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TECHNICAL NOTE 3782
HANDBOOKOFSTRUCTURALSTABILITY
PART II - BUCKLINGOFCOMPOSITEELEMENTS
ByHerbertBecker
NewYorkUniversity
v
Washington
July1957
I
I
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TECHLIBRARYKAFB, NM
Illllllllllllunln
NATIONAL ADVISORY COMWITEEFORAERONAUTICS
OUbLbqA

TECHNICAL NOTE3782
HMJDBOOK OFSTRUCTURAL STABILITY
PARTII - BWKH3VG OFCOMPOS~ EHMINB3
ByHerbert Becker
SWMARY
The localbuckling ofstiffener sections andthebuckling ofplates
witheturdystiffeners exereviewed, andtheresults aresummar izedin
charts andtables.Numerical valuesofbuckl~ coefficients arepresented
forlongitudinally compressed stiffener sections ofvarious shapes, for
Stiff mea
stM?fened
primarily
discussed
platesloadedinlongitudinal compression andinshear, andfor
cylhdersloadedintorsion.Although thedatapresented consist
ofelastic-buckling coefficients, theeffectsofplastici@ are
fora fewspecial cases.
RWRODUCTION
Thebuckling behavior ofsimple plateelements isdescribed in
partsI andIIIofthisHandbook ofStructural Stability (refs. 1 and
2). Structural components oftenconsist oftwoormoresimple plate
elements soarranged thatthebuckling stressofeachisincreased asa
resultofthesupport provided bycontiguous neighbors. Suchcomposite
elements aretermedstiffeners because theyarefrequently usedtostiffen
a plateinordertoincrease thebuc~ingstress.A compact stiffener iS
described as sturdy whenitisnotsubject tolocalbuckltng andthere-
foreonlytheaxial, bending, andtorsional rigidities ofthestiffener
influence thebehavior oftheplate-stiffener comb@ation undera specified
loading.Thedatapresented inthisreportonthebuckling ofstiffened
platespertain tosturdystiffeners.
Thereport begins witha discussion ofcalculation oflocalbuckling
stress ofstiffening elements. Stiffener structural shapesincommon use,
suchasZ-,channel, andhatsections, havebeenanalyzed forbucKMng
andcharts arepresented tofacilitate buckling-stress computations. For
sections whichbuckleelastically, failure mayoccuratloadsconsiderably
inexcess ofbuckling. Failure, orcrippling, ofstiffening elements is
treated inreference 3.
Whentheproportions ofa stiffener aresuchthatitissturdy with
respect totheplatewhichitissttifening, itactsessentially asan
.
.
. . .. .- -- - --
.
2 NACATN3782
elastic restraint totheplate.Itmayassistintheresistance toload,
asdothespanwise stiffeners ina wingcover,oritmaybehaveprimarily
asa support, suchasa transverse rib.lheithercase,itisnecessary
toconsider onlyitsaxial, bending, androtational spring properties in
calculating thebuckling stressofastiffened plate.Buckling ofthe
composite willthenoccureitherlocally intheplateorgenerally,
involving boththeplatesndstiffener. Theinformation onbuckling of
stiffened platesappears inthesection entitled Buckling ofStiffened
PlatesUnderImgitudinal Compression foruniaxial loadandinthe
section entitled Buckling ofStiffened PlatesUnderShearIoadfor
shearload.
Thebuckling ofstiffened curved platesinvolves thecomplication
ofplatecurvature inaddition toaXLthepsmmeters affecting buckling
ofstiffened flatplates.Thebuckling ofUnsttifened curved plateshas
beendescribed h reference 2,inwhichitwasshownthattheoryisin
goodagreement withtestdataforshearloading andinpooragreement
withdataforaxialcompression loading.Forcertain proportions, the
curved platesapproach cylinder behavior, whichpermits evaluation of
theunstiff ened-plate results inthelimiting case.Analyses ofstiffened
curved platesarereported inthesection entitled Buckling ofStiffened
PlatesUnderLongitudinal Compression foraxialloadsandinthesection
entitled BucMingofStiffened PlatesHer ShearLoadforshearloads.
Znaddition, thelimiting caseoftorsional buckling ofa stiffened
cylinder isdescribed inthelattersection.Theresults ofthetheory
andtestdataarecompared withtheinformation onstiffened curved plates
undershear.
Thebuckling stress ofa stiffener ora stiffened platemaybefound
fromthegeneral relationship
(1)
in Whichb pertains toa general. dimension. Itmaybethewidthofa
flangeonanangle,thedepthofthewebona channel, orthewidthof
oneofthesidesofa rectsmgulsr tube.Thebucuingcoefficient kb
isthecoefficient tobeusedtogether withthisdtiension b equation (1).
TIM? parameters uponwhichkb depends are a/b or A/b ofthe
plate,theamountofelastic rotational restratit alongtheunloaded
edgese,theratiooftheareaofthestiffener tothatoftheplate
A/bt,theratioofthebending rigidity ofthestiffener tothatofthe
plateEI/bD,andthecurvature psxameter forcurved plates~. The
.
. .
3
NACAm 3782
figures discussed
theseparameters.
in thefollowing sections showkb asa function of
Theeffects ofmaterial properties onthebuckling ofsimpleelements
werecovered h ref=ence1,inwhichstress-strain curves, Poissons
ratio,andcladding andplasticity-reduction factors arepresented and
discussed. Plasticity-reduction factors forcurved platesandshells are
described inreference 2. Forconvenience, a summary ofpertinent infor-
mationappears intheApplication Section andtables1 to3.
Thissurvey wasconducted s%NewYorkWversityunderthesponsor-
shipandwiththefinancial assistance oftheNational Advisory Committee
for-Aeronautics.
A
a
b
D
d
E,Es,~
G
h
SYMlms
areaofst~enercrosssection,
.
,
Sqim
len~ ofunloaded edgeonlongitudinally compressed plates
ands~le elements orlongersideofplatesloadedin
shear,in.
length ofloadededgeonlongitudinally compressed platesand
simple elements or
in.
flexural rigidity of
in-lb
shorter sideofplatesloadedinshear,l
.
plateperinchofwidth,E+2(. - ,3],
widthofbulbofbulbflange
Youngs modulus, secant modulus, andtangent modulus,
respectively, psi
shearmodlihls, pSi
widthofrectsmgubrtubestiffener (seefig.5(c))
%ymbolsa and b pertain todimensions between stiffeners on
stiffened platesortodistances between parallel edgesohunstiffened
plates.Thus,buckling stressisfoundfora singleelement ofa stiffaed
plateandnotb termsofovemlldimensions oftheplate,except for
curvedstiffened platesundershear.Inthislattercaseitismorecon-
venient toutilizea and b asoverall platedimensions foreaseof
comparison withcylinder data.
.. ... . .. . ... . . _
-- .. . - .- . .. .
4
NACATN3782
bentlng momentofinertia ofstiffener crosssection, in.
4
I
4
J torsional momentofinertia ofstiffener crosssection, in.
k buclsUng coefficient
kb general buckling coefficient ofstiffener pertaining to
buckling stress ofelement ofwidthb
%J%
bucklhgcoefficients forcompression andshear, respectively
length ofcylinder, in.
momentapplied toedgesofrotationally restrained element, in-lb
numberoflongitudinal stiffeners onplateoftotalwidthnb~
ornumberofcircumferential rtigsoncylinder oflengthL
numberoftransverse buckles inlongitudinally stiffened plate
longitudinal lycompressed .
radiusofcurvature ofcurved plate,in.
correction forpresence ofstiffener ononesideofplate
platestiffness (seefig.2 forcliff erenttypes )
thickness, in.
platecurvature parameter,
(b21+ - e2)12
cylinder curvature parameter,
factorh r dependent upon
(Lld (1 - ,e2)l/2
n and q (seefig.12)
distance ofstiffener centroid frommidsurface ofplate,in.
ratioofrigidity ofelastic restraint torotational rigidity
ofplate;alsostrain
plasticity-reduction factor
rotation ofedgeofsimpleelement, radians
wavelengthofbuc=einshnple element orplate ~ in.
