This document provides information about pipes and fittings used in piping systems. It defines small and big bore pipes and commonly used pipe sizes. It describes different materials used for pipes, tubes, fittings and other piping components. The key methods for joining pipes are discussed as butt welded, socket welded, screwed, and flanged connections. Common pipe fittings like elbows, returns, reducers, tees, crosses, and others are explained. The document provides specifications for different pipe and fitting materials, sizes, and pressure ratings.
Electrodeposition - Theory and Practice - (Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry 48) Nebojša D. Nikolić, Konstantin I. Popov (Auth.), Stojan S. Djokic (Eds.) - Springer-Verlag New York (2010) PDF
This document provides information about pipes and fittings used in piping systems. It defines small and big bore pipes and commonly used pipe sizes. It describes different materials used for pipes, tubes, fittings and other piping components. The key methods for joining pipes are discussed as butt welded, socket welded, screwed, and flanged connections. Common pipe fittings like elbows, returns, reducers, tees, crosses, and others are explained. The document provides specifications for different pipe and fitting materials, sizes, and pressure ratings.
This document provides information about pipes and fittings used in piping systems. It defines small and big bore pipes and commonly used pipe sizes. It describes different materials used for pipes, tubes, fittings and other piping components. The key methods for joining pipes are discussed as butt welded, socket welded, screwed, and flanged connections. Common pipe fittings like elbows, returns, reducers, tees, crosses, and others are explained. The document provides specifications for different pipe and fitting materials, sizes, and pressure ratings.
This document provides information about pipes and fittings used in piping systems. It defines small and big bore pipes and commonly used pipe sizes. It describes different materials used for pipes, tubes, fittings and other piping components. The key methods for joining pipes are discussed as butt welded, socket welded, screwed, and flanged connections. Common pipe fittings like elbows, returns, reducers, tees, crosses, and others are explained. The document provides specifications for different pipe and fitting materials, sizes, and pressure ratings.
2.1 INTRODUCTION Piping 29 PIPE:- pipes can be defined as a pressure tight cylinder used to transfer fluid. SMALL BORE :- Pipes having size range 1 are termed as small bore. BIG BORE :- Pipes having size range 2 above are termed as big bore. SINGLE RANDOM LENGTH :- !traight pipe in !"# is $ meters. DOUBLE RANDOM LENGTH :- !traight pipe in %"# is 11 meters. COMMONLY USED PIPE SIZE NPS NB OD 1&2 1' 21.( (&) 2* 2$.+ 1 2' ((.) 1 )* ),.( 2 '* $*.( ( ,* ,,.- ) 1** 11) $ 1'* 1$, , 2** 21- 1* 2'* 2+( 12 (** (2) .able 2.1 Pipe size NOT COMMONLY USED PIPE SIZE:- 1 / 0 2 0 ( ' SCHEDULE:- .he pipe thic1ness is designated by schedule no: and the corresponding thic1ness is specified in the 2!34 5 ($.1* for carbon steel pipe 2!34 5 ($.1- for stainless steel pipes. !tainless steel pipe are available in schedule 5S, 10S, 40S, 0S 6arbon steel pipes are available in schedule 10,20,!0,40,"0,0,100,120,140,1"0,STD,#S,##S PIPE & TUBES S$N PIPES TUBES 1 Pipes is specified by 7ominal 5ore 8759 .ubes are specified by outside diameter 2 :all thic1ness is e;pressed in schedule :all thic1ness is e;pressed in 5:< 8 5irmingham =ire gauge.9 ( 2vailable in small bore as =ell as big bore. 2vailable in small bore only. ) >sed in all process utilities line <enerally used in tracing lines0 tubes for e;changer in instrument connection. ' .he outside dia of pipe up to size 12 ?utside dia of tubes are numerically Piping 30 are numerically larger than corresponding size e@ual to the corresponding size. 