tvro probl ems, hcwever)
Usi ng Tl k^kj ) f r an Pr obl em6- 5 and maki ng t he change gi ves
T . {1 . . (. ** . e- 1* 3)2) ' 1.
16( kj / k2>
But,
<k1/ k2)2 = (E - Vq) / E; e1* 23 - e*11' 23 = 21 si n( k2a) ,
and t heref ore,
si n^- a
V - {1 + -- } \
f c f - i )
vo vo
Al t er nat i vel y, appl y t he cont i nui t y of t he wavef unct i on and of
i t s der i vat i ve at x = 0 and t hen at x = a t o get
A + B = F + G,
kj A - kj B = - kj F + k2G,
Fe- ^ 23 + Ge1* 23 - Ce^' 3,
- k2Fe-11' 23 + kj Ge1* 23 = kj Ce1* 1.
These ar e f our equat i ons f or t he f i ve ampl i t udes A, B, F, G, C.
Sol vi ng r el at i ve t o C gi ves
k k
A/ C = ei k! a{cosk2a - %i + ^) si nk2a},
kO ^1 I V a
B/ C Wf c * - r-=) e 1 si nk. a,
kl 2 l
F/ C =>sei ( k>+k ) a<l - >,
2
G/ C = l sei ( ki_l c2) a(l + i ) .
2
The t r ansmi ssi on coef f i ci ent i s T = C*C/ A*A. Subst i t ut i on of
the appr opr i at e ampl i t udes gi ven yi el ds t he same expr essi on f or
T ci s obt ai ned above. ,
(b) I n or der t hat T = 1 i t i s r equi r ed t hat si n k^a = 0 whi ch
I n t urn r equi r es
k2a = nn, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
I n t er ms of t he par t i cl e ener gy E, t hi s i s
a = nn.
2 2,.:
- n * *
E = ^ 2.
2ma
(c) I n t he r egi on of t he wel l , t hat i s, i n r egi on 2, t he
pr obabi l i t y densi t y i s
= (F*ei ksX + G- e' * 2*) ( Fe- i k! X + Gei kj X) ,
k^ k^
^*il/2 = C*C{~| + (1 - - | ) cos2k2(a - x) },
k 2 k 2
eval uat ed by usi ng t he F, G ampl i t udes f ound i n ( a) . The
osci l l at or y par t of t hi s pr obabi l i t y densi t y has a maxi mi mat
x = a. I f kj a = ni r, i t al so has a maxi i mmat x = 0. I hi s
i mpl i es t hat an i nt egr al number of hal f r wavel engt hs f i t above
t he wel l ; i . e. , t hat
a = n X2/ 2;
but t hi s i s equi val ent t o
k-, a = nn,
as obt ai ned i n (b).
(d) One exampl e of an opt i cal anal ogue i s t hi n f i l mi nt er f er ence
as i n t he opt i cal coat i ng of l enses.
6- 17
Numer i cal l y a = 2( 4 x 10- 10 m) and K = 0. 7 eV. E = K + VQ wher e
nf l n2 ___________ (6. 626 x 10~3V ___________ #
8ma2 8( 9. 11 x 10- 31) (8 X 10~10) 2( 1. 6 x 10- 19)'
E = n2 ( 0. 588 eV) .
Set n = 1; t hen
Ex = 0. 588 ev <K,
whi ch i s not possi bl e. Usi ng n = 2 gi ves
E2 = 22E1 = 2. 352 ev, |
VQ = E - K = 1. 65 eV.
The el ect r on i s t oo ener get i c f or onl y hal f i t s wavel engt h t o
f i t i nt o t he wel l ; t hi s may be ver i f i ed by cal cul at i ng t he
deBr ogl i e wavel engt h of an el ect r on wi t h a ki net i c ener gy over
t he wel l of 2. 35 eV.
6- 18
tfkx = (2rr(V0)%, Xk2 = {2m( 9V0) }%; J i kj = {2m( 4V()) }!l;
These r el at i ons can be summar i zed as
regi on 1
r r gi nn 3
- - - - - - - - oc.
Theref ore,
kx = k, k2 = 3k, k3 = 2k.
= Aei kx + Be_i kx,
*2 = Fe- 3i kx + Ge3i kx,
= Ce'
2i kx
Mat chi ng ^ and d*/ dx at x = 0 gi ves
A +B = F + G,
A - B = 3( G - F) .
At x = a t he same ccti di ti ons yi el d
Fe- 31t e + Ge3i ka = Ce2i ka,
Wr i t i ng
- 3Fe- 3i t e + 3Ge3i ka = 2Ce2i ka.
i ka
t hese l ast equat i ons bcccme
- 1 1 ?
Fz +Gz = Cz ,
- 3Fz- 3 + 3Gz3 = 2Cz2.
I n t er ms of C, t he t r ansni t t ed wave ampl i t ude, t he sol ut i ons ar e
. _ 10 - z6 c
A 6z C'
B - 2g6 ~ 5 C
B 6z C'
F = I Z5C,
The desi r ed t r ansmi ssi on pr obabi l i t y i s
V^A*A (Kk1) A*A A*A"
C*C = ( ~ A * ) ( SS- g. A) - - - - - - - - 2 ^2 - - - - ^ A*A.
10 - z* 10 - z (10 - z*6) (10 - z )
^ z*z = e - ^ = I ;
(10 - z*6) (10 - z6) = 100 - 10(e_6i ka + e6i ka) + 1,
(10 - z*6) (10 - z6) = 101 - 20cos6ka.
Hence,
72
T =
101 - 20cos6ka
6-20
(a) I n t he l owest ener gy st at e n = 1, >|i has no nodes. Hence
must cor r espond t o n = 2, ^ t o n = 3. Si nce Efi n2 and Ej =
4 ev,
Ej j / Ej = 32/ 22; EI I = 9 eV.
(b) By t he same anal ysi s,
Eo/Kj = l 2/22, Eq - 1 ev.
(a) The ener gy i n quest i on i s
n2 * ^.
2'
2ma
En = n
and t her ef or e t he ener gy of t he adj acent l evel i s
bo t hat
n _ En+1 ~ En _ (n + l ) 2 - n2 _ 2n + 1
En " En n2 n2 *
(b) I n t he cl assi cal l i mi t n * ; t ut
Ur n ^ = Li m * 1 = 0,
rt* n n
meani ng t hat t he ener gy l evel s get so cl ose t oget her as t o be
i ndi st i ngui shabl e. Hence, quant umef f ect s ar e not apparent .
6- 24
The ei genf unct i ons f or odd n ar e
i|in = Bncos( nnx/ a) .
For normal i zat i on,
r%a j -nn/ 2
1 = J >2dx = B2\ c o s2 (nnx/ a)dx = 2B2(a/ ntt)lcos2u du,
J - %a J O
1 = 2B2( a/ nn) ( nn/ 4) = B2,
Bn = 4
f or al l odd n and, t her ef or e, f or n = 3.
By vi r t ue of Pr obl em6- 24, t he nor mal i zed ei genf unct i ons ar e
<tn = oos( nnx/ a) .
(a)
x = | -l x cos2( nnx/ a) dx = 0.
' -' sa
<b) Aa ipm
P = f j cos( mr x/ a) {- i n | ^cos( nnx/ a) }dx = ^( Ut ) l cosu si nu du = 0
J -l j a J - l snn
These r esul t s ar e expect ed f r cmt he synmet r y of t he pot ent i al
and f r an t he f act t hat t he f unct i on bei ng aver aged t akes on
bot h t he posi t i ve and negat i ve val ues.
(c)
_ f%a rfciTi
9 0 1 0 9 A -A 9 9
du,
_ r*3 r
x2 = | \ x2 cos2( nnx/ a) dx = ( a/ r m) Mu2cos2u
J -isa J o
' -%a J O
x2 = = l a2 ( I - 1 )
x 3 3 48 8 1 ** (6 2 2 '
n ir n it
x2(n=3) = 0. 0777a2.
Thi s changes l i t t l e wi t h n si nce t he si ze of t he box i s f i xed
(d)
P2 = | \ cs (n/ a) { i V j cos (nux/ a) }dx,
J^a
P2 = | H2 (mi/a)lcos 2u du = (| )2n2n2,
J - ^nu
2 2
Thi s i ncr eases shar pl y wi t h n si nce E <* n , E p , t he par t i cl e
movi ng f ast er at hi gher energi es.
6- 26
(a) Usi nq t he r esul t s of t he pr evi ous probl em. ,
ax =/ x2 =^ 5(1 T2*1*'
n it
Ap = Sp2 = ni t ( ^) .
a
Hence, f or n = 3,
fi xAp = t j j U - 2^) %3n(^) = 2. 627H.
3ti
(b) The ot her r esul t s are
n = 1, Ax I p = 0. 57)1,
n = 2, Axfl p = 1. 67)1.
The i ncr ease wi t h n i s due mai nl y t o t he uncer t ai nt y i n p: see
Pr obl em6- 25.
(c) Fr an (a), t he l i mi t s as n * ar e
i x ap * .
6- 27
v
(cos2u - cosu) du = 0,
- n
f+' i a
f*ia
= 4cos ( f ) cos ( ^) dx = 4{cos( ^f ) - cos( ^f ) ) dx,
ai a a al a a
J - ka J ->5
-i j a
t he i nt egr and bei ng an even f unct i on of u.
The Schr odi nger equat i on i n t hr ee r ect angul ar coor di nat es i s
- 2. . 2. . 2.
ax 3y 3z K
I nsi de t he cubi cal r egi on wher e V = 0,
a! | + ^ + ^| + ^ ^ = 0 .
3x 3y 3z K
Assume t hat
(*yz) = X( x) Y( y) Z( z) .
Then, i f ' denot es t he der i vat i ve of a f unct i on wi t h r espect t o
i t s i ndependent vari abl e,
+ T + + = ' (*>
Thi s gi ves
= - k2; X = Asi n (kxx) + Bcos ( k^x) ,
kx = r eal const ant . Si mi l ar l y
Y = Csi nl kyY) + Dcos ( k^y) ; Z = Esi n( kzz) + Fcos( kzz).
Al so, f r an (*),
kx + *y + kz = W -
Si nce V = out si de t he cubi cal r egi on, >Ji = 0 at t he boundar y:
0 = X( 0) = Y (0) = Z (0) + B = D = F = 0;
0 - X( a) = Y( a) = Z(a) -* kxa - nxn, k^a = i yr k^a =
wi t h = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Hence
^ = (CAE) si n (nxi rx/a) si n (nyi ry/a) si n (nzi i z/ a),
(a) Let M = mass of wi ng. Hi e zer o- FOi nt ener gy i s
EQ = (0 + %)Ko) = y w = h/ 2T,
T = per i od of osci l l at i on. The act ual ener gy of osci l l at i on i s
E = yt A2 = Ij mA 2 = 2h2MA2/ T2.
Thus, t he val ue of M at whi ch E = EQ i s
M = M . ( 6. 626 x i O- ^Ul I . l j 68 x 10- 33 kg.
A-A-K*-
I Ms i s l ess t han t he mass of an el ect r on. Hence E E. and
t he obser ved vi br at i on i s not t he zer o- poi nt mot i on.
(b) Cl ear l y t hen, n 1 and t her ef or e
E = nhv - 2tt2MA2/ T2 * n = 2n2M&2/ hT.
As an exampl e, t ake M = 2000 kg:
n 2, 2(2000).(.C i l l _ 6 x 1035>
( 6. 626 x 10 ) (1)
6- 30
The zer o- poi nt ener gy i s
Eq = Wu = W( C/ t a) %.
Theref ore,
E_ = |i (l . 055 x 10- 34) (-- - 1C|3 o'fi) ^t l . 6 x 10- 19) "1,
0 4. 1 x 10 1:6
(a) Usi ng Efl = 0. 051 eV, t he l evel spaci ng wi l l be
AE = A( n + (rtHu = Ho = 0. 102 eV = 2EQ.
(b) The ener gy 1 of t he phot on = AE = 0. 102 eV.
(c) For t he phot on,
1 - V
But
= AE = Ho,
ph
ID,
wher e u = cl assi cal osci l l at i on f r equency. Unas,
v = 1 . .(0.-.102) .(1. 6 X 10- 19) _ 2- 5 x 1013Hz-
( 6. 626 x 10~39)
(d) Phot ons of t hi s f r equency ar e i n t he i nf r ar ed spect nm,
X = 12, 000 nm.
6- 32
(a) <o = *^ = = 3. 13 rad/ s.
(b)
^ = 0. 498 Hz.
(c) Si nce n 1,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 5 x 1032.
( 6. 626 x 10 ") ( 0. 498)
(d) Si nce An = 1, AE = hv - 3. 3 x 10- 34 J .
(e) A pol ynomi al of degr ee n has n nodes; hence, t he di st ance
bet ween "t *mpa" = di st ance bet ween adj acent nodes = 2A/ n
2( 0. 1) / ( 1. 5 x 1032) = 1. 3 x 10' 33 m.
CHAPI TK SEVEN
Tl i e t i me- dependent equat i on i s
Let
y( x, y, z, t ) = \ p(x, y, z) T( t ) .
Put t i ng t hi s i nt o t he f i r st equat i on gi ves
- T( t ) ( ^| + 2! | + a! | ) + v( x, y, z) *( x, y, z) T( t ) = i #f ,
3x 3y 3z
assumi ng t hat V does not depend on t expl i ci t l y. Di vi di ng t he
above by t he wave f unct i on yi el ds
- i * v2* + v - * t f = =E-
TTi ere ar e t wo equat i ons:
V2* + %( E - V) 4* = 0,
P
f or t he space dependent par t of t he wave f unct i on, and
i M < _ = J . i E - i Et / K
T dt b' T i K ^ at,
f or t he t i me dependent part .
7- 3
The gr ound st at e ener gy of a hydr ogen l i ke at an i s
The r educed mass i s
mnucme m- nuc e /, e x
si nce each nucl eus t o be consi der ed i s sur r ounded by one
el ect r on. The char ges and masses of t he nucl ei ar e
mH = mp; " b = anp; "fee = * V h m = l ! ZHe =2'
mp = pr ot on mass. The mass r el at i ons ar e appr oxi mat e. Si nce
me 1
1836'
i t f ol l cws t hat
*H(1)2 = V 1 - IS6>(1)2 = - " 95V -
* D(1)2 = me{1 - 2( l i 36r }( 1) 2 = - 9997me;
Ee WHe<2) 2 - V 1 - T u k r >( 2) 2 " 3-9995n, e-
These gi ve t he rat i os:
Ej j / Ej, = 1. 0002; E^/ E^ = 4. 0015.
7- 7
(a) Si nce R21 = r e~r/, 2a, P( r ) = <r2e- r/ , a)r2. P has a maxi i mm
wher e dP/ dr = 0:
f = (4 - r/ a0) r 3e- r / a r = 4a0,
r = 0 and r = ~ yi el di ng mi ni ma.
J b) Di r ect appl i cat i on of Bq. 7- 29 wi t h Z = 1, n = 2, 1 = 1 gi ves
r = 5a0.
(c) Ther e i s a l ower _l i mi t (zero) t o r, but no upper l i mi t : t hus
i t i s expect ed t hat r > 4aQ.
(a) The pot ent i al ener gy and t he gr ound st at e wave f unct i on ar e
V = - e2/ 4*e0r, ^ = t f ^3/ V r / a\
Theref ore,
rT\ f2ir
liT *

e- r / a o r 2si nedr ded$ ;

V _____ - 2- - fxe~xdx ______
4i *oao\0 4lieoao'
(b) I n t he gr ound st at e.
E = - ue4/ ( 4nc0) 22X2.
Si nce aQ = 4ne0H2/ ue2,
V = - 2- - - ye' = 2E; E = IjV.
(4nG0) 2H
(c) As f or t he ki net i c energy,
E = K + V; E = K + V; = K +V; K = - %V.
7- 9
(a) For t he st at e wi t h = 0,
*210 4 ^o 3/ 2( r / aO)e"r / 2a0cos6
4
so t hat
v?i n - - - - - - - - - - - - - \ ( r3/ a2) e' r / aocos2esi nedrde<i t l,
w 32Trap( 4ne0) J 0
V2 1 0 - - - - - - 3g-2 - a2[ x3e~xdx- (*)
210 24a0<40> J o
For t he l i mi t s on r,0,i ti see Pr obl em7- 8. New,
f
J o
x3e' xdx = 6,
so t hat
e2 1 e4
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2E- .
210 4"E0a0 22 (4ne0) W 2
For t he st at es wi t h m^ = tl :
and t her ef or e
V2i +i - - - - - - - f"---14 e"r / asi n30dr d6d*,
- 64, a3(4, Eo) J a2
V2l l l = - 24a0We 0)]X e dx
Thi s i s t he same as (*) above. Hence, r egar dl ess of t he val ue of
V
V2i = 2E2.
(b) I n t he case of I = 0,
*200 = 4 7 i W a- 3/ 2<2 - r / a0) e- r / 2a,
gi vi ng
*, n -
V20
H (" TSTMr * 2 ' r / a012e_r / ar2si n0dr ded$,
i ra. 0 J
V20 = - 8 5 ^ o i (2 - *> dx - - 8 3 ^ T (2>= 2E2-
(c) These r esul t s ar e expect ed si nce, wi t h V r- \ t he aver aqe
pot ent i al ener gy seen by t he el ect r on i s t he same f or al l n = 2
st at es, r egar dl ess of I. Thus, t he expect at i on val ue of an
ener gy wi l l be t he same f or t hese st at es.
7-10
R( r) must sat i sf y Eq. 7- 17:
^- + + ^[ ( E - V) R = III + 1)- ^.
dr M r
I f R = r 1,
dR ___
d r " " 1 ' dr 2
Subst i t ut i ng t hese i nt o t he r adi al equat i on gi ves
III + Dr 1- 2 + ^{Er 8, - Vr *} I III + l l r 1' 2.
H2
Now E i s a const ant i ndependent of r, and V = k/ r; t hus t he t vo
t er ms i n {} ar e pr opor t i onal t o r*, r*- 1. As r appr oaches zero,
r*- 2 r' , r*- 1; hence, {} * 0, and t he equat i on i s sat i sf i ed.
7-11
(a) Tt avoi d i nf i ni t i es, i nt egr at e r adi al l y t o a f i ni t e l i mi t R:
rR /-6
P =
4ttR
r r
i [ dv = -I I 2nr 2si n0dr de = Ml - cose) ,
R-V3* 4"R ^J r=cJ 6=0
P( 23. 5) = 4. 147%.
(b) For t hi s st at e:
*210 = 4 7 ^ 0 5/ 2r e' r / 2a0cOs6-
Si nce t hi s i s al r eady normal i zed.
P = J >2dV = -]6Y2-T,)a~5| [ r2e' r / acos20r 2si n0drd8.
' 0J 0
P =%( 1 - cos30),
-P(23. 5) =11. 44%.
2=12
(a) See sketch, f ol l owi ng page.
(b) P (3cos20- l ) 2; hence P^j ^= 0 at cos0 = i l / / 3, gi vi ng
9 = 54. 7 , 125. 3.
(c)
Pnax =4 (6 = 0- ),
i Pmax = ^
(3c o s26 - 1 ) 2 = 1,
3cos26 - 1 =l l ,
e = 35. 3", 90, 144. 7.
7- 14
Let (3, 2, -1) represent i p(n=3, 11=2,m^l ) ; (2, 0, 0)* represent
(n=2 , a=0 , ma=0 ) etc. I ti en i t i s requi red t o st owthat
= f {( 3, 0, 0) *( 3, 0, 0) + (3,1,0) *( 3,1,0) + (3,1,- 1) *( 3,1, - 1)
+ (3, 1, 1)*(3, 1, 1) + (3, 2, 0) * (3, 2, 0) + (3, 2, 1)* (3, 2, 1)
+ (3, 2, 1) *( 3, 2, - 1) + ( 3, 2, 2) *( 3, 2, 2) + ( 3, 2, - 2) *( 3, 2, - 2) }
i s i ndependent of 0, $. Now
(3, 2, - 2)*(3, 2, - 2) = (3, 2, 2)*(3, 2, 2),
(3, 2, - l )*(3, 2, - l ) - (3, 2, 1)*(3, 2, 1),
(3, 1, -1) *(3, 1, - 1) - (3, 1, 1) *(3, 1, 1),
*5*3 =| {3, 0, 0)*(3, 0, 0) + (3, 1, 0)*(3, 1, 0) +2( 3, 1>1)*(3, 1, 1)
+ ( 3, 2, 0) ( 3, 2, 0) + 2( 3, 2, 1) *( 3, 2, 1) + 2( 3, 2, 2) *( 3, 2, 2) }.
Mow subst i t ut e t he speci f i c expr essi ons f or t he var i ous
wavef unct i ons appear i ng i n t he above.
I = 2 t erms:
i ndependent of e,ij>. The i = 0 t er ms depend on r onl y. Thus, al l
t er ms i n have been account ed f or and t hei r sumf ound t o be
i ndependent of di r ect i on, so t hat 41* ^ i s spher i cal l y
syi met r i c si nce i t depends on r onl y.
7- 16
2{(3, 2, 1)*(3, 2, 1) + ( 3, 2, 2)*(3, 2, 2)} =
2 (81) 2i ra
(3, 2, 0)*(3, 2, 0) - - - - - r4e' 2r/ 3a<l (3cos26 - l )2.
6(81) i a'
Hence, t he sumof t hese t er ms i s
2 r4 - 2r/ 3a0
? 7
3(81) nag

i ndependent of 6, 4>.
& = 1 terms:
2 (3, 1, 1) * (3, 1, 1) + (3, 1, 0)*(3, 1, 0) =
(a)
Lx, op = i >t(si ri * f e + cot 0cos* I *1'
21-1 = 87^ o'
^r ^r e - ^s i n e e - 1*.
Theref ore,
Lx, opt 21- l = H<i cot 0si n<|i + ct0CO64>)!l i 21_1,
Lx, op' *l21- l = >l cote(c^ + i si n*) *2i _i = Xcot Oe1^ ^ .
(b) Thi s r esul t cannot be put i nt o t he f or m
Lx, op*21- l = ^ 21- r
wi t h C i ndependent of r, 0, $.
7- 17
The oper at or i s quest i on i s gi ven by
_ y2. 1 3 . . - 9 . 1 32 i
op " <si n0 36( si ne 30 si n20 ^2>'
By Rj . 7- 13 t hi s may be wr i t t en
^ = - # W - f p . r 2 f j , ) .
But
+ !>R - % E - v>Rr 2}.
V1
37(r2 9r' + U* - ^2 <e - V) r 2*,
M
by Eq. 7- 17. - Schr odi nger ' s equat i on i s
V2* = ^<V -
vr
Subst i t ut i ng t hese l ast t wo r esul t s i nt o t he expr essi on f or L2
gi ves '
(a) Si nce
Pop - - ! ? * = ei kx'
Pop' 11= f r ~ (' i >') UWe 11" = #**.
and t hus t he ei genval ue' i s Kk.