.
. __
NACATN3782
5
Ve Poissons ratioinelastic range
cr
general buckling stress; also,buckling stress ofcompressed
element, psi
cr
buckling stress ofelement loadedinshear, psi
Subscripts:
cr buckling
e effective
f flange
L lip
T topwebofhat-section stiffmers
v web
IOCAL13UCKLINGOF SKOWEMIMGELEMENTS
Behaviorof Stiffeners
Whena plateunderlongitudinal loadissupported bya stiffener in
thedtiection oftheload,thestiffener participates tiresist~this
load.Asa result, thepossible buckling modesofthiscomposite are
localinstability oftheplatealone,localbuckling ofoneormoresimple
elements ofthestiffener, general Wtabili& oftheplateinvolving
column actionofthestiffener, orsomecombination ofthesemodes.The
_ses perta~to stfifen~pl.ates a~lyto stm stiffeners only,
and,consequently, thesecond modeisprecluded bytheanalysis inthose
casesdescribed h thelastsections ofthepresent paper.Howev=,in
ordertoinsure thesturdiness ofthestiffener, itisfirstnecessary
todetermine itslocalbuckling stress.Thisisthesubject tobedis-
cussedinthepresent section, whichpresents thebackground foranalysis -
oflocalbuckling instiffeners andincludes chartsforrapidcalculation
ofbuckl~ stress forseveral comonshapes.
Thelocalbucklhgstress ofa stiffener isthessmeasthatofits
weakest element.Consequently, eachsimple element mustbeanalyzed for
buckling under101@tUdb31 load. Oftentheweakest element isreadily
evident byinspection. Theanalysis oftheelement involves detemdning
thenatureofthesupports androtational restraints alongtheedgesand
. ..._ - . --.. . __ . ____ ._ _ _ ___ ._
6 NACATN3782
thencomputing thebucKling stress oftheelement considered asa simple
plateunderlongitudinal loadwiththeappropriate boundary conditions.
Iugeneral, however, thereismutualrestraint ata longitudinal
jointamongallthemembers meeting alongsucha line.Ifthisrestraint
couldbeconverted directly intoa valueofrotational restraint e for
thesimple element beinganalyzed, thenthebuckling-coefficient charts
ofreferences 1 and2 couldbeusedtofindthebucliMng stress ofthe
simpleelement, and,conse@ntl.y, the buclding stressofthestiffener.
Because oftherotational interaction amongthesimpleelements ateach
jotitline,whicharises fromthepreservation ofthecorner angles
between element pairs (el= t12= . . . = en),howev=,therestraint
imposed byeachupontheothers cannot befoundimmediately. Itisnec-
essary toanalyze theproblem asoneinthedistribution ofmomentamong
themembers ofa statically indeterminate Syst=. Whenthishasbeen
d~e, e canbefoundand Ucr canbecalculated.
libr themostpart,thestiffness ofoneelement h itsownplaneis
sufficient toimpartsupport toitsadjacent elements perpendicular to
theirplanes, although thecorner angles mqycliff erfromX. Mostsimple
elements ofa stiffener behaveinthismanner.Ups andbulbsmaybetoo
weaktoprovide complete transverse support toanelement (invariably a
flange).Theyactascolumns thattendtoresistelastically thetrans-
versedeflections oftheotherwise freeedgesoffI.anges and,consequently,.
cannot beticluded intheusualmethods ofanalysts oftheinteraction
buckling problem.However, a flange witha liporbulbalongitsfree
edgemsytieanalyzed asa stiffened platetodetermine therigidity of
thiscomposite, whichthencanbeusedh theinteraction analysis.
Calculation ofBuckling Stress
!l!he buckling stress ofeachsimple element ofa stiffener meybe
foundfromegyation (1).Chertsof ~ forseveral stiffener sections
ticommon usearepresented h thisreportendarediscussed belowh
thesection onNumerical ValuesofBuckling Stress. Thegeneral methods
ofconstructing thesecharts andforftiMngthebuckling stress ofa new
stfff enersection tivolve a successive approximation procedure suchasthe
moment-distribution methodofLundquist, Stowell, andSchuette (ref.4)or
thestep-by-step procedure ofI@oK1., Fisher, andHetierl(ref.5).
Thebasisforthemcnnent-distribution methodisthejoint-stiffness
criterion, whichrequires thatatbuctiing thesumofthestiffnesses of
thesimple elements meeting ata jotntlinemustbe zero.Thisispre-
dictedupona distribution ofstiffnesses emongthejointmembers such
thatallhavethesamelongitudinal wavelength.Thevanishing ofthe
jointstiffness atbuckling folhwsfromthefact-that stiffness iseqpal
NACA m 3782
7
,,
to M/e.Ehce e isthesameforallsimple elements atthejoint
line,stiffhess isproportional tothemomentcarried byeachelement.
However, sincethesemoments mustvanish atbucld.ing forsmalldeflec-
tionsoftheelements, thejoint-stiffness criterion follows.
Themoment-distribution analysis issimplified ~ theuseofchsz%s
ofelement stiffness andcarry-over factor prepazed byKrollfordifferent
typesofboundary conditions alongtheunloaded edges(ref.6). Theseare
described inthefollowi.ng section oqnumerical valuesofbuckling stress.
lhessence, thestep-~-step procedure forcalculating thebuclCling
stress ofa simple element involves thearbitrary selection ofa buckling
stress together withseveral arbitrary valuesofbucklewavela@h. llbr
eachofthesevalues,Ucr iscalculated fromequation (1)untilits
minimum valueisfound.Ifthisisdifferent fromtheinitially assumed
buckling stress, theprocess isrepeated untiltheassumed andcalculated
valuesa~ee. Thisisthebuckling stress ofthecomposite element.
Chartsof ~ (X/b, ~) areused(aspresented inref.1)together
withtherigidity tablesof~ol.1(ref.6).
Thebuckling stress ofa flange witha liporbulbwasinvestigated
byHuandMcCulloch (ref.7),Gbodman and130yd (ref.8),andGoodman
(ref.9)whoconsidered a largerangeoflip,bulb,andflsnge propor-
tions . Gerardsimplified theanalysis byselecting thegeometries usually
encountered indesign anddefined therangeofsection proportions in
whichtheelement undergoes thetransition froma flangetoa webasthe
rigidity oftheedgestiffener increases (ref.10).
RoyandSchuette havedemonstrated experimentally thatthelocal
buckling stress ofthesection isunaffected although thesingle between
adjacent elements isassmallas30oraslargeas120(ref.11).The
principal effect ofchanging thecorner anglefrcmW istodecrasethe
section momentofinertia, tiichdiminishes itscolumnstrength.
Numerical ValuesofBuckling Stress
Thebuckling stress ofa stiffener isdetermined usingthebreak-
downscheme offigure1. Eqpation (1)isutilized tocompute thenun@r-
icalvalueofthisstress fortheweakest element afterthebuckUng
coefficient hasbeenfoundaccording toa methodsuchasthatdescribed
inthepreceding section.Thecliff erentstiffnesses evaluated byRYoll
intabular form(ref.6)aredepicted infigure2.
