MUSCLES

IN THE BODY
5. 10.2012
Kaan Ycel
M.D., Ph.D.
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The muscular system consists of all the muscles of the body. The disciplined related to the study of muscles is
myology. All skeletal muscles are composed of one specific type of muscle tissue. These muscles move the
skeleton, therefore, move the body parts.
There are three muscle types:
Skeletal striated muscle is voluntary somatic muscle that makes up the gross skeletal muscles. Striated
muscles are innervated by the somatic nervous system.
Cardiac striated muscle is involuntary visceral muscle that forms most of the walls of the heart and adacent
parts of the great vessels
Smooth muscle !unstriated muscle" is involuntary visceral muscle. #on$striated and cardiac muscles are
innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
%any terms provide information about a structure&s shape, si'e, location, or function or about the
resemblance of one structure to another. %uscles may be described or classified according to their shape, for
which a muscle may also be named.
A prime mover !agonist" is the main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body. A
fi(ator steadies the pro(imal parts of a limb. A synergist complements the action of a prime mover. An antagonist
is a muscle that opposes the action of another muscle.
The facial muscles !muscles of facial e(pression" move the skin and change facial e(pressions to convey
mood. %ost muscles attach to bone or fascia and produce their effects by pulling the skin.
The platysma !). flat plate" is a broad, thin sheet of muscle in the subcutaneous tissue of the neck. *t helps
depress the mandible and draw the corners of the mouth inferiorly.
Cutaneous !sensory" innervation of the face and anterosuperior part of the scalp is provided primarily by the
trigeminal nerve !C# +", whereas motor innervation to the facial muscles is provided by the facial nerve !C#
+**".
The sternocleidomastoid !SC%" muscle is a broad, strap$like muscle that has two heads: The rounded
tendon of the sternal head attaches to the manubrium, and the thick fleshy clavicular head attaches to the superior
surface of the clavicle. Trape'ius is a large, flat triangular muscle that covers the posterolateral aspect of the neck
and thora(.
,our anterior pectoral muscles move the pectoral girdle: pectoralis maor, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and
serratus anterior.
The name latissimus dorsi !-. widest of back" was well chosen because the muscle covers a wide area of the
back. This large, fan$shaped muscle passes from the trunk to the humerus and acts directly on the glenohumeral
oint and indirectly on the pectoral girdle !scapulothoracic oint".
The si( scapulohumeral muscles including the deltoid muscle are relatively short muscles that pass from the
scapula to the humerus and act on the glenohumeral oint.
.f the four maor arm muscles, three fle(ors !biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis" are in the
anterior !fle(or" compartment, supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve, and one e(tensor !triceps brachii" is in
the posterior compartment, supplied by the radial nerve.
There are /0 muscles crossing the elbow oint, some of which act on the elbow oint e(clusively, whereas
others act at the wrist and fingers.
The fle(or muscles of the forearm are in the anterior !fle(or$pronator" compartment of the forearm and are
separated from the e(tensor muscles of the forearm by the radius and ulna and, in the distal two thirds of the
forearm, by the interosseous membrane that connects them. The e(tensor muscles of the forearm are in the
posterior !e(tensor$supinator" compartment of the forearm, and all are innervated by branches of the radial nerve.
The intrinsic muscles of the hand are located in five compartments.
The gluteus ma(imus is the most superficial gluteal muscle. *t is the largest, heaviest, and most coarsely
fibered muscle of the body. The main actions of the gluteus ma(imus are e(tension and lateral rotation of the
thigh.
The posterior thigh muscles include the hamstring muscles. There are four muscles in the anterior
compartment of the leg. The large anterior compartment of the thigh contains the anterior thigh muscles, the
fle(ors of the hip and e(tensors of the knee. The posterior compartment of the leg !plantarfle(or compartment" is
the largest of the three leg compartments. The superficial group of calf muscles !muscles forming prominence of
1calf2 of posterior leg" includes the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris. The gastrocnemius and soleus share a
common tendon, the calcaneal tendon, which attaches to the calcaneus. The calcaneal tendon !-. tendo calcaneus,
Achilles tendon" is the most powerful !thickest and strongest" tendon in the body.