1 kx
(b) Usi ng * = e , r epl ace k i n (a) wi t h - k t o get t he
ei genval ue ->0c.
(c) These r esul t s i ndi cat e t hat measur ement s of rrcmentun wi l l
yi el d Jflc pr eci sel y.
(d) \p = si nkx, coskx ar e not ei genf unct i ons si nce 3/ 3x conver t s
si ne t o cosi ne and cosi ne t o si ne.
(e) These st at es, not bei ng ei genf unct i ons of t he moment um
oper at or , wi l l not yi el d pr eci se val ues of t he r emant un upon
measur ement .
7- 20
(a) Wi t h R a const ant and V = 0, t he t ot al ener gy E i s
E = K + V = K.
But t he ki net i c ener gy K i s si mpl y
K = !jlu)2 - I j l (L/ I )2 - L2/ 2I ,
wher e I = r ot at i onal i ner t i a akcut t he z- axi s. Hence
E = K = L2/ 2I .
( b ) 2
Lop = Lz , op- - i 1l *' -
Eop = f t
Al so, = y (r,e,<(i ,t) j but r = R = const ant , 0 = n/ 2 = const ant ,
so t hat = (<t>, t). Subst i t ut i ng t he oper at or s i nt o (a) gi ves,
then,
Let *<, = *(4>)T(t).
Subst i t ut e t hi s i nt o t he ener gy equat i on of Pr obl em7- 20(b) and
di vi de by t o obt ai n
l i ! T * . _ l *i i df * _ i Mi _ E
21 V * 21 * d*2 T dt
wher e E i s t he separ at i on const ant . Thus t wo equat i ons emerge:
d2t
d$2
and
(b) f = ^ T = - f T.
7- 22
(a) Fr an t he pr ecedi ng probl em,
5 E - _ i E _ _ . i E dt . T _ e- i Et / K
dt H T; T " n dt, T - e
The nor mal i zat i on const ant wi l l be i ncor por at ed i nt o $.
(b) The sol ut i on above r epr esent s an osci l l at i on of f r equency
oi gi ven by
E - f a.
But t hi s i s t he de Br ogl i e- El nst ei n rel at i on. Hence E i s t he
t ot al energy.
7- 23
The equat i on f or i s, f r an Pr obl em7- 21( a) :
d2 -
Thi s i s anal ogous t o t he cl assi cal si npl e har moni c osci l l at or
equat i on:
d2x ^ 2
~+ (i) x = 0.
dt
The canpl ex f or ms of t he sol ut i on wi l l t her ef or e be
* = ce1*1+ c*e_l m>, m = / ( 2I E) / H.
7- 24
(a) The par t i cul ar sol ut i on bei ng consi der ed i s
t = e1*1= cos (m)>) + i 8i n(m)i ).
Si ngl e- val uedness r equi r es t hat
4i (0) = 4(2n) 1 = cos(2i roi ) + i si n( 2nm) .
Hence,
si n(2i tm) = 0; cos( 2nm) = 1 ; m= 0, 1, 2, . . .
(b) By Pr obl em7- 23
* - * , . - 0. 11. ! ! . . . .
(c) Sol vi ng t he pr obl emvi a t he ol d quant umt heor y gi ves
E _ L2 _ (nH)2 n h 2
21 21 rT' n l * 2' 3'
Evi dent l y t he new ver si on, i n cont r ast t o t he ol d t heory,
i nt r oduces an m= 0 (E = 0) st at e; al so, t he exci t ed l evel s ar e
now t wo- f ol d degener at e.
(d) Appar ent l y t her e i s no r oomf or zer o- poi nt ener gy si nce R
i s assumed const ant . I n act ual i t y, t he masses, on a mi cr oscopi c
scal e, wDul d be a terns whi ch osci l l at e sl i ght l y, so t hat I)
cannot be assumed t o be f i xed.
7- 25
The compl et e wave f unct i on i s, f r an t he pr ecedi ng probl ems,
The wavef unct i on must be nor mal i zed at any t i me t: thus,
= 1,
1 = j ( N*e- i m* ) ( Ne* ) ^ = N*N( 2n) ,
N* N=i
7- 23
Use * = M' V * 1; Lz = - i *
(a)
2 t t f 2 iT f 2 iT
(b)
f
= U*( - :
J o
JO
L = m>(.
Al so, f r an (a)
L = mV.
Si nce L2 = L2, measur ement s of L wi l l yi el d mtf exact l y.
CHAPTER EI GHT
(a) I t t he area of t he el l i pse be A; then,
U* = i A = | A,
T t he per i od of r evol ut i on. The angul ar moment umi s L = mr 2de/ dt >
al so, dA = >i r2de, so t hat
t _ dA _ . A
dt " t'
si nce dA/ dt equal s a const ant i n cl assi cal mechani cs i f t he
f or ce i s cent ral . Theref ore,
_ e Ur = aL. ^&_ _ e_
HI T 2m 2m' L 2m
(b) Thi s r esul t i s i dent i cal t o Bq. 8- 5, der i ved assumi ng a
ci r cul ar or bi t .
8- 4
The f i r st appar at us pr oduces t wo beams, one wi t h spi n par al l el
(i n quant ummechani cal t erms) t o t he di r ect i on of t he f i el d ( +z) ,
t he ot her wi t h spi n ant i par al l el . Thi s l at t er beami s bl ocked by
t he f i r st di aphr a^n. Hence, a "pol ar i zed beamof at oms ent er
t he second appar at us, f i el d di r ect i on +z . Thi s second magnet
pr oduces a new space quant i zat i on al ong z . I n anal ogy wi t h t he
passi ng of pol ar i zed l i ght t hr ough P ol aroid ( except t hat t he
angl e f or no t r ansmi ssi on i s 90 i n t he opt i cal case, 180* i n
t he at omi c) , t he second magnet al l ows onl y t he pr oj ect i on of t he
ent er i ng spi ns al ong +z (not - z ) t o pass. Thus, i f I 1 i s t he
i nt ensi t y of t he beament er i ng t he second appar at us and I t he
i nt ensi t y of t he unpol ar i zed beament er i ng t he f i rst ,
I = %! ( ! + cosa) = W0(l + cosa) .
8-5
The def l ect i ng f or ce i s
F = uzdBz/ dz,
wher e
Ws '
si nce = 0. I f D i s t he def l ect i on and F i s const ant ,
D = t et 2 = !s(F/ m) ( L/ v)2,
L = l engt h of maqnet and v = speed of t he at oms. Thus,
D = * 5 (dBz/ dz) (L/ v)2;
gs^b s
For at oms emi t t ed f r omt he oven, Ijniv2 = 2kT wi t h T = 1233 K.
Hence,
f z _ 8KTO = 8( 1. 381 x 10~23) (1233) (0. 0005) = ^ T/ m_
62 ' LW s (0 5) 2(2) ( 9. 27 X 10- 24) (Is)
8-6
(a) The or bi t and spi n ener ai es ar e <qslJbms| B
Hence, wi t h r espect t o B = 0,
E = g ^ B + qsUbmsB = ( q ^ + = {mi + 2mB),bB*
(b) For n = 2, I = 0, 1 gi vi ng t he resul t:
J.
m*
ms
AE ( uni t s of pj B)
+<5
+1
0 0
- 5 - 1
- 1
->s
_______ 2- - - - - - - - -
- 2
+1
1
0
" "I
+s
+2
+1
0
Thus t he one cay l evel di agr amappear s as f ol l ows:
m m E
X s
- - - - - I
^ 0
\ l
^- - 1
\ l
_- 0
1 +% +2
0 +%-
+1 tvi o- f ol d deg.
B = 0 ^ r 0 t wo- f ol d deg.
0
* } - i
-h J
- 1 t wo- f ol d deg.
0
- 1 ~h - 2
(c) The naxi j numsepar at i on i s
max " 4bB = 10*2 ev-
4( 9. 27 x 10- 24) B = ( 10. 2) ( 1. 6 x 10- 19),
B = 4. 4 X 104 T.
8-8
Si nce I, j >0 and s = *s t he r el at i on
/ {j tj +i d > \ Aia +d ) - / {s(s + i)>| ,
becomes
j ( j + 1) > H I + 1) + | - / {3UI + 1)}.
(i ) I = 0. I n t hi s cas^ (A) r educes t o
j (j + 1) > 3/ 4.
But f or *. = 0, j = % ( t he onl y possi bi l i t y) , so t hat t he
r el at i on i n quest i on i s sat i sf i ed.
(A)
(i i ) *. * 0. (a) j = 8, + %. Put t i ng t hi s i nt o (A) gi ves
whi ch cl ear l y i s sat i sf i ed f or al l I > 0.
(b) j = I - Vn, n = 1, 3, 5, . . . Put t i ng t hi s i nt o (a) yi el ds
n = 1 (B) becomes
0 < (2 - 1) ( + 1),
whi ch i s sat i sf i ed f or I > % (i . e. , j > 0) , so t he r el at i on i s
obeyed her e al so.
n = 3 I n t hi s event , (B) gi ves
Evi dent l y t hi s i s not sat i sf i ed f or I > V, < 0, but i s f or
0 <1 < 1. But t hen j = - 3/ 2 < 0, whi ch i s i p- possi bl e.
n = 5 (B) now r educes t o
Thi s i s sat i sf i ed f or sane , e. g. = 1, but t hen j = J - 5/ 2
< 0. I n f act, put = j + 5/ 2 t o get
whi ch does not hol d f or j >0.
Resul t s si mi l ar t o t he l ast appl y t o n = 7, 9, . . . et c. Hence,
si nce j > 0 t he i nequal i t y i s r est r i ct ed t o t he val ues of j
gi ven i n t he probl em.
> V{3( + 1)},
- n +k( n2 - 2n - 3) >-{3. (. + 1)}. (B)
0 < 38. (-28, + 1)
0 < - 222 + 3 3 1 - 9
0 < - 22j 2 - 77j - 64,
8-10 /
(a) Lar gest j = 4 + %= 9/ 2;
l ar gest m. = j = 9/ 2. The
L = / {( + 1) }K = / (20)tf,
S = / {s( s + 1) }H = / 3tf/ 2.
Appl y t he l awof cosi nes t o t he L, S, J t ri angl e:
J 2 = L2 + S2 - 2LScos( 180* - 9),
^ = 20 + | + 2/ {20( | ) }cos6,
6 = cos_1 = 58. 91*.
(b) Si nce u. i s ant i par al l el t o L and i s ant i par al l el t o 2,
+
t he anql e bet ween u. , y = 58. 91".
X s
(c)
COS* = f = i 9 ; * = 25. 24*.
8-12
Def i ne t he r el at i vi st i c ener gy as
Er ei = K + V.
Now
K = me2 - nv. c2 = nuc2{-- - L- y- - 1},
v 0 / ( I - 8 )
B = v/ c. The r el at i vi st i c i ranentump i s
2 -*s
p = mv = m0ce<l - B )
I O expr ess K i n t er ns of p not e t hat
P' = B( i - B2>" S ( 1 - B2) ' 1 = 1 + P 2,
so t hat
K = m0c2{(1 + p2) * - 1} - ^{ ( l <l i p 2 - | p4 + > -
K V 2(^p , 2- ^ 4) 4 ' ^
and t her ef or e 2
1=*W - Ecl =(^ ' ^ +V) - (^ +VK
I f p =pcl * t hen
^r el - - P4/ 8^ c 2.
Mow usi ng cl assi cal expr essi ons, i n t he spi r i t of t he
approxi mat i on,
| ^ + V = E; p4 = 4m2(E - V) 2,
so t hat
FT - 2EV + v
AE- 1 ---------------t o ? '
Wi t h E = const ant and V = - e2/ 4neg, t he above yi el ds t he f i nal
quot ed r esul t di rect l y.
8- 15
(a) The i nt egr al s t o exami ne ar e
/ ^(erj i pj dr; / ^( er i ^dx.
Si nce bot h ar e si ngl e el ect r on ei genf unct i ons, each has
t he f or m>l'nj ln^= ( n. l . m^) . Hence each i nt egr al may be wr i t t en
e / ( n . f c . m^J d i .
Now t he par i t y of r i s odd: P(r) = - r; t he par i t y of (n. H. m^)
i s (l ) a so t hat t he par i t y of ( n. f c. m^Mn. H. m^) i s ( - I ) 2* and
t her ef or e i s even regar dl ess of whet her SL i s odd or even. Thus
t he par i t y of t he i nt egr and above i s odJ , and t he i nt egr al over
al l space vani shes.
(b) El ect r i c di pol e i reroents const ant i n t i me do not exi st ,
si nce t he gover ni ng i nt egral above i s zero. Onl y i nt egr al s
pr eceded by e" * * Ef^ , dependi ng on t i me, may be non- zero.
8- 16
For n = 2: SL= 0, m^ = 0; S. = 1, m^ = 1, 0, - 1. Hence t he
i nt egr al s t o be consi der ed ar e
(i ) / ( l , 0, 0, ) *(er) (2, l , l ) dr; (i i ) / ( 1, 0, 0) *<>( 2, l , 0) drs
( i i i ) / ( l , 0, 0) *( er ) ( 2, 0, 0) dT,
wher e = (n, , ma). Al so,
r = ( r si nBsi n*) ! + (rsi n6cosi (i )] + rcosei c.
Subst i t ut i ng t he expl i ci t expr essi ons f or t he wavef unct i ons
gi ves t he f ol l owi ng f or t he i nt egr al s above.
(i )
e/ e- r / a (r) e_r / 2a0ei 4' r2si n6drd6d<t, .
I nser t t he egr essi on f or r gi ven above. Hi e i nt egr al s over r,
6, and $ t hat appear ar e
C- Sr / Za. ^ , Q
J o
| si n26cos6d8 = 0;
f e ei^ " f e (cos* + * -
JO JO
Hence / ( l , 0, 0) *( er ) ( 2, l , ) dT ^ 0 and a t r ansi t i on i s per mi t t ed;
i n t hi s case AJ. = - 1, i n accor d wi t h t he sel ect i on rul e.
(i i ) The i nt egr al her e becomes
e/ e"r / a ( r) re- r / 2ar 2si n8cos8dr dedj i .
f
n t he t , ] t erms, t he I nt egr al s / si mti d^= /cosi j xi j i = 0. I n t he
t er ms remai ni ng, hewever.
p . O , ^ V ^ d r * 0; j l
cos28si n0d6 = j ^ 0.
Thus her e al so / ( l , 0, 0) *( er ) ( 2, l , 0) dx ^ 0 and a t r ansi t i on i s
al l owed, agai n i n accor d wi t h t he sel ect i on r ul e si nce her e
41- 1.
(i l l ) Fi nal l y, t hi s i nt egr al gi ves
e/ e~r / a (r) (2 - r / a0) er/'2ar2si nedr ded41.
The I , ] t er ms vani sh f or t he same r eason as i n ( i i ) . But t hi s
t i me t he 0 i nt egr al i n t he k t er mi s
c
^si necosede = 0
Thi s t i me, t hen, / ( l , 0, 0) * ( er ) ( 2, 0, 0) dT = 0 and t he t r ansi t i on
i s f orbi dden. TTi e sel ect i on r ul e i s obeyed si nce M. = 2 bet ween
t he t wo st at es and t he sel ect i on r ul e i s Ai l = 1.
8- 17
I t i s desi r ed t o check t he sel ect i on r ul e An = i l by eval uat i ng
X " el **f u*ni du * H nf u*ni du,
si nce t[>(u) i s r eal and u x.
(i ) nt = 3, nf = 0. I n t hi s case,
I f (3u - 2u3) e_l !Ue_l i Uudu = 2^3u2 - du.
I = 2{3( i m%) - 2( | nS} = 0.
But An = 3, so t he sel ect i on r ul e i s not vi ol at ed,
(i i ) nt = 2, nf = 0:
si nce t he I nt egr and i s of cxi J par i t y) i n - 2 i n t hi s i nst ance,
(i i i ) n= 1, nf = 0.
2
I l u V" du = 2 (k ) ? 0,
.p
J0
and An = 1.
Thus t he sel ect i on r ul e An i l i s obeyed i n t hese t hr ee cases.
8- 18
(a) Fr an EQ. 8- 43, t he t r ansi t i on r at e R i s
R =i ! * y
30hc
wi t h
3l Uoex( 1ax|2'
J -CO
V - ^( C/ m) *5.
The i nt egr al i n t he expr essi on f or R i s, wi t h u = (On) ^x/ ^,
..2 _1_. 2 u r , -.2
P = 2eA0Ai yr ' i U"xue- ' i U dx = 2eAQA1
The nor mal i zat i on const ant s Ap and A1 ar e det er mi ned f ran:
Sol vi ng t hese l ast f or AQ, t he expr essi on f or P becomes
Put t i ng t hi s and t he expr essi on f or v i nt o R gi ves f i nal l y, f or
8-19
The i nf i ni t e squar e wel l ei genf unct i ons, apar t f r omt he not -
needed nor mal i zat i on const ant , ar e
* (x) = si n<mr x/ a) , n even; i L(x) = cos( mrx/ a) , n odd.
rn n
I t i s r equi r ed t o eval uat e
I n t he f ol l owi ng, u = mt x/ a; al so, n, mdenot e t he t wo l evel s,
(i ) Tr ansi t i ons bet ween even- n l evel s:
m = l Oi Up,
R = e2C/ f(4Tte0)c3m2,
R
1. 5( 3 X 108)3(1. 67 x 10"26) 2
(b) The l i f et i me i s
T = R- 1 = 0. 05 s.
si nce t he i nt egr and i s odd.
(i i ) Tr ansi t i ons bet ween odd- n l evel s:
r+*sn
P \ ucos( nu) cos( mu) du = 0
J - Vn
agai n si nce t he i nt egr and i s odd.
(i i i ) Tr ansi t i ons bet ween an odd and an even- n l evel s
r Hn> r Hm
p <* l usi n( nu) cos( mu) du = 2l usi n( nu) cos( nu) du,
J %ir J o
___Li 71.cosljTi (n-m) opsljii (rmn)
M * ( Mm) 2 ' n- m r Wn *
eval uat i ng t he f i nal i nt egr al . Cl ear l y t he above i s r ot zer o
f or n even, m odd. Hence, t r ansi t i ons ar e per mi t t ed cnl y bet ween
l evel s such t hat one i s of odd n, t he ot her even n; i . e. , t he
sel ect i on r ul e I s
An = 1, 3, +5, . . . .
8-20
Hi e ei genf unct i ons ar e
and
r 27i
Pf i
r
1 ( er ) t j d*| .
J oJ o
But Rcos<t>= r x, Rsl rufi = ry. Dr oppi ng t he absol ut e val ue si gns,
I x = f ^^( c o s t f e ^d * =
I x - f ^I 1( t o+1) * * e i ^ 1, *) d* t o - m, - mf ,
si nce
cos* = %(e1* + e_i *) .
New,
r2ir r 2n r 2n
r r
le in9de = l a
lo 'o
coe( n6) d6 + i | si n( n0) d0 - ^( si n2mi - i cos27i n + i ) .
Hence, i f n = 1, 2, 3,
r 2"
len6de =0.
J o
On t he ot her hand, i f n = 0, t hen
r 2n r2n
j ei n6d0 = ^30 - 2n.
Thus, I x ^ 0 ral l y i f ei t her (i ) tm + 1 = 0, or (i i ) t o - 1 = 0;
t hat i s, onl y i f Am= i l .
Si nce
s i n ^i f e ^- e ' 1*),
I y = = ^ { I i ( t e+1) * - ei (ta- 1, *>d.
The i nt egr and i s si mi l ar t o t he one f or I x- Ther ef or e, t he
sel ect i on r ul e i s Am= i l .
B-21
By Bq. 8- 43, 3 2
R12 'J 12P 12
*01 uoi poi
But Pf i depends onl y on Am; si nce Am= - mf = +1 f or bot h
t r ansi t i ons, P12 - PQ1- Hence,
* 01
si nce v =* ^( AE/ W. But ,
E
m
and t her ef or e
bim
*01 o2
CHAPTER NI NE
9- 3
ni e pr obabi l i t y densi t i es are
, 1 11
*S*S = t 4>*(l)*|(2)A)B( l) *a(2)
A A
I I I I V
1 #*<l ) *g<2>*a<l >*B<2) + * * ( 1) ^( 2) ^ ( 1) ^( 2) }.
Maki nq t he swi t ch i nt er changi ng X and 2, t er ms I and I V
i nt er change, as do I I and I I I . Thus,
= 2*1 " 11 i 111 + ^ * 2* i 111 11 + I } = "s V
A A A A
9- 4
Fr an Exampl e 9- 2:
*A = V 2) V 3) + * p(1>*Y(2)*<3) + V 1) V 2) V 3)
- *Y(l )*8(2)*a (3) - *6(l )*a ( 2) ^( 3) - ^( 1) ^( 2) ^ (3)}.
As an exampl e, i nt er change par t i cl es 1 and 3 t o get
*a = 7 k {V x) V 2) V 3) V 1>V 2) V 3) + Pg<1>^ct(2)^Y (3)
- ( 1) ^( 2) ^( 3) - ^( V ^ V 3 - *B(l )*Y(2)*a(3)>,
*k = V
The same r esul t i s achi eved i f , i nst ead, par t i cl es 1 and 2, or
2 and 3 ar e i nt erchanged.
The ant i syi met r i c f unct i on f or t hr ee par t i cl es i s
a = TJ Tt Pa(1) (2) (3) + *B(l )*Y(2)*a (3) + *Y(l )+a (2)*e (3)
- *Y (l )H-B(2)+a<3> - *B(l )*a(2)*Y(3) - * a(l )*Y (2)*B(3)).
Upon f or mi na fVppp&t t her e appear s t he f ol l owi ng t erms:
(i ) Si x t erms, each t he squar e of t hose above; f or exarpl e,
/ * U) * g (2) ** (3)*a (1) *B (2) *Y (3) dt j ai j dTj
= { J \| (1) *a (1) dTl ) {/ ** (2) (2) dr 2) {/ ** (3) ^ (3) * 3},
= UM1H1} = 1,
assumi nq t hat each wave f unct i on i s nor mal i zed. Hence, t hese
t er ms add t o 6.
(i i ) Cr oss t er ms; f or exampl e,
/<| (1)** (2) (3) (1) *g (2) (3)dt1dT2dT3
= {/ 1i J (l )*Yt l ) dT1}{/ 4l*( 2) *B( 2) dT2}{/-l )*(3)4l a(3)dT3},
= {0}{1}{0} = 0,
due t o t he or t hoqonal i t y of t he ei genf unct i ons. Al l of t hese
cr oss t er ms vani sh.
Thus, t he t ot al i nt egr al equal s 6 and, si nce 31 = 6 al so, ^
i s nor mal i zed as or i gi nal l y wr i t t en.