Theeffects of-lipsorbulbsareobtainable fromfigures 3(a)and
3(b)whichpresent thecharts developed byGerard(ref.10).Thebuckling
.. .. ------ - --- .... - . . - -----
8 N/MA TN3782
strati isshownasa function oftheflangeb/t andtheedge-stiffener
proportions, whichpermitdeterndnation oftherigidity ofsucha com-
positeforuseintheindetermhacy analysis. Inthismanner, these
chartsserveasanadjunct toKrolls tables.
Buckling coefficients arepresented forccmnnon stiffener shapes
suchasshowninfigure 4,inwhichthedimensions ofwebsandflanges
areshownforbothformed andextruded shapes.Thebuckliug-coefficient
chartsforchannel, Z-,W, andrectanguhr -tubestiffeners appearin
figure5. TheyweretakenfromthereportofI&oll,Fisher, andHeimerl
(ref.5). Thedashedlinesonthesecharts deftiethesection propor-
tionsatwhichbothwebandfkngebucklesimultaneously. Dataforhat-
section stiffeners appearinfigure6. Thecurves, adapted fromthose
ofVanDerMaas(ref.12),covera rangeofflsnge sizesforcliff erent
widthsofcenter andlateral websofthehatsection.Itshould benoted
thathatandlipped Z-andchaunel sections arestructurally equivalent.
Effects ofPlasticity
Theinelastic-buckling stress ofa stiffener maybecomputed bya
methodsuchasthemoment-distribution procedure ofLundqyist, Stowell,
andSchuette forelastic-buclWng problems (ref.4). Thiswasdoneby
Stowell andPride(ref.u), whoobtained goalagreement withexperi-
mentaldata(fig.7),forH-section stiff eners.Theplasticity-reduction
factorforeachsimple element ofthesection wasemployed incomputing
thebuckling stress foruseinthemoment-distribution procedure, in
whichthejoint-stiffness criterion controls thetheoretical buckling
stress ofthesection.
Itshould benotedthatthetestdataatthelargerstrains lie
about5 percent belowthestress-strain curve, whilethetheory band
is3 percent belowatthemost.Thisanalysis se- totidicate that
theuseoftheplasticity-reduction factor fora clamped flange would
beconservative. Useofthesecant modulus fora simplysupported flange
wouldbeslightly optimistic.
BWKLCNGOFS~ l?IATllS UNDERLONGITUDINAL COMPRESSION
General Background
Asdiscussed inthepreceding section, thegeneral caseofbuckling
ofstiffened panelsinvolves localtestability ofthestiffeners aswell
asthespring properties incompression, bending, sndtorsion.h this
section thespecial caseofsturdy stiffeners isdiscussed, anda brief
description oftheinfluence oftorsional rigidity ofthestiffener is
G
-..
Y
NACATN3782
included. Thisisofsignificance since
thecharts pertain tostiffeners withno
9
thedesigndatapresented in
torsional rigidi~.
A description ofthebuckling behavior ofa supported andrestrained
rectangular platemaybefoundinreference 1 forflatplatesandinref-
erence 2 forcurved plates.Thestiff eningelements, @ose localbuclCling
behavior wasdepicted inthepreced~section ofthisr@port, provide
thesesupports andrestraints totheplatesatintermediate positions in
theplatespans.Theeffectiveness ofthesesupports depends uponthe
axial,bending, andtorsional rigidities oftheplateandstiffeners.
Representative arrangements ofplate-stiffener combhations areshownti
figure8.
Eehavior ofStiffened PlatesHer IOngitudhal Compression
Thetwotestability modestobeconsidered inthissection arelocal
buckling oftheplatebetween stiffeners andgeneral instabi~ty ofthe
composite element.timostcasesthetorsional rigidi~ofthestiff =er
isassumed tobenegligibly small., thusexcluding rotational restraint of
theplatealongthestiff enerline.
Thebehavior ofa platebuckling underlongitudinal loadandsupported
bydeflectional androtational springs isshownschematically infigure9.
Waveformsforthethreelimiting casesofperfectly flexible andperfectly
rigidsprings areshown.b general, thewaveformsforfinitespring
rigidities donotchangeshapesignificantly, although theamplitudes of
thewavesmayvary.Whenthestiff enerrigidity issufficient toenforce
a node,theplatewillreceive noadditional f1exuralsupport fromthe
stiff ener.Thisdescription parallels thatforcolumns whichwaspresented.
byBudiansky, Seide, andWeinberger (ref.14).
Thebuckling
usually expressed
theplatebetween
ofthepsxameters
Calculation ofBuckling Stress
stress ofa stiffened plateunderlongitudinal loadis
intheformofequation (1)whereb isthewidthof
stiffeners. Thebubkling coefficient ~ isa function
ofthecomposite element:
kC=kC(a/b,A/W,EI/bD, Zb) (2)
Eoththeenergy-integral approach andthedtiferential-eqpation method
ofsolution havebeenusedtosolvetheproblem ofbuclCling ofa stiffened
plate.Theessentials ofboththeseprocedures havebeendescribed in
reference 1.
-.. - ----- .-. ____ .. . ____ . -_
. -.- ..- .-
10
Numerical ValuesofBuckling Stress
NACATN3782
Thenumerical valuesofbuckling stress forstiffened flatplates
andcurved platesunderlongitudinal compression areasfollows:
Stiffened flatplates .-SeideandSteincalculated thebuckling coef-
ficients forlongitudinally loadedsimplysupported flatplateswithone,
two,three,andaninfinite nmberoflongitudinal sttifeners (ref.15).
Theresults appearh figure10inwhich~ isshownasa function of
a/b fora rangeofvaluesof EI/bD.A summary ofcoefficients for
infinitely longplatesispresented infigure11forconvenience indeter-
miningbuc~ingstresses forlongstiffened plates.
Thecalculations ofSeideandSteinwerebasedupontheassumption
thatthestiffener-section centroid waslocated atthemidsurfaee ofthe
plate.Thisisnotusually thecaseinactual practice, inwhichthe
sttifmeriscommonly located ononesideoftheplate.Thisproblem
wasinvestigated ingeneral terms~ ~wallaandNovak(ref.16).Seide
alsoevaluated thiseffect(ref.17)andevolved a correction forthe
chartsoffigure10applicable toplateswitione,two,orinfinitely
q stiffeners
@J-/ ~)e . ~~ I
A~2I
r = (EI/bD)
1 + (Zm#bq
(3)
fromwhichtheeffective bending rigidi~ratio(EI/bD)e maybeobtained.
Thefunction&q = f(X/b, n,q) tifigure12,inwhichA/b (Mb = a/qb,
whereq = 1,2,and3) mustmatchthevalueusedtoenterfigure10. A
trial-and-error a~roachmightberequired since(EI/bD)e ~ occurat
a different valueof q infigure10thandoesEI/bDatthe a/b origi-
nallyusedtogether withn (n= 1,2,and ~)toenterthesecharts.
Whentherearethreestiffeners ontheplate,itisnecessary tosatisfy
anequation, otherthanequation (3),appearing inSeides report.
Budians@ andSeideinvestigated longi~ compressive buckling
oftransverse~ stiffened simqily supported plates(ref.18). me data
whichper&into a/b= 0.20,0.35,and0.50appearinfigure 13. The
curvescovera rangeofstiffener torsional rigidity, incontrast with
thecurvesforaxially stiffened platesforwhichGJ= O inallcases.
Thepreceding datapertain togeneral instability ofstiffened plates.
Gallaher andBoughan (ref.19)andBoughan andI?aab (ref.20)determined
localbuckling coefficients foridealized web-,Z-,andT-stfff enedplates.
