SOLUTIONS MANUAL

to accompany

Digital Signal Processing:

A Computer-Based
Approach
Fourth Edition

Sanjit K. Mitra
Prepared by
Chowdary Adsumilli, John Berger, Marco Carli,
Hsin-Han Ho, Rajeev Gandhi, Martin Gawecki, Chin Kaye Koh,
Luca Lucchese, Mylene Queiroz de Farias, and Travis Smith

Copyright 2011 by Sanjit K. Mitra. No part of this publication

may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written
consent of Sanjit K. Mitra, including, but not limited to, in any
network or other electronic Storage or transmission, or broadcast
for distance learning.

Not for sale.

Chapter 6 Part 1

1
d 1 r cos o n z

o n [n]} = z
dz 1 2r cos n + r 2 z2

( )
( )
r cos( o n ) z1 2r 2 cos( o n ) z2 + r 3 cos( o n ) z3
=
. ROC:
2
2
2
(1 2r cos( on) + r z )

r sin( o n ) z1
d
n

(b) Z{nr sin( o n ) [n]} = z

dz 1 2r cos( n ) + r 2 z2

o
r sin( o n ) z1 r 3 sin( o n ) z3
=
2 . ROC:
2
2
(1 2r cos( on) + r z )
( )

6.1 (a) Z{nr n cos

, ROC:
1 z1

, ROC:
Z{[n]} =
1 z

X a (z) = Z{[n 1]} =

6.2 (a) Z{[n]} =

1 n

1
(b) Z [n] =
, ROC:

1 1z1

1 n
1
, ROC: z >
Z [n] = Z{ n [n]} =
1 1z

n1[n 1]} =
X b (z) = Z{

z1
, ROC: z >
1 1z

1 cos( )z1
o
(c) X c (z) =
, ROC: z >
1 2 cos( o ) + r 2 z2

sin o n z1
(d) X d (z) =
, ROC: z >
1 2 cos o n + r 2z2

( )
( )

z1

= 1
=
, ROC:
1 z
z (1 z) 1 z1

zn
= exp(z1 ) , ROC:z 0 via Taylor Series expansion.
n!

6.3

X(z) =

6.4

The sequence y[n] is causal, and Y(z) has the same ROC as X(z). Note that

Y(z) = X(z). Hence, Y (e j ) = X(e j ) = X(e j ( + ) ).Therefore the magnitude

n=0

Not for sale.

spectrum

is a shifted version of the magnitude spectrum

shifted

by radians as shown below:

6.5

(a) Z{ [n]} = [n]zn = [0]= 1, which converges everywhere in the

plane.

n=

(b) x[n] = " n [n]. From Table 6.1, Z{x[n]} = X(z) = x[n]zn =
n=

Let g[n] = nx[n]. Then, Z{g[n]} = G(z) = nx[n]zn . Now,

n=

dX(z)
dX(z)

= ng[n]zn1 . Hence,
z
= nx[n]zn = G(z), or,
dz
dz
n=
n=
1
dX(z)
= z
G(z) = z
, z > .
dz
(1 z1 ) 2

r n j n j n
(c) x[n] = r n sin( o n) [n] = (e o e o ) [n]. Using the results of Example
2j
6.1 and the linearity property of the transform we get

1
1
1

Z{r n sin( o n) [n]} =

j
2 j 1r e j o z 1

2 j 1r e o z 1

r
j
j
(e o e o )z1
2j
=
j
j
1 r(e o + e o )z1 + r 2 z2

6.6

(a) x1[n] = n [n 4]. Note,

r sin( o )z1
1 2r cos( o )z1 + r 2 z2

, ROC: z > r .

is a right-sided sequence. Hence, the ROC of its

1
, z > .
1 z1

transform is exterior to a circle. Therefore, X1 (z) = n [n 4]zn = n zn

n=

Simplifying we get X1 (z) =

is given by z > .

n=4
4
4
z

1
1 z 1 2 z2 3z3 =
whose ROC
1
1 z
1 z 1

(b) x 2 [n] = n [n]. Note,

is a left-sided sequence. Hence, the ROC of
its transform
is interior to a circle. Therefore,

X 2 (z) = n [n]zn = n zn = m z m = (z / ) m .

n=

n=

m=0

Not for sale.

m=0

1
Simplifying we get X 2 (z) =
whose ROC is given by z < .
1 (z / )

(c) x 3[n] = n [n 2]. Note,

is a left-sided sequence. Hence, the ROC of
its transform is interior to a circle. Therefore,
2

n
n
n
n
X 3 (z) = [n 2]z = z = (z / ) n .

n=

Simplifying we get
6.7

6.8

n=

n=2

whose ROC is given by z < .

