A

B.Tech Summer-Training Project Report

On

Design of Shock Free Supersonic Nozzle

using The Method of Characteristics
and Validation of the Results
using Computational Techniques
Submitted by

P Shanmukha Ramprasad
Roll No : 10ME10037
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Rajkiran Grandhi

Scientist E
Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderabad
and

Mr. N V Malleswara Rao

Scientist F
Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderabad

Acknowledgment
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. R K Gupta, Director, Aerospace Systems Design
and Analysis Group (ASDAG), Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderabad for giving me this opportunity
to carry out my summer internship at Advanced Systems Laboratory.

I consider it a great privilege to have carried out my internship under the guidance of Mr. Rajkiran
Grandhi, Scientist E, Aerospace Systems Design and Analysis Group (ASDAG), Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderabad for his expert guidance, valuable suggestions, and continuous encouragement throughout
the course of my internship.

I would like to thank Mr. N V Malleswara Rao, Scientist F, Aerospace Systems Design and Analysis
Group (ASDAG), Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderabad for his expert guidance and support throughout the course of my internship.

I would also like to thank Ms. Rhea George, Scientist D, Aerospace Systems Design and Analysis Group
(ASDAG), Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderabad for her support during the course of my internship.

Finally, I would like to thank all the scientists of Aerospace Systems Design and Analysis Group (ASDAG),
Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderabad for their invaluable inputs during the course of my internship.

Contents
1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Expansion Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mach Waves

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Method of Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1

Internal Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2

Wall Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3

Initial Data Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supersonic Nozzle Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

6.1

The Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

7.1

Optimal Number of Characteristic Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

10

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

Introduction

1.1

General

Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderabad is an entity of Defence Research and Development Organization
(DRDO), India. The laboratory works on the design and the development of the Agni missile.
The Aerospace Systems Design and Analysis Group (ASDAG) primarily deals with the design of aerospace
structures employed in missiles, their structural and thermal analysis, and the analysis of flow of fluids in
various components of the missile.

1.2

Objective

The objective of the present study is:

To design the contour of the diverging section of a supersonic rocket nozzle which is devoid of shock
waves by employing a numerical technique called The Method of Characteristics, and to determine the
flow properties at any given section of the nozzle.
To verify the results obtained using computational techniques.
Determining the flow properties is very crucial in choosing a suitable material for the nozzle. It also helps
in obtaining the amount of propellant required for completing the trajectory of the rocket. A MATLAB
program is used to generate the nozzle contour. Consequently, the flow properties are also determined.

Nozzles

A rocket engine nozzle is a propelling nozzle (usually of the de Laval type) used in a rocket engine to
expand and accelerate the combustion gases produced by burning propellants so that the exhaust gases exit
the nozzle at hypersonic velocities. Hence, heat energy, which is produced by burning the propellant gets
converted to useful kinetic energy.

Figure 1: A convergent-divergent de Laval nozzle

The analysis of gas flow through de Laval nozzles involves a number of concepts and assumptions:
For simplicity, the combustion gas is assumed to be an ideal gas.
The gas flow is isentropic, frictionless, and adiabatic.
The gas flow is constant(i.e. steady flow) during the period of the propellant burn.
The gas flow behavior is compressible since the flow is at very high velocities.
The isentropic relations are enlisted below:


p0
1 2  1
= 1+
M
p
2

(1)

T0
1 2
=1+
M
T
2

(2)

1

1 2  1
0
= 1+
M

(3)

where , p, T and 0 , p0 , T0 denote density, pressure and temperature at a point in the flow and at stagnation
point respectively.
Also, pamb , Tamb specify the ambient pressure and temperature respectively.
Let m
denote the mass flow rate of the exhaust gases and v denote their velocity. If A is the area of
cross-section at a section of the nozzle, we have
m
= Av

(4)

Also, v is a function of Mach number and temperature given by

v=M

RT

(5)

Consequently, the total thrust exerted by the exhaust gases comes out to be
Thrust = mv
+ (P Pamb )A

(6)

The specific impulse1 is given by

Isp =

T hrust
mg

(7)

1 Specific Impulse represents the force with respect to the amount of propellant used per unit time. The higher the specific
impulse, the lower the propellant flow rate required for a given thrust.

Expansion Waves

When a supersonic flow encounters a convex corner, it forms an expansion fan, which consists of an infinite
number of expansion waves centered at the corner. Fig.2 shows one such ideal expansion fan. Across the
expansion fan, the flow accelerates(velocity increases) and the Mach number increases, while the static
pressure, temperature and density decrease.

Figure 2: Expansion Waves

The expansion fan

of infinite number of expansion waves or Mach lines. The first Mach line isat an


 consists
1
1
-1
-1
with
respect
to
the
flow
direction,
and
the
last
Mach
line
is
at
an
angle

=
sin
angle 1 = sin
2
M1
M2
with respect to final flow direction. Since the flow turns in small angles and the changes across each expansion
wave are small, the whole process is isentropic. This simplifies the calculations of the flow properties
significantly. Since the flow is isentropic, the stagnation properties like stagnation2 pressure(p0 ), stagnation
temperature(T0 ) and stagnation density(0 ) remain constant. The final static properties are a function of
the final flow Mach number(M2 ).
The Mach number after the turn(M2 ) is related to the initial Mach number(M1 ) and the turn angle() by,
= (M2 ) (M1 )

(8)

where (M ) is the Prandtl-Meyer function and is given by

r
(M ) =

+1
tan -1
1

p
1
(M 2 1) tan -1 M 2 1
+1

From the value of (M ), one can determine the Mach number(M ) and hence the flow properties.

2A

stagnation point is a point in a flow field where the local velocity of the fluid is zero.

(9)

Mach Waves

A Mach wave is a pressure wave travelling with the speed of sound caused by a slight change of pressure
added to a compressible flow. These weak waves can combine in supersonic flow to become a shock wave if
sufficient Mach waves are present at any location. Such a shock wave is called a Mach stem or Mach front.
Thus it is possible to have shockless compression or expansion in a supersonic flow by having the production
of Mach waves sufficiently spaced.
They propagate across the flow at the Mach angle() given by
= sin -1

 1 
M

Figure 3: Mach Waves

(10)

Method of Characteristics

The method of characteristics is a numerical technique that is applied to design the divergent contour of a
supersonic de Laval nozzle. Consider a two-dimensional, steady, inviscid, irrotational, supersonic flow in xy
space. The flow variables (namely pressure p, velocity u, temperature T , etc.) are continuous throughout
this space. However, there are certain lines in the xy space along which the derivatives of the flow-field
p u
variables ( x
, y , etc.) are indeterminate and across which may even be discontinuous. Such lines are called

characteristic lines.
The slope of such lines is given by:
 dy 
dx

= tan( )

(11)

char

where and denote the slope of the streamlines to the flow and the local mach angle3 respectively.
Therefore, two characteristic lines pass through a point - one with a slope tan( + ) and the other with a
slope tan( ). The characteristic line inclined below the streamline direction by the angle is labelled
C and the line inclined above the streamline direction by the angle is labelled C+ . In other words,
the characteristic lines through a point are nothing but the left-running and the right-running mach waves
through that point. Hence, the characteristic lines are the Mach lines.
There are infinite number of these waves; however, for practical calculations only a finite number of waves
are dealt with, the intersections of which define the grid points. The characteristic lines are curved in space
because:
1. The local Mach angle depends on the local Mach number, which is a function of x and y and
2. The local streamline varies throughout the flow.

