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Proceedings
Of
IMAC-XIX:
A Conference on
Structural Dynamics
FEBRUARY 5-8,200l
HYATT ORLANDO
KISSIMMEE, FLORIDA
The IMAC-XIX Proceedings are dedicated to the memory of Dominick J. DeMichele,
IMAC Founder and SEM Honorary Member
TECHNICAL PROGRAM CHAIRS:
Alfred L. Wicks, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Raj Singhal, David Florida Laboratory of the Canadian Space Agency
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Katherine M. Ramsay, Conference Manager
Organized By:
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7 School Street, Bethel, Connecticut 06801
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Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc. 2001
ISBN: 0-912053-72-O ISSN: 1046-6770
THE IMAC ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Mark H. Richardson, Chair Thomas L. Lagii
Vibrant Technology, Inc. Larson Davis, A PCB Group Company
U.S.A. U.S.A.
Dr. Randall Allemang
University of Cincinnati
U.S.A.
Dr. David L. Brown
University of Cincinnati
U.S.A.
Dr. Thomas G. Carne
Sandia National Laboratories
U.S.A.
Prof. Roy R. Craig, Jr.
The University of Texas at Austin
U.S.A.
Dr. David J. Ewins
Imperial College of Science, Technology
and Medicine
United Kingdom
David L. Hunt
ATA Engineering, Inc
U.S.A.
Dr. Larry D. Mitchell
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
& State University
U.S.A.
Katherine M. Ramsay, Secretary
Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc
U.S.A.
Dr. Paul Sas
Katholieke University Leuven
Belgium
Dr. Havard Void
Vold Solutions
U.S.A.
Dr. Lingmi Zhang
Nanjing University of Aeronautics
and Astronautics
China
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
1. Future Directions in Structural Dynamics: Signal Processing
Efficient Random Decrement Computation for Identification of Ambient Responses, #123.............................. 1
S.R. Ibrahim, Old Dominion University
Structural Dynamics of the International Space Station Using Data from the Laser Dynamic Range
Imager, #212............................................................................................................................................. 7
G.H. James III, ETM, Inc.
Dynamic Properties of a Full-scale Bridge Using Forced Vibration Testing, #177.......................................... 14
C.D. Christensen, M.W. Halling, K.C. Womack, Utah State University
Statistical Based Non-linear Model Updating Using Feature Extraction, #338............................................... 18
J.F. Schultze, F.M. Hemez, S.W. Doebling, H. Sohn, Los Alamos National Laboratory
VXI Architecture Provides Integration of Static/Dynamic Testing Solution, #355........................................... 27
D.J. McDonald, Agilent Technologies
2. Active Control I
Assessment of an Active Dynamic Vibration Absorber, #198....................................................................... 32
R.F.A. Marques, D.A. Rade, S.S. Cunha, Jr., Federal University of Uberlndia
Stochastic Linearization for Control of Hysteretic Structures Using H(infinity) Algorithm, #234....................... 37
M. Ben Ftima, Polytechnic School of Tunisia; F. Sadek, National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST); S. El-Borgi, Polytechnic School of Tunisia; M.A. Riley, National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST)
Semi-active Control of Transient Resonance for a Flexible Transmission Shaft, #33..................................... 44
M. Qiming, S.E. Semercigil, Victoria University of Technology
Vibration Control of Multi-link Robot Manipulators: Part I with Rigid Linkages, #76........................................ 50
A. zer, S.E. Semercigil, Victoria University of Technology
3. Brake Noise and Vibration
Developed by: P.G. Blaschke, Robert Bosch Corporation
An Overview of Brake Noise and Vibration Problems, #341 ........................................................................ 57
M.K. Abdelhamid, P.G. Blaschke, W.A. Wang, S. Yang, Robert Bosch Corporation
Semi-active Control of Friction Driven Systems, #342................................................................................. 64
R. Nitsche, L. Gaul, University of Stuttgart
Mode Lock-in Characteristics and Instability Study of the Pin-on-disc System, #343..................................... 71
A. Tuchinda, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine; N.P. Hoffmann,
Robert Bosch GmbH; D.J. Ewins, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine;
W. Keiper, Bosch Braking Systems
xii
Characteristics of Force Frequency Shifting for Low Frequency Excitation, #173.........................................811
M.W. Trethewey, The Pennsylvania State University; L.L. Koss, Monash University
Planar Grid vs. Geometry-controlled Hammer-impact/scanning Laser Modal Analysis, #159........................816
J. Keiffer, G. Bissinger, East Carolina University
Using Experimental Modal Analysis Principles to Evaluate the Dynamics of Catheter Transducer
System in Invasive-pressure Measurements, #207....................................................................................822
P. Cappa, M. Cannella, University of Rome "La Sapienza"; P.S. Varoto, University
of So Paulo
23. Comparative Study of Vibration Analysis Techniques for Bridge Dynamic
Developed by: C.E. Ventura, The University of British Columbia and B. Peeters, Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven
Post-processing Ambiant and Forced Response Bridge Data to Obtain Modal Parameters, #100.................829