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PIPES BASED ON METHOD OF MANUFACTURING PIPES SEAMLESS %ELDED ELECTRIC RESISTANCE %ELDED ELECTRIC FUSION %ELDED &ER%' 8EF%' CLASSIFICATION OF PIPES BASED ON MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION PIPES CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL LO% TEMP CARBON STEEL LO% ALLOY STEEL &CS' &SS' <CS' &LAS' A used up to )2'B6C Aused for corrosive fluidC A used for temp D 8-2-B69C A used for tempE 8)2'B69C 2.! COMMENLY USED MATERIALS MATERIALS Piping 31 PIPES & COMPONE NT CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL LO% ALLOY STEEL LO% TEMP CARBON STEEL PIPES 2'( <r 5 8:elded& !3#!9 21*$ <r 5 8!3#!9 2PF '# <r 5 8:elded& !3#!9 2$+2 <r 5$*0 81$ above9 2(12 <r .P(*) 2(12 <r .P(1$ 2(12 <r .P(21 2(', <r (*) 2(', <r (1$ 2(', <r (21 2)*- 81) (*9 6r-3o- 2((' <r P2 16r-3o- 2((' <r P12 1 1&)6r-3o-2((' <r P11 2 1&)6r-13o-2((' <r P22 (6r-13o-2((' <r P21 '6r-1&23o-2((' <r P' -6r-13o-2((' <r P- 2$-1 <r GG84H: high .-.. 1$ above9 82dd 6r I in blan1 space9 2((( <r.$ 8=elded&! 3#!9 2$+1 <r.66$* 84H:01$ 2bove9 FORGING 8Hlanges0 JoKlet fittings0 small bore valve0 fittings special parts.9 21*' 21,2<r.H(*)81,6r -,7i9 21,2<r.H(1$81$6r -127i-23o9 21,2<r.H(2181,6r -1*7i-.i9 6r-3o- 21,2 <r H2 16r-3o- 21,2 <r H12 1 / 6r-3o- 21,2 <r H11 2 / 6r-13o- 21,2 <r H22 ( 6r-13o- 21,2 <r H21 ' 6r-3o- 21,2 <r H' -6r-13o- 21,2 <r H- 2('* <r.#H2 6lass 1 2 . %ROUGHT FITTINGS 2((( <r.$ 8:elded& !3#!9 2)*(<r.:P(*) 2)*(<r.:P(1$ 2)*(<r.:P(21 16r-3o- 22() <r.:P12 1 / 6r-3o- 22() <r.:P11 2 / 6r-3o- 22() <r.:P22 ' 6r-3o- 22() <r.:P' - 6r-13o- 22() <r.:P- 2)2* <r.:P#-$ CASTINGS 8#arge bore valve special parts.9 221$ <r.:65 2('1<r.6H, 8!! (*)9 2('1<r.6H,3 8!! (1$9 2('1<r.6H,6 8!! (219 1 / 6r-3o- 221+ <r.:6$ 2 / 6r-13o- 221+ <r.:6- ' 6r-3o- 221+ <r.6-' - 6r-13o- 221+ <r.6-12 2('2 <r.#65 PLATES 2'1' <r.$* 22)* <r.(*) 22)* <r.(1$ 22)* <r.(21 6r-3o- 2(,+ <r.26#.1 16r-3o- 2(,+ 2'1$ <r.$* Piping 32 <r.126#.1 1 / 6r-3o- 2(,+ <r.116#.1 2 / 6r-13o- 2(,+ <r.226#.1 ( 6r-13o- 2(,+ <r.216#.1 ' 6r-3o- 2(,+ <r.'6#.1 -6r-13o- 2(,+ <r.-6#.1 BOLTS$NU T 21-( <r.5+ 21-) <r.2L 5 o l t 21-( <r.5, 6lass FF 21-) <r., 21-( <r.51$ 21-) <r.) 2(*+ <r.5 2'$( <r.2 7 u t .able 2.2 3aterials for pipes 7ote: - Lighlighted one are seldom used 2.4 METHOD OF (OINING PIPES Pipes can have follo=ing end section: PIPE ENDS 5eveled ends. Plain ends. !cre=ed ends. Hlanged ends. !oc1et ends. ). BUTT %ELDED:-
Higure 2.1 5utt =eld Piping 33 AD*ANTAGES 3ost economical method of Moining big bore lines. Noint is lea1 proof. Noint can be radio graphed. DISAD*ANTAGES :eld intrusion =ill affect the flo=. 4nd preparation is necessary. )). SOC+ET %ELDED:- Higure 2.2 !oc1et =eld AD*ANTAGES 2lignment is easier than butt =elded. 7o intrusion of =eld metal inside the pipe. #ea1 proof Moint. <enerally used to connect small bore lines. DISAD*ANTAGES .he 1 1&1$ recess poc1et . 7ot suitable =hen service fluid is corrosive in nature. 7ot suitable =hen vibration is anticipated. ))). SCRE%ED:- Piping 34 Higure 2.( !cre=ed Moint AD*ANTAGES 4asy to made it at site. 6an be used =here =elding is prohibited due to fire hazard. <enerally used to connect small bore lines. DISAD*ANTAGES #ea1 proof Moint cannot be guaranteed. . 7ot suitable =hen service fluid is corrosive in nature. 7ot suitable =hen vibration is anticipated. 7ot suitable =hen operating temperature is above -2' H. .hread reduces the =all thic1ness0 conse@uently reducing the strength. ),. FLANGED:- Higure 2.) Hlanged Moint AD*ANTAGES 4asy to made it at site. 6an be used =here =elding is prohibited due to fire hazard. %ismantling is very easy. DISAD*ANTAGES #ea1 proof Moint cannot be guaranteed. . Fts an e;pensive method of Moining pipes.. 7ot suitable =hen high bending moment is anticipated. Piping 35 2.5 PIPE FITTINGS: S-./0.10 P)23 4)--)/56. 2.5.1 ELBO%S:- B.630 7/ 3/0 87//38-)7/ 39:7;6 .13 74 47997;)/5 -<236. B=---;39030 39:7;. S78>3- 39:7;. T?13.030 39:7;. A,.)9.:93 )/ @0A& 45A 39:7;6. A,.)9.:93 )/ 6?71- 1.0)=6 & L7/5 1.0)=6 2.--31/. A,.)9.:93 .6 130=8)/5 39:7;.
