Volume 122, number 1 PHYSICS LETFERSA 25 May 1987

BOLTZMANNSTATISTICS OF QUANTUM FRICHON

M. MIJATOVR~a, A. JANNUSSIS b and A. STRECLAS
institute ofPhysics, Faculty ofScience, P.O. Box 162, Skopje, Yugoslavia
Department ofTheoretical Physics, University ofPatra.s, Patrag, Greece
and I.B.R. theinstitutefor Basic Research, 96 Prescott Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
C Department ofMathematics, University ofPatras, Patrag, Greece
Received 17 July 1986; accepted for publication 6 March 1987
Communicated by A.R. Bishop
Inthis paper we investigate the thermodynamic propertiesofsimple quantum-mechanical systems in the presenceof friction.
Using thepropagators forthese simple models we calculate theresponse functions in Boltzmann statics. In the low temperature
region theresponsefunctions exhibit singular behaviour.
As is well known, from the propagator ofa quantum systemit is possible to obtain the Boltzmann statistics
of the system [1]. Recently many authors [271have studiedthe problem of quantum friction through the
solution of the Schrodinger equation for the CaldirolaKanai hamiltonian. The same result can be obtained
from the classical action S~via the van YleckPauli formula [8,91
K(x
2,t2x,,t1)= ~~~~)h/2 exp[(ilh)Sjx2,t2x1,t1)]. (1)
Usinga global transformationof space and time, Junker and Inomata [10] succeeded in finding the prop-
agator of the most general quadratic lagrangian.
The statistical mechanics of quantum friction has been investigated by Jannussis, Papatheou and Vlachos
[11] for the case of imaginary coefficient of friction. They obtained real and regular response functions.
In the following, a free particle, a harmonic oscillator and a harmonic oscillator in a uniform magnetic field
are examined in the presence of friction.
(a) Freeparticle. The equation of motion foraclassical particlein three-dimensional space, in the presence
of friction, is written as
(2)
and according to ref. [12] the corresponding propagator for a quantum particle is written as
1/2 . 2
K(r2,t2r1,t1)= (~h) (e_Ylt _e~2)_I/
2 exp (~~~Yt2) . (3)
Using the substitutions t, , 0 and t
2 -+ihfl where fi =l/kBTwe obtain the density matrix
K(r;r,fl) =(y,n/2irifz) 1/2(1 e~~) 1/2 , (4)
from which we can find the partition function
3/2
Z(fi)= JK(r,fl)dr=Ve_31M~4(4h~h~) (5)
0375-960 1/87/$ 03.50 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 31
(North-Holland Physics PublishingDivision)
Volume 122, number 1 PHYSICS LETTERS A 25 May 1987
- 101 - __________________________________________________
Cv
3N k
102 101
10 10
10 10
0 0.5 1 2k T 1 2 2k T
Fig. 1. The specific heat of a free particle in a frictional medium. Fig. 2. The specific heat of a damped harmonic oscillator in the
case ~ l=2w.
This partition function is a complex one. The same happens for the free energy
+~iyh. (6)
The specific heat
~ ( 7 )
i s a r e a l f u n c t i o n a n d f o r y h f l / 2 =rnt (n = 1 , 2 , ...) t e n ds t o i n f i n i t y ( f i g . 1 ) . A t t h e limit of high temperatures
e q . ( 7 ) takes the classical value 3/2.
(b) Harmonic oscillator. S i m i l a r l y , f o r a h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f friction, t h e equationof motion
i s
F+y?+w
2r=0. ( 8 )
According to ref. [7] the propagator is given by
e3~i2~h1~4
K(r
2,t2r1 ,t1 ) = {(2~tifz/mQ)sin[Q(t2t1)]}
32
xexp ~ ( c o t [ Q ( t
2 _tj)](eYt2r~+e~r~) + (e~r~_eYttr~)]~ (9)
where Q
2=w2+y2/4. Therefore the density matrix is
3 2
Volume 122, number 1 PHYSICS LETTERS A 25 May 1987
/ \3/2
K(rr/3) ~ mQ
\27thsh(Qhfl))
xexp {~[~ (cth( ~fl) cos(~y~fl)h(Q~fl)) ~sin(~Yh$)]e_t~2r2}. ( 1 0 )
By integrating eq. (10) we obtain the partition function
Z(fl)={2[ch(Qhfl) c o s ( ~y h f l ) l ]( y / Q )s h ( Q f z f l ) s i n ( fl)}
312 , ( 1 1 )
wh i c h f o r y =0 c o i n c i de s wi t h t h e we l l -kn o wn p a r t i t i o n f u n c t i o n o f t h e h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r . F i n a l l y , f o r t h e
specific heat we obtain
C, 3 ((y/Q) ch(Q~fl)sin(~yhfl)+(y2/4Q2l)sh(Qhfl) cos(~yfz/3)~2
kB 2 \jl/Qhfl)[ch(Qhfl) c o s ( ~y h f i ) l ( y / 2 Q )sh(Qhfl) sin(~yh$)])
3 ( y / 2 ~) ( ~2 / 4Q 2 3 ) s h ( Q h f l ) s i n ( ~y h f l ) +( l 3 y 2 / 4Q 2 )c h ( Q f l f l ) c o s ( ~y h f l ) ( 1 2 )
2 ( l / Q ~h 2 f l 2 ) [ c h ( Q h f l ) c o s ( ~y h f l ) l ( y / 2 Q )s h ( Q h f l ) s i n ( ~y h f l ) ]
I f y =0 , t h e n e q . ( 1 2 ) i s r e du c e d t o t h e s p e c i f i c heat o n a n o r di n a r y quantum oscillator
C,,/k~=3(~athfl)2/[sh(~whfl)]2 . ( 1 3 )
I n t h e r e g i o n o f l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t wh i c h i s g i v e n by e q . ( 1 2 ) e x h i bi t s ( s e e f i g . 2 ) a n i n f i n i t e
n u m be r o f s i n g u l a r i t i e s , wh i l e l i m ~. ~C,/kB=3 .