B. Schwarz, M. Richardson, Vibrant Technology, Inc.
Modal Parameter Extraction of Z24 Bridge Data, #248 ..............................................................................836
D.J. Luscher, Montana State University; J.M.W. Brownjohn, Nanyang Technological
University; H. Sohn, C.R. Farrar, Los Alamos National Laboratory
System Identification of the Z24 Swiss Bridge, #72....................................................................................842
K. Womack, J.D. Hodson, Utah State University
Comparison of Forced and Ambient Vibration Measurements on a Bridge, #335.........................................846
P. Reynolds, A. Pavic, The University of Sheffield
Z24 Bridge Dynamic Data Analysis By Time Domain Methods, #92............................................................852
A. Fasana, L. Garibaldi, E. Giorcelli, D. Sabia, Politecnico di Torino
A Comparison of Modal Properties Derived from Forced and Output-Only Measurements for a Reinforced
Concrete Highway Bridge, #202...............................................................................................................857
R. Bolton, N. Stubbs, Texas A&M University; C. Sikorsky, California Department of
Transportation; S. Choi, Texas A&M University
Application of the CVA-BR Method to the Z24 Bridge Vibration Data, #93...................................................864
S. Marchesiello, B.A.D. Piombo, S. Sorrentino, Politecnico di Torino
24. Processing Modal Data I
Gathering Operating Vibration Data on the Nobeyama 45M Radio Telescope, #211....................................870
J.R. Blough, G. Gwaltney, C.D. Van Karsen, Michigan Technological University;
D.R. Smith, MERLAB PC; C. DeVries, University of Massachusetts-Amherst;
N. Ukita, Nobeyama Radio Observatory
Relative Importance of Vibrational Modes in Random Vibration, #140 ........................................................874
J.E. Lee, Chung Ang University; B.R. Lee, Hyundai Motor Company
Impact of the Consumer Marketplace upon Structural Dynamics, Controls and Acoustics, #320...................881
D.L. Brown, S. Dumbacher, University of Cincinnati; D. Adams, Purdue University
Dynamic Expansion of Frequency Response Functions for the Full FRF Matrix, #302 .................................887
P. Avitabile, J. O'Callahan, University of Massachusetts Lowell
Using Experimental Modal Analysis Principles to Evaluate the Dynamics of
Catheter Transducer System in Invasive-Pressure Measurements
Pa010 Cappa
Associate Professor
Marco Cannella
PhD Student
Department of Mechanics and Aeronautics
University of Rome La Sapienza
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to employ basic
modal testing principles in order to assess the dynamic
behavior of fluid filled catheter in invasive pressure
measurements. This type of dynamic measurement is
particularly suitable in biomedical engineering
applications, where accurate blood pressure readings are
required in order to assess the patient real condition.
The measurement procedure requires that a fluid filled
catheter be introduced in the patients body through a
prescribed artery, and its tip positioned in the desired
location where the blood pressure is to be monitored.
The other catheter end is connected to a pressure
transducer that senses the pressure pulse transmitted
through the fluid along the catheter length. This blood
pressure pulse can then be monitored by appropriate
clinical hardware. Previous studies reported that the
catheter-transducer system alters significantly the shape
and amplitude of the pressure pulse transmitted along
the catheters length. In particular, the catheters radial
compliance and geometry appears to be an important
factor in the pressure distortions observed. In the
present work experimental simulations are performed
by using a catheter-transducer system that is connected
to an artificial blood pressure simulator. This simulator
is capable of generating pressure pulses that are close to
real signals observed in patients during blood pressure
monitoring. A special type of piezoresistive pressure
transducer is used in the experimental work in order to
measure the simulated pressure signals. One transducer
is used tq capture the input pressure to catheter at the
simulator stopcock. A second pressure transducer is
used to measure the pressure at the other catheters end.