Higure 2.' 4lbo=s
2.5.2 MITER BEND:- 3iter bends are not standard fittings they are fabricated from pipes. >sually they are preferred for size 1* above because large size elbo= is e;pensive not easily available in the mar1et. >se of miter bend is restricted to lo= pressure.. 3iter bend can be fabricated in 2 0 ( 0 ' piece. Piping 36 Higure 2.$ 3iter 5end Piping 37 2.5.! RETURNS:- "educing elbo=s are used to ma1e 1,*B change in direction. 2vailable in short long pattern. 3ainly used in heating coil0 heat e;changer etc.
Higure 2.+ "eturns 2.5.4 REDUCER:- "educers are used to connect larger dia pipe to smaller dia pipes vice versa. .here are t=o types of reducers CONCENTRIC REDUCERS:- It maintains the center line elevation of pipe line. Higure 2., "educers ECCENTRIC REDUCERS:- It maintains BO ! "ottom of pipe# elevation of pipe line.Offset is e$%al to & ' !lar(er ID min%s smaller ID#. Higure 2.- 4ccentric "educers Piping 38 2.5.5 S%AGE:- !=age is li1e reducers used to connect butt =elded pipes to smaller scre=ed or soc1et =elded pipes. #i1e reducers they are concentric eccentric type..they are covered under the regulatory code 5! (+--.
Higure 2.1* s=age 2.5." UNION:- >nion is used to connect small bore pipes. Ft can be soc1et end or threaded end Piping 39 Higure 2.11 >nions 2.5.B HALF COUPLING:- <enerally used for branching or for vessel connections. Ft can be threaded or soc1et type. Piping 40 Higure 2.12 Lalf 6oupling 2.5. FULL COUPLING:- <enerally used for connecting pipes or items =ith either threaded or soc1et ends. Higure 2.1( Hull 6oupling 2.5.@ TEES :- .ees are used for ma1ing -*B branch from main run of pipe .5ranch size may be of same size or less than the main header size. Piping 41 Higure 2.1) .ee 2.5.10 CROSS :- !traight cross are usually stoc1 items. "educing cross may not be readily available hence it is proffered to use .44 instead of reducing 6ross-e;cept =here space is restricted. Higure 2.1' 6ross 2.5.11 LATERALS: - Ft permit entry of branch to a main header at )'B angle. Ft is used =here lo= resistance to flo= is re@uired especially in flare lines. 5ranch size may be of e@ual size or reducing. 5ranch angle other than )'B angle is possible only to special order. Piping 42 Higure 2.1$ #aterals 2.5.12 STUB-IN :- !tub in is not any standard fittings ..his term is used for branch pipe directly =elded to main pipe run. Ff re@uired it may be re-inforced. .his is the most common least e;pensive method to branch full size or reducing size from main header0 Higure 2.1+ !tub-in 2.5.1! COD LET FITTINGS: - .hese are the special fittings available readymade in the mar1et. Ft does not re@uire any reinforcement. .hey are preshaped to the curvature of the run pipe end preparation is pre done. T?3 )-3E6 9)6-30 )/ COD 93- 4)--)/56 .13 Piping 43 )E*DO*ET SOC+O*ET Threa,olet Piping 44 S)EEO*ET E*BO)*ET NIO*ET Piping 45 *-TERO*ET CAP :- 6ap is used to seal end of pipe. Higure 2.1, Oarious J?K let fittings 2." FLANGES Hlanges are used to connect Pipe to pipe0 =hich re@uire fre@uent dismantling. Piping 46 Pipe to e@uipment. Pipe to valves. Pipe to special items. 2 flanged Moints consist of three integral parts namely 49./536, 5.6>3-, B79- & N=-. .he design standard for Hlanges is 2!34 5 1$.'. B.630 7/ P-T 1.-)/56 49./536 .13 89.66)4)30 .6 1'*P (**P )**P $**P -**P 1'**P 2'**P B.630 7/ .--.8?E3/- 49./536 .13 89.66)4)30 .6 i. !lip-on ii. !oc1et =eld. iii. !cre=ed. iv. :eld 7ec1 v. "educing vi. #ap Moint. vii. 5lind. 2.".1 SLIP-ON FLANGE Piping 47 Higure 2.1- !lip on Hlange Hlange is attached by =elding inside as =ell as outside. Pipe is set bac1 1&1$ Qfrom the face of flange. Fnternal =eld is subMected to corrosion0 hence not preferred for corrosive service. Poor resistant to shoc1 vibration. 6heaper to buy but costlier to assemble. 4asier to align. .he strength is about 1&( that of the corresponding =eld nec1 flange. 