Figure 4: Characteristic Lines through a point

Also, with these characteristic lines, the compatibility relations are obtained as follows:
3 The

Mach Angle is given by = sin -1

1
M

 + (M ) = constant = K (applies along the C characteristic)

(12)

(M ) = constant = K+ (applies along the C+ characteristic)

(13)

These compatibility conditions are extremely helpful in determining the contour of the nozzle.
An approximate but usually sufficiently accurate procedure is to assume the characteristics are straight-line
segments between the grid points, with slopes that are average values. The slope of the C characteristic
through two points, say 1,2 is drawn as a straight line with an average slope given by

1


1
1 + 3 1 + 3
2
2

(14)

And the slope of the C+ characteristic through the two points 1,2 is drawn as a straight line with an average
slope given by

1


1
1 + 3 + 1 + 3
2
2

(15)

Also, for a minimum length nozzle, the expansion angle of the wall of the nozzle downstream of its throat is
equal to one-half the Prandtl-Meyer function for the design exit Mach number.
w,max =

5.1

M
2

(16)

Internal Points

If we know the flow-field conditions at two points in the flow, then we can find the conditions at a third
point, as sketched in Fig.5. Assume that the values of 1 and 1 are known at point 1, and 2 and 2 are
known at another point 2. Point 3 is located by the intersection of the C characteristic through point 1
and the C+ characteristic through point 2.

Figure 5: Characteristic Lines through an Internal Point

Along the C characteristic through point 1, we have

1 + 1 = (K )1 (known value along C )

(17)

Also, along the C+ characteristic through point 2,

2 2 = (K+ )2 (known value along C+ )

(18)

Hence, at point 3,
3 + 3 = (K )3 = (K )1

(19)

3 3 = (K+ )3 = (K+ )2

(20)

And,

Solving, we get
1
[(K )1 + (K+ )2 ]
2
1
3 = [(K )1 (K+ )2 ]
2
3 =

(21)
(22)

Thus, the flow conditions at point 3 are now determined from the known values at points 1 and 2. Thus,
the location of an internal point is determined.

5.2

Wall Points

If the conditions at a point in the flow near a solid wall are known, the flow-variables at the wall can be
determined. Consider a point, say 4 in Fig.4, at which the flow is known. Hence, along the C characteristic
through point 4, the value K is known:

Figure 6: Characteristic Lines through a Wall Point

Thus,
(K )4 = 4 + 4

(known)

(23)

The C characteristic intersects the wall at point 5. Hence, at point 5,

(K )4 = (K )5 = 4 + 4

5.3

(24)

Initial Data Line

In order to implement the method of characteristics. we must have a line in the locally supersonic flow along
which the flow-field properties are known. For starting a nozzle calculation, it is safe to assume that the
sonic line in the nozzle throat is straight, and to assume a centered expansion emanating from the wall of
the nozzle in the throat region.

Supersonic Nozzle Design

The section of the nozzle where w , is increasing is called the expansion section; here, expansion waves
are generated and propagate across the flow downstream, reflecting from the opposite wall. Point c is an
inflection point of the contour, where w =w,max . Downstream of point c, w decreases until the wall becomes
parallel to the x direction at points d and f . The section from c to d is a straightening section specifically
designed to cancel all the expansion waves generated by the expansion section. For example, as shown by
the dashed line in Fig.7 , the expansion wave generated at g and reflected at h is cancelled at i. Also shown
in Fig.7 are the characteristic lines going through points d and f at the nozzle exit. These characteristics
represent infinitesimal expansion waves in the nozzle, i.e., Mach waves. Tracing these two characteristics
upstream, multiple reflections up to the throat region can be observed.

Figure 7: Characteristic Lines along a Nozzle Contour

The area acejb is the expansion region of the nozzle, covered with both left- and right-running characteristics. In this region, the characteristics are curved lines. In contrast, the regions cde and jef are covered
by waves of only one family because the other family is cancelled at the wall. Hence, these are the regions
where the characteristic lines are straight. Downstream of df , the flow is uniform and parallel at the desired
Mach number. Finally, due to the symmetry of the nozzle flow, the waves (characteristics) generated from
the top wall act as if they are reflected from the centerline. This geometric ploy due to symmetry allows
one to consider in calculations only the flow above the centerline, as sketched in Fig.7.
Rocket nozzles are short in order to minimize their weight. The length of the supersonic nozzle, denoted as
L in Fig.7 is the minimum value consistent with shock-free, isentropic flow. If the contour is made shorter
than L. shocks will develop inside the nozzle, which lead to its damage.
Hence, the objective is to design a nozzle of minimum length such that no shocks develop
inside it.

10

6.1

The Algorithm

Figure 8: Characteristic Lines along a Nozzle Contour

1. Drawing a C characteristic at point 2 intersecting the centerline at point 3 gives, at point 3,

3 + 3 = (K )3
In the above equation, 3 = 0 (the flow is horizontal along the centerline). Also, (K )3 is known as
(K )3 = (K )2 . Hence, the above equation can be solved to get 3 and thus the Mach number at
point 3 can be obtained.
2. Point 4 is located by the intersection of C characteristic at point 1 and the C+ characteristic from
point point 3.
3. Point 5 is located by the intersection of C+ characteristic at point 4 with the wall. Since 5 is known,
the flow properties at the wall point can be determined.
4. Points 6 to 11 are located in a manner similar to the above, and the flow properties at these points are
determined as stated before, using the internal point method or the wall point method as appropriate.
5. Point 12 is a wall point on the straightening section of the contour. The purpose of the straightening
section is to cancel the expansion waves generated by the expansion section. Hence, there are no
waves which are reflected from the straightening section. In turn, no right-running waves cross the
characteristic lines between points 9 and 12. As a result, the characteristic line between points 9 and
12 is a straight line, along which is constant, that is, 12 = 9 . The section of the wall contour
between the points 8 and 9 is approximated by a straight line with an average slope of 21 (8 + 12 ).
6. Along the centerline, the Mach number continuously increases. The characteristic line from the points
11 to 13 is the last line of calculation. Again, 13 = 11 and the contour from point 12 to 13 is
approximated by a straight-line segment with an average slope of 21 (12 + 13 ).
Since the flow is symmetric about the centerline, the points below the center line(1 , 2 , 3 , etc.) are simply
mirror images of the corresponding points above the centerline.