Thest~ener-web composites wereidealized asshowninfigure14,h which
thebuckling coefficients szepresented asfunctions oftheproportions of -
theccunposite.
. .-. .- - .--.
NACA m 3782 11
. .
Stiffened curved plates .-Theinformation forstiff enedcurved plates
relates tothatobtained fromsections ofcircular cyltiers.%tdorfand
Schildcrout investigated thecompressive buckling ofa simplysupported
curved platewitha central cticumferential stiffener haxdngnotorsional
rigidity oraxialstiffness (ref.21). b addition todetermining thethe-
oretical buckling stress, whichwasdoneusingltieartheory, thepercent-
ageincrease inbuclil.ing stress overthetheoretical valuewasobtained
andisshowninfigure15. Because ofthelowqerimentalvaluesof
buckling stress compared withtheresults ofthelineartheory, I!atdorf
andSchildcrout recommended a@@ng thetheoretical percentage increase
totheqerimentalbuckling stress, valuesofwhichmaybefoundinref-
erence 2. Themaximum possible increase fora curved platewitha given
valueof a/b and Zb isshowninfigure15(a), whileanincrease less
thanthemaximum isobtainable fromfigure15(b).Furthermore, thevalue
of EI/bDrequired tocausea bucklenodeatthestiffener lineisobtain-
ablefromthesefigures ~ cross-plotting.
Notethatnogainisindicatel when a/b>0.7 orwhen ~ is
greater thanthevaluesshowninthetablebelow.
9
a/b 0.600 0.500 0.417 0.333
0.250 0.167
%
28.o 14.0 7.8 4.1 1.9 0.7
4
!Ihe chartsoffigure15weredesigned topermitanestimate ofthe
increase inbuckling stress tobeexpected inanaxially compressed curved
platewhenthecentral circumferential stiffener haslessbendhgrigidity
thanthatreq~ed toenforce a nodealongthestiffener line.Whenthe
stiffener hasthisminimum rigidity, thelengthoftheoriginal platemay
beconsidered tobehalved, andthedatainreference 2 should beusedto
obtainthebuckling stress.
Thisapproach alsoapplies toplateswithaxialstiffeners, which
wereanalyzed bySchildcrout andStein(ref.22). Thecurvesforthis
typeofpanelappearinfigure16,inwhich~ appears asa function
of EI/bDfora rangeofvaluesof a/b and ~. Tnordertoaccount
forthedisparity oftestdatawiththeoryforcurved plates, Schildcrout
andSteinrecommend thefollowing procedure:
(1)Determine thecliff erence between thebuckling stress ofthe
stiffened panel(fig.16)andthatoftheunstiffened. panel(ref.2).
(2)Tothisdifference, sddthelargerofthetwofollowing stresses:
(a)Thebuckling stress oftheunstiff enedpanel
(b)Thebuckling stress ofthecorresponding flatplate
. . . . . . . .. .. - . .. ----- --.-c -.. - . . -. -.
12
Whenthecurved platewidthexceeds thelength, use
cylinders. Usethecurved-plate buckling dataonly
exceeds thewidth.
Effects ofPlasticity
NACATN3782
thecurves for
whenthelength
Plastici@-reduction factors forstiffened panelsdepend uponthe
factors pertinent toeachelement ofthecomposite. Forexmqle,the
factorforsupported plateswouldbe~ected toapplytotheplateele-
mentsbetween stiffeners, whereas sturdystiff enersbehaving ascolumns
should follow thetsngent modulus.Iftheseconditions holdinthecom-
posite, theelastic-qepsrameter EI/bDkuld becomelZ#/qbDinthe
inelastic range.
Gallaher andl?Qu@an compared testdataonZ-stiffened panelssubject
tolocalbuckling withbuckling stresses computed usingthesecant modulus
astheplastic i~-reduction factorandobtained theagreement showniu
figure17 (ref.19). Someofthedatapertain toplateswithsturdy
stiffeners. However, a largeportion applies tocomposites inwhichthe
stiffeners buckled locally.
EffectofTorsional Rigidity ofStiffen=
Thebuckl~-coefficient charts discussed inthepreceding paragraphs
wereprepared forstiffeners withnotorsional rigidi~.Actually all
stiffeners havesometorsional rigidity, andclosedstiffeners, ofwhich
thehatsection istypical, mayfuuction asfullyrigidstiffeners in
torsion forscmeapplicatims. Inreference 1 a chartbasedupontest
datawaspresented depicting theeffectonbuckling stress asthetor-
sional rigidity changes relative totherigidity oftheplatebeing
stiff enea. Thishasbeenreproduced hereb figure18,inwhichmaybe
seenthecomparative effects ofstiffeners withlargeandsmalltorsional
rigidi~.
Thegaininplatebuckling stress realizable withstiffeners offinite
torsional rigidity depends upontherotational restraint e provided by
thestiffener. ~is isrelated tothecliff erenceinbuckling stress
between stiffmerandplate,wherethestiffener isnowconsidered tobe
a simpleelement ofspecified elastic properties, inordertosatisfy
thejotit-stiffness criterion iUEcuss&i =
Bucuingofstiffening Elements. Thus,
thesection entitled Loc&l.
)
Crplate
(4)
-. -. .
d
NACATIV3782
u
.
Thisissubstantiated byfigure18,whichshowslittlegainover
simplesupport whentheplaterigidity ishigh(lowvaluesof b/t).
BUCKLING OFSTIFFENED PIATESmm smmLOAD
Behavior ofStiffened PlatesUnderShear
Whentransverse stiff enersareattached toa plateloadedinshear,
.
theymayberigidenough toenforce nodesattheattachment linesorthey
maybesoweakastoexertvirtually noinfluence ontheplatebuckle
pattern.Theextreme caseofweakstiffeners wasexamined bySchmieden
(ref.23),Seydel(ref.24),andWang(ref.25)whilerigidstiffeners
wereexsmined byThoshenko(ref.26).
.
Theintermediate rigidi@rangewasanalyzed byCrateandIawho
demonstrated themmnerinwhichtheshearbuckling stress ofaninfin-
itelylongflatplateisincreased longitudinally asstiffener rigidi~
risesuntilitissufficient toenforce nodesalongtheattachment lines
(ref.27). Duringthisprocess thebucklepattern ofthepl-.te changes
fromthewaveformforanunstiffened plateofinfinite length andof
width(n+ l)b tothatofa platewidthb. Testdataobtained by
CrateandLofollow thetheoretical trendof ~ asa function of E1/bD .
Thescatter islargewithmostofthedatalyingbetween thecurvesfor
simplesupport andclamped edges, asshowninfigure19(a).
SteinandFYalich analyzed buckling oflongflatplateswithtrans-
versestiff enerssubjected toshearload. (ref.. 28). Thebehavior is
analogous tothatofa longitudinally compressed platewithtransverse
stiff en=s. tifigure19(b)testdataareshowntoagreewiththethqq
ofSteinandl?ralich.
SteinandJaeger analyzed buckling ofa curved platewitha central
stiff enerplacedeither axially orcirctierentially (ref.29). Although
thegeneral behavior pattern corresponds tothatforflatplates, the
additional factor ofcurvature modifies thebucklepattezm, whichtends
towardthatof a cylinder inwidecurved plates.
A stiffened cylinder represents a limiting caseofstiffened curved
plates.Mostoftheliterature pertaining tothiscasecovers test results,
themajorportion Ofwhichapplies towedcstiffeners thatbucklelocally or
tostiffeners rigidenough tomforcenodesandthereby causethecylinder
tobehaveasa groupofplates.Thesecasesareaiscusseain reference 2,
whichdealsspecifically withthisproblem.