9- 9
By assumpt i on
^A ^space^spi n"
l ook f i r st at t he symnet r i c space f unct i ons; si nce bot h of t he
el ect r ons ar e i n t he same (ground) state,
''space = 7 2 ^ 100(1) *100121 + l OO<2>' *' l 00(1)
=M (t )3/2e'2r,/a>^(t ,3/2e'2r2/a0)-
\(jgpi n must be ant i symmet r i c si nce t he space f unct i on was chosen
t o be symmet r i c ( el ect rons i n t he same l evel ) . The coul crrb
ener gy i s
v
4l t0 r 12'
wher e r ^2 f ^ - r2 i s t he di st ance bet ween t he el ect r ons. Thus
V = /*JVi |' A' 3T1dT2do1do2,
i n whi ch Oya2 ar e t he spi n var i abl es. J fcwV i s i ndependent of
t he spi n of t he el ect r ons, so t hat i f t he spi n wave f unct i on i s
normal i zed, t hen
V = ^Space^space^l ^a-
Put t i ng i n t he wave f unct i on gi ves
V = - ^- f e - 4( r >+^ / a^ r 2dr 1r 2dr 2si nel si ne2d81de2d*1d$2,
* a003 12
i n whi ch r 12 = ^( r ^r ^e ^, ^, ^) .
ttowsuppose t hat t he ant i synmet r i c space f unct i on had been
chosen. Wi t h bot h el ect r ons i n t he gr ound st at e, t hi s wi l l be
' space = > 100(1I W 2) * *100(2)*100(1)) "
I t may be concl uded t hen t hat wi t h bot h el ect r ons i n t he gr ound
st at e, t he el ect r on spi n must be i n t he ant i synmet r i c (si ngl et)
st at e. The coul onb i nt er act i on, bei ng posi t i ve, wi l l i ncr ease
t he gr ound st at e ener gy over t hat cal cul at ed by i gnor i ng i t.
Consi der t D ei genf unct i ons sol ut i ons of
u2 A- , u2 d2*,
- h - ^ 1 ( 1 > - | ; ^ r + v * i = E i * i <2 >-
Take t he canpl ex conj ugat e of (2) t o get
vi2
- f e ^r + v* I - Ei <l - <3>
Mul t i pl y (1! by \p*, (3) by t.. and subt r act ; t hi s gi ves
2 d V d2W
- r < 51 *4
^ 1 dx2 j dx
i*m i nt egr at e over x:
f+a>
-) =
V
\ n p r
+00
d2w

dx2
- - v j ^j d x = j (
S
t * di|i d** dill. dW, *
IM - *J * r ) d* - n ^ - *i srl
-Q>
(i ) I f Ej j* E^ and t he syst emi s bound, t he wavef unct i cns
appr oach zer o at bot h i nf i ni t i es. Thus t he i nt egral vani shes and
Uj l ^dx = 0.
(11) I n t he ccnt i nui mr egi on ( unbound syst em) , t he wave f unct i on
r emai ns f i ni t e at l ar ge posi t i ve and negat i ve x. I n pract i ce,
t owever, box nor mal i zat i on i s i nvoked and t he wavef unct i on
vani shes at t he sur f ace of t he box, so t hat t he r esul t above
i s achi eved her e al so.
(i i i ) I f Ej = ( degenerat e case) , const r uct
a = V i + V j '
al so a sol ut i on f or t hi s pot ent i al . I f a^a. ar e chosen pr oper l y
can be made or t hogonal t o
J tyj l i j dx = 0 = a*/\pj \(i j dx + a*/ i ), *^dx,
a*f >f tpj dx + a< = 0,
and so choose
i j = " / *J *. j dx-
9- 13
- MWr ) |
wher e = gr ound st at e ener gy of t he hydr ogen at an. Val ues of
Z(r) may be t aken ( not easi l y) f r cmFi g. 9- 11.
(b) The r esul t s ar e shown on t he pr ecedi ng page. The f i r st
t hr ee l evel s of ar gon ar e
I n t he gr ound st at e (n = 1) of hel i i m. Fi g. 9- 6 gi ves E. o - 80 eV
and t her ef or e 1
(b) Wi t h so f ew el ect r ons, i t i s not cl ear whet her an i j i ner or
cut er shel l i s bei ng descr i bed. I f =n = 1 an out er shel l i s
i ndi cat ed; f or an i nner shel l , Z1 =Z - 2 =2 - 2 =0 .
(c) The f act t hat Z1 equal s ( or r cughl y equal s) nei t her n = 1
( out er shel l ) nor Z - 2 = 0 ( i nner shel l ) i mpl i es t hat t he
Har t r ee met hod i s not appl i cabl e t o hel i un. Thi s i s not ver y
sur pr i si ng si nce a st at i st i cal met hod cannot be expect ed t o
wor k wel l wi t h so f ew par t i cl es ( t wo el ect r ons) .
E1 = - 3500 eV; E2 = - 220 eV; = - 16 eV.
9- 14
(a) Bq. 9- 27 i s, wi t h E^ r ef er r i ng t o hydrogen.
- 8 - Z ^ = - Z*( 13. 6) ,
(a) Fr an Fi g. 9- 6, Em , = +30 eV;
coul
E = 1
coul 4np r '
30 = (9 x i oV 1- 6 X - y ,
r ( 1 . 6 x 10
coul
r = 0. 048 nm.
(b) E__ _ = +9 ev - r = 0. 16 nm.
9- 17
For t he el ect r on r x p and t i s per pendi cul ar t o t he pl ane
of t he orbi t . Now v / 0 anywher e i n t he or bi t and t her ef or e
p # 0. I f L ^ 0, t hen r ^ 0
ever ywher e and t he el ect r on
avoi ds t he nucl eus ( r = 0) . I f
L = 0, t he el ect r on voul d move
on a st r ai ght l i ne t hr ough t he
nucl eus.
(a)
E = K + V = ^- + V,
E = + p!> + v-
But L = rp^( si nce r x p, =0);
hence.
2'
(b) I n one di mensi on ^ = 0, L = 0 and E - Pj / 2m+ V1. Thi s and
t he pr ecedi ng equat i on ar e f or mal l y i dent i cal i f
V = L2/ 2mr2 + V.
(c) I f t he el ect r on i s bound, V( r) < 0. Cl ear l y L2/ 2nr 2 > 0
( recal l t hat L i s a const ant f or cent r al forces) . For smal l
enough r, L2/ 2mr 2 | v(r)| and V' > 0, i ndi cat i ng a r epul si ve
cor e i n t he one- di mensi onal f or mal i sm. Oi l y i f V r - *1, n > 2
wi l l t hi s cor e di sappear ( unl ess L = 0).
9- 18
(a) The pot ent i al i n quest i on i s V' i
V' = V + L2/ 2mr 2.
Now, i n el ect r on vol t s,
L2 = H I + 1) H2 _ J SL + 1) = (13. 6)ML +_ U.
2mr 2 2mr 2 2ma2 ( r/ aQ)2 (r/ a0) 2
Cl ear l y, f or 1 = 0 , v' = V; see Pr obl em9- 13. For 1=1,
v'(r) v
(b) E2 = - 220 eV.
(c) The cl assi cal r egi on of mot i on i s shewn on t he sket ch: i t
f al l s wi t hi n t he r ange f or whi ch P2i *r ' Fi 9- 9- 10, i s l arge
(1 = 1).
(d) For !. = 0 see Fi g. 9- 13. The cl assi cal l y per mi t t ed r egi on
t her e f al l s wi t hi n r = 0. 2aQ, a bi t smal l er t han f or i - 1 .
Thi s r esul t al so cor r esponds r oughl y t o Fi g. 9- 10, wher e P->q i s
l ar ge at r = 0. 5a^. Ther e i s gual i t at i ve agr eement bet ween
cl assi cal and quant umresul t s.
9- 22
(a) Fr an Fi g. 9- 15, t he i oni zat i on ener gy f or t he f i r st el ect r on
i s 24 eV. I n t he gr ound st at e t he ener gy of t he a tern, f r an
Fi g. 9- 6, i s - 78 eV. Thus t he ener gy af t er t he f i r st el ect r on i s
r ar oved i s - 78 + 24 = - 54 eV. The ener gy wi t h bot h el ect r ons
r anoved i s zero; t hus t he ener gy needed t o r emove t he r emai ni ng
el ect r on i s 54 eV.
(b) Wi t h t he f i r st el ect r on gone, t he hel i umat an r esembl es a
hydr ogen at an wi t h Z = 2. For such an at cmt he gr ound st at e
ener gy wi l l he
and t her ef or e 54. 4 eV ar e r equi r ed t o i oni ze i t . Agr eement wi t h
(a) i s excel l ent .
E1 = Z2(E1h) = 22(- 13. 6) = - 54. 4 eV,
9- 23
B = 0
mmitmt
L
" kiM\
6<0
(c) I n t he x- r ay di agr amt he l evel s ar e i nver t ed, t he gr ound
st at e i s t aken as zer o energy, and t he ener gy i s pl ot t ed cn a
l ogar i t hmi c scal e.
' *86
eo
*#
nn t i f -
1T 1T 1T I T l H f
(d) When t he hol e i s i n an i nner shel l t he ener gy di f f er ences
f or l i kel y t r ansi t i ons ar e l arge; t hus t he x- r ay di agram,
pl ot t i ng l ogE, i s easi er t o handl e t han t he st andar d di agram.
(e) When t he hal e i s i n an out er shel l , t he t r ansi t i ons ar e
mor e l i kel y t o be opt i cal , and t he associ at ed ener gy di f f er ences
ar e smal l . Hence, t he st andar d di agr ami s adequat e.
9- 24
The phot on ener gi es ar e
E
he
X
E( keV)
1. 2400
X (rm)
Use of t he l ast expr essi on gi ves t he f ol l owi ng:
K ( M) : X
a
Kg ( M*K) : X
Ky (N*K): X
0. 0210 rm, E = 59. 0 keV;
0. 0184 rm, E = 67. 4 keV;
0. 0179 nm, . E - 69. 3 keV.
For t he absor pt i on edge, E = 1. 2400/ 0. 0178 = 69. 7 keV = ener gy
needed t o i oni ze t he at cmby r emovi ng an el ect r on f r an t he K
shel l . Hence, ^ = 0 ( gnxmd st at e) + 69. 7 = 69. 7 keV = ener gy
of t he at cmwi t h a hol e i n t he K shel l . Then E^- 69. 7 - 59. 0
= 10. 7 keV; si mi l arl y, = 69. 7 - 67. 4 = 2. 3 keV and =
69. 7 - 69. 3 = 0. 4 keV.
() L
M
N
9- 25
(a) Hi e I *, l i ne i s emi t t ed when a hol e j unps f r an t he n = 2 t o
an n = 3 l evel . The ener gy r equi r ed f or t hi s i s appr oxi mat el y
t he ener gy needed t o i oni ze t he at an by rerrcvi ng an n = 2
el ect r on. Usi ng t he one- el ect r on f or mul a wi t h = Z - 10,
E2 = - ( ^) 2(13. 6) = - I 2'6 )2(13. 6) = - 870 eV.
Thus t he r equi r ed vol t age i s about 870 V.
(b) The wavel engt h i s obt ai ned f ran
_ F - f
A V E3 - E2 " - E2
870 eV; A = 1. 4 nm.
9- 26
(a) TTi e empi r i cal f or mul a i s
A- 1 = C( Z - a) 2; A- ^= C%(Z - a) .
_!
Thus a pl ot of A vs. Z i s a st r ai ght l i ne wi t h a Z- i nt er cept
of Z = a and a sl ope of / C. Fr an Fi g. 9- 18, t he Z- i nt er cept = a
= 1. 7. Al so
sl ope = 0 s = J t - :~17~(105)! C = 8, 65 x l t)6 m_1-
(b) For a: a = 1. 7; C = = 11 x 106 nf 1.
9- 27
(a) The K absor pt i on edge (n = 1) shoul d be gi ven by
Eedge = <13' 6 eV><V n) 2-
Ht us,
Cohal t : E* = (13. 6) P - f 2 -)2 = 8. 5 keV,
i r on: ^ = (13. 6) & - f - h 2 = 7. 83 keV.
(b) For phot on ener gi es gr eat er t han 7; 83J W* J ^
t hat i r on wi l l absor b t he phot on di mi ni shes shar pl y. Wi t h 8. 5
gr eat er t han 7. 83, and si nce 8. 5 keV f al l s near t he K edge f or
cobal t , wher e t he pr obabi l i t y f or absor pt i on i s hi gh, a Phot on
ener gy near 8. 5 keV woul d be best .
9- 28
For t he i nner el ect r ons, t he wave f unct i ons ar e essent i al l y
hydr oqeni c, wi t h an appr opr i at e ef f ect i ve Z. For t he Kq l i ne,
use
*100 = (z/ a0) 3/ 2e_Zr / a,
*210 = 47^0 ^ V 572- 2172300086'
wi t h t he sel ect i on r ul e t& = i l - Hi e mat r i x el ement i s
Pf l = l / ^d r l - - & 2 ^ r V 3Zr ^ ^s i n e d 6 d * d r | .
Si nce
r = r si n6cos$I + r si n6si n*3 + rcosSk,
t he Z- dependence f ol l cws frctn
J o
l e- 3Zr / 2a0dr = z
(3Z/ 2aQ)
The l i f et i me becones
i 3Eoh 3 ^Pb
T = B = 16h3v3Pj 1 ^ TH
By Exarrpl e 9- 8,
hv - F* = Z*f f .
Theref ore,
TPb ZH. ef f ZPb. ef f
T|1 ZPb, ef f ZH, ef f
(___i ___) 4 = 2.44
T 82 - 2
H
3 2
Vf i . H
3
Wf i . P b
< ^ > 4,
Pb, ef f
x 10- 8,
Th = 10~8 s * Tj ^= 2. 44 x 10"16 s.
CHAPI TK TFH
J f cl
E = Ej p - E2g = - 3. 50 - (- 5. 35) = 1. 85 eV.
For phot ons.
so t hat
. . , 1240
X(nm) - Ef i vT'
X = = 670. 3 nm= 6703 A.
(b) By Exampl e 10- 1,
,, hcdE he dE , dE
d x =- ^2_ = T T x T-
Fr an Tabl e 10- 1, dE = 0. 42 x 10~4 eV, and t her ef or e
- 4
dX = ( 670. 3) - 421_Xp510 = 0. 0152 r m= 0. 152 L
10- 3
y 7 fi i
(a) The gr ound st at e conf i aur at i on i s I s 2s 2p 3s , t he f i r st
t hr ee shel l s bei ng cl osed; t he possi bl e exci t ed st at es wi l l be
t hose wi t h t he opt i cal el ect r on i n t he 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f , 5s etc.
l evel s, ai t 4d, 4f l i e above 5s and 4s l i es bel cw 3d. Al so, f or
any n, t he l evel wi t h maxi mumper mi t t ed 1 ( =n - 1) cor r esponds
t o t he hydr ogen at an l evel of t hat n. That i s, f or 3d (n = 3,
1 = 2),
E = E3H = - 1. 5 ev.
(b) Each l evel , except s- st at es, i s spl i t i nt o t wo l evel s, wi t h
t he st at Q of smal l er j bei ng mor e neoat i ve i n enerqy. The encr oy
spl i t t i ng i s snai l compar ed t o t he ener gy of t he degener at e
st at es. Thi s spi n- or bi t spl i t t i ng i s gi ven by
AE = 7 5 : (j + D - + X) - s( s + 1)},
c
AE =K{ j (j + X) - Ml + X) - s( s + X)}.
Assume K = K( r=0) = const ant . I n al l st at es s = , 2s + X = 2,
j = I *s, except 1 = 0 wher e j = s. Put t i ng al l t hi s t ooet her
gi ves t he r esul t s bel ow.
3s: 1 = 0 ,
j = X/ 2;
AE = 0;
S/ 2-
3p:
. = X,
r 3 = 3/ 2;
AE =
+K;
S/ 2.
O
l j = X/ 2; AE = - 2K;
X/ 2
4s: = 0;
j = X/ 2;
AE = 0;
S / 2
3d:
I = 2;
r j = 5/ 2;
AE - 2K;
S/ 2-
l j = 3/ 2; AE = - 3K;
S/ 2.
4p:
I = I ;
j j = 3/ 2;
AE =
K;
S/ 2'
O
* j = 1 / 2 ;
AE = - 2K;
S / 2
5s: I = 0;
j = 1 / 2;
AE = 0;
C
N
s H
sel ect i on rul es are: At =
i x, Aj = 0
, 1 . Ui
ai ves f or t he per mi t t ed t ransi t i ons:
2Sj y2 2P1/2 ' S/ 2" 69011 of ^ 3s, 4s, 5s l evel s can make a
t r ansi t i on t o each of t he t wD l evel s of
t he 3p, 4p st at es.
* 2D, , - . But not t o si nce t hen Aj = 2.
111 Al so t o t he S- st at e above.
2P, /, 2D, . _, 2D, . These i n addi t i on t o t he S,
3/ 2 / t r ansi t i on. L/*
S/ 2' S / 2 These ar e i ncl uded above.
Pitbnut S 5pio-*>rbit S plitting
(a) Ij, = 1, P.2 = 2; s1 = s2 = %. Thus t he possi bl e val ues of J.'
ar e It = 3, 2, 1; possi bl e s' = 1, 0. The snal l est 4 , s' i s t he
st at e of maxi i rameneray: i . e. , 4' = 1, s' = 0. Wi t h 4' = 1 , s' =
0, t her e i s onl y one possi bl e j ' : t o wi t , j * = 1 .
(b) Si nce 5' = 0, ' l i es al cnq 3'.
10- 5
= 2, H2 = 3; = s2 = lj. The possi bl e 4' = 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; t he
possi bl e s' = 1, 0. For j 1:
j ' = V + s , V + s - 1 , . . . |SL' - s' |
Ther ef or e, t he possi bl e conf i gur at i ons are:
i l
si
1 1
5 1
6, 5, 4
5 0 5
4
1
5, 4, 3
4
0
4
3
1
4, 3, 2
3 0 3
2
1 3, 2, 1
2 0 2
1 1 2, 1,0
1 0 1
For t he conf i gur at i on 4s3d, ^ = 0, l2 = 2, = s2 = >s. Hence,
V = 2 onl y, s' = 1, 0. Wi t h V = 2, s' = 1, j ' = 3, 2, 1 gi vi ng
3D, - . l evel s. For i ' = 2, s' = 0, j ' = 2 onl y, r esul t i ng i n a
V
J , 1
2 st at e. By t he Lande i nt er val rul e, t he separ at i on i s
(3D3 - 3D2) / ( 3D2 - 3Dj ) = 3/ 2.
The ener gy shi f t s t hemsel ves ar e
AE = K{j 1(j 1 + 1) - t ' d' + 1) - s 1( s1 + 1) },
gi vi ng
*D2: AE = 0;
3D3: AE = 4K;
3D2: AE = - 2K;
AE = - 6K.
The l at t er t hr ee shi f t s obey t he Lande rul e.
= i . r = 2
- - r = 2 . 32
Splitting cb1e 1 - 1 ^
The magni t udes of t he vect or s
are:
J' = / 12H; L' =/ 6K; S' = / 2K.
Appl yi ng t he cosi ne l aw:
S' 2 = J ' 2 + L' 2 - 2J ' L' cos0,
2 = 12 + 6 - 2/ 72COS0,
0 = 19. 47*.
Agai n r esor t i ng t o t he cosi ne
rul e:
j ' 2 = s' 2 + L' 2 + 2S' L' cos<j >,
12 = 2 + 6 + 2/ l 2cos*,
= 54. 74.
Tur ni ng t o t he magnet i c moment s:
ws - T 5' = 2/ 2V
' i = F l ' = / 6V
V = v's2 + uj 2 + 2p^cos* ,
U2 = 8y + 6p + 4/ l 2ucos54. 74 u = 4. 6903^.
Fi nal l y,
Mg2 = U^2 +U2 2Pj J ucosa,
P = 6 21. 999 - 2/ 6( 4. 6903) cosa * a - 29. 50,
so t hat Mu, - 3 >= 29. 50" - 19. 47 = 10. 03*.
10- 9
(a) On Fi g. 9- 13, t he col umns r eveal t he l ast shel l bei nq f i l l ed,
t he r ow t he number s of el ect r ons i n t hat shel l . Theref ore,
12Mq: I s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2;
13A1: I s 2, 2s 2, 2p6, 3s2, 3pX,
14Si : I s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2.
(b) 12Mg; t he conf i gur at i on r epr esent s a f i l l ed shel l , and t hus
al l t he angul ar mcment a ar e zero, l eadi ng t o i Sg.
Al t t her e i s a si ngl e val ence el ect r on (s = s' = %) ; t hus
2s' + 1 = 2; ' = 1 gi vi ng a P- st at e; j ' = 3/ 2, 1/ 2 wi t h t he
smal l er j * l yi ng l ower, l eadi ng t o 2p^.
14Si : her e t her e ar e t w>1 =1 el ect r ons; s' = 1, 0 and 8.' = 2, 1,
0. For t he l ower ener gy pi ck t he l ar ger s' . Thi s gi ves as
possi bi l i t i es:
V = 2; j ' = 3, 2, 1;
* =1; j * . 2, 1. 0, \ 1>0
V = 0; j ' = 1; 3Sr
The 3d , and 3S1 st at es are, however , pr ohi bi t ed by t he
Excl usi on pr i nci pl e. Of t he 3p2 x q st at es, t he snal l est j ' l i es
l owest ; hence t he gr ound st at e conf i gur at i on shoul d be 3pQ.
10-11
For a si ngl e nul t i pl et s' and I ' have t he same val ue f or each
l evel . By t he i nt erval rul e.
*4 =
*4
r . s
*3 = 2Kj 4,
S2 = 2Kj 3,
- - - - - 3
E! = * 12- 7
" ' l
V * 3 = 3 = j 5/ j 4 = (j 4 + 1) / j 4; j 4 = 3-
Si nce j = 1, j 5 = 4, j 4 = 3, j 3 = 2, j 2 = 1, j x = 0. But
j ' = i ' +s' , t ' +s' - l , . . . U - s' l ,
so t hat
+ s' = 4, I' - s' = 0; S.' = s' = 2,
and hence t he r esul t s ar e
r = s' = 2; j ' = 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.
10- 14
(a) The g- f act or i s
j d' +l ) + s Ms +l ) - t ' ( t ' +l )
9 - 1 2j " (j ' +l )
(i ) For q > 2,
j ' ( j ' +l ) <s' ( s' +l ) - I ' t t ' +l ) . (*)
I f j ' =8. ' + s' , t hi s becomes
0 <-(V2 + V + H' s' ) ,
whi ch i s i mpossi bl e. But i f j ' = V - s' t he r el at i on gi ves
s > I,
so t hat j ' = s' - V, a cont r adi ct i on. So t r y j ' = s' - I ' i n
(*), whi ch wi l l now r educe t o
I' <s' ,
whi ch i s accept abl e. For exampl e, s' = 2, I' = 1, j ' = 2 - 1 =
1, ai vi ng g = 5/ 2 > 2, as requi red.