11

Results

For a throat height of 0.3 m and a uniform width of 0.15 m, the length of the nozzle corresponding to
maximum thrust was obtained to be 3.82 m. Hence, for an inlet throat area of 0.045 m2 , an exit area of
0.261 m2 was obtained. The following table gives the values of operating parameters:
Operating Values
Properties

Inlet

Exit

Ambient

p (in M P a)

0.1

0.10325

T (in K)

2500

931.7

300

4.48

0.374

1079

2040

0.045

0.261

(in
v (in

kg
m3 )
m
s )
2

A (in m )

The following results are also obtained from the output of the MATLAB program:
Parameter

Result

Length (in m)

3.82

Height at exit (in m)

0.174

Total Thrust (in kN)

406

Specific Impulse (in s)

208

The Nozzle contour thus obtained is as follows:

Figure 9: Nozzle Contour for 200 characteristic lines

As shown in the Fig.9, the blue lines represent the characteristic lines and the thick black line denotes the
Nozzle contour.
The number of characteristic lines is taken to be 200 after analysing the nozzle contour as stated in section
6.1.
12

7.1

Optimal Number of Characteristic Lines

In order to determine the minimum number of characteristic lines required, the number of characteristic lines
are varied and the nozzle contour is analysed accordingly. The nozzle should diverge and then straighten
but should not converge. If the number of characteristic lines is less than 200, the nozzle contour initially
diverges, then straightens and finally starts to converge which defeats the purpose of the design. This is
further illustrated below:

Figure 10: Nozzle Contour for 10 characteristic lines

Figure 11: Nozzle Contour for 50 characteristic lines

13

Figure 12: Nozzle Contour for 100 characteristic lines

Figure 13: Nozzle Contour for 150 characteristic lines

It can be observed that for lower number of characteristic lines, the convergence of the nozzle contour is very
apparent. For 200 characteristic lines, the nozzle contour obtained is very accurate.
The entire analysis was done assuming the flow to be inviscid. In practice, however, viscosity does come into
picture. The results obtained are checked with the flow simulation in FLUENT4 after meshing the contour
geometry in GAMBIT. The number of iterations carried out were 10000. Fig.14 gives the meshing of a face
of the nozzle in GAMBIT.
Fig.15 gives the velocity profile of the fluid after simulation in FLUENT.
4 Details

of the simulated conditions : courant number = 0.2 (coupled method), implicit formulation (on just entering the
nozzle), first-order upwind discretization for flow and turbulent viscosity.

14

Figure 14: Meshed contour

Figure 15: Velocity variation of the flow

15

The graph in Fig.16 gives the variation of the end-Mach number with the number of iterations. It converges
to 2.6. The one obtained from the MATLAB program gave a value of 3.33. This disparity can be mainly
attributed to the negligence of viscous forces while determining the contour.

Figure 16: Variation of the end-Mach number

16

Conclusion

The shock-free nozzle was successfully designed using the method of characteristics. The nozzle was also
designed to minimize its length and maximize the thrust. Also, the flow properties were determined for
given co-ordinates on the nozzle. The obtained results were then verified using computational techniques.
The results obtained are consistent with that of the CFD simulations.

17

References
1. Modern Compressible Flow with Historical Perspective - 3rd edition by John D. Anderson, Jr.
2. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics - 3rd edition by John D. Anderson, Jr.
3. Compressible Fluid Flow by Patrick H. Oosthuizen and William E. Carscallen
4. www.wikipedia.org
5. www.grc.nasa.gov

18

10

Appendix

Figure 17: Variation of Mach number with nozzle length

Figure 18: Obtaining area-ratio corresponding to maximum thrust

19

Figure 19: Variation of pressure with nozzle length

Figure 20: Variation of temperature with nozzle length

20

Figure 21: Residuals obtained in FLUENT

Figure 22: Convergence of the mass flow rate

21

MATLAB code for the nozzle contour

T_c = 3000;
P_c = 6e6;
P_amb = 1e5;
T_amb = 300;
gamma = 1.4;
W = 29;
width = .15;
h_th = .3;

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

num = 200;
theta_i = .03;
plotter = 1;

Temperature in the combustion chamber (K)

Pressure in the combustion chamber (Pa)
Ambient pressure (Pa)
Ambient temperature (K)
Ratio of Specific Heats Cp/Cv (Gamma)
Molecular weight of gas (kg/kmol)
Nozzle width (meters)
Throat height (meters)
% Number of Characteristic lines
% Initial step in theta
% Set to '1' to plot nozzle

dh = h_th/100;
max_iter = 10000;
R = 8314/W;
%

Determining the Maximum Thrust

h(1) = h_th;
A_star = h_th*width;
M =1;
dM1 = .1;
for i=1: max_iter
h(i) = h(1) + (i-1)*dh;
Ae(i) = h(i)*width;
A_Asq = (Ae(i)/A_star)^2;
A_ratio(i)=sqrt(A_Asq);

%Newton Raphson method

res = 1;
if i > 1
M = Ma(i-1);
end
while res > .001
M2 = M + dM1;
f1 = -A_Asq + (1/M^2)*((2/(gamma+1))*(1+(gamma1)*M^2/2))^((gamma+1)/(gamma-1));
f2 = -A_Asq + (1/M2^2)*((2/(gamma+1))*(1+(gamma1)*M2^2/2))^((gamma+1)/(gamma-1));
da_dm = (f2-f1)/dM1;
M = M - f1/da_dm;
res = abs(f1);
end
Ma(i) = M;

% Find Pressure
P(i) = P_c*(1+(gamma-1)*Ma(i)^2/2)^(-gamma/(gamma-1));
% Find thrust for each point
Te(i) = T_c/(1+(gamma-1)*Ma(i)^2/2);

Tt(i) =
Ve(i) =
Vt(i) =
rhot(i)
mdot(i)
TT(i) =

T_c/(1+(gamma-1)/2);
Ma(i)*sqrt(Te(i)*gamma*R);
sqrt(Tt(i)*gamma*R);
= P(i)/(R*Te(i));
= rhot(i)*Ve(i)*Ae(i);
mdot(i)*Ve(i) + (P(i) - P_amb)*Ae(i);

if P(i) < P_amb

%Calculate the pressure if shock wave exists at the exit plane
P_exit = P(i)*(1+(gamma*2/(gamma+1))*(Ma(i)^2-1));
if P_exit <= P_amb
P(i) = P_exit;
break
else
end
else
end
end
figure(2)
plot(Ae,TT,'k','LineWidth',1.5)
title('Thrust curve')
xlabel('Exit Area (m^2)')
ylabel('Thrust (N)')
%
%

Part B
Determine the nominal exit area of the nozzle to maximize thrust

[a,b]=max(TT);
%
Over or Under-expand the nozzle
b = b;
A_max = Ae(b);
Max_thrust = TT(b);
hold on;
plot(A_max,Max_thrust,'r*')
legend('Thrust Curve','Max Thrust')
%
%