Pressure frequency response functions (PPRF) are
gathered by using several input pressure pulses from the
simulator and also horn an external signal generator.
These PFRF are then used to get estimates of the
catheters modal parameters. A two degree of freedom
dynamic model is then adjusted to the measured PFRP
and this model is then used to correct the input pressure
distortions caused by the dynamics of the catheter.
Paul0 S. Varoto
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Sao Paul0
Campus of Sao Carlos
BlXZil
Preliminary results indicate that the modal approach
employed here has good chances to correct properly the
pressure distortions observed. However, a more detailed
study has been under development by the authors in
order to get a better understanding of the catheter-
transducer system dynamics.
NOMENCLATURE
DOF Degree Of Freedom
PFRP Pressure FRF
fl
Lower hequency of the chirp test signal
fz
Upper frequency of the chirp test signal
H(Q)
Frequency Response Function (FRF)
SUT
TC
Al
Al
t
Structure Under Test
Chirps time period
Modal Constant for fust DOF
Modal Constant for second DOF
Damping ratio for first DOF
Damping ratio for second DOF
j
co
01
02
complex imaginary number
Circular t?equency
First DOF natural frequency
Second DOF natural frequency
1. INTRODUCTION
The measurement of intravascular pressure has
been routine in the physiological laboratory and in the
catheterism room. The most common method of
gathering invasive blood pressure information is an
indwelling catheter with fluid-filled monitoring lines
connecting the pressure transducer to the patient. Since
1950 Hansen [I], evaluating the capability of the
catheter-pressure transducer-monitor systems to follow
the rapid pressure variations, discovered that this system
introduces several distortion in the measurement of
fluctuating pressure. Numerous authors, after Hansen,
have studied this measurement system and discovered
that pressure distortions are mainly due to the natural
system resonance and to catheter tube and transducer
822
dome compliance as it is widely reported in literature
[2-131.
Thus, it becomes clear the need of a detailed
evaluation of the catheter-pressure transducer-monitor
system to follow the rapid pressure variations without
introducing significant pressure signal distortion. In
order to obtain a faithful reproduction of the arterial
pressure waveforms, the dynamic response
characteristics of a pressure monitoring system must
have amplitude and phase linearity and an adequate
bandwidth.
Several methods were proposed to improve the
dynamic response of the system. It is possible to
classify the proposed solutions in two main groups: (a)
filtering and (b) reconstructing method. The aim of the
first method is to keep information about pressure wave
born frequencies lower than system frequency
resonance, while the latter try to draw out information
even from those frequencies grater than frequency
resonance. In particular the second method, i.e. the
reconstructing one, tries to extend system bandwidth
knowing the dynamic response of fluid-filled catheter
transducer system.
The simplest filtering method involves the use of low-
pass filter and, even if a flat frequency response up to
the natural hequency cannot be realized, it is still
acceptable if the natural fbequency is high enough. For
example, by using a low-pass filter with a cut-off
frequency of about 20-22 Hz, the maximum rate of the
letI ventricular pressure build-up can bc estimated
within an error of 10 percent [14]. Further improvement
of response characteristics can be obtained by using a
resonance circuit. It has been shown that an almost flat
frequency response up to the natural frequency can be
obtained by means of a compensating amplifier, which
has an adjustable resonance circuit [ 151. Moreover the
Fourier analysis [ 161 and digital signal processing [ 171
have been realized but they have never put into practice
because: (a) the f?equency bandwidth was insufficient
or (b) it was difficult to correct the waveform in real
time. Recently, the utilization of the natural observation
system (NOS), i.e. reconstructing a signal without its
Fourier series but by a linear combination of outputs of
a series of first-order high-pass filters, was proposed
[ 181; the correction in real time was accomplished and,
consequently, the system provides distortion-free blood-
pressure waveform.
However, in authors opinion a more precise system
description can be reached by a two DOF (degree of
freedom) schematization and by tailoring the parameter
values depending on the obtained experimental results.
The previously mentioned method is widely used in
experimental techniques adopted in vibration testing but
it is not, in authors knowledge, in the evaluation of
dynamic response of the catheter-transducer system.
