1

st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
Chapter No. 1

BASI C CONCEPTS




TEXT BOOK EXERCISE


Q1. Select the most suitable answer from the given ones in each question.
(i) The mass of one mole of electrons is
(a) Properties which depend upon mass
(b) Arrangement of electrons in orbital
(c) Chemical properties
(d) The extent to which they may be affected in electromagnetic field
(ii) Which of the following statements is not true?
(a) isotopes with even atomic masses are comparatively abundant
(b) isotopes with odd atomic masses and even atomic number are
comparatively abundant
(c) atomic masses are average masses of isotopes.
(d) Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes proportional to their
relative abundance
(iii) Many elements have fractional atomic masses, this is because
(a) The mass of the atom is itself fractional
(b) Atomic masses are average masses of isobars
(c) Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes.
(d) Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes proportional to their
relative abundance
(iv) The mass of one mole of electrons is
(a) 008mg (b) 0.55mg (c) 0.184mg (d) 1.673mg
(v) 27g of Al will react completely with how much mass of O
2
to produce
Al
2
O
3

(a) 8g of oxygen (b) 16g of oxygen
(c) 32g of oxygen (d) 24g of oxygen
(vi) The number of moles of CO
2
which contain 8.0 g of oxygen.
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.50 (c) 1.0 (d) 1.50

w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
(vii) The largest number of molecules are present in
(a) 3.6g of H
2
O (b) 4.8g of C
2
H
5
OH
(c) 2.8 g of CO (d) 5.4g of N
2
O
5

(viii) One mole of SO
2
contains
(a) 6.02x10
23
atoms of oxygen
(b) 18.1x10
23
Molecules of SO
2

(c) 6.02x1023 atoms of sulphur
(d) 4 gram atoms of SO
2

(ix) The volume occupied by 1.4 g of N
2
at STP is
(a) 2.24 dm
3

(b) 22.4dm
3

(c) 1.12 dm
3
(d) 112 cm
3

(x) A limiting reactant is the one which
(a) is taken in lesser quantity in grams as compared to other reactants
(b) is taken in lesser quantity in volume as compared to the other reactants
(c) give the maximum amount of the product which is required
(d) give the minimum amount of the product under consideration
Ans: (i)a (ii)d (iii)d (iv)b (v)d (vi)a (vii)a (viii)c
(ix)c (x)d
Q2: Fill in the blanks:
(i) The unit of relative atomic mass is-----------
(ii) The exact masses of isotopes can be determined by ------------
spectrograph.
(iii) The phenomenon of isotopes was first discovered by --------------
(iv) Empirical formula can be determined by combustion analysis for those
compounds which have-----------and -----------in them.
(v) A limiting reagent is that which controls the quantities of -------------
(vi) I mole of glucose has-----------atoms of carbon ---------------of oxygen
and ----------of hydrogen.
(vii) 4g of CH
4
at O
o
C and I atm pressure has ---------molecules of CH
4
.
(viii) Stoichiometry calculations can by performed only when -------------law is
obeyed.
Ans: (i) amu (ii) mass (iii) Soddy (iv) carbon, hydrogen
(v) Products (vi) 6N
A
,6N
A
,12N
A

(vii) 1.505x10
23
(viii) conservation and multiple
proportion
Q3: Indicate true or false as the case may be:
(i) Neon has three isotopes and the fourth one with atomic mass 20.18 amu.
(ii) Empirical formula gives the information about he total number of atoms
present in the molecule
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
(iii) During combustion analysis Mg(CIO
4
)
2
is employed to absorb water
vapors.
(iv) Molecular formula is the integral multiple of empirical formula and the
integral multiple can never be unity.
(v) The number of atoms in 1.79 g of gold and 0.023g of sodium are equal.
(vi) The number of electrons in the molecules of CO an dN
2
are 14 each, so
1 mg go each gas will have same number of electrons.
(vii) Avogadros hypothesis is applicable to all types of gases, i.e., ideal and
non-ideal .
(viii) Actual yield of a chemical reaction may by greater than the theoretical
yield.
Ans. (i) False (ii) False (iii) True (iv) False
(v) False (vi) True (vii) False (viii) False
Q4: What are ions? Under What condition are they produced?