Part C
Method of Characteristics

M_e = Ma(b);

%Mach number at ideal exit

%Find theta_max
theta_max = (180/pi)*(sqrt((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))*atan((sqrt((gamma1)*(M_e^2-1)/(gamma+1))))-atan(sqrt(M_e^2-1)))/2;
% D_theta for each char line
del_theta = (theta_max - theta_i)/(num-1);
% Find
for i=1:num
%
Initialize mach numeber

for j=1:num
if i==1
%Theta for each line (first lines)
theta(i,j) = theta_i + del_theta*(j-1);
nu(i,j) = theta(i,j);
K_m(i,j) = theta(i,j) + nu(i,j);
K_p(i,j) = theta(i,j) - nu(i,j);
elseif i > 1
K_p(i,j) = -K_m(1,i);
% Find Thetas
if j >= i
theta(i,j) = del_theta*(j-i-1);
else
theta(i,j) = theta(j,i);
end
nu(i,j) = theta(i,j) - K_p(i,j);
K_m(i,j) = theta(i,j) + nu(i,j);
end
% Prandtl-Meyer function (using Newton Raphson)
dM = .1; % Leave at about .1
if j == 1
M_eg(i,j) = 1.00;
else
M_eg(i,j) = M_eg(i,j-1);
end
M = M_eg(i,j);
res = 1;
while res > .01
M2 = M + dM;
f1 = (-nu(i,j)*(pi/180)+(sqrt((gamma+1)/(gamma1))*atan((sqrt((gamma-1)*(M^2-1)/(gamma+1))))-atan(sqrt(M^2-1))));
f2 = (-nu(i,j)*(pi/180)+(sqrt((gamma+1)/(gamma1))*atan((sqrt((gamma-1)*(M2^2-1)/(gamma+1))))-atan(sqrt(M2^2-1))));
da_dm = (f2-f1)/dM;
M = M - f1/da_dm;
res = abs(f1);
end
M_eg(i,j) = M;
% Find the angle mu
mu(i,j) = (180/pi)*asin(1/M_eg(i,j));
end
% Add last point to char line
theta(i,num+1) = theta(i,num);
nu(i,num+1) = nu(i,num);
K_m(i,num+1) = K_m(i,num);
K_p(i,num+1) = K_p(i,num);
end

char = zeros(num,num+1,2);
for i=1:num
for j=1:num+1
% Draw points of intersection
%
Point 1 of all char lines
if j == 1
char(i,j,1) = 0;
char(i,j,2) = h_th/2;
end
%
Where first line hits the symmetry line
if i == 1 & j==2
char(i,j,1) = (-h_th/2)/tan((pi/180)*(theta(1,j-1)-mu(1,j-1)));
char(i,j,2) = 0;
end
%
Where all other lines hit the symmetry line
if j == i+1 & j>2
char(i,j,1) = -char(i-1,j,2)/tan((pi/180)*(.5*theta(i,j2)+.5*theta(i,j-1)-.5*(mu(i,j-2)+mu(i,j-1)))) + char(i-1,j,1);
char(i,j,2) = 0;
test(i,j) = (theta(i,j-2)-.5*(mu(i,j-2)+mu(i,j-1)));
testpty(i,j) = char(i-1,j,2);
testptx(i,j) = char(i-1,j,1);
end
%
All other data points for char 1 calculated
if i ==1 & j>2 & j ~= i+1
C_p = tan((pi/180)*(.5*(theta(i,j-2)+theta(i,j-1))+.5*(mu(i,j2)+mu(i,j-1))));
C_m = tan((pi/180)*(.5*(theta(j-1,1)+theta(i,j-1))-.5*(mu(j1,1)+mu(i,j-1))));
A = [1,-C_m;1,-C_p];
B = [char(1,1,2) - char(1,1,1)*C_m;
char(1,j-1,2) - char(1,j-1,1)*C_p];
iterm(1,:)=inv(A)*B;
char(i,j,1) = iterm(1,2);
char(i,j,2) = iterm(1,1);
end
%
All other points for all char lines calculated
if i > 1 & j~=i+1 & j>2
C_p = tan((pi/180)*(.5*(theta(i,j-2)+theta(i,j-1))+.5*(mu(i,j2)+mu(i,j-1))));
C_m = tan((pi/180)*(.5*(theta(i-1,j-1)+theta(i,j-1))-.5*(mu(i1,j-1)+mu(i,j-1))));
A = [1,-C_m;1,-C_p];
B = [char(i-1,j,2) - char(i-1,j,1)*C_m; char(i,j-1,2) char(i,j-1,1)*C_p];
iterm(1,:) = inv(A)*B;
char(i,j,1) = iterm(1,2);
char(i,j,2) = iterm(1,1);
end
end
end

% Fill in similar points (where char lines share points)

for i = 2:num
for j=2:num
char(j,i,1) = char(i-1,j+1,1);
char(j,i,2) = char(i-1,j+1,2);
end
end
% ******Make the nozzle shape and extend the char lines to wall******
%
Initial start point of the nozzle (at throat)
noz(1,1) = 0;
noz(1,2) = h_th/2;
%
Find all the points of the nozzle
for i = 2 : num
%
Find different slopes and points to intersect
m1 = tan((pi/180)*(theta(i-1,num)+mu(i-1,num)));
if i == 2
m2 = (pi/180)*theta_max;
else
m2 = ((pi/180)*(theta(i-1,num+1)));
end
m3 = ((pi/180)*(theta(i-1,num)));
m4 = tan((m2+m3)/2);
A = [1,-m4; 1,-m1];
B = [noz(i-1,2) - noz(i-1,1)*m4; char(i-1,num+1,2) - char(i1,num+1,1)*m1];
iterm(1,:) = inv(A)*B;
noz(i,1) = iterm(1,2);
noz(i,2) = iterm(1,1);
x_loc(i) = iterm(:,2);
y_loc(i) = iterm(:,1);
A_cs(i) = 2*width*y_loc(i);
find_mach(i) = area_ratio(gamma,A_cs(i)/(width*h_th));
Pressure(i) = P_c*(1+(gamma-1)*find_mach(i)^2/2)^(-gamma/(gamma-1));
% Find thrust for each point
Temp(i) = T_c/(1+(gamma-1)*find_mach(i)^2/2);
%Tt(i) = T_c/(1+(gamma-1)/2);
Vel(i) = find_mach(i)*sqrt(Temp(i)*gamma*R);
%Vt(i) = sqrt(Tt(i)*gamma*R);
density(i) = Pressure(i)/(R*Temp(i));
mass(i) = density(i)*Vel(i)*A_cs(i);
Thrust(i) = mass(i)*Vel(i) + (Pressure(i) - P_amb)*A_cs(i);
%
Extend char lines to wall
char(i-1,num+2,1)= noz(i,1);
char(i-1,num+2,2)= noz(i,2);
end
%figure(3);
%plot(x_loc,find_mach,'k','LineWidth',2.5)
%hold on;
%title('Variation of Mach Number with Nozzle Length')
%xlabel('Nozzle length (m)')