1
1
, z > 0.6; Z{(0.8) n [n]} =
, z > 0.8;
1
1 0.6z
1+ 0.8z1
1
1

n [n 1]} =
Z{(0.6) n [n 1]} =
,
z
<
0.6;
Z{(0.8)
, z < 0.8;
1 0.6z1
1+ 0.8z1
1
2 + 0.2z1
1
+
=
, z > 0.8.
(a) Z{x1[n]} =
1 0.6z1 1+ 0.8z1 (1 0.6z1 )(1+ 0.8z1 )

1
1
1.4z1

=
, 0.6 < z < 0.8.
(b) Z{x 2 [n]} =
1 0.6z1 1+ 0.8z1 (1 0.6z1 )(1+ 0.8z1 )
Z{(0.6) n [n]} =

1
1
2 0.2z1

=
, z < 0.8.
(c) Z{x 3[n]} =
1 0.6z1 1+ 0.8z1 (1 0.6z1 )(1+ 0.8z1 )
1
1
1.4z1
+
=
. Since the ROC of the
(d) Z{x 4 [n]} =
1 0.6z1 1+ 0.8z1 (1 0.6z1 )(1+ 0.8z1 )
first term is z < 0.6 and that of the second term is z > 0.8 , the transform of x 4 [n]
does not converge. Hence, none of the sequences have the same -transform.

(a) The ROC of Z{x1[n]} is z > 0.2, the ROC of Z{x 2 [n]} is z > 0.6,
the ROC of

Z{x 3[n]} is z > 0.5, and the ROC of Z{x 4 [n]} is z < 0.5.
(b) (i) The ROC ofZ{y1[n]} is z > 0.6which is theoverlap of the ROCs of the
{x 2 [n]} .
sequences {x1[n]} and

(ii) The ROC of Z{y 2 [n]} is z > 0.5 which is the overlap of the ROCs of the
{x [n]}
sequences
and {x 3[n]} .
1
The ROC
of Z{y [n]} is 0.2 < z < 0.5 which is the overlap of the ROCs of
(iii)
3

the sequences
and
{x1[n]}
{x 4 [n]} .

The ROC
of Z{y [n]} is z > 0.6 which is the overlap of the ROCs of the
(iv)
5
{x [n]} and
sequences
{x 3[n]} .

2
-transform
of
(v) The
does not converge as there is no overlap between the
ROCs of
the -transforms
of the sequences {x 2 [n]} and {x 3[n]} .
(vi)
of
does not converge as there is no overlap between
The -transform

the ROCs of the -transforms of the sequences {x 3[n]} and {x 4 [n]} .

Not for sale.

6.9

v[n] = n = n [n] + n [n 1]. Now, Z{ n [n]} =

1

6.1) and Z{ n [n 1]} =

n zn

n=

mzm

m=1

1
, z > . (See Table
1 z1

m z m 1 = 1 z 1

m=0

(1 2 )z1
z
+
=
, z < 1. Therefore, Z{v[n]} = V (z) =
1 z
1 z 1 z1 (1 z1 )(z1 )
with its ROC given by < z < 1/ .
=

n
6.10 (a) x1[n] = n [n
is a right-sided
+1] + [n + 2] with > . Note that
sequence. Hence, the
ROC of its transform is exterior to a circle. Now,

Z{ n [n +1]} =

n zn

n=1

n zn + ( /z)1

n=0

1
1z
with
+ ( /z)1 =
1 ( /z)
1 z 1

its ROC given by z > . Likewise, Z{ n [n + 2]} =

2 z 2
with its ROC given by
1 z1

1
z
2 z 2
+
Hence, Z{x1[n]} = X1 (z) =
with its ROC given by
1 z 1 1 z1

(b) x 2 [n] = n [n 2] + n [n 1] with > . Note that

is a two-sided
sequence. Now,
2

n
n
n
m
m
Z{ [n 2]} = z = z = (z / ) m 1 (z / ) (z / ) 2

n=

m=2

m=0

with its ROC given by z < . Likewise,

1
z 1
1
=
with its ROC given
1 z1
1 z 1
n=
n=0

by z > . Since the two ROCs do not intersect, Z{x 2 [n]} does not converge.

Z{ n [n 1]} = n zn = n zn 1 =

(c) x 3[n] = n [n + 2] + n [n 1] with > . Note that

sequence. Now,

Z{ n [n 1]} =

n zn

n=

given by z < . Likewise,

m z m

m=0

is a two-sided

1
z 1
1 =
1 =
with its ROC
1 z 1
1 z 1

1
z 1
1
=
with its ROC given
1 z1
1 z 1
n=1
n=0
by z > . As there is an overlap between the two ROCs, Z{x 3[n]} does converge and
has an ROC given by < z < .