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Muscles in the body
The muscular system consists of all the muscles of the body. The disciplined related
to the study of muscles is myology. Musculus muscle! is deri"ed from the word mus#
mouse$ musculus# little mouse. All s%eletal muscles are composed of one speci&c type of
muscle tissue. These muscles mo"e the s%eleton' therefore' mo"e the body parts.
1.1. TYPES OF MUSCLES
There are three muscle types:
( )%eletal striated muscle is "oluntary somatic muscle that ma%es up the gross s%eletal
muscles that compose the muscular system' mo"ing or stabili*ing bones and other
structures e.g.' the eyeballs!. )triated muscles are inner"ated by the somatic ner"ous
system.
( +ardiac striated muscle is in"oluntary "isceral muscle that forms most of the walls of
the heart and ad,acent parts of the great "essels' such as the aorta' and pumps blood.
( )mooth muscle unstriated muscle! is in"oluntary "isceral muscle that forms part of the
walls of most "essels and hollow organs "iscera!' mo"ing substances through them by
coordinated se-uential contractions pulsations or peristaltic contractions!. .on#striated
and cardiac muscles are inner"ated by the autonomic ner"ous system.
All s%eletal muscles' commonly referred to simply as /muscles'0 ha"e 1eshy' reddish'
contractile portions one or more heads or bellies! composed of s%eletal striated muscle.
)ome muscles are 1eshy throughout' but most also ha"e white non#contractile portions
tendons!' composed mainly of organi*ed collagen bundles' that pro"ide a means of
attachment. 2hen referring to the length of a muscle' both the belly and the tendons are
included. 3n other words' a muscle4s length is the distance between its attachments.
Most s%eletal muscles are attached directly or indirectly to bones' cartilages' ligaments' or
fascias or to some combination of these structures. )ome muscles are attached to organs
the eyeball' for e5ample!' s%in such as facial muscles!' and mucous membranes intrinsic
tongue muscles!. Muscles are organs of locomotion mo"ement!' but they also pro"ide
static support' gi"e form to the body' and pro"ide heat.
The architecture and shape of muscles "ary. The tendons of some muscles form 1at
sheets' or aponeuroses' that anchor the muscle to the s%eleton usually a ridge or a series
of spinous processes! and/or to deep fascia such as the latissimus dorsi muscle of the
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1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON
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bac%!' or to the aponeurosis of another muscle such as the obli-ue muscles of the
anterolateral abdominal wall!.
1.2. MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY
Many terms pro"ide information about a structure4s shape' si*e' location' or function or
about the resemblance of one structure to another.
Muscles may be described or classi&ed according to their shape' for which a muscle may
also be named:
( 6lat muscles ha"e parallel &bers often with an aponeurosis7for e5ample' the e5ternal
obli-ue broad 1at muscle!. The sartorius is a narrow 1at muscle with parallel &bers.
( 8ennate muscles are feather#li%e 9. pennatus' feather! in the arrangement of their
fascicles' and may be unipennate' bipennate' or multi#pennate7for e5ample' the e5tensor
digitorum longus unipennate!' the rectus femoris bipennate!' and deltoid multi#pennate!.
( 6usiform muscles are spindle shaped with a round' thic% belly or bellies! and tapered
ends7for e5ample' biceps brachii.
( +on"ergent muscles arise from a broad area and con"erge to form a single tendon7for
e5ample' the pectoralis ma,or.
( :uadrate muscles ha"e four e-ual sides 9. -uadratus' s-uare!7for e5ample' the rectus
abdominis' between its tendinous intersections.
( +ircular or sphincteral muscles surround a body opening or ori&ce' constricting it when
contracted7for e5ample' orbicularis oculi closes the eyelids!.