Therefore, in this paper basic modal testing
principles are used in order to assess the dynamic
characteristics of a fluid filled catheter that is used with
a piezoresistive pressure transducer. An experimental
analysis is performed by using a pressure simulator that
is able to generate several pressure pulses that resemble
in shape the pressure readings taken in the human body.
823
The simulator also has an arbitrary input channel that
can be used to introduce particular type of input signal,
i.e., a periodic or transient signal. This pressure
simulator ihas a dome that is used to mechanically
connect one end of the catheter through a pressure
transducer. This transducer is used to gather the input
pressure pulse from the simulator and that will be
applied to the fluid filled catheter. The catheters second
end point is then connected to a second pressure
transducer, identical to the first one. This second
transducer is used to measurer the pressure pulse after it
traveled through the compliant catheter. The signals
horn both pressure signals are then compared in terms
of their shapes and a correction scheme is employed to
correct the distortions presented in the output pressure
reading. This correction scheme is based on a two
degree of freedom system for the catheter system, that is
obtained horn the pressure frequency response
functions obtained in the tests.
2. EXPERIMENTAL. ANALYSIS
This section describes the experimental setup that
was employed in the evaluation of the catheter-
transducer system. It can be devived in three different
stages. In the tirst stage, the catheter-transducer system
was driven by short duration pressure waves in order to
get estimates of the PFRF. In the second stage, the
measured PFRF were used to obtain a simple two DOF
mathematical model using modal indentification
principles. Finally, some physiological pressure pulses
were artificially generated and measured by the same
catheter-transducer system previously used, and the
measured pulses were corrected by using the modal
model obtained.
2.1 Test Apparatus
As previously pointed the test setup shown in Fig. 1
is used where a catheter is firmly supported at the ends
where it is connected at two disposable clinical pressure
transducers. Notice that according to this test apparatus
the catheter is suspended as a simple supported string.
This simplification was adopted in this study after a
preliminary set of tests, that indicated that the catheters
geometry as well as possible contacts with surfaces alter
significantly the results obtained in the tests. Thus, in
order to grasp some insights on the dynamic behavior of
the system, the simplest possible boundary conditions
were adopted to the catheter, and it corresponds to the
situation shown in Fig. 1. Three catheters, manufactured
by the same producer, were examined, differing only in
terms of their length that were equal to 50 - 75 and 100
mm, respectively. The external diameter is the same for
all catheters and it is equal to 7F, i.e. 2.3 mm. Two
disposable piezoresistive membrane-type pressure
transducers, manufactured by DTX, that are extensively
adopted in clinical routine, were used in the
experimental analysis. The transducer characteristics
issued in data sheet are: the sensitivity of 5
-
(yV/V)lmmHg f1 percent, nonlinearity always less than
2 %, thermal sensitivity coefficient of fo,l%/C, zero
thermal coefficient f 0,3 mmHg/C, natural frequency
of 145 Hz when connected to a catheter of 30 mm
length with a non-specified diameter of the examined
catheter. In addition, a BIOTSK 601A Blood Pressure
Systems Calibrator was used to apply pressure
waveforms to the fluid-filled catheter. This simulator
works basically as an electrodynamic vibration exciter,
except that the armature motion develops a pressure in a
fluid tilled dome. This input pressure is then measured
by the first pressure transducer and then applied to the
fluid filled catheter. The primary use of this pressure
simulator is to reduce measurement errors associated
with invasive blood pressure monitoring by generating
normal and abnormal pressure waveforms. The dynamic
characteristic of the simulator asserted in the provided
documentation is: frequency response function flat
within 3 db in the range of O-150 Hz. The data was
gathered and processed using a SCXI NATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS board equipped with a low-pass
Bessel filter set to 200 Hz. This frequency upper limit
was chosen considering that for the pressure
measurements in this measuring system is generally
accepted a bandwidth of O-50 Hz. The pressure signals
were measured using a standard rectangular window.
The input and output time domain pressure signals from
both transducers were acquired by a PC computer and a
special LabView@ routine was written in order to
perform the PFRP calculations using basic FPT
routines.
