Alberto S. Florentino is the author and playwright of the famed The World is an Apple.

" The themes he usually

tackles about deals with everyday scenarios of a commoner'slife. He usually portrays the struggles of Filipinos.
He was born on July 28, 1931. Florentino had his first familiarity probably during the
time when his father, a teacher, was active on school activities such as directing
plays, opted toget assistance from his son to do copies of the plays that he is
directing. It is said that Florentino got his technique in playwriting with the
experiences he got due to the fact that while typingmultiple copies of his father's
plays, he needed to read the manuscript over and over again.
As for his education, he attended U.S. Information Service and then at the
University of the East. He also attended the University of the Philippines and the Far
EasternUniversity. Alberto Florentino was 23 when, as an accounting student at the
University of theEast, he won a Palanca award for his play,"The World is an
Apple."This success at his firstserious attempt at playwriting made him abandon his
accounting studies to become a writer. Hehas since written more than 50 plays for stage and more than 100 for
television, besides havingpublished seven collections of his own plays and more than 70 titles by other Filipino
authors.He is today considered one of the foremost Filipino playwrights in English.
He published/edited 75 books under his imprints from 1959 to 2001. Among them were the early works of his
colleagues like Jose Garcia Villa(Poems 55, A Doveglion Book of Philippine Poetry, Poems in Praise of Love,
Selected Stories from Footnote to Youth, The Essential Villa)Nick Joaquin (Portrait of the Artist as Filipino, Laval de
Manila and Other Essays, The Song of Maria Clara and Other Poems, San Eustaquio, martir, Saint Eustachius,
martyr)and Francisco Arcellana (Selected Stories, 15 Stories by Francisco Arcellana, The Essential Arcellana)among
many others.
He was also the main scriptwriter for the television show Balintataw and was recently honoured by Radyo Balintataw
for his role in the award-winning drama series of the early 60s and 70s. The show, spearheaded by producer Cecile
Guidote (now Alvarez), directors Lupita Concio (now Kashiwahara)and Nick Lizaso and Florentino was noteworthy
for adapting short stories by Filipino writers like Amador T. Dagiuo, Nick Joaquin, Jose Garcia Villa, Wilfrido Nolledo,
Bienvenido Santos among others.
He was one of the 1960 TOYM Awardees for Literature, an honor he shared that year with Benigno Aquino Jr. (for
Public Service). In 2008, he was given a Presidential Medal of Merit for being a distinguished literary figure
by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
Also in 2008 he was presented with a Dakilang Pilipino Award by the Consulate General in New York. In 2011 he
was among the honorees in a Tribute to the Living Legends of Philippine Theatre. On Oct 1, 2011 Florentino was one
of 12 honored at the Tribute to Filipino Literary Laureates, a highlight of the first Filipino American International Book
Festival (FilBookFest) held in San Francisco, CA.
He migrated to the U.S. in the early 80s and lived in New York where his third daughter Leila took over the role of
Miss Saigon on Broadway after Lea Salonga. He recently moved to Portland Oregon.


Bienvenido N. Santos (19111996) was a Filipino-American fiction, poetry and nonfiction writer. He was born and
raised in Tondo, Manila. His family roots are originally from Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines. He lived in the United
States for many years where he is widely credited as a pioneering Asian-American writer.

Biography

Santos received his bachelor of arts degree from the
University of the Philippines where he first studied creative
writing under Paz Marquez Benitez. In 1941, Santos was a
government pensionado (scholar) to the United States at
the University of Illinois, Columbia University, and Harvard
University. DuringWorld War II, he served with the Philippine
government in exile under President Manuel L.
Quezon in Washington, D.C., together with the
playwright Severino Montano and Philippine National
Artist Jose Garcia Villa.

In 1967, he returned to the United States to become a
teacher and university administrator. He received
a Rockefeller fellowship at the Writers Workshop of the
University of Iowa where he later taught as
a Fulbright exchange professor. Santos has also received
a Guggenheim Foundation fellowship, a Republic Cultural
Heritage Award in Literature as well as severalPalanca
Awards for his short stories. Scent of Apples won a
1980 American Book Award from the Before Columbus
Foundation.