Ans: Ions can be produced by the following processes:
(i) By dissolving ionic compounds in water
(ii) By X-rays
(iii) In mass spectrometry
(iv) By removing or adding electron in atom

Q4:
(a) What are isotopes? How do you deduce the fractional atomic masses of
elements form the relative isotopes abundance? Give two examples in
support of your answer. ( See detail in Sublime subjective)
(b) How does a mass spectrograph show the relative aboundace of isotopes of
an element? . ( See detail in Sublime subjective)
(c) What is the justification of two strong peaks in the mass spectrum for
bromine; while for iodine only one peak at 127 amu , is indicated?
Ans The two strong peak in the mass spectrum for bromine represent two
different isotopes of bromine having nearly equal natural abundances. Only
one peak at 127 amu in the mass spectrum for iodine indicates that it has
only one isotope of atomic mass 127 amu.
Remember that!
Height of the peaks Relative abundance of isotopes
No. of peaks = No. of isotopes
Q5: Silver has atomic number 47 and has 16 known isotopes but two occur
naturally I,e, Ag _____107 . and Ag _____109 . Given the following mass
spectrometric data, calculated the average atomic mass of silver,
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
Isotopes mass (amu) percentage abundance
107
Ag 106.90509 51.84
109
Ag 108.90476 48.16
Solution: The mass contribution for silver are:
Isotopes Fractional abundance isotopic mass mass contribution
107
Ag 107 0.5184x107=55.4688
109Ag 107 0.4816x109=52.4944
Fractional atomic mass of silver =107.9632
Hence the fractional atomic mass of silver is =107.9632 Ans.
Q6: Boron with atomic number 5 has two naturally occurring isotopes.
Calculate the percentage abundance of
10
B and
11
B from the following
information.
Average atomic mass of boron =10.81 amu
Isotopic mass of
10
B =10.0129 amu
Isotopic mass of
11
B =11.0093
Solution: Let, the fractional abundance of
10
B =x
The fractional abundance of
11
B =1-x
Remember that the sum of the fractional abundances of isotopes must be
equal to one, now, The equation to determine the atomic mass of element is
(fractional abundance) (isotopic mass) (fractional abundance of
10
B)(isotopic
mass of
10
B )+(fractional abundance of
11
B) (isotopic mass of
11
B)
=Average atomic mass of Boron
(x)(10.0129)+(1-x)(11.0093) =10.81
10.0129x+11.00093x =10.81
10.0129x-11.00093x =10.81-11.0093
-0.9964x =-0.1993
x =
Fractional abundance of
10
B =0.2000
Fractional abundance of
11
B =(1-0.2000)=0.8000
By percentage the fractional abundance of isotope is
%of
10
B =0.2000x100 =20% Answer
% of
11
B =0.8000x100 =80%Answer
Q7: Define the following terms and give three examples of each.
(i) Gram atom (ii) Gram molecular mass
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
(iii) Gram molecular mass (iv) Gram ion
(v) molar volume (vi) Avogadros number
(vii) Stoichiometry (viii) Percentage yield
Q8: Justify the following statements:
(a) 23 g of sodium and 238g of uranium have equal number of atoms in the (b)
Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon
(c) 180g of glucose and 342 g of sucrose have the same number of molecules
but different number of atoms present in them.
(d) 4.9g of H
2
SO
4
when completely ionized in water , have equal number of
positive and negative charges but the number of positively charged ions are
twice the number of negatively charged ions.
(e) One mg of K
2
C
r
O
4
has thrice the number of ions than the number of
formula units when ionized in water.
(f) Two grams of H
2
, 16 g of ch4 and 44g of CO
2
occupy separately the
volumes of 22.414 dm
3
, although the sizes and masses of molecules of three
gases are very different from each other.
Solution:
(a) 23g of Na =1 mole of Na =6.02x10
23
atoms of Na
238g of U =1 mole of U =6.02x10
23
atoms of U.
Since equal number of gram atoms(moles) of different elements contain
equal number of atoms. Hence, 1 mole (23g ) of sodium and 1 mole (238)g of
uranium contain equal number of atoms , i , e ,6.02x10
23
atoms.
(b) Since the atomic mass of Mg (24) is twice the atomic mass of carbon (12)
therefore, Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon. Or
Mass of 1 atom of Mg=
Mass of 1 atom of C =
Since the mass of one atom of Mg is twice the mass of one atom of C, therefore,
Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon.
(c) 180 g of glucose = 1 mole of glucose =6.02x10
23
molecules of glucose 342
g of sucrose=1mole of sucrose =6.02x10
23
molecules of sucrose
Since one mole of different compounds has the same number of molecules.
Therefore 1 mole (180g) of glucose and I mole (342g) of sucrose contain the
same number (6.02x10
23
)of molecules. Because one molecule of glucose, C
6
H
12
O
6
contains 45 atoms whereas one molecules of glucose, C
12
H
22
O
11
contains 24
atoms. Therefore, 6.02x10
23
molecules of glucose contain different atoms as
compound to6.02x10
23
molecules of sucrose. Hence, 180 g of glucose and 342g og
sucrose have the same number of molecules but different number of atoms present
in them.
(d) H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+ SO
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
When one molecules of H
2
SO
4
completely ionizes in water it produces two
H
+
ion and one SO ion,. Hydrogen ion carries a unit positive charge whereas SO
ion carries a double negative charge. To keep the neutrality, the number of
hydrogen are twice than the number of soleplate ions. Similarly the ions produced
by complete ionization of 4.8g of H
2
SO
4
in water will have equal number of
positive and negative but the number of positively charged ions are twice the
number of negatively charged ions.
(e) H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+ SO
K
2
C
r
O
4
when ionizes in water produces two k
+
ions one C O ion. Thus
each formula unit of K
2
C
r
O
4
produces three ions in solution .Hence one mg of K
2
C
r
O
4
has thrice the number of ion than the number of formula units ionized in
water.
(f) 2g of H
2
=1 mole of H
2
=6.02x10
23
molecules of H
2
at STP =22.414dm
3
16g
of CH
4
=1mole of CH
4
=6.02x10
23
molecules of CH
4
at STP =22.414dm
3
144g of
CO
2
=1mole of CO
2
=6.02x10
23
molecules of CO
2
at STP =22.144dm
3