Hence, it clearly emerges horn an examination of
the previously described test set-up that it was decided
to evaluate the system PFRP horn a comparative
analysis of the pressure variations as a function of time
measured at A and B sites (see Fig.1). Moreover, it is
necessary to outline that the adopted scheme is typically
used in a laboratory settings for dynamic analysis of a
SUT to determine the FRF where a known excitation
input is applied at one location and a response is
measured at other location. The scheme here utilized
based on two pressure transducers appears intrinsically
superior to other schemes generally adopted by other
researchers to describe the catheter-transducer system
behavior. In fact, one of the proposed methodologies is
based on the use of a pressure generator, connected to
one end of the catheter, and a single pressure transducer
is attached to the other end of catheter. That scheme
hypothesizes that (a) the waveform selected by the
reseracher is exactly applied by the pressure generator
and (b) the hydraulic coupling between the pressure
generator dome and the catheter does not affect in
t7equency domain the catheter-pressure transducer
behavior. In addition, from the modal testing viewpoint
the input pressure is not measured when a single
catheter is used, and thus, it is not possible to get the
PFRF estimate horn this test arrangement. Another
methodology to dynamically characterize the catheter-
transducer system is based on the analysis of the
pressure transducer output when a step change in
pressure is applied at the catheter tip and from the
collected data the natural frequency and the damping
factor of the single DOF system are determined.
However, a single DOF model fails in representing the
system complexity considering also that the catheter is
not, evidently, fixed in a rigid manner at the tip and it
could happen that the catheter flails in the vessel or in
the chamber wherein the pressure is measured (that
distortion is generally called catheter whip). In fact,
the acceleration of catheter causes an acceleration of the
fluid within the catheter that produces in his turn an
equivalent pressure change [ 19-201.
Moreover, it was avoided the presence of even
a tiny air bubble inside the fluid filled catheter, since it
is known that the presence of air bubbles alters the
equivalent sti&ess and increases the system volume
displacement leading to increased damping and a
prolonged response time. However, the experimental
test setup here utilized fails in representing the actual
catheter utilization in the following aspects: (a) The
catheter is subjected along its length to the atmospheric
pressure while in real invasive blood pressure
monitoring the catheter is subjected to the surrounding
blood and the vessel walls (b) the catheter is filled with
non-moving distilled water and not the saline solution
with anticoagulant agent such as, for example,
heparine. While the previously cited point (a) will be
refined in the incoming research phase, the latter does
not appear relevant.
2.2 PFXF Measurements
This section describes how the instrumentation was
set in order to gather the PFRF. In order to accomplish
this objective, the simulator was driven by a HP 33 120A
signal generator. In this case, a transient chirp excitation
signal was chosen in order to measure the time domain
signals at both pressure transducers A and B, according
to Fig. 1. Some preliminary tests were also performed
using a short step wave as the excitation source signal.
However, as it will be shown later on the results, it was
found that the chirp gave better results in terms of signal
to noise ratios and reduction of filter leakage during the
frequency domain signal processing. In addition, the
chirp excitation if properly adjusted in terms of its
duration presents a much better performance in terms of
exciting uniformly all the frequency components in the
desired tbequency range.
The SCXI was adjusted to gather the time domain
signals on vectors containing 214 points at a sampling of
2000 samples/s. The chirp duration was set at 25 ms in
the O-200 Hz bandwidth. Once the time domain signals
were gathered by the data acquisition system, the PFRF
were computed by the LabView routine using standard
FFT procedures.
1
Typically, saline containing about 2000 units of hepatie per liter
can be continuously infused at a rate ofabout 3 to 6 ml per hour.
824
2.3 Parameter estimation of a two DOF
Once several estimates of the PFRF were obtained
according to the experimental procedure described
above, basic modal parameter identification procedures
were employed in order to obtain a dynamic model that
could describe the catheters dynamic characteristics in
the O-200 Hz bandwidth. This dynamic model can be
described by the following expression (Ewins, 1984,
McConnell, 1995)
(1)
where o, and i, represent the pth natural frequency and
modal damping ratio, respectively, and A, is the modal
constant, that is related to the systems mode shapes
presented in the frequency range of interest. In the
present study, efforts were focused in obtaining the most
possible reliable estimates for these parameters,
However, some amplitude differences were found and
they are primarily due to possible inaccuracy on the
damping estimates and also on the modal constants
obtained 6om the PFRF
2.4 Model Validation Using Pressure Waves
The final stage of this experimental analysis
consisted of using the capabilities of the BIOTEK
601A to generate physiological pressure waveforms in
order to verify the accuracy of the two DOF model
obtained through Eq. 1 to reproduce the pressure wave
generated by the simulator and measured by the
transducer at location A. This verification was
performed by using the following frequency domain
equation (Ewins, 1984, McConnell, 1995)
Pest (0) = H(NPA (0) (2)
where P&co) represents the estimated t?equency
domain pressure signal, that is obtained from the H(o)
PFRF previously obtained, and PA(w) is the pressure
signal measured at location A and that contains the
frequency content of the physiological pressure wave
generated by the BIOTEK 601A pressure simulator.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section presents some results that were
obtained from the experimental analysis described in
the previous section. Although many tests were
performed using different catheters lengths and
geometric configurations, it will be shown here the
results obtained horn the configuration shown in Fig. 1.