%ylabel('Mach Number')
%legend('Mach Number')

%Last line
m1 = tan((pi/180)*(theta(num,num)+ mu(num,num)));
m2 = ((pi/180)*(theta(num-1,num)));
m3 = ((pi/180)*(theta(num,num+1)));
m4 = tan((m2+m3)/2);
A = [1,-m4; 1,-m1];
B = [noz(num,2)-noz(num,1)*m4; char(num,num+1,2)-char(num,num+1,1)*m1];
iterm(1,:) = inv(A)*B;
noz(num+1,1) = iterm(1,2);
noz(num+1,2) = iterm(1,1);

%
Extend char lines to wall
char(num,num+2,1)= noz(num+1,1);
char(num,num+2,2)= noz(num+1,2);
if plotter == 1
%
Plot the nozzle shape
figure(1);clf;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(noz(:,1),noz(:,2),'k','LineWidth',2.5)
hold on;
[a,b] = max(noz);
%
Plot for loop for char lines
for i = 1 : num
figure(1)
hold on;
plot(char(i,:,1),char(i,:,2),'b')
hold on;
plot(char(i,:,1),-char(i,:,2),'b')
end
%
Plot the nozzle shape (bottom side)
figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1)
hold on;
plot(noz(:,1),-noz(:,2),'k','LineWidth',2.5)
hold on;
title('Max Thrust (minimum length) Nozzle Design')
xlabel('Nozzle length (m)')
ylabel('Nozzle height (m)')
legend('Nozzle shape','Char. Lines')
else
end

Results obtained from the code

X (in m)
0
0.0879
0.1815
0.2057
0.2258
0.2418
0.2555
0.2675
0.2787
0.2891
0.299
0.3085
0.3177
0.3266
0.3352
0.3437
0.3521
0.3603
0.3684
0.3764
0.3844
0.3923
0.4002
0.408
0.4158
0.4236
0.4314
0.4392
0.447
0.4548
0.4626
0.4704
0.4782
0.4861
0.494
0.5019
0.5099
0.5179
0.5259
0.534
0.5421
0.5502
0.5585
0.5667
0.575
0.5834
0.5918
0.6003
0.6089
0.6175
0.6261
0.6349
0.6437
0.6526
0.6615
0.6705
0.6796
0.6888
0.6981
0.7074
0.7168
0.7263
0.7359
0.7455
0.7553
0.7651
0.7751
0.7851
0.7952
0.8054
0.8157
0.8261
0.8366
0.8472
0.8579
0.8687
0.8796
0.8907
0.9018
0.913
0.9244
0.9359
0.9475
0.9592
0.971
0.9829
0.995
1.0072
1.0195
1.0319
1.0445
1.0572
1.07
1.083
1.0961
1.1094
1.1228
1.1363
1.15
1.1638
1.1778
1.1919

Y (in m)
0.15
0.1965
0.2454
0.2579
0.2683
0.2765
0.2835
0.2896
0.2952
0.3005
0.3054
0.3101
0.3146
0.3189
0.3231
0.3272
0.3312
0.3351
0.339
0.3428
0.3465
0.3502
0.3538
0.3574
0.3609
0.3645
0.368
0.3714
0.3749
0.3783
0.3818
0.3852
0.3885
0.3919
0.3953
0.3986
0.402
0.4053
0.4087
0.412
0.4153
0.4186
0.4219
0.4252
0.4286
0.4319
0.4352
0.4385
0.4418
0.4451
0.4484
0.4517
0.455
0.4583
0.4616
0.4649
0.4682
0.4715
0.4749
0.4782
0.4815
0.4848
0.4882
0.4915
0.4948
0.4982
0.5015
0.5049
0.5082
0.5116
0.5149
0.5183
0.5217
0.525
0.5284
0.5318
0.5352
0.5386
0.542
0.5453
0.5487
0.5521
0.5556
0.559
0.5624
0.5658
0.5692
0.5726
0.576
0.5795
0.5829
0.5863
0.5898
0.5932
0.5966
0.6001
0.6035
0.607
0.6104
0.6139
0.6173
0.6207

Mach No
1
1.6702
1.9625
2.0224
2.069
2.1042
2.1329
2.1572
2.179
2.1989
2.2172
2.2343
2.2504
2.2656
2.2802
2.2941
2.3075
2.3204
2.3329
2.3451
2.3569
2.3684
2.3797
2.3907
2.4014
2.412
2.4223
2.4325
2.4425
2.4523
2.462
2.4715
2.4809
2.4902
2.4994
2.5084
2.5174
2.5262
2.535
2.5436
2.5522
2.5607
2.5691
2.5774
2.5856
2.5938
2.6019
2.6099
2.6179
2.6258
2.6336
2.6414
2.6491
2.6568
2.6644
2.6719
2.6794
2.6869
2.6943
2.7016
2.7089
2.7162
2.7234
2.7306
2.7377
2.7448
2.7518
2.7588
2.7658
2.7727
2.7796
2.7865
2.7933
2.8
2.8068
2.8135
2.8201
2.8268
2.8334
2.8399
2.8464
2.8529
2.8594
2.8658
2.8722
2.8785
2.8849
2.8912
2.8974
2.9036
2.9098
2.916
2.9221
2.9282
2.9343
2.9403
2.9463
2.9523
2.9582
2.9641
2.97
2.9759

Area (in m^2)

0.045
0.059
0.0736
0.0774
0.0805
0.083
0.0851
0.0869
0.0886
0.0901
0.0916
0.093
0.0944
0.0957
0.0969
0.0982
0.0994
0.1005
0.1017
0.1028
0.1039
0.105
0.1061
0.1072
0.1083
0.1093
0.1104
0.1114
0.1125
0.1135
0.1145
0.1155
0.1166
0.1176
0.1186
0.1196
0.1206
0.1216
0.1226
0.1236
0.1246
0.1256
0.1266
0.1276
0.1286
0.1296
0.1305
0.1315
0.1325
0.1335
0.1345
0.1355
0.1365
0.1375
0.1385
0.1395
0.1405
0.1415
0.1425
0.1435
0.1445
0.1455
0.1465
0.1475
0.1485
0.1495
0.1505
0.1515
0.1525
0.1535
0.1545
0.1555
0.1565
0.1575
0.1585
0.1595
0.1606
0.1616
0.1626
0.1636
0.1646
0.1656
0.1667
0.1677
0.1687
0.1697
0.1708
0.1718
0.1728
0.1738
0.1749
0.1759
0.1769
0.178
0.179
0.18
0.1811
0.1821
0.1831
0.1842
0.1852
0.1862