Stein,Sanders, andCrateinvestigated thebucklj.ng ofcylinders
loadedintorsion andstiffened byringswithfinite rigidi@(ref.30).
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .- - -- --- - .- --
.
14
A largerangeofvaluesof
-e ofvaluesof EI/bD.
theresults showninfigure
optimistic .
%
The
20,
NACATN3782
wascovered fora corresponding large
theory wascompsxed withtestdatawith
in whichthe
Calculation ofBucklhg
Thebuckl@ stress isexpressed inthe
&eoryisseentobesliglrbly
Stress
formofequation (1)inwhich
thebuckling coefficient ks isa function ofgeometry andloading.As -
h thecaseoflongitudinal load,thebasicparameters forflatplates
are a/b,A/bt,and EI/bD, whileZb isanadditimal parameter for
CUPRd pkteS d ZL 13~lieStO CyliIlderS . h the theoretical investi-
gations thestiffeners wereassumed topossess notorsional rigidity, and
thecentroids tiere assumed tolieh themidsurface oftheplate.
NmericalValuesofBuckling Stress
Thenumerical valuesofbuckling stress forstfif enedflatand
curved platesandcylinders intorsion undershearloadssxeasfollows:
Stiffened flatplates. - ThetheoryofCrateandb forlongflat
platesloadedh shearandstiffened longitudinally (ref.27)ispresented
infigure19(a),inwhichks isplotted asa function of EI/bDfor
bothclamped andsimplysupported plateswithcmeortwostiffeners. The
results ofStetiandIYalich (ref.28) fortransversely stiffened flat
platesappearh figure21. Fromthislatter figureitmaybeseenthat
theminimum valueof EI/bDremind toaforcea nodeatthestiffener-
attachment lineincreases rapi~ @th a/b.Approxtite valuesare
inthetablebelow.
shown
Ill
a/b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 2
5
Minimum valueofEI/bD
fornode . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..lOl~ 700
tion
bya
Stiffened curved plates. - Theresults ofthetheoretical investiga-
ofStetiandYaegeroncurved platesloadedinshearandsupported
central stiff ener(ref.29) appearinthechartsoffigure22. EOth
axialsmdcircumferential stiffeners areconsidered together withwide
platesandlongplates.me results areplotted intheformof ks as
a function of EI/bD,inwhichb istheshortside.Thispermits com-
parison withthecurves forunstiff enedplates presented inreference 2.
0
-. .. .
.
NACATN3782
Thecurves areplotted forseveral valuesof Zb .- a/b
and2 (where, forthiscase,a and b aretheoverall plate
Sions ). Inaddition, thelimiting curvesofinfinitea/b for
15
= 1,1.5,
aimlen-
long
platesandthecyl~er curvefor-wide platesareinclud-ed. Thela~ter
maybechecked against thecurves forcylinders tobediscussed inthe
following paragmphandpresented infigure 23.
Stiffened cylinders intorsion .-Stiffened cylinders h torsion
represent a limiting case. ofstiffened wideplatesinshear.Stein,
Sanders, andCratecalculated thebuckling stress asa function ofthe
cylinder andstiff enerparameters (r&.30).l?he curvesappearinfig-
ure23,inwhichks isshownasa fuuction of EI/bDfora largerange
ofvaluesof ~ andforone,two,three, andfourhxtemmxliate rings.
Thecurves pertaining toonerhg msybeseentoagreewiththecylinder
curvesoffigure22(d)forwideplateswitha central cticumferential
stiff ener,
Theseresults wereobtained forstiffeners withnotorsional rigidity,
withthesection centroid inthemidsurface ofthecylinder ,Q1.
Effects ofPlasticity
Theplasticity-reduction factors forstiffened platesundershearmay
befoundinreferences 1 and2 forflatandcurved plateswithspecific
boundary conditions . Thisinformation should applytoplateswithstiff-
enersrigidenough toenforce nodesalongtheirattachment lines.Nodata
exist, however, forplasticity-reduction -factors forplatesstiffened by
elem&tsofrigidi~lessthanthatrequired fora
been
AEPIJCATION SEZ!KIDN
Theuseofbuckling chsrts forstiffeners and
described inthepreceding sections. Inthis
theresults aresmmarizedforrapidreference and
Table1 contains dataforstiffening elements
node.
stiffened plateshas
application section
thetablesareexplained.
loadedincompression.
Homation onstiffened platesloadedinlongitudinal compression appears
intable2,anddatarelating tostiffened platesloadedinshearare
fouudh table3. Inallcasesthebuckling stress canbefouudfrom
equation (1):
. .. . .... .. . . -. . - . -. -.--. - -
16
Plasticity-reduction
.
NACATN3782
factors appearinthetables wheretheyareappli-
cable.Forfurther information onplasticity-reduction factors and
cladding reduction factors also,seereferences 1 and2. l?br information
onfailure ofstiffeners seerefer=ce3.
I?&ring-stiffened cylinders intorsion,
.
acr=&~~
For
for
for
thiscase,~ depends upon ~ tisteadof~,
Itshould benotedthata and b aretheoverall platedimensions
stiffened platesundershear.Thispermits comparison withthedata
ring-stiff enedcylinders intorsion.
Research Division, College ofEngineer-,
NewYorkUniversi@,
NewYork,N.Y.,April15,1955.
----- .-.
Y
mm m 3782
17
1.Gerard, George, andBecker, Hqrbert:
Handbook Of Structural Stability.
PartI - Buckling ofFlatPlates.NACA~ 3781,1957.
2.Gerard, George, andBecker, Herbert:
Handbook ofStructural Stability.
~ III- Buckling ofCurved PlatesandShells.
NACATM3783,195?.
3. Gerard, George:Hbook ofstructural Stability. Partn -l?ailwe
ofPlatesandComposite Elements. NACATN3784,1937.
4.Lundquist, Eugene E.,Stowell, Elbridge Z.,andSchuette, EvanH.:
Principles ofMomentDistribution Applied toStability ofStructures
Composed ofBarsw plates.NACAWl?L-326,1943.(Former~
NACA~ 3K06. )
5.Kkoll, W.D.,Fisher, GordonP.,&d Hetierl, GeorgeJ.: Chartsfor
Calculation oftheCritical Stress forIota.1 hstabil.i@ ofColmns
withI-,Z-,Channel, andRectangular-Tube Section.NACAWRL-429,
1943.(Formerly NACAARR3KD4. )
6. fiO~, W.D.: TablesofStiffness aadCarry-Over FactorforFlat
Rectangular PlatesWnderCompression. NACAWRL-3g8,1943.(Formerly
NACAARR3H27. )
7. Hu,PaiC.,andMcCulloch, JamesC.: TheLocalBuckling Strength of
LippedZ-Columns With9nallLipWidth.NACATN1335,15#+7.
8. Goodman, Stanley, andR@, Evelyn:Instability ofOutstanding Flanges
Simply Supported atOne~ge andReinforced byBulbsatOtherEdge.
NACATN1433,1947.
9. Goodman, Stanley: Elastic Buckling ofOutstanding Flanges Clamped at
OneEdgeandReinforced byBulbsatOtherFdge.NACATN1985,1949.
10.Gerard, George: Torsional Instability ofHingedFlanges Stiffened by
Li.pSand Bulbs.NACATN3757,136.
11.Roy,J.Albert, andSchuette, Eva H.: TheEffectofAngleoflknd
Between PlateElements ontheIocalInstaBili~ ofFormedZ-Sections.
NACAWRL-268,1944.(FormerlyNACARBL4126. )
1.2. vanDerMEU3S,Christian J.: ChartsfortheCalculations oftheCritical
Compressive Stress forLocalIhstabili@ ofColumns WithHatSections.