(i i ) For t he case g < 1, t he f or mul a f or g r equi r es t hat
j ' ( j ' +l ) + s' ( s' +l ) <t ' t t ' +l ) . (**>
I f j ' = V + s' , (**) becomes
0 > s 2 + s' + 4' s' ,
whi ch i s i mpossi bl e. But i f j ' = 4' - s' , (**) r educes t o
4' > s' .
For exampl e, 4' = 2, s' = 1, j ' = 2 - 1 = 1, g = %< 1.
(b) Consi der t hi s second case: 4' = 2, s' = 1, j ' = 1, q = %
Then,
L' = / 6X, S' = /2tf, J ' = / 2H, *( t ' , 2' ) = 150*.
Si nce g = 1, os = 2, dr aw egual i n l engt h t o ' , t wi ce
as l ong as S' ; i t i s seen t hat i s about hal f as l ong as J ' ,
i ndi cat i ng t hat g = %.
10- 17
(a) The yi el ds t hr ee l evel s, t he 3P2 f i ve, ^ t hree, and
t he j Pq gi ves one; t hus t he t ot al ni tnber i s 12.
(b) For t he 3s el ect r on 1=0; 2( 24+1) = 2;
For t he 3p el ect r on 4=1; 2( 24+1) = 6.
Cl ear l y, wi t h (6)(2) = 12, t he f i el d has r emoved t he deoener acy
compl et el y.
10-Ift
For a si ngl et s = 0, so t her e i s onl y or bi t al angul ar mcment um
t o consi der . The pot ent i al ener gy of or i ent at i on i s
AE = - J -fc.
f or or bi t al ancj ui ar moment umg = 1 so t hat
U_ . e
L 2m' 11" H
I f $ i s i n t he z- di rect i on,
AE = - . 5 = - LzB = -
gi vi ng r i se t o 2S. +1 l evel s. Si nce s = 0, I = j ; maki ng t hi s
subst i t ut i on, and i nser t i ng a f act or g = 1 , l eads t o
AE = - i ^gai y
whi ch agr ees wi t h Eq. 10- 22 i n t he case g = 1.
10- 19
I n t he cl assi cal model , pi ct ur e t he magnet i c f i el d bui l di ng up
t o a val ue B f r omzer o i n t i ne T. Far aday' s l awr equi r es an
i nduced el ect r i c f i el d E,
r, i _ B
K = dt = *r T'
Thi s i mpar t s an addi t i onal vel oci t y Av t o t he el ect r ons, whi ch
ci r cul at e ei t her cl ockwi se or count er cl ockwi se. Hence,
Av = aT = ^ T = ^ T = | ( | S) T =
m m m2 T 2m
The new speeds are
yi el di ng f r equenci es v gi ven by
v j . gB
v 2nr v0 " 4nm'
E = hu = hv0 1 B'
AE = \ilB,
cor r espondi ng t o Eq. 10- 22 wi t h g = 1, Arnj = 1.
10-20
(a) For 1P1, j ' = 1 so t her e ar e t hr ee l evel s; t he h>2 has j ' =
2 gi vi ng r i se t o f i ve l evel s wi t h t he f i el d. For bot h t hese
st at es s' = 0 so t hat g = 1 and AE = j . Hence, t he l evel
spaci ngs ar e t he same f or each st at e.
(b) The sel ect i on r ul es ar e Amj = 0, l l , al l owi ng zer o t o zer o
si nce Aj ' ^ 0 bet ween t hese st at es. Tti e gr oup I of t r ansi t i ons
gi ve t he same wavel engt h as when B = 0; f or I I , AE < AE ^ so
t hat Xj j > XQ; i n I I I , AE > A E ^ and t her ef or e Xm < XQ. Al so,
wi t h al l t he l evel spaci ngs t he same, al l wavel engt hs i n I I ar e
equal , as ar e al l i n I I I . Gr oup I has wavel engt hs equal t o t hose
wi t h B = 0 and so ar e al l equal . Hence, t hr ee l i nes appear.
(c) The wavel engt h of a l i ne i s gi ven by
X = *.
A AE'
Consi der i ng t wo t r ansi t i ons whose ener gi es di f f er by A^E, t he
wavel engt hs of t hese l i nes di f f er by
AX = I W a (AE) = - ^A ^.
( AE) 2
New cl ear l y.
XI I X0 ~ X0 XI I I '
and consequent l y AXI X = = AX XXI - XQ. The ener gy AE,
cor r espondi ng t o 0, gi ves wavel engt h XQ, whi ch i s
i dent i cal t o t hat f or ^ when B = 0. Fr an Fi g. 10- 8, t hi s
i s
AE ~ 10 - 3. 6 = 6. 4 ev = 10. 24 x 10- 19 J .
Si nce Am! = 1, A*E = ^Bf Arn^) =1^6= ( 9. 27 x XO- 24) (0. 1) =
9. 27 x 10- 25 J . Ther ef or e
n - n
b * a
\
/
33:
: 3<: : 333
:

*
: ;
s.
s.
J -
u*
a
-l
+a
+1
n
-l
*33 * D *333
fiX = ( 6- 626 X 10- 34M2. 998 X 10B) (9 27 x ^- 25, = 0.000176
(10. 24 x l O- 1 )^
<d) As cri ven i n ( c) , t he ener ay di f f er ence bet ween t he
degener at e B = 0 l evel s i s 6. 4 eV. A phot on emi t t ed i n a
t r ansi t i on bet ween l evel s separ at ed by t hi s ener qy has a
wavel enot h
1240
6. 4
= 194 nm.
10-21
(a), (b) Fr an Eq. 10- 25,
AE = + 2mg) .
Now j ' i s no l onoer a qood quant umnumber ; t hus t he l evel s ar e
i dent i f i ed onl y as 2P, 2S.
J! =D
(*)iir-orht *plittinB
ignnrtA)
/
/
s j
n
-- +^5 +1
---------------- ------
. +% 0
+1, - 1 t md- f ni a
" -ij +1 dr gcmmcB
--l i - 1
- +% 0
S o litti hue tljs raif manf-
lcngtl) * B = II lint. .
X3 X33 *333
(!) s' =%, * ; = f t . *' = ) i -i = Usi ng t he
r el at i on f or fi E, t hese gi ve:
1
j L
AE (uni ts
1 +%
+2
1 ->}
0
0 +%
+1
0
-*s
- 1
- 1
+>J
0
- 1 ->s
- 2
(i i ) 2S: Agai n m' = +%, but V = 0 and t her ef or e =0 onl y.
AE = i uj B, and no l evel exi st s at t he B = 0 posi t i on. The
sel ect i on r ul es ar e Altig= 0, Am = 0, l l .
(a) Fr cmFi q. 10- 8, t he appr oxi mat e ener ai es f or t he 2p2 l evel s
are:
3p2, i , 0: " U -3 eV ( s' = 1* = I )-
h>2-. - 10 eV (s' = 0, S.* = 2);
1S0: - 8. 6 eV ( s = 0, V = 0).
Now t he 1D2 and l evel s bot h have s' = 0. Thus t hei r ener qy
di f f er ence cor r esponds t o l i ni ncr up and "par al l el " i n one
case and "ant i par al l el i n t he ot her . Thi s ener qy di f f er ence i s
10 - 8. 6 = 1. 4 eV. I n t he 3P^ ^g and ^ l evel s, and ar e
r cuqhl y par al l el i n one and ant i par al l el i n t he ot her. Hence,
t he ener qy di f f er ence i s due rrostl y t o di f f er ent spi n ccupl i nq,
or 11. 3 - 10 = 1. 3 eV. Ther ef or e, t he al i qni nq enerqy, spi n or
or bi t al noment um, i s about 1. 4 eV.
(b) The di f f er ence i n "par al l el - ant i par al l el " ener qy qi ves
B f . .(1, 41-( 1. 6 x 10' 19) . 1q4 T_
2( 9. 27 x 10 )
(c) The l ar qest l abor at or y f i el ds ar e about 100 T.
(a) Eq. 11- 25 i s
p - 3Rhv 1
b _ k ehv/ kT _
By def i ni t i on,
c - -3E - 3n J '** (hV) 2
v 3T J K (ehv/ kT _ 2 kT *
(b) Let x = kT/ hv; T -0 i npl i es x 0 al so. Then, i n t er ms of x
f 1/ X --2
( e ^- l f
As x -0, e1/ x 1; t her ef or e c 3Re- 1/ xx- 2. Hence, f or smal l
x,
cv = 3Re_1/ V 2.
cv = 3r - T75 T 2 x
Now,
Hence,
x -* 0
Li mx2e1/ x
and
Li m( cv) = 0.
T + 0
For smal l T,
c = 3Re_hv/ kT( hv/ kT) 2.
n- a
The Debye speci f i c heat i s, wi t h y = 0/ T,
rV
J o
For y 1 , t he second t er mbecomes
W *3 *-.
ex - 1 e7 - 1
cv = 9R{4y- 3| ^ -- dx - y -77^ }.
ey - 1 (1 + y + y2/ 2l + . . . ) - 1 1 + y/21 +
i mpl yi ng t hat
Li m - - - - 1.
y*0 e - 1
The f i r st t er mi s
J 0
I f y i s snai l t hen, over t he r ange of i nt egr at i on, so i s x.
Expandi ng t he i nt egrand.
J O
Ther ef or e
Li m( c) = 9RG- - 1) = 3R,
T/ 6 l J
t he Dul ona- Pet i t resul t .
11-10
(a) Let t he sampl e be a squar e of si des a, so t hat A = a , and
or i ent ed as shewn, p. 114. I f st andi ng waves ar e set up i n t he
mat er i al , then.
adincrnt
nadtB
E( x, t ) = E0xsi n( 2nx/ Xx) si n2nvt ,
E( y, t ) = EpySi n (2i ry/ Xy) sl n2nvt .
Ther e must he nodes at t he boundar y: hence,
2na/ Xx = nxii; 2na/ Xy = l yr ; nx, ny = 0, 1, 2, - - -
I f t he wave makes an angl e a wi t h t he x- axi s, B wi t h t he y- axl s,
and has wavel enot h X, t hen
Xx = X/ cosa; Xy = X/ cosB,
and t her ef or e
nx + ny = <T) 2, cos2 + oos2e) " (T ) 2'
f - <"x +
Hence, t he f r equency i s
Each f r equency i s r epr esent ed hy
a set or set s of poi nt s nx, ny.
I f (n2 + n2) ^= 2av/ v, t hen t he
poi nt s n , n r epr esent v. I t
x y
f ol l ows t hat al l poi nt s on a
ci r cl e of r adi us 2av/ v st and f or
f r equency v. The densi t y of t he
poi nt s i s 1/ uni t area. Thus wi t h
r = (n2 + n^) **, t he number of
poi nt s bet ween r and r+<J r i s
N( r ) dr = ^pdr = ^Ttrdr,
and t hi s i s t he al l owed number of f r equenci es bet ween v and
v+dv:
K (v) dv = f = 23gavd\) = ^yvdv.
(b) Ther e ar e st i l l 3nq modes per mol e, so t hat
1
U( v) dv = 3NQ = \ ^ f vdv,
0 V
wher e A i s chosen so t hat t her e ar e NQ at ans i n t he sampl e:
3N0 =i f (vm/ 2) vm= v( 3N0/ ^) ^.
The aver age ener gy of each osci l l at or i s
* hy
E = eW* T _ x'
so t hat t he t ot al ener qy of each mal e wi l l be
E = t N( v) dv- | ehv^-
But
A = 3N0V2/ ^;
2
y r ? -
J o
usi ng t hi s gi ves
6N0h
E
? h \ e - 1
m Jo
Fi nal l y, obser ve t hat = hvmAT i s di mensi on l ess; hence,
hvm/ k has t he di mensi ons of a t emper at ur e; l et vm/ k 6/ h,
gi vi ng
B/ T
E = -- dx; 6 = ^( 3N0/ na) %.
(c) The speci f i c heat per mol e i s
r6/ T
cv - f - <3<i)2br77* - T ^7T >-
J o
I f T/ 6 1, e/ T I ; but
Li m
8/ T*<
T ee/T _ 1 '
r-e/T
x2
6/ T* l eX - 1
Li m -- dx = I 2-- dx = a f i ni t e number.
Thus,
11- 11
(a) Si nce t he at ans ar e di st i ngui shabl e, use Bol t anann
st at i st i cs:
nx = Ae- 5' ^ nx = A; n2 = Ae**' W,
si nce Ej = 0, E2 = E. Wi t h N = t ot al number of at oms,
nl + n2 = If; M = A( 1 + e_I / kT) . A - - - - - *
l + e=*7*f
The t ot al ener gy i s
e- / kT
E = n ^ + n ^ 2 = = Ae' "S/ kTE = - S-
(b) As usual , t he speci f i c heat i s
m. (J L) 2 - * AT
^ _ 3E _ kT e
cv " 3T - (1 + e- / kT, 2'
(c) Let X = E/ kT; then,
c y k =
- x, 2'
(1 + e_x)
For x 1, T l arge, e x = 1 and cv/ Hk = Ipe2. On t he ot her
hand, wi t h X 1, T smal l , e- x = 0, and Cy/ Hk = x2e- X. A sket ch
of t he speci f i c heat vs. T i s on t he next page.
E / W
u
(-S )
X W5
The popul at i on of t he l evel s i s
- *i AT
, n2 = Ae
, - Sj AT
A = const ant . Hence, t he f r act i onal di f f er ence i s
nl - n2 nl ^n2 - 1 - A*/ 1
Af - tH. = 1 2 = l ' "2 ~= e* ' - 1
N nx + n2 nx/ n2 + 1 ~ eAH/ kT
wi t h AE = S2 - H, . Now, f or p al i gned par al l el or ant i par al l el
t o t he f i el d, A = <!pB:
AI = 2( 1. 4 x 10- 26) (1) = 2. 8 x 10- 26 J .
(a) kT = (1. 38 x 10- 23) (300) = 4. 14 x 10- 21 J . Hence,
#=6 . 7 6 x l 0 - 6.
Then, t o a qood approxi mat i on,
= h = 3. 4 x 10~
N kT
(b) T = 4 K, kT = 5. 52 X 10~23 J . Thi s gi ves AS/ kT = 5. 07 x 10- 4,
and si nce t hi s i s so smal l , t he same appr oxi mat i on as i n (a)
appl i es her e al so; t heref ore, An/ N = 0. 00025.
11- 17
(a) At T = 300 K, kT = 2. 585 x 10- 2 eV. For hydrogen,
AE = (13. 6) (4r - - \ ) = 10. 2 eV,
1 2
gi vi ng AE/ kT =395. Thus, i gnor i ng t he degener acy of t he st at es,
n2/ nx = e - W = e 395 _ ^- 170.
(b) The degener acy of t he l evel s i s 2n2; t heref ore,
n2/ nl = ' 01 = | e_f l E/ kT'
e~AE/ kT = 0>0| )25_
Ther ef or e,
AE/ kT = - I n(0. 0025) =6; T = AE/ 6k; T = 20, 000 K,
si nce AE = 10. 2 eV.
11- 19
The desi r ed r at i o i s
_ pr obabi l i t y of spont aneous anl ssi on _ ^ 1
But ,
P pr obabi l i t y of st i mul at ed emi ssi on B2^p( v)
A21 _ Si i hv3 p( v) = 8nhy3
R = e ^/ W . x.
At r oomt emperat ure, kT = 1/ 40 eV.
(a) X- r ay r egi on: X = 0. 1 nm; v 3 x 1018 Hz, E = hv = 12. 4
keV. Thus, hv kT, R * eh''/ kT = .
(b) Vi si bl e: X = 600 nm, v = 5 x 1014 Hz, E =<2 eV, gi vi ng
hv/ kT = 80, or R = , once agai n.
(c) Mi cr cwave: X * 1 cm, v = 3 x 10^ Hz, E = 12 x 10 ^eV;
ehv/ kT _ e0. 005 = 1005( ^ t hat R _ 0005_
11-20
(a) Assumi ng no degeneracy.
, - AE/ kT
n2 1 =
Si nce
AE = - ^22 = 2. 138 eV; kT = 0. 0259 eV,
n, = (4 x 102, e- 2-13R/ - 0259 = 5. 65 x 10*14 at cms,
i . e. , none.
(b) A l aser pul se oper at es unt i l t he popul at i on i nver si on
i s dest r oyed; hence
E = (1. 5 x 1020) ( 2. 138) ( 1. 6 x 10- 19) - 51. 4 J .
11- 21
For a beamof radi at i on, appl i cabl e t o a l aser ( st i mul at ed
emi ssi on) ,
p = I / c - - - - - - - - - - r = 1. 334 x 10~8 J / m3*s.
2. 998 x 10
The t r ansi t i on r at e i s
R = nBp = (3 x 1018) (3. 2 x 105) ( 1. 334 x 10- 8),
Si nce N <E) dE = ^( 2 m3) ^dE,
h
t he t ot al number N of par t i cl es i s
n- - 4v (%, 3i !5l ***
- dE = r ( 2m) - =7v
Let x = E/ kT; then,
= M I M a ) 3/2
Si nce a > 0,
1
a+x., - a- x. x
------ i --------- e- 0 (e_x + e-- 2x + e" 2* - 3* +. . . ) .
eaex - 1
Hence,
h3
wi t h A = e- 0. Now,
J o
V = 2 ? < W / 2A x V X + Ae_2x + A2e- 3x . . . )dx,
p e ^ d x = n - 3/ 2j x V xdx = n - 3' 2r ( ) = * f 3/ 2A
Theref ore,
N =^( 2nkT) 3/ 2Ai rS( l +2_3/ 2A + 3- 3/ 2A2 +. . . ),
hJ
U = <2^ ) 3/ \ d +2~3^2A + 3' 3/ 2A2 + . . . ).
hJ
The ener gy of a Bose syst emi s, wi t h x - / kT,
E = {&( E) N( E) dE = ^( 2m3)'! ( kT) 5/ 2[ - ^-- dx.
J o h J r - 1
As i n Pr obl em11- 23, put
------i --------- e-a (e-x + e~ar2x + e '20-3* + . . . ) ;
eaex - 1
wi t h A = e"0, t he ener gy beccmes
E = ^<2 m3) * (kT) 5/ 2a\ x3/ 2 (e"X + Ae- 2x + A2e_3x + . . . )dx.
But ,
p V ^d x = n-5^ 3/2e-xdx = n_5/2r ( f) = n 5/2
JO
Ther ef or e,
E = <.2.nmkT) 3/'iv( 3kT) A( 1 + 2"5/ 2A + 3_5/ 2A2 + . . . ).
h3 i
11- 25
The aver age ener gy pi er par t i cl e i n a Fer mi gas i s,
appr oxi mat el y,
Si nce t he aver age ener gy i n a cl assi cal gas i s 3kT/ 2, quant um
degener acy occur s when t he second t er mi n t he above i s not
negl i gi bl e ccmp>ared t o t he f i rst ; i . e. , cer t ai nl y when
Now i f kT Ep, t hen
I p = | <3N/ nV) 2/ 3 -
v
Subst i t ut i ng t hi s i nt o t he i nequal i t y ahove yi el ds
|rr^( l p/ kD3/ 2 > 1,
whi ch cl ear l y i s sat i sf i ed. Thus, when 3Ep kT, quant umef f ect s
must be consi dered.
11- 26
At T = 0 K,
1. 0 <S <Sp
n( ) =
0, S >Ep.
Hence, t he t ot al number of par t i cl es i s
Thus, t he aver aae ener gy per f emi on i s
J o
usi nq t he expr essi on f or !! f ound f i rst .
11- 28
The dept h of t he wel l i s VQ = wQ + Ep = 4. 8 eV + Ep. Hence,
i t i s onl y necessar y t o conf ut e t he Fei mi energy. I f kT
Ep, then,
* - hi ( 3n, 2/ 3
r ~ Pm n
The el ect r on densi t y i s
= (19. 3 X 106) (6. 0, 2x = g , x ^ m- 3.
Usi ng t hi s and m= 9. 11 x 10 31 kg gi ves
Ep = 5. 53 ev; VQ = 4. 8 + 5. 53 - 10. 3 ev.
11- 29
I t i s gi ven t hat
o . 2, E <Ep,
N( E) = r ( 2m/ E) ; n( E) -
h 0, E > Ep.
(a) The nt mber of par t i cl es i s
H = ^<E) N( E) dE = | ( 2) ^( 2m/ E) lldE = 4( 2m>,>f=*,
so t hat
Ep = H2h2/ 32mS. 2.
(b) The aver age ener gy i s
I = i j L ( E ) N ( E ) d E = ^ 2) ^( 2^ ) ^ = j
Usi ng t he expr essi on f or H f ound i n (a) gi ves K * Ep/ 3.
For si l ver, = 5 . 5 eV at T =
300 K (T 10^K, above whi ch
t he mat er i al i s cl assi cal i n
behavi or ) . Si nce kT = 1/ 40 eV,
kT and t he Fer mi
di st r i but i on i s cl ose t o t he
T = 0 K di st r i but i on.
Appr oxi mat e t he di st r i but i on by
n = 1 f or ener gi es l ess t han
%- kT, n = 0 f or ener gi es
gr eat er t han %+kT, and i n t he
t r ansi t i on r egi on t he st r ai ght
l i ne
^ + kT
" " " 2KT + 2kT ' ; Ep- k T ^E^J Ep + kT.
(Any r easonabl e appr oxi mat i on wi l l yi el d t he same f i nal resul t . )
The number #of par t i cl es wi t h ener gi es ar ea t er t han t he Fer ni
enercj y i s
#(E>FT ) = \N(E)n(I)dE
K
8nV
(2m )
- 4"V( 2m3)^
h3kT
)5/ 2- a +| ^) }.
# = 2nV( 2m
) W^/ h 3.
For t he t ot al number of par t i cl es, t he val ue cal cul at ed at T
0 K may be used: see Pr obl em11- 26. Hence
| = f ( kT/ V = f ( ^f ^) = 0. 0017 = I D"3.
CHAPTER TWELVE
The pot ent i al ener gy of K+and Cl separ at ed by di st ance r i s
1 V c i 1 (+e) (-e) (9 x 109) (1. 6 x 10~19) 2
v = 4neQ r 4tte0 r r (i n met ers)
y = (9 x 109) ( 1. 6 x 10~391 ev = eV ( r i nnm) .
r (i n rm) x 10 r
The r equi r ed di ssoci at i on ener gy i s t he negat i ve of t he ener gy
r equi r ed t o assembl e a KC1 mol ecul e f r an neut r al at ans of K and
Cl , i ni t i al l y an i nf i ni t e di st ance apart . Thi s l at t er pr ocess
i nvol ves
(i ) rerrovi ng an el ect r on f r omt he K at on; ener gy needed
=4. 34 eV;
(i t) at t achi ng t he el ect r on t o t he Cl at om; ener gy
r equi r ed = - 3. 82 eV (i . e. , ener gy i s rel eased) ;
(i i i ) r ovi ng t he newl y cr eat ed i ons f r an i nf i ni t y t o
t hei r equi l i bi un posi t i ons at a separ at i on of
0. 279 nm; t hi s requi r es
'trfe = -5-161eV
of ener gy ( energy i s l i ber at ed) .