Santos received an honorary doctorate degrees in
humanities and letters from the University of the Philippines,
and Bicol University (Legazpi City, Albay) in 1981. He was
also a Professor of Creative Writing and Distinguished Writer
in Residence at the Wichita State University from 1973 to
1982, at which time the university awarded him an honorary doctorate degree in humane letters. After his retirement,
Santos became Visiting Writer and Artist at De La Salle University in Manila; the university honored Santos by
renaming its creative writing center after him.

Works

Novels

The Volcano (1965)
Villa Magdalena (1965)
The Praying Man (1982)
The Man Who (Thought He) Looked Like Robert Taylor (1983)
What the Hell for You Left Your Heart in San Francisco? (1987)

Short story collections

You Lovely People (1955)
Brother, My Brother (1960)
The Day the Dancers Came (1967, 1991)
Scent of Apples (1979)
Dwell in the Wilderness (1985)
The Old Favorites

Poetry

The Wounded Stag (1956,1992)
Distances: In Time (1983)
"March of Death"
Music for One


Nonfiction

Memory's Fictions: A Personal History (1993)
Postscript to a Saintly Life (1994)
Selected Letters: Book 1 (1995)
Selected Letters: Book 2 (1996)

Awards, Honors and Prizes

Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship at the University of Iowa
Guggenheim Fellowship
Republic Cultural Heritage Award
Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for short fiction (1956, 1961 and 1965)
Fulbright Program Exchange Professorship
American Book Award from Before Columbus Foundation
Honorary Doctorate in Humanities and Letters, University of the Philippines
Honorary Doctorate in Humanities and Letters, Bicol University (Legazpi City, Albay, Philippines)
Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters, Wichita State University (Kansas, U.S.A.)











Manuel E. Arguilla .

He was born on June 17, 1911 in Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union to parents
Crisanto Arguilla, a farmer, and Margarita Estabillo, a potter.Their mediocre living
was not a hindrance for Manuel to attain his dreams especially in literature.

He finished his elementary school in his hometown and his high school in San
Fernando where he became the editor-in-chief of his school's newsletter, the La
Union Tab. He was also an athlete where he became champion in swimming
events he joined.He entered the University of the Philippines where he joined the
UP Writers Club and later became the president and the editor of the UP Literary
Apprentce. He finished Education in 1933. He married Lydia Villanueva, a fellow
artist and writer and lived in Ermita, Manila.Upon graduation, he practive his profession in University of Manila. He
later joined the Bureau of Public welfare where he was the editor of Welfare Advocate, the bureau's publication.As a
writer, his famous works were compiled in a book entitled How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife (And Other
Stories) published by Philippine Book Guild in 1940. These stories were written when he was 22-29 years old. This
collection of stories won first prize in short story category during the first Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940.

When the Japanese invaded the country in 1941, Arguilla join the freedom forces of the country and led a division of
the Marking's Guerillas. He was captured by the Japanese in 1944 and was imprisoned in Fort Santiago together
with his family. His family was later freed but Manuel was sentenced to death. He was executed on October 1944 at
age of 33.

Manuel Estabillo Arguilla (1911 1944) was an Ilokano writer in English, patriot, and martyr.

He is known for his widely anthologized short story "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife," the main story in
the collection "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Short Stories" which won first prize in the
Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940.

Most of Arguilla's stories depict scenes in Barrio Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union where he was born. His bond with
his birthplace, forged by his dealings with the peasant folk of Ilocos, remained strong even after he moved to Manila
where he studied at the University of the Philippines where he finished BS Education in 1933 and where he became
a member and later the president of the U.P. Writer's Club and editor of the university's Literary Apprentice.
What i love most about Manuel Aeguillas stories depicts scenes on some barrio in Ilocos Sur, because I once leave
in Ilocos sur when I was still studying my highschool years. Somewhere in Nangalisan Ilocos Sur, I stayed there for
four years.

He married Lydia Villanueva, another talented writer in English, and they lived in Ermita, Manila. Here, F. Sionil
Jos, another seminal Filipino writer in English, recalls often seeing him in the National Library, which was then in the
basement of what is now the National Museum. "you couldn't miss him", Jose describes Arguilla, "because he had
this black patch on his cheek, a birthmark or an overgrown mole. He was writing then those famous short stories and
essays which I admired."

Manuel Arguilla, an Ilocano pride. His shown love to the country as a teacher, a writer, and a freedom fighter was a
virtue of patriot who offered his talents and life for the country.