Jour.Aero.Sci.,vol.21,no.6,June1954,pp.399-403.
13.Stowell., E1.bridge Z.,and~ide,Richard A.: Plastic Buckling of
Extruded Composite Sections inCompression. NACATNlg71., 1949.
. -. .- -.-- _______... .. - .. _ ~---- -. -. ._ ___ .. _ _
.
18
14.BuaisJls@,
Buckling
Springs.
NACATN3782
Bernard, Seide, Paul,andWeinberger, Robert A.: The
ofa ColumnonEqually Spaced Reflectional andRotational
NACATN1519,lW.
15. Seide, Paul,andStein, Manuel:Compressive Buckling ofSimply
Supported Plates withlongitudinal Stiff eners.NACATN1825,1%9.
16. Chwalla, E., andNovak, A.: TheTheoryofOne-Sided WebStiffeners.
R.T.P.Translation No.2501,I&itish Ministry ofAircraft Production.
(FYomBautechnic - SuQP1. dermbEUl, vol. 10,no.10,MSy7, 1557,
pp. 73-76. )
17. Seide, Paul:TheEffectofIOngitudinal Stiffeners Located onOne
Sideofa PlateontheCompressive Buckling StressofthePlate-
Stiffener Combination. NACATN2873,1953.
18.hdiEUISky,Bermurd,and Seide, Paul:Compressive Buckl@ ofSimply
Supported PlatesWithTransverse Stiffeners. NACATN1557,1948.
19. Gallaher,George L.,andI@u@an,RollsB.: A MethodofCalculating
theCompressive Strength ofZ-stiffened PanelsThatDevelop Iocal
Instability. NACATN1482,1947.
20.Boughan, RollsB.,andBaab,GeorgeW.: ChartsforCalculaticm ofthe
Critical Compressive Stress forIocalInstability ofIdealized Web-and
T-Stiffened Psnels.NACAWRL-204,1944.(FmmrlyNACAACRL4H29. )
21.Batdorf, S.B.,andSchildcrout, Murry:Critical Axial-Compressive
Stress ofa Curved Rectangular F%nelWitha Central Chordwise
Stiff ener.NACATN1661,1948.
22.Schildcrout, Murry,and%ein,Manuel:Critical Axial-Compressive
Stressofa Curved Rectangular PanelWitha Central Longitudinal
stiff ener. NACATN1879,1949.
23. Schmieden, c.: TheBucklingofStiffened PlatesinShear.Transla-
tion No; 31,U.S.lhsper~ental ModelBasin,
June1936.
24.Seydel, Edgar:WMnklingofReinforced Plates
Stresses. NACATM602,1931.
Wkshingtxm NavyYard,
Subjetted toShear
25G Wang,TsunKuei:BucklhgofTransverse Stiffened PlatesUnderShear.
Jour.Appl.Mech.,vol.14,no.4,Dec.1947,p.A-269-A-274.
26.Timoshenlm, S.: TheoryofElastic Stability. Firsted.,McGraw-Hill
EookCo.,MC., 1936.
-. - .. . .
NACATN3782 19
27.Crate, Harold, andIo,Hsu:Effectoflongitudinal Stiffeners onthe
Buckling LoadofIongFlatPlatesUnderShear.NACATN1589,19$8.
28.Stein, Manuel, andFYalich, RobertW.: Critical ShesrStressof
Infinitely Long,ShplySupported PlateWithTransverse Stiffeners.
NACATN1851,1949.
29. Stein,Manuel, andYaeger,
Rectangular PanelWitha
30.Stein, Manuel, Sanders, J.
Stress ofRing-Stiffened
DavidJ.: Critical ShearStressofa Curved
Central SW?fener.MACATN1972,1949.
well,Jr.,andCrate,Harold:Critical
Cylinders inTorsion.NACARep.989,1950.
----- ____ ________ .__, - ... .. -- -- --
20
NACATN3782
TABLE1
STIFFENERELEMENTSIN COMPRESSION
[Seefig. I for breakdownof typicalsectionsintotheir component elements]
Fig. Section Buckling Plasticity-reducfion
coefficient factor
5(a)
12c w E;:;:J~]
t-i
bw
j(b)
kw
Nonereported
j(c)
D
bh kh Nonereported
6
JY
bt
k+ Nonereported
..- - .. . .
NACATN3782
TABLE 2
STIFFENEDPLATESUNDERLONGITUDINAL COMPRESSION
[
Seefig.8 for sketchesof plate-stiffener arrangements;
GJ=O]
Pfg.
Section
- Plasticity-mductIonfactor
(a)
Endview
10 x
A A v
w w
A
n=l,2,3,a)
Endview
WhenMfenersenforcenodes,
4(a) ~
Infinitelywide
Endview
~=(i)(a
4(b)
= ~+,[++
Infinitelywide
4(c)
Endview
T T T T
4(d)
Infinitelywide
Endview Side Wew
15 - :=: .
Whenstiffenersenforcenodes,
Endview
usedatain ref. 2
16 4
an, numberof stiffenerson plate; G, sturdy~ffen%
~, transversesupportwithno restraintof lateralmovement.
. .
__._- - .. .
. -- --
--
-.. ... .- - .-. .
..-.
NACA TN3782
TABLE 3
STIFFENED PLATES UNDER SHEAR
1
See fig.8 for sketches of plate-stiffener arrangements. GJ=O
1
Fig.
Section
(a)
Plastlclty7eductIon factor
Endview
9(a)
n=l,2, co
Lomplates only
Endview Side view
21 :;
iv ~
v
1A 6
~
Lowplatesonly
Endview Whenstiffeners enforce nales,
:2(0)
Knd
4
7 = (%/E) (l~e2)/(i - V2~
2(b)
Endview Sideview
:2(C)
and4
2(d) =
. u
w
A
m
-
23
n=l,2,3,4
Simply SUpprted ends
%, numberof stiffenersan plate; G, sturdystiffener;
~, transverse support withnorestraint of lateralmovement.
-.. ..
23
Figurel.- BreakdownofsngleandZ-stiffeners into
elements. as,simply supported.
componentplate
. .. .. .- . . .. . - - -- -.
24
NACATN3782
s
s
s
s
c+
.
M
M
.
Sv
M
M
JW3- 20-
Rotational stiffnesses offlatplates withdifferent boundary
conditions . Momenti varysinusoidally alongplatelangth.
.
.. . ._
Y
NACATN3782
./c
T
4@ff
\
s
,
\
.
\
. /m
(a)Lipflanges.
Figure3.- Buckl@ strati
.
%@2 t 2.
E
cr=12(l - Ve )()
z=
ofhhgedflanges.Lfi = 3.5;
Ve=0.3 (dataofref.10).
-.. . ..... . _ __ _ .._ ___ __ _
. -. . .
26
./0
a
Ce
Do/
.000<
NACATN3782
~
.
\\ Y\
. . \ 1
I
~\\
uNs77wEMm
FLANGE
/0 /00
(b)Bulb flanges.
=e 3*- Concluded.

NACATN3782
27
r
b
L
1--J
b
r
.+-m
.-
(a)
r
&f
bw
LJ bf
.
Extruded sections.
Figure4.- Typical
(b)Formedsections.
formedandexlamded stiffeners.
. . .. . .. . . . ____________ ___
-- .
- . :. --
.