Hence, t he ener gy needed t o f or mt he mol ecul e i s 4. 34 - 3. 82 -
5. 16 = - 4. 64 eV. Thus, t o di ssoci at e a KC1 mol ecul e r equi res
+4. 64 eV of energy.
12-2
A bound KBr nol ecul e must have negat i ve t ot al energy. Hence,
t he possi bl e separ at i on di st ances ar e bounded by t hat f or whi ch
= 0. By Pr obl em12- 1, t he t ot al ener gy of o KBr mol ccul e i n
^ = (1R^ + 3 5 4' 3) eV'
RQ i n nm. Hence, RQ( max ' K* i s gi ven by
- 0. 8 = 0; R* = 1. 8 i m.
12- 5
(a) I f a = )i2/ 2I kT, t hen
nr = n0(2r + De' 3' ^ 1.
At t he desi r ed l evel ,
dn^dr = nQe' a( rf r2) {2 - a( 2r + l ) 2} = 0,
(b) Fr omp. 426, f or I C1, I = 2. 66 x 10- 47 kg*m2; al so,
kT = ( 1- 381 x 10- 23_Hf i BS . 0 05172 ev.
1.602 x 10
. - - - - - - (1. 055 x 10~34f - - - . 0. 00261 eV.
1 ( 2. 66 X 10 ' ) ( 1. 602 X 10 1S)
Ther ef or e, f r on (a).
. 0. 05172. *i _ l = 3 95 * r = 4.
r l0. 00261' *
12-6
The r ot at i onal ener gi es ar e
'21
E, = r ( r + l )r.
Fr an Tabl e 12- 1, p. 429, f or H2, K2/ 2I = 7. 56 x 10- 3 eV. Thus,
At t emper at ur e T, t he aver age t r ansl at i onal ki net i c ener gy i s
3kT/ 2. Si nce k = 8. 617 x 10- 5 eV/ K, t hese ener gi es ar e equal at
T = 117 K.
Ther ef or e, at r oan t emper at ur e T = 300 K, some mol ecul es wi l l
be i n exci t ed r ot at i onal st at es, as t he movi ng mol ecul es have
ener gi es of t r ansl at i on suf f i ci ent t o exci t e r ot at i on upon
col l i si on.
12- 9
The hi ghest rot at i onal l evel t hat can f i t i nt o A E ^ = 0. 04 ev
i s gi ven by
r' ( r' + l ) ^=A E vi b,
r , 2(2. 36 x 10- 5) = 0. 04,
r' = 40.
12-10
(a) The i nt emucl ear di st ance RQ i s gi ven by 3V/ 3R = 0; hence,
R01 * R02
(b) I = pR2; wi t h *=p2, 1^ > I j .
(c) Er = r ( r + 1) K2/ 2I ; si nce I 1 > I 2, AEr2 > AEr l .
(d) Hi e ener gy E = 0 separ at es t he bcwnd and unbound st at es.
Si nce cur ve 2 becanes mor e negat i ve, Eg2 > E^.
(e) The zer o- poi nt ener gy i s
E0 = 4^: t , a2v/ aR2>R0J %-
But p2 = al so, cl assi cal l y, 3 ^V/ 3 R^- k, wher e V = I j kx2.
A l ar ger k yi el ds a shar per cur ve of V vs. x. Hence, kj >k^
and t her ef or e EQ2 > EQ1.
(f) The vi br at i onal ener gy i s Ev = (v + ^) hvQ, so t hat
AE. . = hvn = 2E0.
v v0
Thus, f r an (e), AEy2 > AEvl .
12-11
(a) The vi br at i onal st at es ar e not degener at e, so t hat
ri j /nj j =
wi t h
Ev = (v + *>hv0.
Theref ore,
E1 - EQ = hvQ = 5. 9 x 10- 20 J ,
by Exampl e 12- 3 ( c) . For T = 1000 K, kT = 1. 381 x 10- 20 J ,
gi vi ng ( Ej - Egl / kT = 4. 27 and
n ^ = e- 4- 27 = 0. 014.
(b) Let nQ = number of mol ecul es i n bot h t he gr ound rot at i onal
and ar ound vi br at i onal st at es. For rot at i on,
V n0 = ( 2r + l ) e"(Er"B) / kT.
For r = 1,
nl / n0 = 3e_ El AT,
si nce Eg - 0. But
Er = r ( r + l )|j -; E1 = 2^= 2. 64 x 10- 3 eV.
Al so, wi t h T = l fi OOK, kT - 8. 617 x 10- 2 eV gi vi ng ri j /n,,
^- 0. 0306 = 2 91
V - Q = = 210.
014
12- 14
Let x = hVj j / kT. Then,
n
- i = ex; = e etc.
n0 no
n2 - 2x
Ther ef or e,
R , nl + n2...+11 e~x + e- 2x + e~3x + . . .
n0
R = e- x(l + e"x + e_2x + . . . ),
1 - e- x ex - 1 ehVo/ kT - l '
12- 15
E = %CA2 - h o '
1 1, c . %_ 3. _______ 470_______ ,<!
v0 2tt y = 2n 35^/ 36 u (35) ( 1>673 x 10- 27)
Ther ef or e,
v0 = 8. 555 x 1013 Hz.
CA2 - 3hv0,
(470) A2 = 3( 6. 626 x 10- 34) ( 8. 555 x 1013) ,
A = 0. 0190 nm.
Hi e cl assi cal vi br at i on f r equency (=/ ) i s pr opor t i onal t o
and t heref ore, m '
Av0/ v0 = " * Lv/v'
vQ = cl assi cal f r equency. Fox Cl 37' 35 t he r educed mass i s, i n u,
*37,35 =w r h = 17-986-
For c i35' 35, Pj j jg = %(35) = 17.500 u. Put t i ng t hese number s
i nt o t he f i r st equat i on above,
2940. 8 - v3735 17. 5 - 17. 986
2940. 8 " 17. 5 '
v3? 35 = 2900 an- 1 Av = 40 an- 1.
12- 30
The vi br at i onal l evel s ar e separ at ed by hvQ i n ener gy. But hvQ
l / / y, so t hat
hvQ(H2) = C/ 2 = 2( 0. 265) ,
C = 0. 3748.
Usi ng thi s,
AE, ^= ( 0. 3748) / / i - 0. 375 ev.
For HD t he r educed mass p = ( 1) ( 2) / ( 1 + 2) = 2/ 3, so t hat
AFt o = ( 0. 3748) / / ( 2/ 3) = 0. 460 eV.
12- 21
For ai r t o be opaque t o vi si bl e l i ght , vi si bl e l i ght phot ons
must be ener get i c enough t o exci t e t he oxygen or ni t r ogen
mol ecul es; i . e. , car r y over 3 eV of ener gy. But i n t he vi si bl e
r egi on of t he spect r um, X > 400 nm, t hi s shor t est wavel engt h
char act er i zi ng t he nest ener get i c vi si bl e phot ons. Thei r ener gy
i s
_ he _ 1240 = , ,
ph X ~ 400 -3-1 eV'
bar el y suf f i ci ent ( but cl ose) . Al l ot her vi si bl e l i ght phot ens
ar e l ess energet i c.
12- 23
For t he l aser,
X = 694. 3 nm; v = 4. 321 x 1014 Hz,
g
usi ng c = 3 x 10 m/ s.
(a) E = r ( r + 1) #2/ 2I . Now Ar = 2; E, = 6>12/ 2I = 14. 88 x 10~4
11
eV. E_ = 0, so hv1= E_ - En = E. gi vi ng v' = 3. 593 x 10 Hz.
0 2 \J 2 14 11
The Raman l i nes have f r equency v- v' = 4. 321 x 10 - 4 x 10
= 0. 4317 x 1015 Hz, or X2Q= 694. 9 ran.
I f t her e ar e enough mol ecul es i n t he r = 1 st at e, t he r = 1 t o
r = 3 t r ansi t i on can be obser ved. But E3 - E1 = 10tf2/ 2I =
24. 8 x 10~4 eV, gi vi ng v' = 5. 99 x 1011 Hz. Agai n, t he l i ne
f r equency i s v - v' = ( 0. 4321 - 0. 0006) x 1015 = 0. 4315 x 1015
Hz, i ndi cat i ng t hat X^ = 695. 2 rj n.
(b) The i nt ensi t y r at i o equal s t he l evel popul at i on rat i o.
Si nce t he X2() l i ne or i gi nat es at r = 0 and X31 wi t h r = 1,
nr / n0 = (2r + l ) e_Er / kT,
V n0 = I 31^I 20 = 3e' E AT -
Wi t h E1 = 2( 2. 48 x 10- 4 eV) , kT = 1/ 40 eV, t hi s i nt ensi t y
r at i o i s 2. 94.
(c) For vi br at i ons, AE * hv, qi vi nq v' = v_. For N_, v. = "2360
U u t u
an " whi ch t r ansl at es i nt o v' = 7. 08 x 1013 Hz. Hence, t he l i ne
f r equenci es ar e
v. . = v + v'
} = 0. 4321 x 10i:) Hz t 0. 0708 x 1013 Hz,
v0i = v - V
V10 - - 5029, x 10 X10 = 596' 5
vQ1 = 0. 3613 XQ1 = 830. 3 ran.
(d) As i n (b),
I / I = n / n = e- <Ei - Eo) AT _ - hvoAT
110/ 101 1 0 e - e
Si nce = 7. 08 x l o Hz, hVg = 0. 293 eV. At r oomt ai per at ur e
kT = 1/ 40 eV, and t hese r amber s qi ve
I / I = e- <- 293><40>- R i v i n- 6
10' 01 - 8 . 1 x 10 .
12- 24
The ener gy of t he r ot at i onal l evel s, above r = 0, ar e gi ven by
E = r ( r + 1) X2/ 2I .
For r = 1:
, M2/ 2I = 0. 0005 eV (v" = 0),
- 2
K / 2I = 0. 0004 ev (v' = 1).
Thus t he ener gi es of al l t he l evel s can new be assi gned, and ar e
shown on t he di agram.
For r ot at i on- vi br at i on t r ansi t i ons, t he sel ect i on rul es ar e
Ar = I I , Av = i l ( rot at i on t r ansi t i ons wi t h Av - 0 ar e i n t he
f ar i nf r ar ed and ar e not consi der ed her e) . Assumi ng t hat onl y
t he V = 0 band i s occupi ed, t he al l owed t r ansi t i ons ar e shown.
The phot on ener gi es ar e t he di f f er ence bet ween t he ener gi es
of t he t wo appr opr i at e st at es.
r
3 - - - 7 f r
2 TT
V M M
H. 2I I 4B 3 '
n. an24 z ~ ~ >
n. 2DDB- 1
0.2
cncrsB
| *)
n.nnFj
1 2 3 4 5 Br a
n.mnn ^
n. nni n l -
n D-
These i nf r ar ed t r ansi t i ons ar e not seen i n mol ecul es wi t h
i dent i cal nucl ei . These nol ecul es di spl ay onl y t he Raman
spect nm. The Raman spect r umi s seen i n non- i dent i cal nucl ei
nol ecul es al so. For t hese t r ansi t i ons t he sel ect i on r ul es are
Av = i l , Ar = 0, +2. The r esul t i ng t r ansi t i ons ar e shown above.
I f t he nucl ei have i dent i cal spi n each equal t o zero, t hen
one set of t he Raman l i nes wi l l be mi ssi ng: i . e. , t hose t hat
or i gi nat e ei t her on even- r or odd- r l evel s.
3 5 4 E 2
3OTTASED
CHAPTFD THI RTEEN
(a) Met al l i c: char ge densi t y uni f or m, l i ke an el ect r on gas.
(h) I cni c: al t er nat i ng posi t i ve and negat i ve di st ri but i on.
(c) Ntol ecul ar: mol ecul es r et ai n I dent i t i es, char oe zer o bet ween
t hem.
(d) Coval ent : el ect r ons shared, hi ghest char ge densi t y bet ween
mol ecul es.
13- 4
Fr an t he t ext , const r uct t he f ol l owi ng t abl e.
Tr anspar ent
or opaque Mel t i ng El ect . & Th.
Type of Sol i d i n vi si bl e? Poi nt Mal l eabi l i t y Conduct i vi t y
mol ecul ar
l ew sof t
poor
i oni c
t r anspar ent hi gh
har d
poor
coval ent *
most opague hi gh
har d
f ai r
met al l i c
r ef l ect i ve
hi gh
har d
excel l ent
(*) Pr oper t i es var y, dependi ng on bond energy.
Al so, by Pr obl em13- 8, f or a met al t he r esi st i vi t y i ncr eases
l i near l y wi t h T near r ocmt emperat ure. Fr an p. 497, t he
conduct i vi t y of a semi conduct or i ncr eases wi t h T.
Use of t hese consi der at i ons gi ves t he f ol l owi ng resul t s:
(a) met al ;
(b) coval ent , si nce t he conduct i vi t y i ncr eases wi t h T;
(c) coval ent semi conduct or ;
(d) i oni c (i f coval ent , conduct i vi t y may i ncr ease wi t h T) ;
(e) mol ecul ar , by vi r t ue of l ot; mel t i ng poi nt .
M = < ^ > H p- p + - Z S f - f3 hr).
2
= (-j-i)2 (X + 9cos26 - 6cos20)Eg.-
0 r
, _2
V - - - - - 2t (1 + 3cos 6) %.
Mi * /
(b) The f or ce i s der i ved f r omt he pot ent i al energy.
2 ^ _7
? - - - - - - S_ _ ^{(1 + Scos^ej t + 3si n26O0} r ;
(4i te0> r
si nce a > 0, Fr <0, i ndi cat i ng an at t r act i ve f orce.
13- 6
Fr an Fi g. 12- 1, ^ = 5. 1 eV, r = 0. 24 rm. Si nce
E^- eEr ,
5. 1 = ( 1) E( 0. 24 X 10"9),
E = 2. 1 X 1010 N/ C.
13- 8
(a) By Eq. 13- 1(a),
mv
P = 2~-
net
Bv anal ogy wi t h t he cl assi cal Bol t zmann gas,
= ^cT; v /V.
Due t o l at t i ce vi br at i ons, each i on has a cr oss sect i on t hat i s
pr opor t i onal t o nA2, A t he ampl i t ude of osci l l at i on. The
el ect r on can be t r eat ed as a poi nt part i cl e. Thus t he col l i si on
2
cr oss sect i on al so i s pr opor t i onal t o nA . I n t i me t t he
el ect r on col l i des wi t h nA2(vt)n i ons, n = i on number densi t y.
The di st ance t r avel l ed i n t hi s t i me i s vt and t her ef or e
(nA2nvt ) X = vt ; X- 1 = nnA2.
2 2 - 1
kA = kT; A T; X T,
so t hat
p v X - 1 T^T = T 3 ^2 .
(b) For kT Ep, t he Fer mi f unct i on changes sl owl y wi t h T,
whi ch i ndi cat es t hat v i s i ndependent of T. Thus p T i n t hi s
event .
13- 9
(a) The cur r ent densi t y j i s
j = i / A = nev^; v^ = i / neA.
The Fer mi ener gy i s
Ep = ^( 3r t / n) :2/ 3 - n = f ( 8mF/ h2)3/ 2,
so t hat
vd = i / {f ( 8mEp/ h2)3/ 2}( e) ( knd2) = 12i h3/ (8na^. )3/ 2en2d2.
Put i = 5 A, Ep = 7. 1 eV, d - 0. 001 mt o get v^ - 4. 63 x 10- 4
m/ s.
(b) v = OkT/ m) *1; f or T = 300 K, v = 1. 17 x 105 m/ s; t hi s i s
t he r oot - mean- squar e vel oci t y.
(c) Cp = I smVp; vF = ( a^/ i n) * = 1. 58 x 106 m/s.
13- 10
Dq. l 3- l ( a) gi ves
? '
ne X
f or t he r esi st i vi t y, whi ch i s def i ned by
R = pL/ A,
R = r esi st ance of l engt h L of wi r e. Ther ef or e
mL v
But
so t hat
R =
13- 13
(a) The cur r ent i s set up by
t he el ect r i c f i el d E di r ect ed
al ong t he negat i ve x- axi s;
hence t he r esul t ant cur r ent
densi t y j x i s
j x = nevn + pevp.
The nobi l i t i es ar e gi ven by
v = Ey, s o t hat
j x = (nun + % ) eE-
The Hal l coef f i ci ent i s def i ned
f ron
= ( coef f ) j xB,
ne2A r
vT = X,
mL
ne2AT
wher e i s t he t r ansver se (y) Hal l el ect r i c f i el d, t o f i nd
consi der t he t r ansver se cur r ent j y. I t i s t he sun of tvro part s:
(i ) Fr an t he Hal l el ect r i c f i el d E^, whi ch sends t he posi t i ve
and negat i ve char ge car r i er s i n opposi t e di r ect i ons; t he cur r ent
f r an t hi s i s
(i i ) by t he magnet i c f i el d, whi ch sends t he posi t i ve and
negat i ve car r i er s i n t he same di r ect i on; i t s cont r i but i on i s
i i = nev^(vnB) - pepp( vpB) = ney^ ( ^EI B) - pey^ ( y^B) ,
I n equi l i br i um t he t ot al t r ansver se cur r ent j - 0; t hat i s,
t aki ng (i )+(i i ) = 0 gi ves
(n^Vi + PWp*8^'
" ^yn - P^yp = ne%En " " f r
wi t h En, Ep def i ned by
ev B = eE ; ev B = eE.
p p n n
Hence, t hi s t r ansver se cur r ent hecane
i i = ( np^- py) eEB.
But j x = ( pUp + nyn>eE and Hal l coef f . = ^/ j B whi ch yi el ds
Hal l coef f . * r.
e' PUp + nyn>
Hal l coef f .
(b) I f Ej j = 0, Hal l coef f i ci ent = 0 and f r an (a).
P ^ = nV
The f r act i on of t he cur r ent car r i ed by t ol es i s
f petj pE_________ Pp
" (PWp + n p ^ e E + n i ^ :
,>s
But yn = Up( p/ n) under t hese condi t i ons, so t hat
13- 14
(a) The Fer mi ener gy i s
** = <3n/ n) 2/ 3.
wher e n = number densi t y of el ect r ons. I f each at cmcont r i but es
a si ngl e el ect r on, n = number densi t y of at oms al so. Wi t h A =
64 and p = R g/ on3, n = Nftv/ 8 = 7. 525 x 1028 nf 3. Thi s gi ves
p = 6. 52 ev.
(b) The band wi dt h i s
u2_2
For t he i nt emucl ear spaci ng, use a =n- 1^3 = 2. 37 x 10- 10 m,
usi ng ( a) . Then, E[nax = 6. 7 ev.
13- 15
(a) For t he Fer mi ener gy use
*F = ^3" / w) 2/ 3.
By Pr obl em13- 14, 100%copper has n = 7. 525 x 1028 m~3 = nunber
densi t y of el ect r ons. I n an al l oy wi t h 10 zi nc at ons each
contri i xi ti ng 2 at oms, t o ever y 90 copper at ons pr ovi di ng 1 each.
t he avet aoe number of el ect r ons per at an i s
(10) (2) + (90) (1) _ 1 V =l . Uu.
10 + 90 ' al l oy t u
Ther ef or e, t he f or mul a f or t he Fer mi ener gy of t he al l oy gi ves
*F, al l oy = ( 1-1) 2/ 3eF, Cu = ( 1-066) ( 6 52) 6 95 ^
(b) The band wi dt h i s tf2it2/ 2ma2 and depends sol el y on t he
i nt emucl ear spaci ng. Thi s, by assumpt i on, i s unchanged, and
t her ef or e t her e i s no di f f er ence i n band wi dt h bet ween copper
and t he al l oy.
13- 17
(a) Fr an Tabl e 11- 2, p. 408, p = 3. 1 eV f or Na. By def i ni t i on,
*F
= ML; T_ = 3. 6 x 104 K.
F' F
(b) Roomt emper at ur e i s about 300 K, much l ess t han t he Fermi
t emper at ur e above. Hence, t o a qcod appr oxi mat i on, put T = 0 K
i nst ead of 300 K and use F- D st at i st i cs ( cl assi cal met hods
not appl i cabl e si nce T Tp) .
(c) By Exanpl e 13- 2,
cond kT T^ 300 * 0 008
- Sp Tf - 36000 - 008-
13- 18
(a) By def i ni t i on.
Vp = ( 2p/ m) ^= 1. 29 x 106 m/ s,
si nce Sp = 4. 72 eV.
(b) The de Br ogl i e wavel engt h i s
X =h =J U =- - - - - - 6.626 x I Q"34- - - - o.564 m.
P nwF (9. 11 x 10_J 1) (1. 29 X 10)
Thi s i s compar abl e t o t he i nt er at omi c spaci ng a, whi ch car be
est i mat ed as f ol l ows: f r omTabl e 13- 1, p. 451,
(nq)- i = 1. 70 x 10- 10 m3/ C,
so t hat
n' 1 = (1. 70 x 10- 10) ( 1. 602 x 10- 19) = 2. 723 x 10- 29 m3,
a = n' 1/ 3 = 0. 30 nm.
13- 20
The Fer mi di st r i but i on i s snudged over a r egi on =2kT wi de about
t he Fer mi ener gy. Of t he N^v el ect r ons (i . e. , one mol e of Li ,
one val ence el ect r on per at om; see Tabl e 13- 1) , NAvT/ T have
t hei r ener gy i ncr eased upon heat i ng (by Exampl e 13- 2, Si nce Tp
T) . The aver age ener gy i ncr ease i s appr oxi mat el y kT, so t hat
U (NAv ^ (kT) + K-
wher e K - t he const ant ener gy of t he ot her el ect r ons. Hence,
Ce l = f = V / V
For t he l at t i ce.
and si nce k = R/ Nftv,
Cl at 3R-
- 1 1 = 1 300 _
C, . ~ 3 T 3 36000 ~
l au r
t he Fer mi t emper at ur e f r an Pr obl em13- 17( a) .
13- 22
I n moment umspace, t wo el ect r ons occupy each poi nt , out t o t he
sur f ace of a spher e of r adi us Pp.; ext er i or poi nt s ar e empt y.
El ect r ons wi t h x- mcrrentun = p^. l i e on a ci r cl e, or i ent ed as
shown on t he sket ch, next page. The nunber #of el ect r ons wi t h
x- monenUm* ^ i s pr t j or t i cnal
t o t he ar ea of t he ci rcl e: i . e. ,
# 2nR2 = 2tt(p^ - p2) ,
#- 2^( 1 - p^/ p| ) ,
1 - ( Pj / Pp) 2.
13- 24
Hi e r at i o of t he number AS of el ect r ons i n t he conduct i on band
t o t he t ot al number 8 i s, by Exampl e 13- 6,
/ = (j g)3/ 2e ' V 2kT.
