Todays Agenda

Particle Physics
8:30-9:30 Dr. Hairs presents on Particle Physics
9:30-11:30 Students research topics
11:30-12 Lunch (here or caf)
12-12:30 Dessert with Prof. Smith (be on time!)
12:30-1 Prof. Smith presents
1-2 Questions and Answers

Particle Physics:
What makes up matter?
Atoms
Nucleus Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Quarks
up, down
How big are they?
Scale of the Universe: http://scaleofuniverse.com/
Is that all the particles? NO!
Ordinary matter is composed of a
limited set of the possible particles.
They are part of larger families of particles
that are found at higher energies.
These particles are important in
understanding the early universe, just after
the big bang.

What are the families?

The fundamental,
indivisible particles of
matter are quarks and
leptons.
One example:
Detecting Neutrinos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMnGWqoDaAA
The Standard Model describes fundamental
particles and the forces between them
A true
Particle
Zoo!
Matter and Antimatter
Every particle has
an antiparticle with
the same mass and
opposite charge and
other characteristic.
Matter-Antimatter pairs
are created from photons
2 Gamma Rays ! Electron + Positron

E = mc
2

Matter-Antimatter pairs combine

and annihilate each other
Electron + Positron ! 2 Gamma Rays
E = mc
2

What forces hold matter together?

Gravity
All masses attract one another
Decreases with square of distance
Very weak, except when masses are very large
Electroweak Force
Electrical and magnetic attractions and repulsions
Weak nuclear force acts in some nuclear decays
Strong Nuclear Force or Color Force
Holds quarks together to make protons and neutrons
Holds neutrons and protons together to make the
nucleus
Force Carriers
Each type of attraction between two
particles can be described as an exchange of
a force carrier particle.
Force Force Carrier
Gravity Graviton
(theoretical)
Electrical Force Photon
Weak Force W
+
W
-
Z Bosons
Strong Nuclear
Force
Gluon
How does this relate to the Big Bang?
As expansion
and cooling happen

The 4 forces are

distinguished.

The different types of

particles form.
Lets try to gure this out!
Particle Party Mixer:
Use the Particle Families chart to gure out YOUR kind of particle.
How do fundamental particles
combine?
Hadrons = made of 2+ quarks
held together by the
strong nuclear force

Meson = quark + antiquark

Baryon = three quark combo

There are a dizzying number of

possible combinations!
Fermilab Particle Game:
baryon bonanza

How do scientists learn about

elementary particles?
Particle accelerators produce very fast-moving beams of particles.
Beams of particles collide with high energy.
Detectors observe the products of their nuclear reactions.
Linear accelerators are linear and cyclotrons are circular.
Accelerators were used to discover various quarks and are now
searching for the Higgs Boson.
A Cylcotron Accelerator
"Inside
Outside !
Fermilab
An inside look at the LHC
More Questions to Research
What is the Higgs Boson and how are scientists learning about it?

What are matter and antimatter? How were they created in the big
bang?

How were quarks discovered? Who thought them up?

What kinds of experiments are done in a particle accelerator?

What are neutrinos and how were they discovered?

What are the color charges of quarks and how do they describe the
strong force?

http://www.ipp.phys.ethz.ch/aboutus/?le=institut
www2.slac.stanford.edu/ vvc/experiments/slc.html
http://www.particlezoo.net/particle_splash.jpg
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/wiredscience/video/166-experiment_cave.html
http://e4.physik.uni-dortmund.de/pub/ATLAS/SmBilderPhotoarchive/SM-Zoo.jpg
abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ ast123/lectures/lec20.html
www.physics.ox.ac.uk/.../ Proton_Innere.jpg
http://www.scifun.ed.ac.uk/card/images/left/proton.jpg
conferences.fnal.gov/.../ neutrinos/index.html
http://ed.fnal.gov/projects/labyrinth/games/lawnorder/standard_model/activity.html
http://mrssion.com/db3/00259/mrssion.com/_uimages/cyclotron2.gif
http://www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/physics/accelerators/99-912-12.jpg
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap080225.html
http://icecube.wisc.edu/gallery/view/140

Einsteins Relativity and the Quantum Revolution, audio book,

Richard Wolfson, The Teaching Company, 2000.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/particles/parcon.html
Sources