Figures 2a and 2b shows the f?equency domain
signals measured on transducer mounted at locations A
for two different input pressure signals. Figure 2a
represents the input hequency domain signal that was
obtained when a step signal is applied to the catheter by
the simulator coupled to the HP 33120A signals
generator. Figure 2b shows the result that is obtained
for the input signal when a short duration chirp is
applied to the catheter. It becomes immediately clear
the superiority of the chirp excitation. Although some
amplitude variations were found on the input spectral
density shown in Fig. 2b, the input spectral density
obtained with the step is totally inadequate, since it
shows many glitches in the O-200 Hz hcquency range
that are primarily due to the time domain duration of
the step input. Figure 2c shows a typical result that was
obtained for the output spectral density at transducer
mounted at location B when a short duration sinusoidal
chirp was applied to the catheter. This curve shows the
basic two DOF behavior exhibited by the catheter in its
testing configuration. This plot also presents some noise
problems of two kinds, the first being a 50 Hz
tiequency component from the power line that showed
up in the transducer signal. This problem was solved for
further tests. The second noise source showed up at the
end of the O-200 Hz frequency range and is mostly due
to digital filter characteristics.
Figure 3 shows the results obtained for the two
DOF that was adjusted to the experimental PFRF
according to Eq. 1. Figure 3a shows the PFBF
magnitude when a 7F catheter with length of 1000 mm
is employed. A reasonably good agreement was
obtained between the experimental PFRF (dashed line)
and the adjusted two DOF model (solid line). It can be
seen the presence of two natural frequencies, the first
occurring at Il. 1 Hz and the second at 142 Hz. The
modal damping ratios calculated are 0.11 and 0.2 I for
the first and second mode shapes, respectively.
Figure 3b shows essentially similar results to those
shown in Fig. 3a, except that in this case, a 7F catheter
with 500 mm was used in the tests. The same chirp
input was applied to the catheter in this case, and the
signals were gathered in exactly the same way by the
data acquisition system. The PFRF magnitude shown in
Fig. 3b also shows the presence of two resonant peaks,
the first occurring at 3 1.3 Hz and the second at 154 Hz.
Thus, in comparison to the first case, a reduction of the
catheters length by half caused an increase in the first
natural frequency by a factor of approximately three
while the second natural frequency increased of
approximately 11 %. The modal damping ratios found
in this case were 0.15 for the first mode shape and 0.19
for the second mode shape.
In the next set of results the accuracy of the
predicted two DOF was examined by using Eq. (2).
Figure 4a shows hvo pressure signals measured by the
transducers mounted at locations A (dashed line) and B
(solid line), respectively. This pressure pulse was
generated by the BIOTEK 601A simulator and
corresponds to a aorta tachycardic pressure pulse. It can
be noticed horn these plots that the catheter dynamics
825
alters significantly the shape of the pressure pulse that
occurs at the simulator (plays the role of the patient !)
when it is compared to the pressure pulse measured at
the other catheters end (monitoring system). Figure 4b
shows the results obtained when the two DOF model
was used to predict this pressure pulse at location B. In
this graph the actual measured and distorted pressure
pulse (dashed line) is compared to the result obtained
by using Eq. 2 (solid line). Thus, it can be seen that the
model precisely reproduced the distortions caused in
the pressure reading due to the catheters dynamics.
Although the predicted hvo DOF model was
accurate to reproduce the distortions presented in the
measured signals, it should be noticed that in clinical
applications the pressure pulse at location A is not
measured, since the catheter is introduced directly into
the patients body. Thus, in real invasive blood pressure
monitoring the transducer used at location A is absent,
remaining only the transducer positioned at location B.