He became a creative writing teacher at the University of Manila and later worked at the Bureau of Public Welfare as
managing editor of the bureau's publication Welfare Advocate until 1943. He was later appointed to the Board of
Censors. He secretly organized a guerrilla intelligence unit against the Japanese.

In October 1944, he was captured, tortured and executed by the Japanese army at Fort Santiago.
Jos Garca Villa (August 5, 1908 February 7, 1997) was a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and
painter. He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines title for literature in 1973, as well as the Guggenheim
Fellowship in creative writing by Conrad Aiken. He is known to have introduced the "reversed consonance rime
scheme" in writing poetry, as well as the extensive use of punctuation marksespecially commas, which made him
known as the Comma Poet. He used the penname Doveglion (derived from "Dove, Eagle, Lion"), based on the
characters he derived from himself. These animals were also explored by another poet e.e. cummings in Doveglion,
Adventures in Value, a poem dedicated to Villa.

Biography

Early life

Villa was born on August 5, 1908, in Manila's Singalong district. His parents
were Simen Villa (a personal physician of Emilio Aguinaldo, the founding
President of the First Philippine Republic) and Guia Garcia (a wealthy
landowner). He graduated from the University of the Philippines Integrated
School and the University of the Philippines High School in 1925. Villa
enrolled on a Pre-Medical course in the University of the Philippines, but
then switched to Pre-Law course. However, he realized that his true passion
was in the arts. Villa first tried painting, but then turned into creative writing
after reading Winesburg, Ohioby Sherwood Anderson.

Writing career

Villa's tart poetic style was considered too aggressive at that time. In 1929 he published Man Songs, a series of
erotic poems, which the administrators in UP found too bold and was even fined Philippine peso for obscenity by the
Manila Court of First Instance. In that same year, Villa won Best Story of the Year from Philippine Free Press
magazine for Mir-I-Nisa. He also received P1,000 prize money, which he used to migrate to the United States.

He enrolled at the University of New Mexico, wherein he was one of the founders of Clay, a mimeograph literary
magazine. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and pursued post-graduate work at Columbia University.
Villa had gradually caught the attention of the country's literary circles, one of the few Asians to do so at that time.
After the publication of Footnote to Youth in 1933, Villa switched from writing prose to poetry, and published only a
handful of works until 1942. During the release of Have Come, Am Here in 1942, he introduced a new rhyming
scheme called "reversed consonance" wherein, according to Villa: "The last sounded consonants of the last syllable,
or the last principal consonant of a word, are reversed for the corresponding rhyme. Thus, a rhyme for near would
be run; or rain, green, reign."

In 1949, Villa presented a poetic style he called "comma poems", wherein commas are placed after every word. In
the preface of Volume Two, he wrote: "The commas are an integral and essential part of the medium: regulating the
poem's verbal density and time movement: enabling each word to attain a fuller tonal value, and the line movement
to become more measures.

Villa worked as an associate editor for New Directions Publishing in New York City between 1949 to 1951, and then
became director of poetry workshop at City College of New York from 1952 to 1960. He then left the literary scene
and concentrated on teaching, first lecturing in The New School|The New School for Social Research from 1964 to
1973, as well as conducting poetry workshops in his apartment. Villa was also a cultural attach to the Philippine
Mission to the United Nations from 1952 to 1963, and an adviser on cultural affairs to the President of the Philippines
beginning 1968.

Death

On February 7, 1997, at the age of 88, Jose was found in a coma in his New York apartment and was rushed to St.
Vincent Hospital in the Greenwich area. His death two days later was attributed to "cerebral stroke and multilobar
pneumonia". He was buried on February 10 in St. John's Cemetery in New York, wearing a Barong Tagalog.

New York Centennial Celebration

On August 5 and 6, 2008, Villa's centennial celebration began with poem reading at the Jefferson Market Library. For
the launch of Doveglion: Collected Poems, Penguin Classics reissue of Villa's poems edited by Villa's literary trustee
John Edwin Cowen, there were readings of his poems by Cowen, by book introducer Luis H. Francia, and by
scholar Tina Chang. Then, the Leonard Lopate Show will interview Cowen and Francia on the "Pope of Greenwich
Village's" life and work, followed by the Asia Pacific Forum show.