2.".2 SOC+ET %ELD FLANGE :elded only on one side0 hence not recommended for severe service. >sed only for small bore pipes 7ot recommended for service above 2'*B6 belo= -)'B6 SCRE%ED FLANGES >sed to connect scre=ed pipe to flanged items. Piping 48 >sed only for small bore pipes 7ot recommended for service above 2'*B6 belo= -)'B6 >sed =here =elding can not be used for hazardous reasons. Higure 2.2* !cre=ed Hlange %ELD NEC+ FLANGE Hlanges are attached by butt-=elding to pipes. !uitable =here e;treme temperature0 shear0 impact vibratory stress apply. :elding can be radia-graphed. 6ostly. Higure 2.21 :eld 7ec1 Hlange REDUCING FLANGE >sed to connect bigger pipe to smaller pipes. 2vailable in slip-on or =eld nec1 type. Piping 49 !hould not be used if abrupt transition =ould create undesirable turbulence. !pecified by the line size of smaller pipe ?% of the flange to be mated. Higure 2.22 "educing Hlange LAP (OINT FLANGE Ft is used to connect pipe of costlier material li1e stainless steel. .his is used along =ith stub-end. 3aterial of stub-end =ill be as pipe flange =ill be of cheaper material li1e carbon steel. !tub-end =ill be butt =elded to the pipe flange is 1ept loose over it. Ft is also useful =here alignment of bolt is difficult. Piping 50 Higure 2.2( #ap Moint Hlange BLIND FLANGE <enerally used to close the pipe end =hich need to be reopened later.. 2.B C9.66)4)8.-)7/ 74 49.536: 5ased on Hacing flanges are classified as Piping 51 i. Hlat face. 8HH9 ii. "aised face. 8"H9 iii. "ing .ype Noint. 8".N9 iv. .ongue groove Noints. v. 3ale&female Noints.
FLAT FACE RAISED FACE
RING (OINT TONGUE & GROO*E (OINT Hig 2.2) Hlange Hacing
2. MALE $ FEMALE (OINT GAS+ET. Piping 52 <as1ets are used to provide fluid resistant seal bet=een the flanges. Ft can be metallic or non metallic type metallic gas1et is referred to 2!34 5 1$.2* non metallic gas1et is referred to 1$.21 . 3etallic gas1et is further categorized as !piral =ound0 corrugated metallic ring type Moint. S3938-)7/ 74 G.6>3- 0323/06 7/ 47997;)/5 4.8-71. P-. of the fluid service. 6orrosive nature of the fluid service. 6ode re@uirement. 6ost Higure 2.2, <as1et Noint .ables 2.( <as1et 3aterial Piping 53 BOLTS & NUTS. .=o types of bolt are generally used in the industry 3achine bolt !tud bolt %esign standard for bolt nut is 2!34 5 1$.' Hor lo= P-. machine bolt is preferred other=ise studs 5olts are provided =ith he;agonal head 0 he;agonal nuts =asher. Higure 2.2$ 7ut-5olt Piping 54 2.@ SPECIAL PARTS: 2.@.1 S-1.)/316 !trainers are used in a piping system to protect the e@uipment sensitive to dirt or other solid particle that may be carried by fluids. %uring start-up temporary strainers are placed upstream of pumps to protect from construction debris0 =hich may be left over during construction these are called S-.1--=2 $T3E271.1< 6-1.)/316. Higure 2.2+ 6onical !tart-up temporary !trainer P31E./3/- 6-1.)/316 are installed upstream of control valves0 stream trap instrument to protect it from solid particle. .here are t=o type of permanent strainer. R- type strainer. 5as1et strainer. .-t/pe strainer. Higure 2.2, R-type strainer Bas0et strainer. Piping 55 Higure 2.2- 5as1et strainer 2.@.2 STEAM TRAPS: .he function of stream trap is to discharge condensate from the steam piping =ithout releasing steam. 6ommonly used steam traps are i. Hloat ii. .hermostatic iii. .hermodynamic iv. Fnverted buc1et. FLOAT Hloat type consist of a chamber0 containing float arm mechanism0 =hich modulates the position of discharge valve. :hen the level of condensate increases0 the float lifts ups causing the valve to open discharge condensate. .his has got venting system to discharge air carbon dio;ide. Higure 2.(* Hloat type !team trap F3.-=13 6an be used in process0 utility as =ell as LO26 system <enerally used for high capacity. 