28
71 I 1 (
k
w
WEB BUCKLESFIRST
y
/
/
.4
fZAME BUCKLESFIRST
5
4
\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ I
\ .Pf
[v
FUNGE, bf
2
~
t
WEB,bw
9
E-
s
&l-l
I
20-
O)IIIIIJ
I
.2 4 .6 .8 G 8!0 12
(a.) Channel- andZ-section stiffeners. acr=
I$#E t#
12(1-Vez)r
lllgure 5.-Buckling coefficients fcmstiffeners (dataofref.5).
.
,
--- -- -. . . . -.. .
NACATN3782
7
6
5
4
k
w
3
2
/
G
7
FLAh@&bf
o
1111111111
o .2 # .8 10 /2
;
&w
(b)H-section stiff eners.Ucr=
~2E %2
-~e2 ~
.12 (1 )
Figure5.- Continued.
0
. .. ...- ___ ___ . . -. _ __ . ..
NACATN3782
kh
l-+--i I I I
.
(c)Rectangular-tube-section
Figure
stiffeners.am =
*($
5.- Concltid.
0
--
.
1
i
I
I
I
6
5
4
k, 3
2
1
0
Figure 6.- Eucklingstcessfor hat-sectionstiffeners.t =
%=%=%;
~21J t2
% =
. (E&a of ref. 12.)
U!(1 - Veq bq?
u
4
1%
I
1
32
NACATN3782
85
75
7G
C*,
ksi
65
6G
55
STRESS- STRAIN
o
.005 .0/0 .0/5
buckling of ofthecmyandtestdqtaforinelastic Figure7.- COmpsrison
H-section stiffaers.ecr=
%+%2 Q=
1.(); +$=0.5~
12(1-ve2)b#;~
0.8. (I%taofref.13.)
.
.
- . ... . . . .
5Y
NACATN3782 33
LON61WWN44L
STIFFENER
TRANSVERSE
ST/F~AfEk?
AXIAL
.
CA?CUMFEW6AL
STIFFENER STIF=NER
Figure8.- IIIYPiCal arrangements ofplatestiffener
gitudinal compression.
combinations underion-
._ ..-. .. -.
- ... - - -.
34
NACATN3782
EDGE
STIFFENER
El= o
EDGE
GPO
I
.
me 90-
BucKlingbehavior ofaxially compressed flatplatesuppofied
bydeflectianal androtation~ springs.
___ ..
5
4
3
k.
2
/
\
2
-0 / 2 3 4 56 7 8
ob
(a)One stiffener.A/bt = O.
Figure10.-Ccmqressive-buckling coefficientsfar shply sqpportedflet
plateswith lcmgitudinelEtiffenemG
... .*Y. (Data
.
of ref. 15. )
kc
4
%
3
\+<:;---J
\_ 40
2
/
/ -
~
~/b=a/b+ A/b=oA2b +A/b=o/3b
F
Lllllllld [
I
o / 2 3 4
~
6 7 8
db
(b) One stiffener.A/bt= ().2.
m l o. - Continued.
,
.
5
4
3
kc
2
/
L,,l,l,ll
.
I I
,
I I
I
00 / 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
o/b
(c) onestiffener.A/bt=
I
Figure10.- Chtinued.
0.4.
I
I
5
4
3
kc
2
/
\
IIlllllil
Axb=a/b-#-- b+=wa
0
.
1
0 / 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
w
0)
(24)
!3
M 6tiffener6.A/m =
FUwe 10.-Continued.
o.
, ,
.
5
4
3
k=
2
/
o
.
ti
s
T
)
A
\
20
\G /0
I \l hl~
1
I \ I \ I -
I J
,2
\
3 4 5 6 7 8
0 / 2
(e)
0/
Two stiffeners.A/bt=
Figure10.- Ccmtimed.
5
4
3
k=
2
/
o
(
-T
\
2
11111111
/ 2 3 4 5 6 7 4
(7A5
(f)Twu Stiffeners.A/bt= 0.4.
Figure10.-Continued.
w
-1
al
n)
,
, ,
* J
5
I
,.
I
{
i
!
5
4
3
kc
2
/
0(
\
i
/ 2
k)
3 4 5 6 7 8
oh
Threestiffeners.A/bt= O.
Figure10.- Continued.
I
1
kc
5
4
3
2
/
q
11111111
/ z 3 4 5
u/b
(h)Threestiffeners.A/bt.0.2.
-10- -tfi~d
6 7 8
4=
Iv
>
I
I
,
5
4
3
4
2
/
o
El
o / 2 3 4 5 6 7 8.
Cvf!b
(i)ThreeStiffe?mra.A/bt.0.4.
F@u.e lfl. - Contintid.
. .
5
4
3
4
2
I
/
o
0
I
l\ I I I
/ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
U/b Mb
(J) Infi ni te nunberof stiffeners.
Fil!3m=10. - Continti.
A/bt = O.
.
,
* , ,
I
5
4
3
&
2
/
o
0
\.1 \ 75
111,,11 I ~
/ 2 3
(k)Ihflnite
4
OA Mb
5 6
numberof stiffeners.A/bt = 0.2.
Figure10.- continued.
7
w
4
Is
g
I
I
I
5
4
3
2
I _
o / 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
O!!bM
(2)IMtnite numberof stiffeners.A/bt -0.4.
Figme 10.- Concluded.
. ,
5
4
3
k
2
/
o
./ /
/0= /oa
.g
FigureIL- C!cmpresslve-buckJ.lng coefficientsfor infinitelylong
shlp~ S~ flat plates with lcmgltudiw1 stM&ners. .

k#E .&~
o
. (Date d ref. 15. )
m=K!(1 - ve2) b
a34
4
3
/
zw
2
c
UA!FAUZED STURDYS77ffEWRS
+
\
/-
n=2,
n=l , q=f
I
n=2, q4
r
fpw
Ilgure12. - l/~q aa a functionof
J/b
stiffenedplate proportions
(m/bD)e
pattern. r==
(EI/bD)
1+* A s=
crosssection. (Dataof ref. 17.j
stiffener
.
VI
-a
0)
N
Y
.
.
NACA
4
m
75
50
e
.
Figure13.-
ported
#
I I I [
,
---
u 100 Zm
(a) a/b=0.20.
Longitudinal-compressive-b~ coefficients forsimply
(Data ofref.
withtransverse
18.)
&x2~2
stiffeners. T= =
(
J21
)
- ~e2b2
49
sup-
. . . .. ------ .- -.. .. ._. -. . _
50
NACATN3782
5C
-4
30
~
2C
/c
a
. .
La w t
E]
n
(b) a/b= 0.35.
Figure13.- Conttiued.
.
. .
2(
k
/6
5
6
51
(c) a/b=O.50.
Figure13.- Concluded.
. .-. .- .. . .-
52
?
6
5
4
k,
3
2
/
NACATN3782
IJlllllllll
1 I I I
00 2 4 .6 .8 D
bp/b*
(a)Websttifeners. 0.5< ~/ts<2.0 (Dataofref.20.)
Figure14. - Compressive-local-buckMng coefficients forinfinitely
idealized stiffened fkt p~teS. am =
*:7
.
.
wide
. . -. . ..- .. -- .-. . .-
.
.
53

.
..
.
7
6
5
4
k=
3
2
/
o
u z .4 s .8 10 M
bw
~
Z-section stiffeners.
%/%
=0.50snd0.79.(Dataofref.19.)
Figure14.- Continued.
.. . ... ..__ _ ___
. .. . .. .
7
6
5
4
k=
3
2
/
00
(c)
2 .6 .8 LO
b~
~
Stiffalers . i#ts = 0.63 enaLO. (l)ata ofref.19.)
Figme14.- Continued.
.
.
.
NACATN3782
55
.
.
.
7
6
5
4
k.