( c ) Uniform magnetic field and damped oscillator. Th e h a m i l t o n i a n o f a da m p e d harmonic oscillator in a
u n i f o r m m a g n e t i c f i e l d i s wr i t t e n a s
.,r=(l/2m)[p+(e/c)HevI xr]2e~+1e~mw2r2. ( 1 4)
For this case, according to ref. [7], the propagator is given by the relation
/ mQ
3 \l/2 mQe
3~~2_u1/4 / imy
K(r
2,12 r1 ,t1) = ( ~, 2 , t i h s i n [ Q 3 ( t 2 t1)]) 2 x i f i sin[Q( ~2 ~1 ~ exp(\ ( e x
t r~_e~i2r~)
+2hi[Q ( ~ {cos[Q
3(t2_ti)](eYt2z~+eYh1z~)_2ziz2eY(t2+u1)/
2}
+ 2 h s i n [ Q ( t
2 t1)] { c o s [ Q ( t 2 t1 )][e~~(x~ +y ~)+e ~(x~+y~)]
2 cos[WL(t2 t1)}e~
t2+h1~2(xix
2+Y1Y2) 2 sin[wL(t2 t1 )]eY(t2+ut)/
2(xiy
2 _x2y1)}) , (15)
wh e r e Q
2=w~+Q~, WL=eH/2mc and Q~=w2+y2/4.Using eq. (15) we obtain the following density m a t r i x
mQ 1/2 mQe ~
K(r,r,~)=( 2 x h s h ( ~
3 ~p ) ) 2 x h s h ( ~f l )exp[a(x
2+y2)dz2], (16)
where a and 5 are given by
mQ e~~~2
a 2 h s h ( Q h f l ) [ 2 c h ( Q f z f l ) c o s ( ~y h f l ) 2c h ( wLh $) ( y / Q ) s h ( Q h f l ) s i n ( ~y f z f l ) ], (17)
33
Volume 122, number 1 PHYSICS LETTERS A 25 May 1987
-2 Fig. 3. The initial susceptibilityof a damped harmonic oscillator
_______________________________________ in auniform magnetic fieldin thecase y =2w.
mQ ei*1fl~
2
2hSh(Q1~fl)[2ch(Q
3hfl) cos(~yh/3)l(y/Q3)sh(Q3hfl)s i n ( ~y 1 l f l ) ]
For the partition function we obtain
Z(fl)={2[ch(Q3hfl) cos(jhfl)(y/2Q3) sh(Q3fzfl) sin(~y~lfl)l]}
2
x{2[ch(Qtzfi) cos(~yhfl)(y/2Q)sh(Qhfl) sin(~yhfl)ch(wL~l$)]} . ( 1 8 )
The initial (for H=0) magnetic susceptibility is
x=xo[ch(Q~zP)c o s ( ~y h f l ) ( y / 2 Q )s h ( Q h f l ) s i n ( ~y ~z f l ) c h ( wLh f l ) ]~
x [ ( y / 2 Q ) c h ( Q h / J ) s i n ( ~h f l ) +( Q / wL) s h ( wLf l ) s h ( Q h ~)c o s ( ~y h / 1 )
(y/2Q2hfl) s h ( Q h f J ) s i n ( ~y h f l ) ], ( 1 9 )
where ~
0=e
2h/4m2c2Q. I f y =O, t h e n e q . ( 1 9 ) be c o m e s
x=xo[w~lflsh(whfl)]/[ch(wh/J) 1] . (20)
F i g . 3 s h o ws t h e behaviour of the i n i t i a l s u s c e p t i bi l i t y a s a f u n c t i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e . Th e s i n g u l a r i t i e s i n t h e
m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i bi l i t y are at the samepoints as the singularities inthe specific heat which isgiven by eq. (12).
I n c o n c l u s i i o n we s e e that the extension of the Boltzmann statistics to damped systems withreal damped
coefficients leads to interestingproperties of thermodynamic functions. In a f o r t h c o m i n g p a p e r we s h a l l apply
the FermiDirac statistics to the above problems.
One of us (M. Mijatovi~5)gratefullyacknowledges support fromthe U.S. Department of Energy andthe Self-
Managed Community of Interest for Science of S.R. Macedonia.
3 4
Volume 122, number I PHYSICS LETTERS A 25 May 1987
References
[1] R. Feynman, Statistical mechanics (Benjamin, New York, 1972).
(2] P. Caldirola, NuovoCimento 18 (1941) 393; B 53 (1979) 291.
[3] E. Kanai, Prog. Theor. Phys. 3 (1948) 440.
[4] P. Hawas, NuovoCimento Suppl. 5 (1977) 363.
[5] R. Hasse, J. Math. Phys. 16 (1975) 2005; Rep. Prog. Phys. 41(1978)1027. -
[6] V. Dodonov andV. Manko, NuovoCimento A44 (1978) 265; Physica A 94 (1978) 403.
[7] A. Jannussis, U. Brodimas and A. Streclas, Phys. Lett. A 74 (1979) 6.
[8] R.P. Feynman and A.R. Hibbs, Quantum mechanics and pathintegration (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965).
[9] L.S. Schulman, Techniques andapplications of path integration (Wiley, New York, 1981).
[10] G. JunkerandA. Inomata, Phys. Lett. A 110 (1985) 195.
(11] A. Jannussis, V. Papatheou andK. Viachos, Phys. Lett. A 77 (1980) 112.
[12] I.C. Moreira, Lett. Nuovo Cimento 23 (1978) 294.
35