7ot suitable =hen there is a fluid hammering in the system. 7ot suitable for very lo= temperature service. 2vailable in size 1'0 2*0 2'0 )*0 '* 75. 2vailable in scre=ed0 soc1et =eld flanged ends. Piping 56 THERMOSTATIC .his system employs a thermostatic 85i-metallic9 elements0 =hich opens closes the valve. .he valve gets open by cooler condensate gets closed =hen steam comes in contact =ith the thermostatic elements. Higure 2.(1 .hermostatic type steam trap F3.-=13 6an be used =here fluid hammering is anticipated in the piping system. Ft can handle =ide range of condensate load over a =ide range of pressure. .he application include drip legs0 heating coil0 steam tracer etc. Ft re@uires a straight pipe run of 2 1, on upstream side. 2vailable in size 1' 2* 75. 2vailable in scre=ed soc1et =eld ends. THERMODYNAMIC .he basic principle behind this trap is that the e;panded volume of steam compared to condensate has a throttling effect at the orifice. :ith the a properly sized orifice0 condensate at lo=er specific volume =ill pass through the opening at comparatively slo=er velocity. 2s steam begin to reach orifice plate the condensate =ill begin to e;pand. 2s the condensate e;pand0 the velocity through the orifice =ill increase throttling action =ill start to ta1e place. Piping 57 Higure 2.(2 .hermodynamic steam trap F3.-=13 #imited capacity. Potential for steam lea1age. Ff steam is allo=ed to pass through the orifice for e;tended period0 it =ill cause erosion of orifice. 2vailable in size 1' 2* 75. 2vailable in scre=ed butt =elded ends. IN*ERTED BUC+ET Ft consists of a chamber containing an inverted buc1et0 =hich actuates the discharge valve through lin1age. .he valve is open =hen buc1et rest at the bottom of trap. .his allo=s air to escape until the bottom of buc1et is seal by rising condensate. .he valve remains open as long as condensate is flo=ing0 and trapped air bleeds out through a small vent in the top of the buc1et. :hen steam enters the trap0 it fills the buc1et0 causing the buc1et to float0 so it rises close the valve. Piping 58 Higure 2.(( Fnverted 5uc1et steam trap F3.-=13 6an be used over =ide range of pressure temperature.. 2vailable in size 1'02* 2' 75. 2vailable in scre=ed ends. 2.@.! FLAME ARRESTOR: 2 flame arrestor is a device that is fitted into0 or at the end of0 a pipeline or vessel =here flammable gases or vapors are flo=ing. Ft prevents the transmission of accidentally ignited flames or e;plosions =hile permitting the process gas to flo=. Hlame arrestors may be installed on their o=n or as part of a more comprehensive flame and e;plosion safety system. 3ore than one flame arrestor may be re@uired to ensure complete protection.
2.@.4 E#PANSION BELLO%S: Piping 59 Higure 2.() 4;pansion 5ello= 2n e;pansion bello=s is a device used to allo= movement in a piping system =hile containing pressure the medium running through it. .he 5ello=s are generally employed in a piping system in one of the follo=ing situations: :hen the space constraints do not permit providing ade@uate fle;ibility by conventional methods 8e. g. e;pansion loops etc.9 for maintaining the system stresses =ithin acceptable limits. :hen conventional solutions 8e.g. e;pansion loops etc.9 create unacceptable process conditions 8e.g. e;cessive pressure drop9. :hen it is not practical to limit the piping induced loads on the terminal nozzles of the connected e@uipment =ithin admissible limits by conventional methods. :hen the e@uipment such as 6ompressors0 .urbines0 Pumps etc. necessitate isolating the mechanical vibrations from being transmitted to the connected piping. Piping 60
Electrodeposition - Theory and Practice - (Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry 48) Nebojša D. Nikolić, Konstantin I. Popov (Auth.), Stojan S. Djokic (Eds.) - Springer-Verlag New York (2010) PDF