T 1
Compar i ng condi t i ons at t he t wD t emper at ur es and
Wi t h T = 300 K, t he ni mher r at i o = 20, = 0. 67 eV, t hi s
gi ves g
0. 248 = t 3/ 2s 3884/ T^ _ 377 K_
(a) The Fer mi di st r i but i on i s
n( ) = { e ^ ^ + I }' 1,
and t he densi t y of st at es i s
N( H, = A( E - E_ ) S a =
c h
Hence, t he number of conduct i on el ect r ons i s
nc = p ( I - i c. V H f ) / K u r k
c
I f t he mat er i al i s a semi conduct or or i nsul at or , i t i s expect ed
t hat , over t he range of i nt egrat i on, (c - p) kT and t hus
al so ( - I p) kT, so t hat
nc = aH* - ^e - ' ^' A T s ,
J *c
nc =
nc = A e ^' ^H c D ^p e ^d x .
The val ue of t he i nt egr al i s / n/ 2 and t her ef or e, i nser t i ng t he
expr essi on f or A,
n / V = -2r ( 2TmkT)3/ 2e- <Ec- EF) / kT*
c hJ
(b) For t he val ence band,
N( I ) = Al ^ - ) *.
The number of hol es i s gi ven f r cm
r *v r *v
H - = jnNdE = a | ( E v - E) *{e<*- %)/ kT + l }_1dE.
Si nce
U = I nNdE,
i t f ol l ows t hat
f v
nv
= fnNdE - fnNdE .
J o J O
I n t he f i r st t er mon t he r i ght use n( T = 0). Thi s equal s zero
above Ep; t ut t hen, si nce i n ef f ect i n t he i nt egr at i on N =
and S < By < Ep, as i n t he second i nt egr al whi ch ctoes not ext end
above t he val ence band. Hence,
r *v r v r ' v
= I NdE - I nNdE = I (1 - n) NdE,
si nce N^j = 0 above Ey. But
1 - n (0<E<EV) = nl E^E^) ,
i f Ec = Ev; onl y appr oxi mat el y equal above si nce t he ener gy cut s
of f at zer o but has no upper bound. Maki ng t he swi t ch i ndi cat ed
her e and not i ng t hat and Ncq^j ar e i dent i cal cur ves, i t
f ol l ows t hat t he r esul t i ng i nt egr al i s essent i al l y t he same as
f or t he number of el ect r ons i n t he conduct i on band; i . e. ,
rV/ V- ^( 2 m*T) 3/ 2e- (e^ ) / kT.
Tb obt ai n t hi s r esul t f r omdi r ect i nt egr at i on, not e t hat i f
(Ep- Ev) kT, t hen (Ep- E) kT over t he r ange of I nt egrat i er.
Ther ef or e,
| k v_ e, VH- * f >AT + i }- l - j v- , %{! - e- <%^/ }.
= [ X - )^d - e- (E^ v l/ Wj X - B V^ ^ d E .
The f i r st i nt egr al i s
- K / 2-

Wr i t e t he second as
f t - S ) V (Sv- / M, dS = - ( CT)3/ 2&e - >.
Jo JEvAT
But ( %- Ey) / kT 1, so i t may be assur ed t hat Ey/ kT 1; then,
r epl ace t he l ower l i mi t wi t h i nf i ni t y wi t h l i t t l e er r or , and
t hi s second i nt egr al becomes
(kT)3' 2P e - xdx=4( k T) 3' 2.
if
- ^ - A{| t?'2 - e- <*F- *v>AT(kT)3/ 2
ral l i es
* ( ! > - AS^/ 2.
Thus,
For H use t he T = 0 val ue:
r *v
H = A>
Ther ef or e, t he same expr essi on as obt ai ned above i s der i ved
her e al so: i . e. , f or n^/ V.
Under condi t i ons of char ge neut r al i t y, nc/ V = l y^:
4 ( 2m*T) 3/ 2e- (Ec - %>AT _ JL{2mM) 3/ 2e- 0i HWAT ;
h hJ
t hi s gi ves di r ect l y
EC " *F = *F - V
and t her ef or e t he Fer mi l evel l i es mi dway bet ween t he t op of
t he val ence band and t he bot t an of t he conduct i on band.
13- 27
(a) By Pr obl em13- 25, t he densi t i es ar e ( wi t h an cbvi ous change
i n not at i on) ,
n = AT- _ 2 ( 2BB) 3/ 2e- Mv ) AT.
hJ v h3
The pr oduct i s
nc nv = 4h " 6 (2tthO^T) 3e " A T _ - ( 2TOnk T ) 3e* * g A T (
h
whi ch depends on T and t he ener gy gap onl y.
(b) Hi e conduct i vi t y o i s
= nc V n + V p V
Wi t h nc = nv,
0 = ' " c V ^V n +qp V'
O = J ( 2TOrkT) 3/ 2e- %/ 2kT(qnUn + .
Ther ef or e,
111(0) - ^( i ) + i n{- ^( 2m) cT) 3/ 2(qnun +qpUp) },
so t hat a pl ot of l n(o) vs. 1/ T i s a st r ai ght l i ne wi t h a sl ope
pi opor t i onal t o Eg, pr ovi ded t hat T i s not t oo l ar ge (i n whi ch
case t he second t er mabove cannot be consi der ed as r oughl y
const ant ) .
13- 28
The el ect r on of an i oni zed donor i s at t he donor l evel , i n
energy. I f cont r i but i ons f r an t he val ence band ar e i gnored, t hen
n = d ( e a - * > / w + 1 }- i
si nce t he Fer mi ener gy di st r i but i on gi ves t he f ract i onal
occupancy at any gi ven l evel . Al so,
Nd = Nd - Nd = Ndf eEF- d) AT + I } 1.
13- 31
(a) Cur r ent p t o n: The mechani smi s t her mal exci t at i on of
el ect r ons f r omt he t op of t he p- val ence band t o t he conduct i on
band. By Pr obl em13- 25, t he number of el ect r ons per uni t vol i me
i n t he conduct i on band i s
4( 2m*T) 3/ 2e - ' ^>/ CT - e - M& ' W
hJ
wher e El , = Femi ener gy measur ed f r an t he t op of t he p- val ence
band. ^
Cur r ent n t og: The mechani smi s t hat (i ) t her e ar e sane
el ect r ons i n t he n- conduct i on band and (i i ) some of t hese may
be t her mal l y exci t ed t o above t he bot t an of t he p- conduct i on
band. Hence, t he cur r ent i s pr opr t i onal t o t he nui rber of
el ect r ons per uni t vol ume t i mes t he pr obabi l i t y of sunr cunt i ng
a bar r i er of hei ght Eg- ^: i . e. , t aki ng t he sumover E >
cur r ent - - ' kT / W. - 0&4/ * 1,
cur r ent a e' (M? > (V 5?>~<V * >/ **
wher e E2 = Fer mi ener gy measur ed f r an t he t op of t he n- val ence
band. I t f ol l ows t hat
( p ) c a t i d n c t i n n band (n^
!Bf f l 3MS3 31MEC30N
cur r ent n t o p . e~<V* $>^e" W ^ = e ' ^ ^ ,
whi ch agr ees wi t h cur r ent p t o n ( pr opor t i onal i t y const ant s ar e
equal and depend onl y on T) .
(b) I f a f or war d bi as i s i mpressed, t hen t he pot ent i al bar r i er
seen by t he el ect r ons i n t he n- conduct i on band i s reduced, i n
ef f ect , by eV, t he ener gy gai ned by t he el ect r ons i n movi ng
t hr ough t he f i el d. ( For r ever se bi as, t he bar r i er i s i ncr eased
by eV) . The cur r ent n t o p new i s pr opor t i onal t o
e- ( Eg- Ef ) / kT, - ( Eg- Eg- eV) / kT = e~( - eV+Eg- Eg) / kT.
The net cur r ent i s (n t o p) - (p t o n) and i s pr opor t i onal t o
e- gH#) / K" eeV/ kT _ e- ( g- EP) / kT = e- ( Eg~Ef ) / kT(eeV/ kT _ 1}
13- 33
The cur r ent i s
I = (f )eT,
wher e T i s t he bar r i er penet r at i on pr obabi l i t y. For t hi s, use
Eg. 6- 50:
k ^a = | {2m*( Vq - E) }* = 12. 55,
T = 16 r p( l - -E-)e_2kH a = 1. 145 x 10- 11.
0 vO
Hence,
I = (1. 00 X 1025) ( 1. 602 X 10- 19) ( 1. 145 x 10~U ) ,
I = 1. 834 x 10- 5 A.
CHAPTER r oURTCEN
At T = 0 K, - 3kTc so t hat
3kT = -j -i .
c 4t cq r
By Exampl e 14- 1, Tc = 4. 2 K; hence.
r =i t i t - <e' 988 * 10V I k 6 0 2 - X^i - <
0 J c 3( 1. 381 x 10 " ) (4. 2)
r = 1300 nm.
14- 2
I ti e r el evant equat i ons ar e
^B
at '
(a) The f i r st of t he equat i ons above i mpl i es t hat

I f p = 0, t hen dB/ dt = 0 gi vi ng F = const ant , not necessar i l y

zero.
(b) I f B = 0,
J -dJ = 0.
p[?-
But a cur r ent exi st s on t he sur f ace and out er l ayers of t he
super conduct or ; i . e. , j t 0. Hence p = 0 unl ess fjdt = 0.
Consi der t he t ot al f i el d i nsi de t he super conduct or as t he sun'
of an ext er nal f i el d and an i nt ernal f i el d due t o t he cur r ent s
set up i n t he mat er i al as t he ext er nal f i el d changes. By Lenz' s
l aw, i f t he t ot al f i el d i s zer o and one t r i es t o change t he
ext er nal f i el d, t he i nduced cur r ent s f l ewso as t o set up
i nt ernal f i el ds opposi t el y di rect ed, so t hat t he t ot al f i el d
r emai ns zero. I f t he mat er i al can do t hi s, t he cur r ent s must be
abl e t o r espond pr eci sel y t o t he changi ng ext er nal f i el d, i . e. ,
p = 0. Hence, Mei ssner ef f ect i npl i es p = 0.
Lenz' s l awst at es t hat an i nduced cur r ent wi l l f l owi n a sense
so as t o oppose t he change t hat pr oduced i t, but t hi s car r i es
no i mpl i cat i on t hat t he or i gi nal change wi l l be annul l ed
compl et el y even i f p = 0 (above, i t was assumed t hat compl et e
annul l ment occur s) . For exampl e, i f dBg^/ dt = f ( t ) , t he
cur r ent set up may be i ndependent of t , i n whi ch case BT = 0
( Mei ssner ef f ect ) cannot be sat i sf i ed f or al l ti me.
14- 4
*
The i sot ope ef f ect i s t hat
const ant .
For nat ur al l y occur i ng vanadi um, i n at omi c mass uni t s,
M = 0. 9976( 50. 9440) + 0. 0024( 49. 9472) = 50. 9416.
Hence,
(50. 9416) * (5. 300) = ( 49. 9472) ^
T = 5. 352 K.
c
14- 10
F!q. ' s 14- 2, 14- 3 ar e
5 = 1 ^ + UqS; B = x.
I nsi de a super conduct or B = 0 and t her ef or e t he above i mpl y
t hat
v f =-v0& H = -fi = x; x =-l*
Fr omEg. 14- 4,
B=T+Tc^V; V1 +X)S=x6'
The l ast of t hese wi t h x = "1 gi ves B = 0, consi st ent wi t h t he
above.
(a) wi t h x = uB/ kT,
Set M = i j Mg = fsny t o get
x = l n/ 3 = 0. 549.
(b) By Fi g. 14- 6, at M = V^s> B/ T =0. 53 T/ K. Ther ef or e,
0. 549 - - - - - - U- - - s t (0. 53),
1. 381 x 10
M= 1. 43 X 10- 23 J / T.
14- 13
The magnet i zat i on i s
M =X H = XB/y0 - ^ f .
assumi ng Cur i e' s l aw (y = C/ T) . Hence,
The magnet i zat i on i s
M = ny
wi t h x = uB/ kT. I f yB/ kT 1, t hen ex 1, e_x * 1, so t hat
e* e-5?. Thus
ex
=np = ny,
e
t he sat ur at i on val ue.
14- 15
(a)

| n()N| E)
Af t er seme ant i par al l el - spi n el ect r ons make t he t r ansi t i on t o
par al l el - spi n, as i ndi cat ed, t he excess fi n of el ect r ons wi t h
par al l el spi n over t hose wi t h ant i par al l el spi n i s r epr esent ed
by t wi ce t ne shaded ar ea, whi ch may be appr oxi mat ed by a
rect angl e. Thus,
fi n = 2( yB) {n( FT ) N( F)} = 2(yB) (1) {%
h
i n whi ch t he f act or of h occur s si nce t he upper cur ve st ands f or
onl y hal f t he el ect r ons. The t ot al number of par t i cl es H of a
Fer mi gas i s
= <J ) 3/ 2 ^ / 2v,
so t hat t he excess per uni t vol ume i s
f= anBw/ a^,
wher e n = number of el ect r ons per uni t vol ume. Now t , = kT and
U = U2 = 9 3 ^ 3 = (2)1^ (*1) = gi vi ng ^
M = ( f ) y = SnB^/ a- p = XB/ u0,
v = 1 ^
X 2 kTp
(b) For copper Ep = kTp = 7. 1 eV ( Tabl e 11- 2) and n = 1. 1364 x
10 ( Tabl e 13- 1) . Subst i t ut i on of t hese i nt o t he f or mul a
above f or t he suscept i bi l i t y gi ves x = 1-62 x 105.
14- 16
(a) The number of di pol es per uni t vol une, al i gned par al l el and
ant i par al l el t o t he f i el d i s
n_ = c n e ^; n+ = c ne^^T.
The ener gy associ at ed wi t h par al l el al i gment i s - yB, wi t h
ant i par al l el al i gnment +j i B. Hence, t he t ot al ener gy i s
U = V{n_( - wB) + n+( +yB) } = uBdf e- ' j B/ kT(1 _ e2uB/ kT) _
Now, wi t h x = i i B/ kT,
n+ + n_ = n = cn( ex + e~x) ,
so t hat
c = <ex + e^) ' 1 = ex(l + e2*) 1.
Put t hi s i nt o t he expr essi on f or U above t o get
The speci f i c heat i s
( b) , (c) See Pr obl em11- 11 r epl aci ng E wi t h - 2yB.
14- 17
(a) KTC = =(2-2V V \ =677 T'
si nce Tc = 1000 K. Then t he i nt er nal f i el d H i s
= V ^O = 5-4 X 1C|8 A/ m-
(b) The number of at ans i n 1 cm3 i s
N = ^#( 6. 02 x 1023) = 8. 492 x 1022 cm- 3
DO
Si nce al l t he di pol es ar e al i gned,
M = Ny = ( 8. 492 x 1028) ( 2. 2) ( 9. 27 x 10_24) = 1. 73
(c) 0 = NkTc = 1200 J .
14- 18
(a) I f H = ext er nal f i el d, t he nol ecul ar f i el d,
m = w + l y,
assumi ng Cur i e' s l aw. I f = AM, t hen
M = ( H + XM) .
Wi t h suscept i bi l i t y def i ned by M = yH,
M( 1 - - H; M =
so t hat
X >p _ <p =
(b) Usi ng r esul t s f r an Pr obl em14- 17,
X = V = ^ = 310.
W 1. 73 X 106
CHAPTEF. FI FTEEN
The l umber of l evel s equal s 2i +l i f j > i and 2j +l i f i > j .
I n t hi s case t he number of l evel s i s 4 and 2j +l =5 (j = 2), so
t hat j > i . Ther ef or e, 4 = 2i +l , or i = 3/ 2.
15- 2
Bor on: Z = 5, A = 10, N = 5, i = 3, symmet ri c.
(a) Assume 5 pr ot ons, 5 neut rons.
Mass: nv> nvi # 10 u-
Char ge: <fo = +1, = 0, char ge = +5.
Spi n: Sp = Sj , = 10 par t i cl es each of spi n i nt egr al spi n.
Swi ne t r y: pr ot ons and neut r ons ar e f ermi ons; 10 f ermi ons:
( - 1 )i u = +1, symmet r i c nucl eus.
Al l of t hese agr ee wi t h obser vat i on.
(b) Assume 10 pr ot ons, 5 el ect rons.
Mass: mg = 0, mass = 10 u; agr ees wi t h obser vat i on.
Char ge: qp = +1, qg = -I s t ot al char ge = +5; agrees.
Spi n: ockTnumber of f er mi ons (15), t ot al spi n hal f - i nt egr al ;
di sagr ees.
Svnrnetry: (- 1)15 = - 1, ant i symmet r i c nucl eus; di saqrees.
15- 4
(a) Fr an Fi g. 15- 6, p. 518, r ^= 6. 6 F.
(b) 6 = X/ r = X/ r^. The ki net i c ener gy K = 1000 MeV 0. 511
Mev = el ect r on r est ener gy, so t hat
h h he he
p = E/ c ~ E K
, _ ( 6. 626 X 10~34) (2. 998 x I Q8) = , 240 F
- (109) (1.602 x 10- 19)
Wi t h thi s,
Wi t h p(0) cent r al densi t y.
At r = r g.
and at r = r^.
These gi ve
1 + e(r - a, / b = 1/ 0. 9,
1 + e( r - a) / b = 1 / 0. 1 .
15- 6
Si nce
r9 = - 2. 197b + a; ^ = 2. 197b + a;
Ar = r x - r9 = 4. 394b = 2. 4 F.
- D(0)
1 + e (r- a) / b'
t he cent r al densi t y i s
p ,
1- f e' a/ b
At p = %PC,
______ ei oi ____ i o(Q) _
1 7 e ( r- a) / b - 2 , +e - a/ b'
r = a b l n( l + 2e~a/ b) .
a = 1. 07A1/ 3 = 1. 07( 12) 1/ 3
b- = 4. 454.
b = 0. 55 b
Thus,
15- 9
r = a + ( 0. 55) l n( l + 2e- 4- 454) - a +0. 0126.
Conser vat i on of mass- ener gy and of moment um( cl assi cal f or mi s
used) r equi r e t hat
Ka + ma2 + V 2 = KB + V 2 + *b + V 2'
mava = inBvBCOS(*1+mbvbcos0; IrtevBsl n* = ny^si ne.
Usi ng cl assi cal expr essi ons f or K al so, t hi s l ast gi ves
(2K. m. ) ^si n6
si n* = - -- r
(21W
Ther ef or e,
(2Kama)' i - (2Kbmb) scose = (2X ^ 1' cos*,
? 2 k
(2KBmB) cos ii = 2Kgma + TK^cos 0 - 2( ^K^r n^) cos0.
But ,
. 2K m, si n20 ,
si n * = 2 ^ "
2, ^ - W 26
- - - - - - - - 2 K ^
Equat i ng t he t wo expr essi ons f or cos2* gi ves
Kama +V b ' V B - 2KaKbmamb) %cose = *
Fi nal l y,
a
Usi ng t hi s t o el i mi nat e Kg gi ves
0 =V1 +^ - V1 - Sjj* -
15- 11
EQ(Cr52) + 0 = 2EQ(Mg26),
0 - {2M( Mg26) - M( Cr 52) }c2,
0 = {2( 25. 98260) - 51. 94051}uc2,
0 = ( 0. 02469) ( 931. 5 MeV) = 23. 0 MeV.
15- 12
(a) 0 = <" t e +" t o - H e - V c2'
0 = ( 2. 0141022 + 3. 0160500 - 4. 0026033 - 1. 0086654) (uc2),
0 = ( 0. 0188835) (uc2) - ( 0. 0188835) ( 931. 5 MeV) = 17. 59 hteV.
(b) I n Eq. 15- 16, l et a = H2, b = n, A = H3, B = He4; then,
IV n'B = 4; ma/mB = V lrnamb/'mB)^= v'2/4; Ka = - 5 MeV-
With these, Bg.15-16 becones
35. 68 = SKj ^/ 2 - k; 1^ = 15. 9 MeV.
15- 13
The bi ndi ng ener gy AE i s
AE = {Zn^+ - M( at om) } (c2) ,
fi E = {6( 1. 0078252) + 6( 1. 0086654) - 12. 0000000}uc2,
AE = ( 0. 098943) ( 931. 5) = 92. 165404 MeV.
The aver age bi ndi ng ener gy per nucl eon becomes
f = 9 2 ^404 , 7 68 MW_
15- 14
(a) The ener gy r el ease i s
E = {2mH2 - r n^J c2 = {2( 2. 0141022) - (4. 0026033) }uc2,
F = ( 0. 0256011) ( 931. 5) = 23. 8 MeV.
(b) Wi t h t he nucl ei j ust t ouchi ng, t hei r cent er s ar e 3 F apart :
U = - J - . (9 x 109) (1. 6 x I Q- 19) 2 _ 0 48
^ 0 r (3 x l O- 15) (1. 6 x 10_i J )
15- 15
(a) Wi t h r 1 = 1. 1A1/ 3 x 10- 15 m,
v . 1 _ e L = | - - - - - - - i.- - - - - ^ - V 3 = aZ2A- 1/ 3;
5 4n0r 5 ( 11 x 10- 15,
t hi s has t he same f or mas t he Coul ari b t er mof t he mass f ormul a.
(b) The ener gy coef f i ci ent i n V above i s
a = ^( 8.988 x 109)- - - - - (1-602 x 10 19j - - - m 0-le5i ^v.
5 U. l x 10- 15) (1.602 x 10 )
I n mass uni t s,
cai par ed t o = 0. 000763 u of t he mass f omwl a.
a = = O' 000*43 u.
(a) The bi ndi ng ener gy of V 1 i s, wi t h masses i n u,
ARfa= (Smj j + 6nn - m^c2 = ( 11. 091118 - 11. 009305) (931. 5 MeV) ,
= 76. 209 MeV.
Si mi l ar l y, t he bi ndi ng ener gy of i s
t = (6nlH + ^n " " t ) c2 = f11-090278 " H- 011432) ( 931. 5 MeV) ,
Ec = 73. 445 MeV.
The di f f er ence i s 2. 764 MeV.
(b) Fr an Pr obl em15- 15,
, 2
V = ( 0. 7854 MeV) p- .
For 6C11, Z = 6 and f or Z = 5. Assumi ng t he same r' , i t i s
r equi r ed t hat
^| M( 6 2 - 52) = 2. 764; r' - 3. 13 F.
(c) Thi s i s scmewhat l ar ger t han t he mean r adi us (=2. 5 F) of
t he char ge di st r i but i on of 6cl 2 gi ven i n Fi g. 15- 6.
15- 17
(a) For 26Fe56, Z = 26, A = 56, N = 30. The mass f or mul a i s Eq.
15- 30 and t he t er ms ar e t he f ol l owi ng:
Mass of separ at e par t s: 1. 007825( 26) + 1. 008665( 30) =56. 4634 u.
Vol ume t er m: - a^A = - 0. 01691( 56) = - 0. 94696 u.