Although H
2
, CH
4
and CO
2
have different masses but they have the same
number of moles and molecules . Hence the same number of moles or the same
number of molecules of different gases occupy the same volume at STP. Hence 2 g
of H
2
,16g of CH
4
and 44 g of CO
2
occupy the same volume 22.414 dm
3
at STP.
The masses and the sizes of the molecules do not affect the volumes.
Q10: Calculate each of the following quantities
(a) Mass in grams of 2.74 moles of KMnO
4
.
(b) Moles of O atoms in 9.0g of Mg (NO
3
)
2
.
(c) Number of O atoms in 10.037g of Cu SO
4
.5H
2
O.
(d) Mass in kilograms of 2.6x 10
20
molecules of SO
2
.
(e) Moles of C1 atoms in 0.822g C
2
H
4
C1
2
.
(f) Mass in grams of 5.136 moles of silver carbonate .
(g) Mass in grams of 2.78x10
21
molecules of CrO
2
C1
2
.
(h) Number of moles and formula units in 100g of KC1O
3
.
(i) Number of K
+
ions C1O ions, C1 atoms, and O atoms in (h)
Solution:
(a) No of moles of KMnO
4
=2.74moles
formula mass of KMnO
4
=39+55+64=158g

mol
-1

Mass of KMnO
4
=?
Formula used:
Mass of KMnO
4 =
no of mole of KMnO
4
x formula mass of KMnO
4


=2.74 mol x 158 g mol-1
=432.92g Answer
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
(b) Mass of Mg (NO
3
)
2
=9g
Formula mass of Mg (NO
3
)
2
=24+28+96=148g mol
-1

No of moles of O atoms =?
Formula used:
No of mole of Mg (NO
3
)
2
=
Now, I mole of Mg (NO
3
)
2
contains = 6moles of O atoms
0..06 moles of Mg (NO3)2contains =6x0.6
=0.36 moles of O atoms
Alternatively,
148g of Mg (NO
3
)
2
contains =6moles of O atoms
g of Mg (NO
3
)
2
contains =
=0.36 mole Answer
(c) Mass of CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O=10.037g
Formula mass of CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O=63.54+32+64+90
=249.546g mol
-1

No of moles of CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O =?
No of moles of CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O =
=
Now, 1 mole of CuSO
4
.5H
2
O contains 9moles of O atoms
0.04 mole of CuSO
4
.5H
2
O contains=9x0.04
=0.36 moles of O atoms
Now, I mole of O atoms contains =6.02x10
23
O atoms
0.36 mole of O atoms contains =6.02x10
23
x0.36 oxygen
atoms
=2.17x10
23
oxygen atoms
=2.17x10
23
atoms Answer
(d) No of molecules of SO
2
. =2.6x10
20
molecules
Molecular mass of SO
2
. =32+32=64 g mol
-1