( Multi#headed or multi#bellied muscles ha"e more than one head of attachment or more
than one contractile belly' respecti"ely. ;iceps muscles ha"e two heads of attachment
e.g.' the biceps brachii!' triceps muscles ha"e three heads e.g.' triceps brachii!' and the
digastric and gastrocnemius muscles ha"e two bellies.
6igure <. +lassi&cations of muscles according to their shapes
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1.3. CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES
)%eletal muscles function by contracting$ they pull and ne"er push. 2hen a muscle
contracts and shortens' one of its attachments usually remains &5ed while the other more
mobile! attachment is pulled toward it' often resulting in mo"ement. Attachments of
muscles are commonly described as the origin and insertion$ the origin is usually the
pro5imal end of the muscle' which remains &5ed during muscular contraction' and the
insertion is usually the distal end of the muscle' which is mo"able. =owe"er' this is not
always the case. )ome muscles can act in both directions under di>erent circumstances.
2hereas the structural unit of a muscle is a s%eletal striated muscle &ber' the
functional unit of a muscle is a motor unit' consisting of a motor neuron and the muscle
&bers it controls. 2hen a motor neuron in the spinal cord is stimulated' it initiates an
impulse that causes all the muscle &bers supplied by that motor unit to contract
simultaneously.
1.4. FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES
Muscles ser"e speci&c functions in mo"ing and positioning the body.
A prime mo"er agonist! is the main muscle responsible for producing a speci&c mo"ement
of the body. 3t contracts concentrically to produce the desired mo"ement' doing most of
the wor% e5pending most of the energy! re-uired. A &5ator steadies the pro5imal parts of
a limb through isometric contraction while mo"ements are occurring in distal parts. A
synergist complements the action of a prime mo"er. An antagonist is a muscle that
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Articulations in the body
opposes the action of another muscle. The same muscle may act as a prime mo"er'
antagonist' synergist' or &5ator under di>erent conditions.
1.5. NERVES AND ARTERIES TO MUSCLES
?ariation in the ner"e supply of muscles is rare$ it is a nearly constant relationship. 3n the
limb' muscles of similar actions are generally contained within a common fascial
compartment and share inner"ation by the same ner"es. The blood supply of muscles is
not as constant as the ner"e supply and is usually multiple. Arteries generally supply the
structures they contact.
The facial muscles muscles of facial e5pression! mo"e the s%in and change facial
e5pressions to con"ey mood. Most muscles attach to bone or fascia and produce their
e>ects by pulling the s%in.
The occipitofrontalis is a 1at digastric muscle which ele"ates the eyebrows and produce
trans"erse wrin%les across the forehead. This gi"es the face a surprised loo%.
)e"eral muscles alter the shape of the mouth and lips during spea%ing as well as during
such acti"ities as singing' whistling' and mimicry. The shape of the mouth and lips is
controlled by a comple5 three#dimensional group of muscular slips' which include the
following:
( @le"ators' retractors' and e"ertors of the upper lip.
( Depressors' retractors' and e"ertors of the lower lip.
( The orbicularis oris' the sphincter around the mouth.
( The buccinator in the chee%.
6igure A. 6acial muscles
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2. MUSCLES OF THE FACE & SCALP
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The platysma B. 1at plate! is a broad' thin sheet of muscle in the subcutaneous tissue of
the nec%. 3t helps depress the mandible and draw the corners of the mouth inferiorly.
+utaneous sensory! inner"ation of the face and anterosuperior part of the scalp is
pro"ided primarily by the trigeminal ner"e +. ?!' whereas motor inner"ation to the facial
muscles is pro"ided by the facial ner"e +. ?33!.
6igure C. 8latysma
http://antrani".or)/!scles-of-the-head/
The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle is a broad' strap#li%e muscle with two
heads. Dne head attaches on the sternum' and the other on the cla"icle. ;ilateral
contractions of the )+Ms will cause e5tension of the ele"ating the chin. Acting unilaterally'
the )+M laterally 1e5es the nec% bends the nec% sideways! and rotates the head so the
ear approaches the shoulder of the ipsilateral same! side.