Sur f ace t er m: +aj A2/ 3 = ( 0. 01911) ( 56) 2/ 3 = 0. 279717 u.
Coul crnb t er m: a3Z2A_1/ 3 = (0. 000763) <26)2(56)- 1/ 3 - 0. 134816 u.
Asymmet r y t er m: a4(Z - l }A)2/ A = (0. 10175) (2)2/ 56 = 0. 007268 u.
Pai r i ng t er m: Z even, N even so t hi s t er mi s - a- A ** =
- ( 0. 012) / / 56 = - 0. 001604 u.
(b) To conver t t o energy, mul t i pl y by 931. 5 MeV/ u. TO f or mt he
aver age bi ndi ng ener gy per nucl eon, emi t t he f i r st t erm, add
^ = | - 15. 7517 + 4. 6528 + 2. 24252 + 0. 1209 - 0. 02668| .
vol ume sur f ace ccul anb asynmet r y pai r i ng
Ther e i s good agr eement wi t h Fi g. 15- 12, except t hat t he pai r i ng
t er mi s t oo smal l t o di scr i mi nat e f r cmt he graph.
(c) The at omi c mass i s t he sumof t he t er ms i n (a): t o wi t ,
55. 93664 u.
(d) Fr cm(b), fl E/ A = 8. 762 MeV, and agr ees wel l wi t h Fi g. 15- 10.
15- 18
(a) The bi ndi ng ener gy of
6C12
i s
(ftrijj + 6mn - n^,) ( 931. 5 MeV/ u) = 92. 1660 MeV,
and t hat of i s
(211^ + ^ - m^) ( 931. 5 MeV/ u) = 28. 2970 MeV.
The di f f er ence, BE( C) - 3BE( He) = 7. 275 MeV, and equal s t he
bi ndi ng ener gy of C on t he al pha- par t i cl e model .
(b) The bi ndi ng ener gy of 80^, cal cul at ed as above, i s j ust
127. 62463 MeV. Then, BE( O) - 4BE( He) = 14. 44 MeV, and i s t he
bi ndi ng ener gy of 0 on t he al pha- par t i cl e model .
(c) The number of bonds i s N( N - 1) / 21 = 3 f or 6C12 (N= 3) and
6 f or 8016 (N= 4).
V 2: 3 bands / \ V s. E banAs
(d) Hi e ener gy per bond f or 6C12 i s 7. 275/ 3 =2. 43 MeV; 8016
gi ves 14. 44/ 6 =2. 41 MeV, vi r t ual l y i dent i cal .
15- 21
(a) Pr ot ons: an even number; j = 0, P even.
Neut r ons: 5, 3 i n l p3/ 2; i = 3/ 2, P = {( - l ) 1}3 = - 1,
odd; hence, (3/ 2, odd) .
44
Ca . Even N, even Z: (0, even) .
28Ni 61. z even, 3 = 0, P even. N = 33, l ast si ngl e neut r on
i n l f 5/ 2; 3 = 5/ 2' P = (~1>3 = - 1 9i vi n (5/ 2, od3) .
32Ge73- z even, j = 0, P even. N =. 41, l ast si ngl e neut r on
I n l g9/ 2! 1 = 9/ 2, P = (- 1 ) 4 = +1, pr edi ct i ng (9/ 2,
even) .
(b) Di scr epancy i s 28N1 61: obser ved i s (3/ 2, odd) , and pr edi ct ed
i s (5/ 2, odd) . Hi e l f ^' 2P3/2 i evel s ar e ver y cl ose t oget her,
so one neut r on i n 2p3/2 coupl es wi t h t he si ngl e neut r on i n
l f 5/ 2, l eavi ng a nucl eon i n 2p3/ 2, gi vi ng i = 3/ 2 r at her t han
5/ 2. Par i t y i s unaf f ect ed si nce (-1 ) * = (1 ) 1 = (-1 ) 3 = - 1 .
15- 23
(a) By Exampl e 15- 10, spi n i = 5/ 2.
(b) By Exampl e 15- 11, par i t y (- 1 )*' = (-1 ) 2 i s even.
(c) Unpai r ed neut r on i s i n a l d ^ st at e: 1 = 2, j 5/ 2
j = I + <S. By Fi g. 15- 19, t he l ower Schmi dt l i ne gi ves - 1 .8^,
i . e. , negat i ve.
(d) Z = 8, whi ch i s a magi c nui rber; hence, q = 0.
15- 24
(a) 23V51 has odd Z, even N; V5* l i es cl ose t o t he upper
(j I * k) l i ne, so t hat on t hi s basi s g. = j %= 7/2 - 1/2 =
3 i s expect ed.
(b) By t he shel l model , an even nunber of neut r ons coupl e i n
pai r s; t he l ast pr ot on i s i n l f ?(,2; t he f - l evel has I - 3,
whi ch agr ees wi t h ( a) .
15- 25
(a) Fr an Fi g. 15- 20, g/ Zr 2 = 0. 09 > 0. The desi r ed r at i o i s
1 + q/ Zr ' 2 = 1. 09.
(b) Fr an Eq. 15- 6, a = 1. 07A1/ 3 = 1. 07 ( 181) 1/ 3 = 6. 0526 F
(c) a' / a" = 1. 09; %( a + a") = 6. 0526. Sol vi ng t hese t wa
equat i ons gi ves a' 6. 31 F, a = 5. 79 F.
(d) The cr oss sect i on i s an el l i pse of smal l eccent r i ci t y: e
= 0. 16.
15- 26
The quadr upol e ncment q i s def i ned by
The or i gi n of coor di nat es i s at t he cent er of t he nucl eus. For
t he cyl i nder , put t he z- axi s al ong t he axi s of t he cyl i nder and
use cyl i ndr i cal coor di nat es; then.
dt = 2nrdrdz,
Hence,
Ther ef or e, q > 0 f or L/ R >/ 3
CHAPTER SI XTEEN
(a) The decay ener gy i s
E = {M( 83Bi 210) - M( 81Ti 206) - Mf Vj J c 2.
83Bi 210
81^206
1. 007825Z 83. 649475
81. 633825
1. 008665(A-Z) 128. 10046
126. 08313
- al A
- 3. 5511 - 3. 48346
a / / 3 0. 6751615
0. 6665605
a3z V 1/ 3 0. 8843179
0. 8476299
a4( Z- A/ 2) 2/ A
0. 2345095 0. 2390631
i a ^
+0. 0008281 0. 0008361
209. 993652 205. 9875846
Use, f r an Tabl e 15- 1, M( 2He4) = 4. 0026033 u. Then, si nce 1 u i s
equi val ent t o 931. 5 MeV, E = 3. 23 MeV.
(b) By Fi g. 16- 1, E = 5 MeV.
16- 2
By t he def i ni t i on of average,
T = {jtdN}/{j<L},
wher e t nucl ear l i f et i me and dN = change i n t he ni mber of
at ans due t o t hose t hat decay bet ween t and t-tdt. New,
N - N( 0) e Rt t dN = - N( 0) Re_Rt dt,
Si nce N( 0) = nunber of undecayed at ans at t =0
dN - N(0)
and t heref ore,
T - R ^ d t = I
16- 3
Let I = hal f - l i f e; t he rnxrtoer of at ons t hat decay i n t he t i me
i nt er val 0 < t < t must equal t he nurtoer t hat decay i n t he
I nt er val S < t <>:
16- 4
Let N( t ) = nunber of nucl ei pr esent at t i me t . Then - NRdt =
t he nunber added i n t he t i me f r an t t o t +dt due t o decay, and
I dt = number added f r an t he cycl ot r cn. I f dN = t ot al change i n
t he nm- ber of nucl ei i n t hi s same t i me i nt er val , t hen
Subst i t ut i ng N - N( 0) e
and i nt egr at i ng gi ves
1 e
- i l n( I - NR) = t + K.
But N( 0) - 0 so t hat K - - l n( I ) / R and t her ef or e
- Al n( I - NR) = t - N( t ' ) = | ( 1 - eRt ' ) .
(a) Current l y,
# at oms of Thor i um= N = = 2. 596 x 1024;
#at ans of l ead = N^' = | g^l Av = 5. 791 x 1023.
I n t he ahove, Nftv = 6. 02 x 1023. I f f ew nucl ei ar e "on t he way"
(i . e. have l ef t 90^232 ^ yet ar r i ved as 82Pb208) , t he
or i gi nal number N( 0) of t hor i umat ans i s
N(0) = ( 2. 596 + 0. 579) X 1024 - 3. 175 X 1024.
Then,
N = N( 0) e"Rt = N( 0) e"tl n2/, r, 5,
t _ T nno, - l . N( 0) . 1. 4 x 1010. , 3. 175.
T^<l n2) l n N - - - - - I H2- - - 27596 '
t = 4 x 109 yr.
(b) The #al pha- par t i cl es = (#nucl ei t hat have decayed) (6) -
(6) ( 5. 791 x 1023) = 3. 475 x 1024. The at oni c vrei ght of t he
hel i un i s 4, and t heref ore,
t gr ams of 2He4 = 3- 475 x 1024 } _ 23 g_
6. 023 x 10
(c) Assumi ng r adi oact i ve equi l i br i um,
1W (I h = W* * ' NRa = <2-596 x l o24- - - kl2~i6'
1. 4 x 10
16-8
For A at ans.
J U - R aNa - Nft - NAOe- RA\
The number of B at ans I ncr eases due t o addi t i onal A at ans t hat
decay t o B at ans, but decr eases as B at ans decay t o C at ans;
hence,
S T - - V' b + V a = - V b +
Mul t i pl y by eRst and i nt egrat e:
t , V ^ d t = C ^ e < ^ A . t dt ,
J o J o
R t ( Rr ^A' t i ,
^B ' BO NAoV " V ^ - - R ^ > -
But NgQ = 0 by assumpt i on. Ther ef or e,
b
* 8 - ^
(e
RAt _ e- BBfc) .
(a)
Z=12, N=15 Z=13, N=14
Z=14. N=13
1. 007825 Z 12. 0939 13. 101725 14. 10955
1. 008665(A-Z)
15. 129975 14. 12131 13. 112645
- a A
- 0. 45657 - 0. 45657 - 0. 45657
4 ^ 0. 17199 0. 17199 0. 17199
^ - 1/ 32
0. 0366239 0. 0429823 0. 0498493
a4(Z- A/ 2) / A
0. 00847916 0. 00094213 0. 00094213
( - l , 0, +l ) a5/ A^ 0 0 0
Sunmi ng gi ves:
M12, 27 = 26. 984397 u; E12<
2? = 25135. 965
M13 27 = 26. 982379 u; 2? = 25134. 086 MeV;
M14, 27 = 26-988406 u- Ei 4 27 = 25139700 t^eV-
(b) The smal l est M i s t he most st abl e: t hi s bel ongs t o Z = 13.
(c) El ect r on r est mass m = 0. 0005486 u; r est ener gy = mc2 =
e
0. 511 MeV. Masses i n (a) ar e at oni c masses, and so t he var i ous
decay possi bi l i t i es are:
(i ) El ect r on emi ssi on by Z = 12; E = ( M^ ^ - M^ 27) c2 =
25135. 965 - 25134. 086 = 1. 88 MeV.
(i i ) El ect r on capt ur e by Z = 14; E = (m14 27 - M^ 27>c2 =
25139. 7 - 25134. 086 - 5. 61 MeV.
(i i i ) Posi t r on emi ssi on by Z = 14; E = (M14 2? - 2? - 2me) c2
= 5. 614 - 2( 0. 511) = 4. 59 MeV.
16- 11
(a) By t he conser vat i on of rrcrrentun, wi t h t he i ni t i al nonent un
equal t o zero.
rrtV
n - S
Pv c'
wi t h E = neut r i no ener gy = (0. 00093) ( 931. 5 MeV) =0. 8663 MeV,
i gnor i ng t he ki net i c ener gy of t he nucl eus. Evi dent l y, t hen,
v . J . (0. 8663) ( 1. 602 X I Q-13) . 3>98 x w* ^
mc ( 7) ( 1. 661 x 10~27) ( 2. 998 x 10 )
(b) The pr ocess may be moni t or ed by det ect i ng t he x- r ay emi ssi on
as anot her el ect r on dr ops i nt o t he hol e cr eat ed by absor pt i on of
t he K- shel l el ect r on, and ot her t r ansi t i ons.
16- 12
(a) For t he el ect ron,
E2 - p2c2 + m2c4.
The ki net i c ener gy K - E - me2 so t hat
K2 + 2Knc2 - P2c2 = 0> K = (m2c4 + p2c2)%- me2.
I f p = r rc, t hen
K = mc V d + n2) - 1}.
Put t i ng i n t he i ndi cat ed number s gi ves t he f ol l owi ng:
p/ mc
2. 8 4. 9
6. 9
R
375
500
250
ncl R/ p2)*5 6. 916
4. 563
2. 292
K/ mc2
1. 973
4 5. 972
(b) Fr an t he gr aph, p. 175,
Kmax = ( me2u8) = MeV) (8) = 4 MeV
When K, t he ki net i c ener gy of t he el ect r on, = t he ener gy of
t he ant i neut r i no i s zer o, so t hat t he decay ener gy E - 4 MeV.
16- 14
(a) Fr an Fi g. 16- 12, K =>0. 8 MeV. Fl g. 16- 13 has l ogF = 0. 3;
Hence, '
F = 2; T * 1000 s; FT = 2000 s.
I n act ual i t y, FT = 2340 s.
(b) The decay i s a l i t t l e sl ower t ha t hat of V , f or whi ch FT
= 1200 s.
16- 15
(a) Use FT = 2000 s and assume M1 - 1. Exanpl e 16- 5 wi t h FT -
1200 s get s B = 3. 7 x 10"62 J - m3. Si nce
B2 1/ FT,
t he val ue of 6 f or t he pr esent case wi l l be 2. 9 x 10 2 J-n?.
(b) The r esul t f or t hi s pr ocess I s a l i t t l e l ess t han f or
Exampl e 16- 5 due t o t he l ar ger FT.
(c) The shel l st r uct ur e of t he i ni t i al nucl eus, a neut r on, i s
i dent i cal wi t h t hat of t he f i nal nucl eus, a pr ot on ( Coul arb
ener gy i s absent wi t h onl y a si ngl e pr ot on as t he f i nal nucl eus)
and t hus t he ei genf unct i ons ar e i dent i cal .
16- 16
1) (magneti c) - u*B _ uB
0( el ect ri c) - p- E pE'
Let a = char act er i st i c di st ance bet ween charges, j = cur r ent
densi t y and p = char ge per uni t vol ut e,
p i i i a2 = (j a2) a2 * j a4,
3 4
p = ea = (pa ) a = pa ,
and t hus
i e s j i s = i i 2 ( i &J L = z,
PE ^ pE p cB c'
wher e E = cB f or a pl ane el ect r omagnet i c wave i n a vacuum.
16- 17
V a d ^ i p ^ ' 2 ! ^ -
I f E = E0si n2n( j - vt) = EQ,
| | = (2hE0/ X) cos 2tt( ^- vt) =Eq/ X,
i mpl yi ng t hat
Va d^di p V Xqr 'E0 = r ' A -
16-18
Fol l ow t he r easoni ng on p. 580.
(2,even) t o (0, even) : 1% - i f | = 2 =L; si nce par i t y does not
change and L i s even, r adi at i on i s
el ect r i c quadr upol e ( L = 2).
(l , odd) t o (0, even) : |i j _ - i f | = 1 = L; L i s odd and t he par i t y
changes, i ndi cat i ng el ect r i c di pol e.
(l , odd) t o (2, even) ; l i ^- i f | = 1 = L; L i s odd and t he par i t y
changes; as above, t hi s i ndi cat es el ect r i c
di pol e radi at i on.
16- 20
The i nt egr al i n Eq. 16- 26 i s
j Vgx^dT.
The par i t y of x2 i s even; i f llij ^ i s of odd par i t y, t he par i t y
of t he I nt egr and i s odd and t he i nt egr al vani shes. For t he
i nt egral t o be di f f er ent f r an zero, ** must have t he sane
par i t y as i|i^.
The ot her i nt egr al bei ng consi der ed i s
[ * f (y H - z f t , *l dt *
J CO
These par i t i es are:
p(y! = -y, odd; p() = f ^1 - - f f , al so
Thus t he par i t y of t he oper at or , i nvol vi ng pr oduct s of t hose
above, i s even. As a consequence, \)inwst have t he sane par i t y
as or t he i nt egral vani shes.
16- 25
The net r eact i on i s
3V + 15P31 -14si 31 + 21H1 + 2He4; Qt ot ai = 20. 91 MeV.
That i s,
{SMt V) + M( 15P31) - 2M( 1H1! - HI 2* 4) - M( 14si 31) }c2 - 20. 91
i n MeV. Usi ng val ues f r an Tabl e 15- 1, t hi s becanes
{M( 15p31) - M( 14Si 31) + 0. 0240529}c2 = 20. 91 MeV.
I n t er ms of r est ener gi es,
E( 1SP31) - E( 14Si 31) = - 1. 4953 MeV.
Wi t h t he r est ener gy of t he Si i sot ope gr eat er t han t hat of t he
P i sot ope, el ect r on emi ssi on can occur , wi t h ener gy * 1. 5 MeV.
16- 26
(a) Usi ng t he i ndi cat ed not at i on,
k = ^[2ra{E - (VR+1VI ) }] %= ^ {2m( B- VR>- i ( 2mVI ) }5,
k = (a + i b) %,
wi t h
a = 2m( E - VR) / X2; b = - 2mVI / H2.
Ther ef or e,
k = (a + i b) * = kp + i kj i a - k - ki j ; b = 2) ^.
kj ^and kj can be det er mi ned i n t er ms of a and b f r an t hese
equat i ons.
(b) Wi t h k = k + i kj ,
= e** = ei (kR+i kI ) x -
t he t er mi n par ent hesi s bei ng an "ampl i t ude t hat decr eases
exponent i al l y.
(c) Fr an (b), v
ti'ijj = e- 2kl *.
I f L = di st ance f or t o decr ease t y a f act or of 1/ e,
2kj L = 1; L = l / 2kj .
The pr obabi l i t y of f i ssi on i s gi ven by
_2fi 2
a = cr oss sect i on per at an = 1 0 m , n = number of at oms per
uni t ar ea. I f m= mass of one at an 235 u, t hen t he mass per
uni t ar ea = nmand
p ^mass per uni t ar ea
m '
p = u o" 28>------------- --------y t = 3 x 10~5-
( 235) ( 1. 66 x l O- ^' )
16- 28
The sol i d angl e of t he det ect or , at t he nucl eus, i s
dfi = dA/ r 2 = 10~5/ (1)2 = 10- 5 sr.
The pr obabi l i t y of any one pr ot on bei ng scat t er ed i nt o t he
det ect or i s
dP = ndc = ( 9. 562 x 1022)dc,
si nce
n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ==- = 9. 562 x 1022 m- 2.
( 63) ( 1. 66 x 10
The number of pr ot ens i nci dent each second on t he t ar get i s
(10- 8 C/ s) / ( 1. 6 x 10"19 C) = 0. 625 x 1011 s_1. Si nce t he number
scat t er ed t o t he det ect or = 240 mi n- 1 = 4 s- 1.
and
dP - - - - - - *-- J q = 6. 4 x 10"11,
6. 25 x 1010
- S. - 6. 4 x 10~U , _ - 34 2
O _ = 6. 7 x 10 m
Fi nal l y,
^2 , _^2_ = 6>7 x 10- 29 m2/ sr = 0. 67 hti / sr.
an 10- 5
16- 29
The number #of decays i n 12 hour s i s
* = KNt ,
#= 7. 87 x 1012.
The ener gy absor bed i s
E = ( 0. 9) ( 7. 87 x 1012) ( 4. 87) ( 1. 6 x l O- 13) = 5. 52 J .
Hence t he dose i s
Dos e. 5- 52,X_^ . 7. 36 rad.
16- 30
(a) The pr obabi l i t y of decayi ng vi a a speci f i c channel = r ^r
t he t ot al pr obabi l i t y of decayi ng by means of al l t he ot her
channel s i s Tn/ r. Cl ear l y,
r = r + r . r = 0. 140 - 0. 005 = 0. 135 MeV.
n r r
(b) The cr oss sect i on i s
or (Ei > = * ( ) 2- - - - Sfe = i r ( ^) 2 - 01096x2-
r 1 2n ( E- Ei )2 +r / 4 i
But Ei = 0. 29 eV, and as t hi s i s def i ni t el y ncmr el at i vi st i c,
x ' | = 7 ( ^7 = 5' 339 x 1 0 " U m*
Subst i t ut i ng t hi s i nt o t he pr evi ous equat i on yi el ds
or = 3. 12 x l Cf 23 m2.
(c) The Uncer t ai nt y pr i nci pl e gi ves an est i mat e of t he l i f et i me:
T = f = ) . 9 x 10"15 S,
usi ng t he r esul t f r an ( a) .
16- 31
(a) Eq. 16- 33 i s
E = i I i i V, i = 0, 2, 4, . . .
3 measur ed
r at i os are
E4 10
0. 309
' 3. 323,
E2 _
3 '
0. 093 *
E6 21
0. 641
2. 074,
E4 _
10
0. 309 _
E8 72
1. 085
' 1. 693,
E6
42
0. 641 "
i t i s good i n al l
cases.
(b) Usi ng as an exanpl e:
E4 - M i 3 = i f ^2 . 2 5 x l 0 - 5V - m2,
ci ncc = 0. 309 MeV.
16- 32
I nt o Eq. 15- 16,
0 =V1 + - Ka(1 - sj - 2aKb",aV^>%ooee,
put
0 = 0, mg = 12, ma = = 1, 6 = 90*, Ka = ? MeV,
t o get
- V 1 +n> - Kal l - ^ >J aK- Kb - Ka - ^ V
(a) Ka = 1 MeV; fi K= 0. 154 MeV.
(b) K = 0. 001 MeV; AK = 154 eV.
(c) 3= 3kT/ 2 = 3( 8. 617 x 10- 5) (500)/ 2 = 0. 06463 eV.
(d) Si nce
*bl = Ka2 = 15 Kal ' ^2 = Ka3 = T5 Ka2 = 8 \ l et C '
i t f ol l cws t hat
= u . u mw ev = K, = 0. 06463 eV = ( - ^>"( 1 MeV) ,
- 16. 5546 = nl n( ^j ) = - 0. 1671n; n = 99.
16- 34
(a) 0 = {2M( V) - M( 2He3) - i t^J l uc2),
0 = ( 0. 00351) ( 931. 5) = 3. 27 MeV.