Now, Avogadros number , N
A
=6.02x10
23
molecules of SO
2

Mass of SO
2
molecules

=27.64x10-3 g
=
=27.64x10
-6
kg
=2.764x10
-3
kg Answer

(e) Mass of C
2
H
4
C1 = 0.822g
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
Molecular mass of C
2
H
4
C1 =24+4+71=99 g mol-1
No of moles of C
2
H
4
C1 =
Now, 1 mole of C
2
H
4
C1 contains =2moles of C1 atoms
8.3x10-3mole of C
2
H
4
C1 contains =2x8.3x10
-3
mole of atom
=16.6x10
-3

=0.0166mole of C1 atom
=0.017 mole Answer
(f) No of mole of Ag
2
CO
3
=5.136moles
Formula mass of Ag
2
CO
3
=215.736+12+48=275.736 g mol
-1

Mass of Ag
2
CO
3
=No of moles of Ag
2
CO
3
xformula mass of Ag
2
CO
3

=5.136molx275.736 g mol
-1

=416.18g
=1416.2 g Answer
(g) Molecular mass of CrO
2
C1
2
=52+32+71=155g mol
-1


N
A
=6.02x10
23
molecules mol
-1

Molecules of CrO
2
C1
2=
=2.78x10
21
molecules
Now, mass of CrO
2
C1
2

= =
=71.578x10
-2
g
=0.71578
=0.716 g Answer
(h) Mass of KCIO
3
=100g
Formula mass of KCIO
3
=39x35.5+48=122g mol
-1

No of moles of KCIO
3
=?
No of moles of KCIO
3
=
= =0.816mole Answer
No of formula units No of moles x Avogadro,s No
=0.816mole x 6.02x10
23
formula units
=4.91x10
23
formula units
(i) No of K
+
ions =4.91x10
23
Answer
No of CIO ions =4.91x10
23
Answer
No of CIO ions =4.91x10
23
Answer
No of O atoms = 4.91x10
23
x3
=14.73x10
23
=1.473x10
24
Answer
Q 11 Aspartame he artificial sweetener, has a molecular formula of C
14
H
18
N
2
O
5
.
(a) What is the mass of one mole of aspartame?
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
(b) How many moles are present in 52g of aspartame?
(c) What is the mass in grams of 10.122 moles of aspartame?
(d) How many hydrogen atoms are present in 2.34g of aspartame?
(a) Molecular mass of aspartame =168+18+28+80=295g mol
-1

Mass of 1 mole of aspartame =294g mol
-1
Answer
(b) Mass of aspartame =52g
Molecular mass of aspartame =294g mol
-1

No of moles of aspartame =
=

=0.1768 mol
=0.177 mol Answer
(c) No moles of aspartame = 10.122 moles
Molecular mass of aspartame =294g mol
-1

Mass of aspartame =No of moles x Molar mass
=10.122mol x 294g mol
-1

=2975.87 g Answer
(d) Mass of aspartame =243g
Molar mass of aspartame =294g mol
-1

No of molecules of aspartame=?
No of molecules of aspartame= xN
A

=
=
=4.98x10
21
molecules.
Now,1 molecule of aspartame contains =18 H atoms
4.98x 1022 molecules =18x4.98x10
21
H atoms
=89.64x10
21
H atoms
=8.964x1022 H atoms Answer
Q 12: A sample of 0.600 mole of a metal M reacts completely with excess of
fluorine to from 46.8g MF
2
.
(a) How many moles of F are present in the sample of MF
2
that forms.
(b) which elements is represented by the symbol M ?
Solution:
(a) Formula of compound =MF
2

No of moles of M =0.6 mol
Mass of MF
2
=46.8g
The molar of M:F in the compounds;
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com


No of moles of F =0.6x2=1.2mol Answer
Mass of F =No of moles of Fx At . mass of F
=1.2x19=22.8g
Mass of compound =46.8g
Mass of metal, M =46.8-22.8
=24
At mass of M =

=
(b) The atomic mass of the elements, M =40
The metal is calcium, Ca Answer
Q 13 : In each pair , choose the larger of the indicated quantity ,or state if the
samples are equal.
(a) Individual particles: 0.4 mole of oxygen molecules or0.4mole of
oxygen atom.
(b) Mass: 0.4 mole of ozone molecules or0.4mole of oxygen atoms
(c) Mass: 0.6 mole of C
2
H
4
or 0.6mole of 1
2