Personal

In 1946 Villa married Rosemarie Lamb, with whom he had two sons, Randy and Lance. They annulled ten years
later. He also had three grandchildren

Works

As an editor, Villa first published Philippine Short Stories: Best 25 Short Stories of 1928 in 1929, an anthology of
Filipino short stories written in English literature English that were mostly published in the literary magazine Philippine
Free Press for that year. It is the second anthology to have been published in the Philippines, after Philippine Love
Stories by editor Paz Mrquez-Bentez in 1927. His first collection of short stories that he had written were published
under the title Footnote to Youth: Tales of the Philippines and Others in 1933; while in 1939, Villa published Many
Voices, his first collection poems, followed by Poems by Doveglion in 1941. Other collections of poems include Have
Come, Am Here (1942), Volume Two in that year when he edited The Doveglion Book of Philippine Poetry in English
from 1910. Three years later, he released a follow-up for The Portable Villa entitled The Essential Villa. Villa,
however, went under "self-exile" after the 1960s, even though he was nominated for several major literary awards
including the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. This was perhaps because of oppositions between his formalism (literature)
formalist style and the advocates of proletarian literature, who misjudged him as a petty bourgeois. Villa only
"resurfaced" in 1993 with an anthology entitled Charlie Chan Is Dead, which was edited by Jessica Hagedorn.

Several reprints of Villa's past works were done, including Appasionata: Poems in Praise of Love in 1979, A
Parliament of Giraffes (a collection of Villa's poems for young readers, with Tagalog language Tagalog translation
provided by Larry Francia), and The Anchored Angel: Selected Writings by Villa that was edited by Eileen Tabios with
a foreword provided by Hagedorn (both in 1999).

Among his popular poems include When I Was No Bigger Than A Huge, an example of his "comma poems", and The
Emperor's New Sonnet (a part of Have Come, Am Here) which is basically a blank sheet of paper.

Writing style

Villa described his use of commas after every word as similar to "Seurat's architectonic and measured pointillism
where the points of color are themselves the medium as well as the technique of statement". This unusual style
forces the reader to pause after every word, slowing the pace of the poem resulting to what Villa calls "a lineal pace
of dignity and movement". An example of Villa's "comma poems" can be found in an excerpt of his work #114:
In, my, undream, of, death,
I, unspoke, the, Word.
Since, nobody, had, dared,
With, my, own, breath,
I, broke, the, cord!
Villa also created verses out of already-published proses and forming what he liked to call "Collages". This excerpt
from his poem #205 was adapted from Letters of Rainer Maria Rilke, volume 1:
And then suddenly,
A life on which one could
Stand. Now it carried one and
Was conscious of one while it
Carried. A stillness in which
Reality and miracle

Had become identical -
Stillness of that greatest
Stillness. Like a plant that is to
Become a tree, so was I
Taken out of the little container,
Carefully, while earth
While Villa agreed with William Carlos Williams that "prose can be a laboratory for metrics", he tried to make the
adapted words his own. His opinion on what makes a good poetry was in contrast to the progressive styles of Walt
Whitman, which he said: "Poetry should evoke an emotional response. The poet has a breathlessness in him that he
converts into a breathlessness of words, which in turn becomes the breathlessness of the reader. This is the sign of a
true poet. All other verse, without this appeal, is just verse."
He also advised his students who aspire to become poets not to read any form of fiction in order for their poems "(not
become) contaminated by narrative elements", insisting that real poetry is "written with words, not ideas".

Critical reception

Villa was considered as a powerful literary influence in the Philippines throughout much of the 20th century, although
he had lived most of his life in the United States. His writing style, as well as his personality and staunch opinions on
writing, has often made him considered as an eccentric. Francia explained in Asiaweek magazine, "In a world of
English-language poetry dominated by British and Americans, Villa stood out for the ascetic brilliance of his poetry
and for his national origin." Fellow Filipino writer Salvador P. Lpez described Villa as "the one Filipino writer today
who it would be futile to deride and impossible to ignore ... the pace-setter for an entire generation of young writers,
the mentor laying down the law for the whole tribe, the patron-saint of a cult of rebellious moderns." However, Villa
was accused of having little faith in Filipinos' ability to write creatively in English, saying that "poetry in English has no
prospects whatsoever in the Philippinesi.e., ... that it cannot be written by Filipino writers. An exception or two may
arise after a long period of time, but these writers will remain exceptions. The reason why Filipino writers are at a
disadvantage in the writing of English poetryis that they have no oneness with the English language."