(b) One Megat on yi el ds 2. 6 x 1028 MeV; hence 48 Megat ons gi ves
1. 248 x 1030 MeV. The number of r equi r ed f usi ons i s
# = 0. 38165 x 1030.
Si nce t wo hydr ogen at cms- ar e r equi r ed f or each f usi on, t he
mi ni mummass of hydr ogen needed i s
m = ( 0. 38165 x 1030) ( 2) {( 2) ( 1. 66 x 10- 27)}
m = 2534 kg.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
(a) EX). 7- 17, wi t h I = 0 I s
(b) Wi t h R( r ) = u( r) / r,
= _ -U- + I _ 2u 1 du , 1 d2u
dr " r 2 r dr' ^2 r 3 * r 2 dr r ^
Subst i t ut i ng t hese i nt o t he equat i on f or R( r) gi ven i n (a)
yi el ds
u2 .2
(c) Eq. 5- 43, t he t i me i ndependent one- di mensi onal Schr odi nger
equat i on i s
+ V* - EM.,
dx
i dent i cal i n f or mt o t he equat i on of ( b) .
(d) Si nce u*u = ( r*R*) ( rR) = r 2(R*R),
f r 2
W*R)- | r 2dr.
= ^( pr obabi l i t y of t he neut r on- pr ot on separ at i on bei ng bet ween
r l 31x5 r 2>
(e) I he r educed mass i s
mpmn
' \ * mn
Use of t he r educed mass r educes t he pr obl emt o one of rel at i ve
not i on; i . e. , one nucl eon i s at t he cent er or or i gi n of t he
coor di nat es.
17- 2
(a) i
For r <r' , V = 0 and
(a) Assume a bound st at e, E<Vg.
dr 2
I n t he r egi on r > r' , V * Vn
so t hat
- ^$ + vou = aj -
(b) Repl ace E wi t h V. - CE; t he equat i ons above and t hei r
sol ut i ons wi l l be:
r < r ' : ^ - 5 + ^2 (VQ - &E) u = 0; u = Asi nkj T + Bcosk^
dr M
r;
r > r ' : - ^( AE) u = 0; u = Ce"k2r + Dekar .
dr M
(c) Fr an (b)
r <r ' : k2 = ^<V0 - &E) , r >r ' : k2 =- ^( AE) .
>1
17- 3
( a) , (b) I n t he sol ut i ons gi ven i n Pr obl em17- 2,
(i ) D = 0, ot her wi se u * ~ as r + .
(i i ) B = 0, ot her wi se R( r ) = u( r ) / r 1as r -0.
For t he remai ni ng, t he condi t i ons at r r' ar e
(i i i ) u cont i nuous at r' : Asi nk^r ' = Ce^' j r j
(i v) ^ cont i nuous at r 1: kj Acoakj r = - J ^Ce* ^' .
These l ast t wo condi t i ons t hus i i tpl y t hat
kj COt t kj T' ) - - k2.
Subst i t ut i ng t he expr essi ons f or k and k, f r an Pr obl em17- 2(c)
gi ves t he desi r ed rel at i on.
17- 4
Maki ng t he subst i t ut i ons i ndi cat ed i n Pr obl ems 17- 1(e) and 17- 3
r esul t s i n
ot < j r V( A ,(1 ~x)h)"
wi t h x = f l E/ V. Numer i cal l y, wi t h r' = 2 F = 2 x 10- 15 m and
VQ = 36 MeV, u
= x- 86-
Hence, t he equat i on becomes
t x %
oot {1 . 86(l - x) *} = .
The sol ut i on f ound by t r i al and er r or i s x *=0. 055, whi ch gi ves
AE = 2. 0 MeV. Evi dent l y, t o obt ai n 2. 2 MeV, ei t her t he dept h of
t he wel l and/ or t he r ange of t he pot ent i al must be al t er ed
sl i ght l y f r cmt he t ext val ues, or gr eat er pr eci si on i s needed i n
t he cal cul at i ons. I n any event , 2. 2 MeV wi l l be used i n t he
f ol l owi ng pr obl emt o mai nt ai n conf or mi t y wi t h t he t ext .
(a) Wi t h HE = 2.2 MeV, V. - 36 MeV, r' - 2 F, t he const ant s kj
and k2 are
kx - 0. 90 F- 1, k2 - 0. 23 F"1.
Hence,
u - Asi n( 0. 90r ) , r <r 2 F;
u - ce"- 23r , r > r' - 2F.
These expr essi ons must be equal at r' j t hat i s,
Asi n( 1. 80) - Ce- 0- 46; C/ A - 1. 54.
Al so, i t i s necessar y t hat
j l n r V f r l d r = | 4nu2dr 1.
Put t i ng i n t he expr essi ons f or u, and C i n t er ms of A yi el ds
4i tt2{l si ni!( 0. 90r ) dr + \ ( 1. 54) 2e"- 46rdr } - 1.
A2{js i n 2(0.90r)dr + j l l .
Eval uat i ng t he i nt egral s,
r2
| si n2( 0. 90r ) dr = 1. 123; ^e- 0"
46r dr - 0. 866.
T^i eref ore,
4nA2{(1. 123) + ( 1. 54) 2( 0. 866) } - 1; A - 0. 16.
Thus, t he f i nal r esul t s are, wi t h r i n F,
u( r) = ( 0. 16) si n( 0. 90r ) , r < 2,
r > 2.
u(r) = (0.24)e"-23r>
(b) For V( r ) , see Pr obl em17- 2.
The r adi al pr obabi l i t y densi t y P( r) = u*u = u ( r) .
17- 6
I n t he Lab f rame,
Kl ab + 0 = 's w2-
The speed of t he cent er of mass i n t he Lab f r ame i s
_ my + m( 0) v
van 2m 2"
Ther ef or e,
K =*m( v - ) 2 + *n<0 - j)2 - t aw2 = mW) .
an z *
Kan = * l ab = *
17- 7
By Exanpl e 17- 1,
K = i a * = 5 MeV.
2Mr' 2Mr'
I t f ol l ows t hat
(a) K > 30 MeV gi ves I > 2, so t hat f or K < 30 MeV, i max
(b) K > 60 MeV, Jl > 3, and i f 30 <K < 60 MeV, 4max = 2.
17- 8
<a> J L - , 11
2mr ' 2 2mr
K
r' = 1. 07 (100)1/ 3 + 2 =7 F.
Taki ng sane nur ber s f r omExanpl e 17- 1,
^~~2 <5MeV) - = MeV.
2mr
Hence,
50 - m + l ) f | ; H I + 1) = 122. 5; - 10.
(b) The angl e i s
The ki net i c ener gy K = 50 MeV i s much l ess t han t he r est ener gy
931. 5 MeV and t her ef or e cl assi cal expr essi ons can be used. Put
p = /(2nK) and subst i t ut e i nt o t he expr essi on f or 0 t o get
8 = h/ r ' / ( 2mK) .
Wi t h r' = 7 F and K *=50 MeV t he f or mul a gi ves 6 = 0. 58 = 33*.
Fr an Fi g. 16- 26, 6 = 30, so agr eement i s good.
17- 10
(a) The uncer t ai nt y pr i nci pl e i npl i es t hat
i pfl x W; fi p - M/ r' ,
and t her ef or e
mi n 2m = ^, 2 r , 2*
(b) I t may be ant i ci pat ed t hat V i s pr opor t i onal t o t he pr oduct
of t he number of nucl eons wi t hi n a spher e of r adi us about 2 F
and t he nucl eon- nucl eon pot ent i al Vn; t hat i s,
V {- - - ? 4,,<2) 3>vn'
( 4/ 3)nr 3 n
A l umber of nucl ecns. I fcwVn depends cmt he di st ance bet ween
nucl eons and not on r , f or i t i s obser ved t hat t he i nt er i or
mass densi t y i s about t he same f or al l nucl ei and t her ef or e so
i s t he aver age nucl eon- nucl eon separ at i on. Al go, Vn < 0 f or
at t r act i ve f orces. Thi s i ndi cat es t hat
(c) The t ot al ener gy E I s
E = K + V - - %- - ^,
r r " 5
a, b posi t i ve. As r* goes t o zero, E becomes negat i ve regar dl ess
of t he r el at i ve magni t udes of a, b, si nce r ' 3 appr oaches zer o
f ast er t han r' 2. The nucl eus woul d col l apse.
Tz = H e
i tor V , Z 1, N = 2 so t hat T2 = - %. For V , - 2, N - 1
gi vi ng Tz *+%. T must be hal f - i nt egr al . Si nce A - 3, T - 1/ 2,
3/ 2. I f T = 3/ 2, st at es wi t h Tz - t 3/ 2 woul d have about t he
same ener gy as V and ^He3: t hese vcul d be n3, 3p3 or ^Li 3.
But t hese nucl ei ar e not obser ved ( ei t her st abl e or as bet a-
ani t t er s) . Hence, T =
(b) 3Li 7: Z - 3, N - 4 Tz - J | . Se 7i Z - 4, N = 3; Tz = +%.
No ot her nucl ei wi t h A = 7 ar e obser ved, so T = >j.
17- 12
(a) Use t he uncer t ai nt y pr i nci pl e t o obt ai n an est i mat e:
AEAt - yi , AE - m^c2,
.. _ h _ 4. 136 x 10~21 _ , . 77 10- 23
At - - - - - ^- - - - (2) (140)- - - - 1>477 X 10 8
(b) Assur e t he meson speed t o be cl ose t o t he speed of l i ght .
Then a t i me At / 2 t akes t he meson a di st ance r = c(l j At) - 2. 2 F.
Hence, wi t hi n 2 F onl y one meson i s expect ed.
(c) Cl ear l y, up t o one- f our t h t hi s di st ance, f our may be f ound.
17- 13
K+ - w + / .
Si nce t he r est ener gi es of t hese par t i cl es ar e 493. 8 MeV,
135. 0 MeV and 139. 6 MeV, t he ki net i c ener gy of t he pi ons i s, i n
t ot al , 493. 8 - 135. 0 - 139. 6 = 219. 2 MeV. Usi ng 137 MeV as an
aver age r est mass and di vi di ng t he ki net i c ener gy equal l y, f or
an est i mat e, then,
? o
K = me - iHqC ,
110 = (137) {( 1 - e V 5 - 1),
8 = 0. 83; v = 8c = 2. 5 x 10m/ s.
The di st ance t r avel l ed t o decay i s ( 2. 5 x 108 m/ s) (8 x 10 17 s)
= 20 nm.
17- 14
(a) I n t he LAB f rame,
m^O) + P2______ P2c2
an m1 + m2 E1 + E j '
Thus, t he speed of t he f r ame i n whi ch t he cent er of mass i s at
r est i s
cp,
cm E1 + E2
(b) = E^+ E2> I n t he CMf r ame t he par t i cl e ener gi es ar e
E1 - BCP1 E1 p E2 - 6CP2
ec k > - 7 7 ^ -
Thus,
Ecw = Eo a + Ec*2 = (1 - 62)^{( e1 + e2) - Bcp2},
Em = (1 - 82>_,S(el Ab - B<=p2>-
By (a),
*1*8 - =W 1 - b2)i
2 2 2 2 2 4
Si nce * m^c and * c Pj + n^c ,
c2p2 E2)2 - Q g - E *) 2 j 2ElE z
_2
2 _ 1 ~
2E, 2^0
These gi ve.
1 - 8 _ e b W
ECM=
Eo, <2v 2w i -
17- 15
The r eact i on under consi der at i on i s
p + p + p + p + p + p.
I n t he CM f rame, i nmedi at el y af t er t he r eact i on t he f oj r
pr ot ons coul d al l be at rest . The t ot al ener gy af t er r eact i on
i n t hi s event i s t one2 and t her ef or e t hi s must be t he t ot al
ener gy bef or e r eact i on i n t he CM f rame. Hence,
E( M * *"oc2 (2raOc2EI AB)l 5'
= <%c2-
The ki net i c ener gy r equi r ed i n t he LftB f r ame i s j ust 8nuc -
Si ^c2 = 6mQC2 = 5630 MeV.
(a) The neut r i no de Br ogl i e wavel engt h i s X = h/ ( E/ c) . The t i me
i nt er val At dur i ng whi ch t he neut r i no- pr ot on di st ance i s l ess
t han t he de Br ogl i e wavel engt h i s
Wi t h T = char act er i st i c t i me f or t he react i on, t he pr obabi l i t y
P of r eact i on i s
P = At / T = 2h/ ET,
so t hat
a = PX2 = 2h3c2/ E3T = 10' 43 on2.
(b) For l ead, Z = 82, and a = (100) (10- 43 on2) -=10- 41 on2. I f
!, = mean f ree pat h.
n = number of nucl ei per uni t vol ume. But t he densi t y of l ead i s
11. 36 g/cn? and hence t he mean f r ee pat h becomes about 1018 an.
17- 18
(a) For bi dden: bar yon number not conserved.
(b) For bi dden: l ept on number not conserved.
(c) For bi dden: l ept on number not conserved.
(d) For bi dden: ATz = +1; AS = - 2.
(e) Sat i sf i es al l conser vat i on l aws; st r ong i nt er act i on woul d
be f ast est .
(f) For bi dden: ATz = - 1; AS = 2.
(g) For bi dden: r est ener gy of daught er s exceeds t hat of K.
CHAPHK EI GHTEEN
18- 3
(a) p+, p ar e ant i par t i cl es. The absor pt i on of a p+ i s
equi val ent t o t he emi ssi on of a p.
D C
u
- d.
18- 4
_
u d s u ds d US s ud
%
0
->1 % %
0 0
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 " 3 " 3 3 3 3
Hi us and <3^^have t he same Tz and Y = S + B quant uml umber s.
Then t he meson oct et q^q^ and t he bar yon oct et q^q^q^ have t he
same Tz and Y quant umnunti ers.
18- 5
(a)
P
u u d Z+ u u s
P~
0 - 1
2 2 1
3 " 3 " 3
+1
' 2 + 2 _ 1
3 3 3
- 1
Tz
-h - <s - h + h
1 % + * + 0 - 1
B
- 1
i l l
3 3 " 3
1
I +I +I
3 + 3 + 3
0
S 0 0 - 1 0 + 0 - 1 0
- % - %
1 1
3
+ 0
(b) Hi e u i s ccmposed ot a quar k and ant i quar k i n t he ant i
par al l el spi n st at e ^Sg. Hi e quar k and ant i quar k i n a p have
par al l el spi n:
18- 6
el ect r ons i h each beam. By Pr cbl en 18- 2,
^ = - nodx - noc dt.
wher e n = N/ 2ti eA = nunf cer of el ect r ons per uni t vol une. Hence,
L f c
wi t h f = f r equency of r evol ut i on c/ 2nr . Si nce A = 10- 6 m2,
L - Nf / A = 9. 37 x 1022 / m2-s.
18- 9
Expect t he s- quar k i n a Z t o be r epl aced by a c- quar k i n c:
- uuc; 1 = di e; Z* = udc.
18- 11
D
Ener gy oonBer vat i on pr event s decay i nt o a par t i cl e wi t h b
quar ks, l eavi ng Zwei g f or bi dden decays possi bl e.
The subst i t ut i on of f = e- i eY' I mpl i es f i r st der i vat i ves of t he
f orm
2! = e_ l e ( 2_ - i l fi ) y.
3u e 3u 3u '
f or u = x and t. Then t he one- di mensi onal t i me- dependent
Schr oedi nger equat i on
201 a ?
i i rpl i es
18- 14
The t hr ee certoi nati cns of t he t ype r r rr, nor mal i zat i on 1/ 6,
each have, by Fi g. 18- 21(c), col or char ge pr oduct 2y2/ 3,
i npl yi ng a t ot al cont r i but i on 31|) l2\2/f) = Expandi ng
(rb + br ) 2, t her e ar e t w>squar e t er ms of t he f or mFi g. 18- 21( b) ,
r b + rb, gi vi ng ool or char ge 2 (- ) + 2 (y2) ^ x^* Hi e r y
and yb t er ms of t he same f or mcont r i but e t he same col or charge.
Si nce t he nor mal i zat i on i s yj , t he cont r i but i on I s 3 (-j j ) ( j x2)
= -r- \2. Thus t he t ot al non bi ndi ng pot ent i al i s -i 4
J o j r j r
3 r
18- 17
I n + e" * e + v^, y and e l ept on conser vat i on pr event
char ge exchange.
v + e" e + ve may pr oceed by ei t her of t he f ol l cwi ng
schemes.
1 8 -1 8
(rr - yy) / / 2
_ +__ _
( rr + yy - 2fcb)//6
Tl i e (rr - yy) //2 gl uon coupl i ngs t o t he t op, yj/2, and bot t an
ver t ex, - x/S2 , cont r i but e - x / 2 t o t he col or char ge pr oduct .
The ot her gl uon coupl es t o t he t cp, x/S6, and bot t an, x/S6,
cont r i but i ng x /(> f or a t ot al - x^/ 3 f or bot h gl uons.
18- 19
Gi ven d = dcos0 + ssi n6 and s = scos6 - dsi n0 . t he
c c c c c c
st rar "eness changi ng par t of uu + cc + + scsc i s cont ai ned
i n t he t wo t erms:
d d + s s = (dd + ss) cos20 + (ss + dd) si n20
c c c c c c
+ ( sd + sd - sd - sd) si n0 cos0 .
c c
I n t hi s l ast t erm, t he unwant ed AS = 1 neut r al cur r ent s cancel .
For t he f l at i nf i ni t e wel l , E^ = i ^K / 2ma and t hi s i s gr eat er
t han Vq . By Pr obl em5- 25, a bur p i ncr eases t he ener gy of t he
ei genf unct i ons. Hence, i n t hi s pr obl em, t ake E >vQ. Hi e f or m
of t he wavef unct i on i n t he var i ous r egi ons wi l l be:
r egi on I s i|i = Asi nk. x + Bcosk, x, ,
1 1 wi t h k. = <2mE) Vn,
r egi on 2s \(i *>Csi nk_x + Dcosk- x,
* * k- - / {2m( E- v)}/ #.
r egi on 3s \(i = A' si nk^x + B' coskj X,
Si nce V( a/ 2) - V( - a/ 2) > , ^ (a/ 2) = V( - a/ 2) = 0, gi vi ng
so t hat
- Asi nOCj ^a/ 2) + Bcos( k1a/ 2) 0,
A' si nO^a/ 2) + B' cosOCj a/ 2) * 0,
A' B + AB' - 0.
At t he poi nt s x - a/ 4 and. x - - a/ 4 t he wavef unct i on and i t s
der i vat i ve wi t h r espect t o x mi st be cont i nuous. Usi ng t he
expr essi ons f or t he wavef unct i cms i n t he appr opr i at e r egi ons
os gi ven above, t hese r equi r ement s yi el d t he f ol l owi ng:
A' si n( k1a/ 4) + B' cos( k1a/ 4) - Csi n( k2a/ 4) + Dcos( k2a/ 4) ,
- Asi nl kj ^a/ 4) + Bods (k^a/ 4) = - Csi n( k2a/ 4) + Dcos( k2a/ 4) ,
kj A' cos (kj a/ 4) - kj B' si n (k^a/ 4) = k2Ccos( k2a/ 4) - k2Dsi n( k2a/ 4) ,
kj Acos( k^a/ 4) +kj Bsi n (kj a/ 4) = k2Ccos <k2a/ 4) +k2Dsi n (k2a/ 4) .
Wr i t e si = si n( k, a/ 4) , c2 = cos( k2a/ 4) et c. ; t hen t he sun and
di f f er ence of t he f i r st t wo equat i ons above, and t he sumand
di f f er ence of t he l ast t wo equat i ons above ar e
(A' - AJ Sj ^+ (B' + BJ Cj ^= 2Dc2, (1)
(A' + A) s1 + (B* - B) c1 - 2Cs 2, (2)
( A1t Al Cj - ( B - B) s^= 2( k2/ k] ) Cc2, (3)
( A - A) cL - (B' + Bl Sj ^= - 2( k2/ kx) Ds2. (4)
Di vi de equat i on (1) by (4) t o get
( A1 - A) s1 + ( B1 + B) cx kx c2
( A1 - A) cx - ( B + B) s^ " k^ s ^
I f B' + B * 0, t hi s beoanes,
i l l i i i S i l l i c o t
A' - A " k 2
Bn r s ^ 1 2
Let
l ^ r i - tan8'
t hen, i n t er ms of 6, t he pr evi ous expr essi on becomes
kl
cot ( 6 - kj a/ 4) = - J - cot ( k2a/ 4) . (I )
Si mi l ar l y, di vi de equat i on( 2) by (3); i f A' + A j* 0 and t he
angl e $ i s def i ned by
M - -
t hen t he r esul t wi l l be
kl
cot ( * - kj a/ 4) - j g t an( k2a/ 4) . ( H)
New equat i ons (I ) and (I I ) cannot be sat i sf i ed si mul t aneousl y
f or , i f t hey wer e, t hey woul d i rrpl y
- ( kxA 2)2 " cot ( 6 - kxa/ 4) cot ( * - k^a/ 4) .
But
. . . . . . . . B' + B B' - B AB' + A' B
cot e - cot * - - p - - 2 j - ^ ,
( see condi t i ons at x 3 a/ 2, - a/ 2) and t her ef or e
6 - - 0^/ kj ) 2 = cot 2(6 - kj a/ 4) .
New k^j kj . a ar e real ; hence i f 6 i s r eal (I ) and (I I ) cannot
hol d t oget her . Hence, ei t her
k.
A1' - - A, B' j - B; cot ( 0 - kj a/ 4) - j j ^cot(k2a/ 4) , (I )
or
A' * - A, B' - - B, cot ( 6 - kj ^a/ 4) - ^t an( k2a/ 4) . ( n)
Al so, f r an t he r el at i on A' B + AB' - 0,
B = B*, (I )> A = A' , (I I );
c = o, (i ) i d - o, ( n ) .
Hence, t he sol ut i cns are
r egi cn I s * * Asl n (k-^jc) + Bcosf k^x) ,
r egi on 2s i|i DcooJ kj X) , J- (I ), syr met r i c.
r egi cn 3s * - - Asl nf cj X) + BcosO^x) .
t
r egi on 1: 4>= Asi n( kj X) + Bcos ( kj X) ,
r egi on 2: = Csi nl k^) , (I I ), ant i synrne t ri e,
r egi on 3: + =* Asi n (kj X) - Bcos (k-^x).
For t he l ewest ener gy t ake t he symnet r i c case ( f ewer nodes) ;
f or (I ),
. . B' + B B
001:6 " " A*
But ,
\|i (a/2) = - Asi n (kj a/ 2) + Bcos (k^a/ 2) = 0,
- ^ = - t ant k^a/ 2) = cot e,
0 " 2 + kx f -
Usi ng t hi s f or 8 t he r el at i on
kl
eot ( 6 - kj a/ 4) = - ^- cot ( k2a/ 4) ,
becanes
| - t an (kj a/ 4) = - ^oot ( k2a/ 4) ,
t an2(ki a/ 4) t an2(k2a/ 4) = 0^/ kj ) 2.
Usi ng t he def i ni t i ons of kj , k2, gi ven ear l i er and l et t i ng z =
E/ Vp, t he l ast equat i on may be wr i t t en
t an2 ( 2 / z) t an2{f / ( z - 1 )} =
The sol ut i on i s z = 4. 8, appr oxi mat el y, and hence E = 4. 8vQ.