(d) Individual particles: 4.0g N
2
O
4
or 3.3g SO
2

(e) Total ions: 2.3 moles of NaC1O
3
or 2.0mole of MgC1
2

(f) Molecules: 11.0g of H
2
Oor 11.0g H
2
O
2

(g) Na
+
ion: 0.500 moles of NaBr or 0.0145kg NaC1
(h) Mass: 6.02x10
23
atoms of
235
U or 6.02x1023 atoms of
238
U
Ans:
(a) Number of molecules =moles x N
A

Number of O
2
molecules =0.4x6.02x10
23
=2.408x10
23
molecules
No of O atoms=0.4x6.02x10
23
=2.108x10
23
atoms
There are equal number of individual particles in 0.4 mole of oxygen
molecules and 0.4 mole of oxygen atom. In general, equal number of moles of
different substances contains equal number of particles.
Both are equal Answer
(b) Mass of substance = moles x molar mass
Mass of oxygen atoms =0.4x16=64g
Mass of ozone, O
3
molecules =0.4x48=19.2g
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
0.4 moles of ozone molecules have larger mass than 0.4mole of oxygen atoms.
Ozone Answer
(c) Mass of C
2
H
4
=0.6x28=1.68g
Mass of 1
2
=0.6x127=254g
0.6mole of 12 have larger mass than 0.6 mole of C
2
H
4

1
2
Answers
(d) No of molecules =
No of molecules in N
2
O
4
= x6.02x10
23
=2.62 x10
23
molecules
No of molecules in SO
2
=x6.02x10
23
=3.1x10
22
molecules
3.3g of SO
2
have larger number of individual particles than 4.0 g of N
2
O
4
.
SO
2
Answer
(e) No of formula units =Moles x N
A

No of formula units of NaC1O
3
=2.3x6.02x10
23
=1.38x10
24
formula
units
No of ions in 1 formula units of NaC1O
3
=2
Total no of ions in MgC1
2
=2x1.38x10
23
=2.76x10
24
ions
No of formula units of MgC1
2
=2.0x6.02x10
23
x3=3.6x10
24 ions

No .of ions in one formula unit of MgC1
2
=3
Total no of ions in MgC1
2
=1.20x10
24
x3=3.6x10
24
ions
2.0moles of MgC1
2
contain lager number of total ions than 2.3 moles of NaC1o
3-

MgC1

Answer
(f) No of molecules = N
A

No of molecules in H
2
O
2
= x6.02x10
23
=3.68x10
23
molecules
No of molecules in H
2
O
2 =
x6.02x10
23
=1.95x10
23
molecules
11.0g of H
2
O
2
contains larger number of molecules than 11.0g of H
2
O
2

H
2
O
2
Answer
(g) No of formula units =moles xN
A


No of formula units NaBr =0.5x6.02x10
23
=3.01x10
23
formula units
One formula units o NaBr contain Na
+
ions =1
3.01 x10
23
formula unit of NaBr contains Na
+
ions =3.01x10
23
Na
+
ions
No of formula units of NaC1 = x6.02x10
23
=1.49x10
23
formula
units
One formula unit of NaC1 contains Na
+
ions =1
1.49x10
23
formula units of NaC1 contains =1.49x10
23
Na
+
ions
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
0.500 moles of NaBr contains lager number of Na
+
ions than 0.0145kg ofNaC1.
NaBr Answer
(h) Mass of atoms of an element =
Mass of
235
Uatoms =x6.02x10
23
=235g
Mass of
238
U atoms =x6.02x10
23
=238g
238
U Answer
Q 13:
(a) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the four important fertilizer i.e.,
(i)NH
3
(ii)NH
2
CONH
2
(Urea) (iii)(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(iv)NH
4
NO
3

(b) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in each of the
following:
(i) NH
4
H
2
PO
4
(ii) (NH
4)
) PO
4
(iii) (NH
4
)
4
PO
4

Solution:
(a) Mol-mass of NH
3
=14+4=17g
Mass of N =14g
% of N =x100
=82.35% Answer
(b) Mol-mass of NH
2
CONH
2
=28+4+12+16=60g
Mass of N =28g
%of N =x100
=46.35% Answer
(c) Mol-mass of (NH
2
)
2
SO
4
=28+8+32+64=132g
Mass of N =28g
% of N =x100
=21.21% Answer
(d) Mol-mass of