6igure E. )ternocleidomastoid muscle
http://dassa)e.co/wp-content/!ploads/2011/02/'*M+s#l.pn)
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3. MUSCLES OF THE NECK
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Trapezius is a large' 1at triangular muscle that co"ers the posterior aspect of the
nec% and the superior half of the trun%. The trape*ius pro"ides a direct attachment of the
pectoral girdle to the trun%. 3t was gi"en its name because the muscles of the two sides
form a trape*ium B. irregular four#sided &gure!. The trape*ius assists in suspending the
upper limb.
6our anterior a5ioappendicular muscles pectoral muscles! mo"e the pectoral girdle.
Pectoralis major is the biggest of these four. The pectoralis major is a large' fan#
shaped muscle that co"ers the superior part of the thora5. 3t produces powerful adduction
and medial rotation of the arm.
The super&cial and intermediate groups of e5trinsic bac% muscles attach the superior
appendicular s%eleton of the upper limb! to the a5ial s%eleton in the trun%!.
The posterior shoulder muscles are di"ided into three groups:
( )uper&cial e5trinsic shoulder muscles: trape*ius and latissimus dorsi.
( Deep e5trinsic shoulder muscles: two muscles
( 3ntrinsic shoulder muscles: deltoid' teres ma,or' and the four rotator cu> muscles.
The name latissimus dorsi 9. widest of bac%! was well chosen because the muscle
co"ers a wide area of the bac%. passes from the trun% to the humerus and acts directly on
the shoulder ,oint and indirectly on the pectoral girdle. The latissimus dorsi e5tends'
retracts' and rotates the humerus medially e.g.' when folding the arms behind the bac% or
scratching the s%in o"er the opposite scapula!.
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4. MUSCLES OF PECTORAL AND SCAPULAR
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The deltoid is a thic%' powerful' coarse#te5tured muscle co"ering the shoulder and
forming its rounded contour. As its name indicates' the deltoid is shaped li%e the in"erted
Bree% letter delta F!. The deltoid abducts the arm.
6igure G. Muscles of the chest and abdomen
http://api.nin).co/files/wY,2-w).d%/w0110DK&&d23p456!72w.8K*9Y:/%;6D<3er)979"#=>=?=pP-nM@we2-
2'AP$1B7eK-CDYo@170$h:es=ad/chest+!scle.;p)
6igure H. 9attisimus dorsi I Trape*ius
http://www.pre3entdisease.co/hoe/!scleatlas/shtraplat.shtl
Df the four ma,or arm muscles' three 1e5ors biceps brachii' brachialis' and
coracobrachialis! are in the anterior 1e5or! compartment' supplied by the
musculocutaneous ner"e' and one e5tensor triceps brachii! is in the posterior
compartment' supplied by the radial ner"e.
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5. MUSCLES OF THE ARM, FOREARM & HAND
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The iceps rac!ii is the 1e5or of the arm. The brachialis is the main 1e5or of the
forearm. The triceps brachii is the main e5tensor of the forearm.
6igure J. Muscles of the arm
http://9.#p.#lo)spot.co/-9>Y@92-'6w/?&68E2"t2;0/777777777nB/.5,M&.cdMs6/s1C00/#icepF!scle.;p)
There are <J muscles crossing the elbow ,oint' some of which act on the elbow ,oint
e5clusi"ely' whereas others act at the wrist and &ngers.
The 1e5or muscles of the forearm are in the anterior 1e5or#pronator! compartment
of the forearm and are separated from the e5tensor muscles of the forearm by the radius
and ulna and' in the distal two thirds of the forearm' by the interosseous membrane that
connects them.
The e5tensor muscles of the forearm are in the posterior e5tensor#supinator!
compartment of the forearm' and all are inner"ated by branches of the radial ner"e. The
intrinsic muscles of the hand are located in &"e compartments.
The "luteus ma#imus is the most super&cial gluteal muscle. 3t is the largest'
hea"iest' and most coarsely &bered muscle of the body. The main actions of the gluteus
ma5imus are e5tension and lateral rotation of the thigh. The smaller gluteal muscles'
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus' are fan shaped' and their &bers con"erge in the
same manner.