In a review to Footnote to Youth, The New York Times wrote, "For at least two years the name of Jose Garcia Villa
has been familiar to the devotees of the experimental short story... They knew, too, that he was an extremely youthful
Filipino who had somehow acquired the ability to write a remarkable English prose and who had come to America as
a student in the summer of 1930." This comment brought out two opposing impressions of him: as a literary genius,
and merely as a writer of English as a second language.


During the United States' Formalist period in literature, American writers admired Villa's work. Mark Van Doren wrote
in reaction to Selected Poems and New that it is "...So natural yet in its daring so weird, a poet rich and surprising,
and not to be ignored". Babette Deutsch wrote in The New Republic that Have Come, Am Here reveals that Villa's
concern for "ultimate things, the self and the universe. He is also on visiting terms with the world. He is more
interested in himself than in the universe, and he greets the world with but a decent urbanity." Although she viewed
Villa's range as somewhat narrow, he "soars high and plunges deep". British poet Edith Sitwell revealed in the
preface of Villa's Selected Poems and New that she experienced "a shock" upon reading Have Come, Am Here,
most notably the poem "#57", "a strange poem of ineffable beauty, springing straight from the depths of Being. I hold
that this is one of the most wonderful short poems of our time, and reading it I knew that I was seeing for the first time
the work of a poet with a great, even an astonishing, and perfectly original gift." Meanwhile, noted American poet
Garret Hongo described Villa as "one of the greatest pioneers of Asian American literature...our bitter, narcissistic
angel of both late Modernism and early post-colonialism." In his introduction to Footnote to Youth, American
writer Edward J. O'Brienwho dedicated his collection Best American Short Stories of 1932 to Villahailed the poet
as "one of a half-dozen American short-story writers who count". Meanwhile, in reaction to Villa's poems,e.e.
cummings wrote, "and i am alive to see a man against the sky".


Critics were divided about Villa's "comma poems". On one side, they were irritated by them, calling them "gimmicky".
Leonard Casper wrote in New Writings from the Philippines that the technique of putting commas after every word "is
as demonstrably malfunctional as a dragging foot". Ten years later, Casper continued to criticize Villa because he
"still uses the 'commas' with inadequate understanding and skill". On the other hand, Sitwell wrote in The American
Genius magazine that the comma poem "springs with a wild force, straight from the poet's being, from his blood, from
his spirit, as a fire breaks from wood, or as a flower grows from its soil".

Despite his success in the United States, Villa was largely dismissed in mainstream American literature and has been
criticized by Asian American scholars for not being "ethnic" enough.

Awards

Villa was granted a Guggenheim Fellowship in Creative Writing by American writer Conrad Aiken, wherein he was
also awarded a $1,000 prize for "outstanding work in American literature", as well as a fellowship from Bollingen
Foundation. He was also bestowed an Academy Award for Literature from The American Academy of Arts and
Letters in 1943. Villa also won first prize in the Poetry Category of UP Golden Jubilee Literary Contests in 1958, as
well as the Pro Patria Award for literature in 1961, and the Heritage Award for poetry and short stories a year later.
He was conferred with a honoris causadoctorate degree for literature by Far Eastern University in Manila on 1959
(and later by University of the Philippines), and the National Artist Award for Literature in 1973.


He was one of three Filipinos, along with novelist Jose Rizal and translator Nick Joaquin, included in World Poetry:
An Anthology of Verse from Antiquity to Our Time published in 2000, which featured over 1,600 poems written by
hundreds of poets in different languages and culture within a span of 40 centuries dating from the development of
early writing in ancient Sumer and Egypt.






























Carlos Sampayan Bulosan (November 2, 1913 September 11, 1956) was an English-language Filipino novelist
and poet who spent most of his life in theUnited States. His best-known work today is the semi-
autobiographical America Is in the Heart, but he first gained fame for his 1943 essay on The Freedom from Want.