(NH
2
)
2
SO
4
=28+4+48=80g
Mass of N =28g
%of N =x100
=35% Answer
(I) Mol-mass of (NH
2
)
2
SO
4
=14+6+31+64=115g
Mass of N =14g
Mass of P =31g
%of N =x100=12.17% Answer
%of P ==26.96% Answer
(II) Mol-mass of ((NH
2
)
2
SO
4
=28+9+31+64=132g
Mass of N =28g
Mass of P =
%of N = =21.21% Answer
%of P = =23.48% Answer
(III) Mol-mass of (NH
2
)
2
SO
4
=42+12+31+64=149g
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
Mass of N =42g
Mass of P =31g
%of N =
%of P =
Q 14: Glucose C
6
H
12
O
6
is the most important nutrient in the cell for generating
chemical potential energy. Calculate the mass% of each element in glucose and
determine the number of C,H and O atoms in 10.5g go the sample.

Solution:
Mol-mass of glucose C
6
H
12
O
6
=72+12+96=180g
Mass of C =72
Mass of H =12
Mass of O =96
% of C = =40% Answer
% of H = =6.66% Answer
% of O = =53.33% Answer
Mass of C
6
H
12
O
6
=10.5g
Mol-mass of C
6
H
12
O
6
=180g
Mol-mass of

=180g mol
-1

No of moles of C
6
H
12
O
6
=
No of molecules of glucose =No of moles x N
A


=0.058 molx 6.02x10
23
molecules mol
-1


=0.35x10
23
molecules
=3.5x10
22
molecules
Now, 1 molecule of glucose contains =6C-atoms
3.4x10
22
molecules of glucose contains =6x3.5x10
22
C-atoms
=21x10
22
=2.1x10
23
C atoms Answer
1 molecules of glucose contains =12H-atoms
3.5x10
22
molecules glucose contains =12x3.5x10
22


=4.2x10
23
H- atoms Answer
1 molecule of glucose contains =6 O atoms
3.5 x 10
22
molecules of glucose contains =6x3.5x10
22

=2.1x10
23
O-atoms Answer
Q 16: Ethylene glycol is used as automobile antifreeze .It has 38.7% carbon,
9.7% hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen. Its molar mass is 62.1 grams mol
-1
.Determine
its molecular formula.
Solution:
% of C=38.37 g % of H =9.7g % of O=51.6g
At. Mass of C=12g mol
-1
At. Mass of H=1.008g mol
-1
At. Mass of O =16g
mol
-1

w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
No of moles of C =
No of moles of H =
No of moles of O =
Atomic ratio is obtained by dividing the moles with 3.23, which is the smallest
ratio.
C :H :O



1 :3 :1
Empirical formula =CH
3
O
Empirical formula mass =31
n=
Molecular formula =2x CH
3
O
=C
2
H
6
O
2
Answer
Q 16: Serotonin (Molecular mass= 176g mol
-1
) is a compound that conducts
nerve impulses in brain and muscles. It contains 68.2 % C, 6.86% H, and 9.08%
O. What is its molecular formula?
Solution:
No of moles of C =
No of moles of H =
No of moles of N =
No of moles of O =
C : H : N : O
Atomic
Ratio
: : :
10 : 12 : 2 : 1

Empirical formula =C
10
H
12
N
2
O
Empirical formula mass =120+12+28+16=176g mol
-1


Molecular mass =176g mol
-1


n=
Q17: An unknown metal M reacts with S to from a compound with a formula
M
2
S
3
.If 3.12 g of M reacts with exactly 2.88 g of sulphur, what are the names of
metal M and the compound M
2
S
3
.
Solution:
Formula of compound = M
2
S
3

Mass of M =3.12g
Mass of S =2.88g
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
Atomic mass of S =32g mol
-1

No of moles of S =
No of moles of S =
The molar ratio of M: S in the compound is :



No of moles of M =
=0.06 mole
Now, No of moles of M =
At. Mass M =
The mass of M used in the formation of M
2
S
3
is 3.12g. The product M
2
S
3
therefore
also contains 3.12g of M, because mass is conserved. The amount of M before and
after reaction must be the same. Since we know both the number of moles of M
and the mass of M , we can cal calculate the atomic mass of M as follows:

At. Mass of M =
=52
Atomic number, Z =52
Q19: The octane present in gasoline burns according to the following equation.
2C
8
H
18 (i)
+ 250
2(g)
16CO
2(g)
+ 18H
2
O
(i)