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6. MUSCLES OF THE GLUTEAL REGION & LOWER
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6igure K. Bluteal region muscles
http://&fitnessh!t.#lo)spot.co/200B/01/fire-!p-then-shape-!p-&o!r-)l!tes-part.htl
The large anterior compartment of the thigh contains the anterior thigh muscles' the
1e5ors of the hip and e5tensors of the %nee. The sartorius' the /tailor4s muscle0 9. sartus'
patched or repaired!' is long and ribbon#li%e. 3t passes lateral to medial across the
superoanterior part of the thigh. The sartorius is the longest muscle in the body.
The $uadriceps femoris 9.' four#headed femoral muscle! forms the main bul% of
the anterior thigh muscles and collecti"ely constitutes the largest and one of the most
powerful muscles in the body. 3t co"ers almost all the anterior aspect and sides of the
femur. The -uadriceps femoris usually shortened to -uadriceps! is the great e5tensor of
the leg.
The muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh comprise the adductor group.
The posterior thigh muscles include the hamstring muscles. The hamstrings play a crucial
role in many daily acti"ities' such as' wal%ing' running' ,umping' and controlling some
mo"ement in the trun%. 3n wal%ing' they are most important as an antagonist to the
-uadriceps in the deceleration of %nee e5tension.
6igure L. =amstring muscles posterior thigh muscles! and posterior leg calf! muscles
http://www.free-wor"o!t-ro!tines.net/ia)e-files/le)-c!rls.;p)
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6igure <M. Anterior thigh muscles
http://!frida-arif!ddin.#lo)spot.co/2011/01/#lo)-post.htl
There are four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg$ dorsi1e5ors of the
an%le ,oint' ele"ating the forefoot and depressing the heel. The lateral compartment of the
leg is the smallest narrowest! of the leg compartments. The lateral compartment contains
the &bularis longus and bre"is muscles. ;oth muscles are e"ertors of the foot' ele"ating the
lateral margin of the foot.
The posterior compartment of the leg plantar1e5or compartment! is the largest of
the three leg compartments. Muscles in the posterior plantar1e5or! compartment of leg'
the largest of the three leg compartments' are organi*ed into two groups' super&cial and
deep' by the trans"erse intermuscular septum. Benerally' the muscles mainly plantar1e5
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and in"ert the foot and 1e5 the toes. The super&cial group of calf muscles muscles
forming prominence of /calf0 of posterior leg! includes the gastrocnemius' soleus' and
plantaris. The gastrocnemius and soleus share a common tendon' the calcaneal tendon'
which attaches to the calcaneus. The calcaneal tendon 9. tendo calcaneus' Achilles
tendon! is the most powerful thic%est and strongest! tendon in the body. These muscles
raise heel during wal%ing$ 1e5 the leg at the %nee ,oint. 6our muscles ma%e up the deep
group in the posterior compartment of the leg.
Df the AM indi"idual muscles of the foot' <E are located on the plantar aspect' A are
on the dorsal aspect' and E are intermediate in position.
The si5 abdominal muscles all a>ect body posture. The deeper the muscle is located
i.e. the closer to the spine!' the more powerful e>ect it will ha"e' and therefore' the
greater capacity it will ha"e for creating and maintaining a healthy spine. 6rom deep to
super&cial the abdominal muscles are:
trans"erse abdominal
internal obli-ues
e5ternal obli-ues
rectus abdominis
The trans"erse abdominus muscle is the deepest of the H abdominal muscles. The
rectus abdominus muscle is the most super&cial of the abdominal muscles co"ered by the
aponeurosis of the trans"ersus abdominis. The rectus abdominis has tendineous
intersections.
6igure <<. Abdominal muscles
http://www.edicaloo".co/h!an+anato&/or)ans/7#doinal+!scles.htl
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. MUSCLES OF THE A!DOMEN
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