Hence, in such cases there is no way to check possible
distortions in shape presented in the readings since a
single pressure signal (at B) is available. Therefore, it
would be highly desirable if the model derived for the
7F catheter could be used to not only to reproduce the
uncertainties but also to predict the real input pressure
at location A. Thus, we are looking at an inverse
problem of fmding the input based on knowledge of the
output and the systems dynamic model. Inverse
problems are intrinsically ill posed from the numerical
viewpoint since they usually represent a deconvolution
process in the time domain. In frequency domain, the
numerical difficulties arise 6om the necessity of
inverting the systems FRF matrix, for the case of a
system having multiple inputs and outputs [23].
In the present case, an estimate of the input
pressure pulse at location A (Fig. 1) could be estimated
by rewriting Eq. 2 as
PAest =
1
- PB (0)
w4
where PAW(w) now represents an estimated of the
pressure pulse that occurs at A (patient) based on the
model previously derived and on the output pressure
reading at location B. Figure 5 shows a result that was
obtained using Eq. (3). The reconstructed input pressure
shape (solid) follows the basic shape of the true
(measured) input pressure signal at A (dashed).
However, the reconstructed signals has a reasonably
amount of noise that is due to the inversion shown in
Eq. (3). This noise comes from two basic sources: (i)
experimental noise present in the output pressure signal
and (ii) the fact that the inversion of H(o) in Eq. 3 is
susceptible to errors, due to the systems resonances.
Hence, in order to use calculation schemes as the one
shown in Eq. 3, these measurement and numerical
problems need to be better resolved so that a higher
level of accuracy in the reconstruction process will be
achieved.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This paper used basic modal testing principles to
tackle a difficult problem encountered in biomedical
engineering that corresponds to the measurement of
blood pressure by invasive techniques. This type of
measurement causes distortions on the observed
pressure pulses, what can be a cause of concern in
clinical applications.
By using a simple experimental setup
consisting of a pressure simulator, a catheter, two
biomedical pressure transducers and a data acquisition
system, an experimental analysis was performed with
the aim of adjusting a dynamic model to the catheter
based on pressure f?equency response function (PFRF)
measurements. A two DOF system was adjusted to the
data, and this model was used to either reproduce the
output pressure reading as well as the input pressure
horn the simulator.
Although the results presented in this article
were obtained with the catheter on a particular type of
geometric configuration, the authors are encouraged to
continue this research project since there are still several
open questions. A more detailed study on the pressure
transducer dynamic behavior is necessary to have a
better evaluation of its testing capabilities. Tests with
additional geometric configurations for the catheter are
also of interest.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Authors greatly appreciate the financial support
provided by the University of Rome La Sapienza to
Professor Varoto to support his stay as a Visiting
Professor in Rome as well as the leave of absence horn
University of Sao Paulo to develop this study in Rome,
Italy.
6.
1.
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Transducer A
,--
Signal conditioner
Transducer S
PR?WJE
generator
Figure 1 - Experimental setup for catheter testing
Signal M Sirnl.mr
-.-~- (a)
I
sigoll on Simulator
10
I
@.I --
I
(4
I
,,o-l-- 1
u
50 100 1% x-3
Frcq=rY WI
F
Figure 2 - Frequency domain spectral density signals
measured by pressure transducers: (a) input signal on
transducer A for time step input; (b) input signal on
transducer A for time sinusoidal chirp input; (c) output
signal on transducer B for time sinusoidal chirp input
827
(WI
I I I II
0 50 ,m 1Y) M
Figure 5: Reconstructed input pressure signal based on
the output signal and on the systems PFRF (dashed:
experimental; solid: reconstructed)
Figure 3 - Results for modal identification for catheter-
transducer system: (a) Catheter 7F in diameter and 1000
mm of length; (b) Catheter with 7F in diameter and 500
mm of length
g 25
1 2
8.5
01 a, A 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.1 at I
Th ,.I
E II
3
2 2
1.5
Il.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 t
The @I
Figure 4 - Distortions caused by the catheters
dynamics on a simulated pulmonary pressure pulse: (a)
Simulator signal on location A (dashed), measured
signal at B (Solid); (b) Measured signal at B (dashed)
and signal at B obtained by the model (solid)
828