(a) How many moles of O
2
are needed to react fully with 4 moles of
actane?
(b) How many moles of CO
2
can be produced from one mole of actane?
(c) How many moles of water are produced by the combustion of 6 moles
of octane?
(d) If this reaction is to be used to synthesize 8 moles of CO
2
how many
grams of oxygen are needed? How many grams of octane will be used?
Solution:

4 moles

2C
8
H
18 (i)
+ 250
2(g)
16CO
2(g)
+ 18H
2
O
(i)

(a)
2 moles 25 moles

2 moles of C
8
H
18
=25 moles of O2
4 moles of C
8
H
18
=
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
=50moles of O
2
Answer
(b)
1 moles

2C
8
H
18 (i)
+ 250
2(g)
16CO
2(g)
+ 18H
2
O
(i)

2 moles

Now, 2 moles of C
8
H
18
=16 moles of CO
2


1 mole of C
8
H
18
=
=8 moles of CO
2
Answer
(c)
6 moles

2C
8
H
18 (i)
+ 250
2(g)
16CO
2(g)
+ 18H
2
O
(i)

2 moles

Now, 2 moles of C
8
H
18
=18 moles of H2 O(i)
6 moles of C
8
H
18
=
=54 moles of H
2
O
(d)
6 moles

2C
8
H
18 (i)
+ 250
2(g)
16CO
2(g)
+ 18H
2
O
(i)

2 moles 1800moles

Now, 16 moles of CO
2
=25 moles of O
2

8 moles of CO
2
=
=12.5 moles of CO
2

Mol-mass of O
2
=32g mol
-1

=12.5 molx 32g mol
-1

=400g of O
2

Now, 16moles of CO
2
=2moles of C
8
H
18

8 moles of CO
2
=
=1 mole of C
8
H
18

Mol-mass of C
8
H
18
=96+18=114g mol-1
Mass of C
8
H
18
=No of moles of C
8
H
18
xMol.mass ofC
8
H
18
=1 molx 114 g mol
-1

114g Answer
Q19: Calculate the number of grams of A1
2
S
3
which can be prepared by the
reaction of 20 g of A1 and 30 g of sulphur. How much the non-limiting reaction is
in excess?
Solution:
Mass of A1 =20g
Molar mass of A1 =27g mol
-1

No of moles of A1 =
Mass of S = 30g
Molar mass of S =32g mol
-1


No of moles of S =

0.74 mole

0.94 mole

w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
2A1 + 3S A1
2
S
3


2 mole

3 mole

1 mole

Now, 2 moles of A1 =1 mole of A1
2
S
3

0.74 moles of A1 =


=0.37 mole of A1
2
S
3

Now, 3 moles of S =1 moles of A1
2
S
3


0.94 moles of S =
=0.313 mole of A1
2
S
3

Since S give the least number of moles of A1
2
S
3
therefore, it is the limiting
reactant.
No of moles of A1
2
S
3
=0.313 mole
Molar mass of A1
2
S
3
=150g mol-1
Mass of A1
2
S
3
=No of moles of A1
2
S
3
xMolar mass of A1
2
S
3

=0.313molx 150 g mol
-1

=46.95 g of A1
2
S
3
Answer
The non-limiting reactant is A1 which is in excess. Now mass of A1 required
reacting completely with 0.94 moles of S can be calculated as:
0.94 mole

2A1 + 3S A1
2
S
3


2 mole

3 mole

Now, 3 moles of S =2 moles of A1
0.94 moles of S =
=
Mass of A1 =No of moles of A1 x molar mass of A1
=0.63x 27
=17g of A1
Mass of A1available =20g
Mass of A1 which reacts completely =17g with available S
Excess of A1 =20-17=3g
Q20: A mixture of two liquids, hydrazine N
2
H
4
and N
2
O
4
are used as a fuel in
rockets. They produce N
2
and water vapors. How many grams of N
2
gas will be
formed by reacting 100g of N
2
O
4
and 200g g of N
2
O
4
.
2N
2
H
4
+ N
2
O
2
3N
2
+4 H
2
O
Solution:
Mass of2N
2
H
4
=100g
Mass of N
2
O
2
=200g
Molar mass of 2N
2
H
4
=28+4=32g mol
-1

Molar mass of N
2
O
2
=28+64=92g mol
-1

No of moles of N
2
H
4
=
No of moles of N
2
O
2
=
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
3.125moles 2.174 moles