Early life and emmigration

Bulosan was born to Ilocano parents in the Philippines in Binalonan, Pangasinan.
There is considerable debate around his actual birth date, as he himself used several
dates, but 1911 is generally considered the most reliable answer, based on
hisbaptismal records, but according to the late Lorenzo Duyanen Sampayan, his
childhood playmate and nephew, Carlos was born on November 2, 1913. Most of his
youth was spent in the countryside as a farmer. It is during his youth that he and his
family were economically impoverished by the rich and political elite, which would
become one of the main themes of his writing. His home town is also the starting point of his famous semi-
autobiographical novel, America is in the Heart.

Following the pattern of many Filipinos during the American colonial period, he left for America on July 22, 1930 at
age 17, in the hope of finding salvation from the economic depression of his home. He never again saw his Philippine
homeland. Upon arriving in Seattle, he met with racism and was forced to work in low paying jobs. He worked as a
farmworker, harvesting grapes and asparagus, and doing other types of hard work in the fields of California. He also
worked as a dishwasher with his brother and Lorenzo in the famous Madonna Inn in San Luis Obispo.

Labor movement work

Bulosan was active in labour movement along the Pacific coast of the United States and edited the 1952 Yearbook
forInternational Longshore and Warehouse Union Local 37, a predominantly Filipino American cannery trade
union based in Seattle.

Writing

There is some controversy surrounding the accuracy of events recorded within America Is in the Heart. He is
celebrated for giving a post-colonial, Asian immigrant perspective to the labor movement in America and for telling
the experience of Filipinos working in the U.S. during the 1930s and '40s. In the 1970s, with a resurgence in
Asian/Pacific Islander American activism, his unpublished writings were discovered in a library in the University of
Washington leading to posthumous releases of several unfinished works and anthologies of his poetry.

His other novels include The Laughter of My Father, which were originally published as short sketches, and the
posthumously published The Cry and the Dedication which detailed the armed Huk Rebellion in the Philippines.
One of his most famous essays, published in March 1943, was chosen by the Saturday Evening Post to accompany
its publication of the Norman Rockwell painting Freedom from Want, part of a series based on Franklin D.
Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms" speech.
[2]
Maxim Lieber was his literary agent in 1944.



Death and legacy

As a labor organizer and socialist writer, he was blacklisted. Denied a means to provide for himself, his later years
were of flight and hardship, probably including alcoholism.
[3]
He died in Seattle suffering from an advanced stage
ofbronchopneumonia. He is buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery on Queen Anne Hill in Seattle.

Bulosan's works and legacy is heralded in a state of the art permanent exhibition known as 'The Carlos Bulosan
Memorial Exhibit" displayed at the historic Eastern Hotel in the heart of Seattle's International District highlighted with
a massive centerpiece mural titled: 'Secrets of History'

created by renowned artist Eliseo Art Silva.

Quotes

"The old world is dying, but a new world is being born. It generates inspiration from the chaos that beats upon us all.
The false grandeur and security, the unfulfilled promises and illusory power, the number of the dead and those about
to die, will charge the forces of our courage and determination. The old world will die so that the new world will be
born with less sacrifice and agony on the living ... "

"We in America understand the many imperfections of democracy and the malignant disease corroding its very heart.
We must be united in the effort to make an America in which our people can find happiness. It is a great wrong that
anyone in America, whether he be brown or white, should be illiterate or hungry or miserable."

- from America Is in the Heart

Works

America Is in the Heart
The Laughter of My Father
The Cry and the Dedication
My Father's Tragedy
The Romance of Magno Rubio














Stevan Javellana (19181977) was a Filipino novelist and short-story writer in the English language. He is also
known as Esteban Javellana.

Biography

Javellana was born in 1918 in Iloilo. He fought as a guerrilla during the Japanese invasion of the
Philippines. After World War II, he graduated from the University of the Philippines College of Law in
1948. He stayed in the United States afterwards but he died in the Visayas in 1977 at the age of 59.

Writing career

Javellana was the author of a best-selling war novel in the United States (U.S.) and Manila, Without Seeing the
Dawn, published by Little, Brown and Company in Boston in 1947. His short stories were published in the Manila
Times Magazine in the 1950s, among which are Two Tickets to Manila, The Sin of Father Anselmo, Sleeping
Tablets, The Fifth Man, The Tree of Peace and Transition.
[1]
Without Seeing the Dawn, also known as The Lost
Ones, is his only novel.