Area Ratio
1
1.3102
1.6359
1.7195
1.7887
1.8436
1.8902
1.9306
1.9681
2.003
2.0359
2.0672
2.0972
2.1261
2.1541
2.1814
2.2081
2.2342
2.2598
2.285
2.3098
2.3343
2.3586
2.3825
2.4062
2.4298
2.4531
2.4763
2.4993
2.5222
2.545
2.5677
2.5903
2.6128
2.6352
2.6576
2.6799
2.7022
2.7244
2.7465
2.7687
2.7908
2.8129
2.835
2.857
2.8791
2.9011
2.9231
2.9451
2.9672
2.9892
3.0112
3.0333
3.0553
3.0774
3.0995
3.1216
3.1437
3.1658
3.1879
3.2101
3.2323
3.2545
3.2767
3.2989
3.3212
3.3435
3.3658
3.3882
3.4105
3.4329
3.4554
3.4778
3.5003
3.5228
3.5453
3.5678
3.5904
3.613
3.6356
3.6583
3.681
3.7037
3.7264
3.7491
3.7719
3.7947
3.8175
3.8403
3.8631
3.886
3.9089
3.9318
3.9547
3.9776
4.0005
4.0235
4.0464
4.0694
4.0924
4.1153
4.1383

Pressure (in MPa)

3.211689
1.2713
0.8129
0.7405
0.6887
0.6519
0.6232
0.6
0.5798
0.5621
0.5462
0.5318
0.5186
0.5064
0.495
0.4843
0.4742
0.4647
0.4557
0.4472
0.439
0.4311
0.4236
0.4164
0.4095
0.4028
0.3963
0.3901
0.3841
0.3782
0.3726
0.3671
0.3617
0.3565
0.3515
0.3466
0.3418
0.3371
0.3326
0.3281
0.3238
0.3196
0.3155
0.3114
0.3075
0.3036
0.2998
0.2961
0.2925
0.2889
0.2855
0.2821
0.2787
0.2754
0.2722
0.2691
0.266
0.263
0.26
0.2571
0.2542
0.2514
0.2486
0.2459
0.2432
0.2406
0.238
0.2354
0.233
0.2305
0.2281
0.2257
0.2234
0.2211
0.2188
0.2166
0.2144
0.2122
0.2101
0.208
0.206
0.204
0.202
0.2
0.1981
0.1962
0.1943
0.1925
0.1907
0.1889
0.1871
0.1854
0.1837
0.182
0.1803
0.1787
0.1771
0.1755
0.1739
0.1724
0.1709
0.1694

Velocity (km/s)
1.078869
1.4683
1.6185
1.6459
1.6664
1.6815
1.6936
1.7036
1.7125
1.7204
1.7276
1.7343
1.7405
1.7464
1.7519
1.7571
1.7621
1.7668
1.7714
1.7758
1.78
1.7841
1.7881
1.792
1.7957
1.7994
1.8029
1.8064
1.8098
1.8131
1.8163
1.8195
1.8226
1.8257
1.8287
1.8316
1.8345
1.8373
1.8401
1.8428
1.8455
1.8482
1.8508
1.8534
1.8559
1.8584
1.8609
1.8633
1.8657
1.8681
1.8704
1.8727
1.875
1.8773
1.8795
1.8817
1.8838
1.886
1.8881
1.8902
1.8923
1.8943
1.8964
1.8984
1.9004
1.9023
1.9043
1.9062
1.9081
1.91
1.9118
1.9137
1.9155
1.9173
1.9191
1.9209
1.9226
1.9244
1.9261
1.9278
1.9295
1.9312
1.9328
1.9345
1.9361
1.9377
1.9393
1.9409
1.9425
1.944
1.9456
1.9471
1.9486
1.9501
1.9516
1.9531
1.9545
1.956
1.9574
1.9588
1.9602
1.9616

Temperature ( * 1000 K)
2.5
1.9256
1.6947
1.6501
1.6163
1.5911
1.5708
1.5539
1.5387
1.5251
1.5127
1.5012
1.4904
1.4803
1.4707
1.4616
1.4529
1.4445
1.4364
1.4286
1.4211
1.4138
1.4068
1.3999
1.3932
1.3866
1.3802
1.374
1.3679
1.3619
1.3561
1.3503
1.3447
1.3391
1.3337
1.3283
1.3231
1.3179
1.3128
1.3078
1.3028
1.2979
1.2931
1.2883
1.2837
1.279
1.2745
1.2699
1.2655
1.2611
1.2567
1.2524
1.2482
1.244
1.2398
1.2357
1.2316
1.2276
1.2236
1.2196
1.2157
1.2119
1.208
1.2042
1.2005
1.1968
1.1931
1.1894
1.1858
1.1822
1.1787
1.1751
1.1717
1.1682
1.1648
1.1614
1.158
1.1547
1.1514
1.1481
1.1448
1.1416
1.1384
1.1353
1.1321
1.129
1.1259
1.1229
1.1198
1.1168
1.1138
1.1109
1.1079
1.105
1.1021
1.0993
1.0964
1.0936
1.0908
1.0881
1.0853
1.0826

Density (kg/m^3)
4.481067164
2.302872785
1.673139961
1.56531871
1.486264442
1.429129168
1.383867563
1.346840482
1.314353648
1.285592239
1.259467214
1.235656491
1.213717596
1.193251353
1.174002669
1.15577664
1.138449586
1.122129821
1.106602405
1.091890599
1.077526249
1.063599252
1.050295657
1.037532441
1.02524679
1.013272471
1.001543985
0.990323752
0.979440223
0.9686442
0.958383024
0.948292017
0.938233816
0.92861245
0.919295546
0.910165487
0.901088333
0.892204218
0.883713836
0.87509031
0.866936069
0.858921583
0.851050301
0.843120364
0.835544446
0.827978768
0.820502231
0.813311404
0.806216531
0.799072149
0.792432858
0.785684173
0.778826586
0.772203087
0.765816054
0.759606424
0.753355449
0.747286001
0.741176869
0.735313668
0.729351881
0.723579852
0.717830931
0.712275299
0.706625627
0.701232474
0.695805871
0.690345506
0.685381618
0.680092448
0.675009647
0.669953577
0.665050641
0.660175675
0.655215154
0.650525924
0.645809158
0.641009095
0.636484461
0.631933816
0.627661626
0.62331013
0.61893417
0.614479411
0.610362247
0.606168046
0.601950749
0.597967568
0.594016088
0.589989837
0.585941896
0.582133699
0.578357766
0.574509332
0.570640645
0.56701729
0.563426815
0.559766104
0.556086601
0.552657959
0.549262864
0.545799786

Mass Flow Rate (kg/s)

1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02

Total Thrust (N)