2N
2
H
4
+ N
2
O
2
3N
2
+4 H
2
O
2 moles 1mole 3moles

Now , 2moles of N
2
H
4
=3moles of N
2


3.125moles of N
2
H
4
=
=4.69 mole of N
2

Now , 1 mole of N
2
O
2
=3moles of N
2

2.174 moles of N
2
O
4
=
=6.52 mole of N
2
O
2

Since N
2
H
4
gives the least number of moles of N
2
, hence it is the limiting reactant.
Amount of N
2
produced =4.69 moles
Molar mass of N
2
=28g mol
-1


Mass of N
2
=4.69g molx 28g mol-1
=131032 g Answer
Q21: Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material . It is produced by
allowing sand (SiO
2
)to react with carbon at high temperature.
SiO
2
+ 3C SiC + 2CO
When 100kg sand isn reacted with excess of carbon, 51.4 kg of Sic is produced.
Solution:
Mass of SiO2 =100 kg=100000g
Mass of SiC produced =5.14 kg =51400g

100000g

SiO
2
+ 3C SiC + 2CO

60g

40g

Now, 60g of SiO
2
=40g of SiC
100000g of SiO
2
=
=66666.67 g
Actual yield of Sic =51400 g
Theoretical yield of SiC =66666.67g
% yield =
=
=77.1%
Q22: (a) What is Stoichiometry? Give its assumptions? Mention two
important law, which help to perform the Stoichiometry calculations.
(b) What is a limiting reactant? How does it control the quantity of
the product formed? Explain with three examples
Q 23: (a) Define yield. How do we calculate the percentage yield of a
chemical reaction?
(b) What are the factors which are mostly responsible for the low yield
of the products in chemical reactions.
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
Q24: Explain the following with reasons.
(j) Law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during Stoichiometric
calculations.
(ii) Many chemical reactions taking place in our surrounding involves the
limit reactants.
(iii) No individual neon atom in the sample of the element has a mass of
20.18amu.
(iv) One mole of H
2
SO
4
should completely react with two moles of NaOH.
How does Avogadro, s number help to explain it.
(v) One mole H
2
O has two moles of bonds , three moles of atoms , ten
moles of electrons and twenty eight moles of the total fundamental particles
present in it.
(vi) N2 and CO have the same number of electrons, protons and neutrons.
Ans. (i) According to law of conservation of mass, the amount of each
element is conserved in a chemical reaction. Chemical equations are written
and balanced on the basis of law of conversation of mass. Stoichiometry
calculations are related with the amounts of reactants and products in a
balanced chemical equation. Hence, law of conservation of mass has to be
obeyed during stoichiometric calculations.
(ii) In our surrounding many chemical reactions are taking place which
involve oxygen. In these reactions oxygen in always in excess quantity while
other reactant are in lesser amount. Thus other reactants act as limiting
reactants.
(iii) Since the overall atomic mass of neon in the average of the determined
atomic masses of individual isotopes present in the sample of isotopic
mixture .Hence, no individual neon atom in the sample has a mass of
20.18amu.
(iv) H
2
SO
4
+2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
1 mole 2moles

2 moles of H
+
ions 2 moles of OH ions
2x6.02x10
23
H
+
ions 2x6.02x10
23
OH ions



Once mole of H
2
SO
4
consists of 2 moles of H
+
ions that contains twice the
Avogadros number of H
+
ions. For complete neutralization it needs 2 moles
of one mole of H
2
SO
4
should completely react with two moles of N
A
OH.
(v) Since one molecule of H
2
O has two covalent bonds between H and O
atoms. Three atoms, ten electrons and twenty eight total fundamental
particles present in it. Hence, one mole of H
2
O has two moles of bond, three
moles of atoms, ten moles of electrons and twenty eight moles of total
fundamental particle present in it.
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m
1
st
year chemistry notes
www.allonlinefree.com
In N
2
there are 2 N atoms which contain 14 electrons (2x7),14 protons (2x7) and 14
neutrons (2x7) . In CO, there are one carbon and one oxygen atoms. It contains 14
electrons (6carbon e +8 oxygen e), 14 protons (6 C proton +8 O proton ) and 14
neutrons (6 neutrons +8 O neutrons).Hence , N
2
and CO have the same number of
electrons, protons and neutrons. Remember that electrons, protons and neutrons of
atoms remain conserved during the formation of molecules in a chemical reaction.
w
w
w
.
a
l
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
e
.
c
o
m