3
2
/
o
0
d
BUCKUN6 OFSKIN
EWRAWEO BYSTIFFENER
8UCKLIN6WWIFFEWW
RWRAINEOeYWW
bf bf b~
~
4
m TTr
.2
.
.6 .8
(d)T-section stiffeners.
bf
%?
t_& = 1.0;~> 10;~> 0.25.
s
(Dataofref.20.)
Figure14.- Continued.
L2
.-. .._ ----- . . . .. . . . . . .- . .- -. . - ---
56
NACATN3782
7
6
5
4
k,
3
2
I
o
m mm
1
.6
,t,
I I
o .2 4 .6 .8 40 E
b/b
Ws
(e)T-section stiffeners. tw/tf= 0=7;bf/tf> 10;%/bs>0.25.
(Dataofref.20.)
Figure14.- Concluded.
1
I
I
i
I
I
.
,
0 ./ .2 .3 .4
(~ti~)(~b)
(a)Maximumincrease. (b)IiuxeaseXor given stiffbms.
Figure15.- Increasein compressive-buckldng stressfor siqplysupportedcurvedplateswith a
centercircumferential stiffener. (Dataof ref. 21.)
I
I
I
58
NACATN3782
k.
6
I
5
A/bf=O
.
3
oo~
4 /2 /6
6
I
5
A/bt-+.4 _
4
~= 3 -
2
/
00 4 8 /2 A?
A/bt =C12 _
. .
048 12 16
t
A/W =0.6
{
048 /2 B
~gure 16.- Compressive-buckling coefficients forsimplysupported, curved
.
.
plateswithcenter longitudinal stiffener. am =
*Y -
(Data of ref.22.)
NACATN
.
. .
3782
oo~
24 3?
6
G
5
A/bt=O.4
.
+
3
2
O 8
/6 24 32
I
A/bt=O.2
\
08
I
1.
I
A/bf =0.6
\
f
<
08 tf524 32
(b) a/b= 2.
Figure16. - Continued.
59
. . -. .. -.--- -... . . .. . . . ..
60
NACATN3782
6
5
4
kc 3
2
/
0
k.
2
I
I i I I
)
/6 32 48 64
DxzIl
6
I
I
5
A/bt=O.4
4 1
3
324w&?
A/bt=0.6
\
zg250
/
O /6 324864
.
(c) a/b= 3.
~gure 16.- continued.
.
.
61
6
5
4
kc 3
2
/
Ot
N.
I
Zpfjo
f ai
o
_///!//////zw/z/
=b
- /ww///wzu
I I I I I
I
~163?486480$W[
6
I
5
\
4
3
2
A
/
O16324864&U96
>
1
/6 32 48 64 80 96
I
I
_ #Mbt=Q6
O /6 324864 8096
El
m
(d) a/b= 4.
Figuqe16.- Concluded.
.. .- ..
.. . .- .. ..- .. . _. _.
62
50
40
30
G5
ksi
20
/0
q
MAXIMUM
STRESS- STRAIN
CURVE
.
.
STRESS-STRAIN-
.002 .004 .006 .Ot
.
.
.
?
Figure17.- Comparison oftestdatawithsecaut-modulus theoryfor
inelastic-locsl-buckMng stress ofZ-stiffened flatplatesuuder
.
compressive load.(Dataofref.19.)
.
I
8
7
6
5
4
3
I
I I
TORS1O)WL Y
UWG,EDGES CLA@A?5D
RIG/D S7iFi5ENEf?

LONG EWES SYMRY

wPmrED&-4.oo)

I
-o 50
ItLgure 18.-
/50
Effdctof torsionalrigidityof stiffener
ficiemk fm flatplateB. (Dataof ref.
A?50
on bua
1.)
coef -
300
m
m
40
If*30
m
/0
o
m 7MWY I v
o nmj --------
/ /
n ~.p
n am
K
o
m, O/ws77FFEm -
0
CLAMR5Z Em
NY SU+0R7ED EDsm
(a) C1.aqedand shply
EI/bD
Slqpcrted plates;longitudinal stiffeners.
m 19.- Cmqparimn of theoryaud
bucklingcoefficientsof longflatplates with stiffeners.
. testdatafor shear-
.
, ,
/0
A
5
0
0
on
1.4
u
.2.4
.4.8
A
THEORY
TEST DATA
0/. = L4, 2.4,4.8
0 0 A
E//bD
(b)Wmplysupported plates; trsnmerse stiffeners.
----- ... . . . . .. -. ----- -.
__ _. ..-
- . -
7
q.~=o ___
--T~ =s
G
4* - ~= -f
137 N~OFUAWS
o
Ch!w#n SEcm
ON M WOE
u Sro?lw
G me ON ONEW
Qkl Mm-
. .
0 .1 I 10 10= 10 10
E.I_/iiD
FigureZO.- Comparisonof theoryend testdatafm dmply sqpported
circuhr cyMnd.ersstHfened by ringsand loadsdin torsion.
NACATN3782
67
.
m
u

S/m r bYJPmR
48
KAn%s
4
G!ED+-
00 4

8
e :1
16 so m
E1/bD
(a) a/b= 1.
#
6
/
k, 4
.
m
J_
z b #-
-r
00 40
,11
80 L?o#oma
E1/bD
(b) a/b= 2.
E7/ bD
.,
(c) a/b=
Shear-buckkn coefficients
.
59
forlongshplysupported flat
@dH3 withtiEUM3VETSe StiffeI,IerS. Tm=
lsf#r2E&2
)()
I-2(1- Ve2b
(wta of ref. 28.)
.
.. - .. .

. -. .. ..-
.
68 NACA?CN 3782
G
0
w
. -
1 I II I I 1111111 1 I 1111111 I I IlllllJ
/ - /0 ./ / d /03
El.
-m
.. +.
%. >>, -. :
..
.,-*,-
,
-.-
(a)Centersxialstiff~j axial lengthgreaky~hsncircbnferential
width. -j:..-
.,,
Figure22.- Shear-budding coefficients for si&# &zppdr$ed curved plates
withC(?31ti Stifftie)?G (DataofZ&b 29,.) .;
$
.
.
-.. .. -- ---- . -. ____ ____ ._ ._.
NACATN3782 69
tts
[ -7
~
b
z~
200
/ Woo
CYUWER
/00
50 /
z M 100
20 CYLL4D
/0
I
30
! -
/ 30
20
L5
CYLJ!E
10
30
! : - -
I /0
20
48
10
6
CYLINDER
0 J / . d /03
(b)Center axialstiffener; circumferential widthgreater thausdsl length.
. . .-. . . .. . . . . . . . -.. - . ---
70 NACATN5782
200
/m
60
30
20
/0
k,
40
R =
I
r 30
20
2
M
/0
m
30
i :
44
/
/0
20
45
/0
2
6
m
1 :zzII:
30 I
1
J
20
10
5 t--al
6

m
4
{
/7-
UJ
\
b
w
.
/
0
.f / /0 fop /03
(c)Centercircumferential. sti&ner; axial length greater thancXrcum-
ferential width.
.
.
.
Figure22.- Conttiued.
NACATN3782 n.
.
I
Q
300
b
z~
200
/ .~
CYLINDER
poo
100
60 f(~~
CYLINDER
100
40
20
/0
(d)Centercircumferential stiffener; ci&muferentialwidthgreater than
-al length.
Figure22.- Concluded.
. . ... . -- - .. --. -- ----- .. - ..-
I
.I t #v /v- {U I
EV20
Figure 23. - BuckMng coefficients for t3imply supportedcticulercylinders
stiffenedby r*6 and loadedin torsion. Ta =
&-# r
(Ik &a of ref. 30.)
-1
N
,