3.55E+05
3.62E+05
3.75E+05
3.78E+05
3.80E+05
3.81E+05
3.82E+05
3.83E+05
3.84E+05
3.84E+05
3.85E+05
3.86E+05
3.86E+05
3.87E+05
3.87E+05
3.88E+05
3.88E+05
3.89E+05
3.89E+05
3.90E+05
3.90E+05
3.90E+05
3.90E+05
3.91E+05
3.91E+05
3.92E+05
3.92E+05
3.92E+05
3.93E+05
3.93E+05
3.93E+05
3.93E+05
3.94E+05
3.94E+05
3.94E+05
3.95E+05
3.95E+05
3.95E+05
3.95E+05
3.95E+05
3.96E+05
3.96E+05
3.96E+05
3.96E+05
3.97E+05
3.97E+05
3.97E+05
3.97E+05
3.97E+05
3.97E+05
3.98E+05
3.98E+05
3.98E+05
3.98E+05
3.98E+05
3.99E+05
3.99E+05
3.99E+05
3.99E+05
3.99E+05
3.99E+05
4.00E+05
4.00E+05
4.00E+05
4.00E+05
4.00E+05
4.00E+05
4.00E+05
4.01E+05
4.01E+05
4.01E+05
4.01E+05
4.01E+05
4.01E+05
4.01E+05
4.01E+05
4.02E+05
4.02E+05
4.02E+05
4.02E+05
4.02E+05
4.02E+05
4.02E+05
4.02E+05
4.02E+05
4.02E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.04E+05
4.03E+05
4.03E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05

Specific Impulse(in s)
1.82E+02
1.85E+02
1.92E+02
1.93E+02
1.94E+02
1.95E+02
1.95E+02
1.96E+02
1.96E+02
1.97E+02
1.97E+02
1.97E+02
1.98E+02
1.98E+02
1.98E+02
1.98E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
2.00E+02
2.00E+02
2.00E+02
2.00E+02
2.00E+02
2.01E+02
2.01E+02
2.01E+02
2.01E+02
2.01E+02
2.01E+02
2.01E+02
2.02E+02
2.02E+02
2.02E+02
2.02E+02
2.02E+02
2.02E+02
2.02E+02
2.02E+02
2.02E+02
2.03E+02
2.03E+02
2.03E+02
2.03E+02
2.03E+02
2.03E+02
2.03E+02
2.03E+02
2.03E+02
2.03E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.04E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.05E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.06E+02
2.07E+02

1.2062
1.2206
1.2352
1.2499
1.2648
1.2799
1.2951
1.3105
1.3261
1.3418
1.3577
1.3738
1.3901
1.4065
1.4232
1.44
1.457
1.4742
1.4916
1.5092
1.527
1.545
1.5632
1.5816
1.6002
1.619
1.638
1.6573
1.6768
1.6965
1.7164
1.7366
1.757
1.7776
1.7985
1.8196
1.8409
1.8625
1.8844
1.9065
1.9289
1.9515
1.9744
1.9976
2.0211
2.0448
2.0688
2.0931
2.1177
2.1425
2.1677
2.1932
2.2189
2.245
2.2714
2.2981
2.3252
2.3525
2.3802
2.4082
2.4366
2.4653
2.4944
2.5238
2.5536
2.5837
2.6142
2.6451
2.6763
2.708
2.74
2.7724
2.8053
2.8385
2.8721
2.9062
2.9407
2.9756
3.011
3.0467
3.083
3.1197
3.1568
3.1945
3.2326
3.2711
3.3102
3.3497
3.3898
3.4304
3.4714
3.513
3.5552
3.5978
3.6411
3.6848
3.7292
3.7741
3.8194

0.6242
0.6276
0.6311
0.6345
0.638
0.6414
0.6449
0.6483
0.6517
0.6552
0.6586
0.662
0.6655
0.6689
0.6723
0.6757
0.6791
0.6825
0.6859
0.6893
0.6927
0.6961
0.6995
0.7028
0.7062
0.7095
0.7129
0.7162
0.7195
0.7228
0.7261
0.7294
0.7327
0.7359
0.7391
0.7424
0.7456
0.7488
0.7519
0.7551
0.7582
0.7613
0.7644
0.7675
0.7706
0.7736
0.7766
0.7796
0.7825
0.7855
0.7884
0.7912
0.7941
0.7969
0.7997
0.8024
0.8052
0.8078
0.8105
0.8131
0.8157
0.8182
0.8207
0.8231
0.8255
0.8279
0.8302
0.8325
0.8347
0.8369
0.839
0.841
0.8431
0.845
0.8469
0.8487
0.8505
0.8522
0.8538
0.8554
0.8569
0.8584
0.8597
0.861
0.8622
0.8634
0.8644
0.8654
0.8662
0.867
0.8677
0.8684
0.8689
0.8693
0.8696
0.8698
0.8699
0.8699
0.8699

2.9817
2.9875
2.9932
2.9989
3.0046
3.0103
3.0159
3.0215
3.027
3.0326
3.038
3.0435
3.0489
3.0543
3.0597
3.065
3.0703
3.0756
3.0808
3.086
3.0911
3.0962
3.1013
3.1064
3.1114
3.1164
3.1213
3.1262
3.1311
3.1359
3.1407
3.1454
3.1501
3.1548
3.1594
3.164
3.1685
3.173
3.1775
3.1819
3.1863
3.1906
3.1949
3.1991
3.2033
3.2075
3.2116
3.2156
3.2196
3.2236
3.2275
3.2313
3.2351
3.2388
3.2425
3.2461
3.2497
3.2532
3.2567
3.2601
3.2634
3.2667
3.2699
3.2731
3.2762
3.2792
3.2822
3.2851
3.2879
3.29E+00
3.29E+00
3.30E+00
3.30E+00
3.30E+00
3.30E+00
3.31E+00
3.31E+00
3.31E+00
3.31E+00
3.31E+00
3.32E+00
3.32E+00
3.32E+00
3.32E+00
3.32E+00
3.32E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.33E+00
3.3317

0.1873
0.1883
0.1893
0.1904
0.1914
0.1924
0.1935
0.1945
0.1955
0.1966
0.1976
0.1986
0.1996
0.2007
0.2017
0.2027
0.2037
0.2048
0.2058
0.2068
0.2078
0.2088
0.2098
0.2109
0.2119
0.2129
0.2139
0.2149
0.2159
0.2168
0.2178
0.2188
0.2198
0.2208
0.2217
0.2227
0.2237
0.2246
0.2256
0.2265
0.2275
0.2284
0.2293
0.2303
0.2312
0.2321
0.233
0.2339
0.2348
0.2356
0.2365
0.2374
0.2382
0.2391
0.2399
0.2407
0.2415
0.2424
0.2431
0.2439
0.2447
0.2455
0.2462
0.2469
0.2477
0.2484
0.2491
0.2497
0.2504
0.2511
0.2517
0.2523
0.2529
0.2535
0.2541
0.2546
0.2551
0.2557
0.2562
0.2566
0.2571
0.2575
0.2579
0.2583
0.2587
0.259
0.2593
0.2596
0.2599
0.2601
0.2603
0.2605
0.2607
0.2608
0.2609
0.2609
0.261
0.261
0.261

4.1613
4.1843
4.2072
4.2302
4.2532
4.2762
4.2991
4.322
4.345
4.3679
4.3908
4.4137
4.4365
4.4593
4.4821
4.5049
4.5276
4.5503
4.573
4.5956
4.6182
4.6407
4.6632
4.6856
4.708
4.7303
4.7525
4.7747
4.7968
4.8188
4.8407
4.8626
4.8844
4.9061
4.9276
4.9491
4.9705
4.9918
5.0129
5.0339
5.0548
5.0756
5.0963
5.1167
5.1371
5.1573
5.1773
5.1972
5.2169
5.2365
5.2558
5.275
5.2939
5.3127
5.3312
5.3496
5.3677
5.3856
5.4032
5.4206
5.4378
5.4546
5.4712
5.4876
5.5036
5.5193
5.5348
5.5499
5.5647
5.5791
5.5932
5.607
5.6203
5.6333
5.646
5.6582
5.67
5.6814
5.6923
5.7028
5.7128
5.7224
5.7315
5.7401
5.7481
5.7557
5.7627
5.7691
5.775
5.7803
5.785
5.789
5.7925
5.7952
5.7974
5.7988
5.7995
5.7995
5.7995

0.1679
0.1664
0.165
0.1636
0.1622
0.1608
0.1595
0.1582
0.1569
0.1556
0.1543
0.153
0.1518
0.1506
0.1494
0.1482
0.147
0.1459
0.1448
0.1437
0.1426
0.1415
0.1404
0.1394
0.1383
0.1373
0.1363
0.1353
0.1344
0.1334
0.1325
0.1315
0.1306
0.1297
0.1288
0.128
0.1271
0.1263
0.1255
0.1246
0.1238
0.1231
0.1223
0.1215
0.1208
0.12
0.1193
0.1186
0.1179
0.1172
0.1166
0.1159
0.1153
0.1146
0.114
0.1134
0.1128
0.1123
0.1117
0.1111
0.1106
0.1101
0.1096
0.109
0.1086
0.1081
0.1076
0.1072
0.1067
0.1063
0.1059
0.1055
0.1051
0.1047
0.1044
0.104
0.1037
0.1034
0.1031
0.1028
0.1025
0.1022
0.102
0.1017
0.1015
0.1013
0.1011
0.101
0.1008
0.1007
0.1005
0.1004
0.1003
0.1003
0.1002
0.1002
0.1001
0.1001
1.00E-01

1.963
1.9644
1.9657
1.9671
1.9684
1.9697
1.971
1.9723
1.9736
1.9749
1.9761
1.9774
1.9786
1.9798
1.981
1.9822
1.9834
1.9846
1.9857
1.9869
1.988
1.9892
1.9903
1.9914
1.9925
1.9936
1.9946
1.9957
1.9968
1.9978
1.9988
1.9998
2.0008
2.0018
2.0028
2.0038
2.0047
2.0057
2.0066
2.0075
2.0084
2.0093
2.0102
2.0111
2.012
2.0128
2.0137
2.0145
2.0153
2.0161
2.0169
2.0177
2.0184
2.0192
2.0199
2.0207
2.0214
2.0221
2.0228
2.0234
2.0241
2.0248
2.0254
2.026
2.0266
2.0272
2.0278
2.0284
2.0289
2.0294
2.03
2.0305
2.031
2.0314
2.0319
2.0323
2.0328
2.0332
2.0336
2.0339
2.0343
2.0346
2.035
2.0353
2.0356
2.0358
2.0361
2.0363
2.0365
2.0367
2.0368
2.037
2.0371
2.0372
2.0373
2.0373
2.0374
2.0374
2.04E+00

1.0799
1.0772
1.0746
1.0719
1.0693
1.0667
1.0642
1.0616
1.0591
1.0566
1.0541
1.0517
1.0492
1.0468
1.0444
1.0421
1.0397
1.0374
1.0351
1.0328
1.0306
1.0283
1.0261
1.0239
1.0217
1.0196
1.0175
1.0154
1.0133
1.0112
1.0092
1.0071
1.0051
1.0032
1.0012
0.9993
0.9974
0.9955
0.9936
0.9918
0.9899
0.9881
0.9864
0.9846
0.9829
0.9812
0.9795
0.9778
0.9762
0.9746
0.973
0.9714
0.9699
0.9684
0.9669
0.9654
0.964
0.9626
0.9612
0.9598
0.9585
0.9572
0.9559
0.9546
0.9534
0.9522
0.951
0.9499
0.9488
0.9477
0.9466
0.9456
0.9446
0.9436
0.9427
0.9418
0.941
0.9401
0.9393
0.9386
0.9378
0.9371
0.9365
0.9359
0.9353
0.9348
0.9343
0.9338
0.9334
0.933
0.9327
0.9324
0.9321
0.932
0.9318
0.9317
0.9317
0.9317
0.9317

0.54231939
0.538821548
0.535580906
0.532374207
0.529101827
0.525813494
0.52278776
0.519796735
0.516742228
0.513673267
0.510589748
0.507443314
0.504663003
0.501821467
0.498966872
0.496051521
0.493170702
0.490565527
0.487948774
0.485320366
0.482633391
0.479981592
0.477271386
0.474890201
0.472157361
0.469708791
0.467250114
0.464781267
0.462646418
0.460157756
0.457959017
0.455450449
0.453233374
0.450962501
0.448727824
0.446788576
0.444492221
0.442537486
0.440575275
0.438209629
0.436231777
0.43455538
0.432475362
0.430431874
0.428692195
0.426590996
0.424838612
0.423080135
0.421272373
0.419458677
0.417997503
0.416172438
0.414658265
0.412779209
0.411255074
0.409726202
0.408150228
0.406932032
0.405347397
0.40375814
0.402486194
0.401210792
0.399931922
0.39828417
0.397322039
0.395991163
0.394656929
0.393645123
0.392263339
0.391246406
0.39022711
0.389164282
0.388099204
0.387031869
0.386291338
0.385179026
0.384394452
0.383649347
0.38286205
0.382032704
0.381242769
0.380410885
0.379909687
0.379035147
0.378532424
0.377988615
0.377444225
0.377272788
0.37668707
0.376474707
0.375847843
0.375594674
0.375341342
0.375381615
0.375087847
0.375128106
0.374753726
0.374753726
0.374379347

1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02
1.99E+02

4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.05E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.04E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.04E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.06E+05
4.05E+05
4.05E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.05E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.05E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05
4.06E+05

2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.07E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02
2.08E+02