Z{ n [n 1]} = n zn = n zn 1 =

Not for sale.

1
, ROC: z > .
1 z1

d 1
z 1
, ROC: z > .
Z{n n [n]} = z
=

2
dz 1 z1
1
1 z

6.11 (a) Z{ n [n]} =

z
z1 + 2 z2
2 =
, ROC: z > .
Y1 (z) = Z{n 2 n [n]} = z
dz
1
1 3
1

z
1

1 + 2 z 2 z 1 + 4 2 z 2 + 3z 3

d
z

(b) Y2 (z) = Z{n 3 n [n]} = z

,
=
3
4
dz
1
1
1 z
1 z

ROC: z > .
1
1
3

(c) Y3 (z) = Z{ (n +1)(n + 2) [n]} = Z{1+ n + n 2 [n]} =

2

2
2

1
1
2
3
3 z
1 z + z
1
z
, ROC:
+
+
=

3
1 z1 2 1 z1 2 2 1 z1 3
1
1 z

1
1
11

(d) Y4 (z) = Z{ (n +1)(n + 2)(n + 3) [n]} = Z{1+ n + n 2 + n 3 [n]} =

6
6
6
1
1
2
1
2
3
11 z
1 z + 4z + z
1
z +z

=
+
+
+
, ROC : | z |> 1.
1
1
2
1
3
6 (1 z )
1 z
(1 z ) 6 (1 z1 ) 4

d
6.12 (a) Y1 (z) = z X(z) , ROC:
dz

d2
d
(b) Y2 (z) = z 2 2 X(z) + z X(z) , ROC:
dz
dz
3

d
d2
d
3
2
X(z) 3z
X(z) z X(z) , ROC:
(c) Y3 (z) = z
3
2
dz
dz
dz
2

d
d
(d) Y4 (z) = z 2 2 X(z) z X(z) +1, ROC:
dz
dz
3

d
d
(e) Y5 (z) = z 3 3 X(z) z X(z) +1, ROC:
dz
dz

7 + 3.6z1
2
5
=
+
6.13 (a) X a (z) =
.
1 + 0.18z 2 1+ 0.6z 1 1+ 0.3z 1
1+
0.9z

n
n
left-sided: |z| < 0.3, x a [n] = 2( 0.6) [n] + 5( 0.3) [n]

two-sided: 0.3 < |z| < 0.6, xb [n] = 2( 0.6) [n] + 5( 0.3) [n]
n
n
right-sided: 0.6 < |z|, xc [n] = 2( 0.6) [n] + 5( 0.3) [n]

Not for sale.

3 2z1
4
7
=
+
(b) X b (z) =
.
1
2
1
1 0.6z + 0.08z
1 0.4z
1 0.2z1
n
n
left-sided: |z| < 0.2, x a [n] = 4 (0.4 ) [n 1] 7(0.2) [n 1]
n

two-sided: 0.2 < |z| < 0.4, xb [n] = 4 (0.4 ) [n 1] + 7(0.2) [n]
n
n
right-sided: 0.4 < |z|, xc [n] = 4 (0.4 ) [n] + 7(0.2) [n]

4 1.6z1 0.4z2
2
3
1
(c) X c (z) =
=
+
+
2 1+ 0.6z 1 1 0.4z 1
2
1+ 0.6z1 1 0.4z1
1 0.4z1

n
n
n
left-sided: |z| < 0.4, x a [n] = 2( 0.6) [n] + 3(0.4 ) [n] (n +1)(0.4 ) [n]

)(

6.14

right-sided: 0.5 < |z|, xc [n] = 2( 0.6) [n] + 3(0.4 ) [n] (n +1)(0.4 ) [n]

Z rxy [] = R xy (z) = x[n]y[n ]z = x[n] y[n ]z

= n=
n=

= x[n] y[m]z mn = Y (z1 ) x[n]zn = X(z)Y (z1 ) ,

m=

n=
n=

, and

1
1
1
1 1
1

=
=
+

.
1 z1 1 z 1 z 1 z + 2 1 2 1 z1 1 z

1
1
Therefore, rxx () =
[] + [] =
||.
2
2
1
1
R xx (z) =

6.15 X(z) = Z{x[n]} with an ROC given by

. Using the conjugation property of the
transform given in Table 6.2, we observe that Z{x *[n]} = X * (z*) whose ROC is

1
given by
. Now, Re{x[n]} = (x[n] + x *[n]). Hence, Z {Re x[n]}

two-sided: 0.4 < |z| < 0.6, xb [n] = 2( 0.6) [n] + 3(0.4 ) [n] (n +1)(0.4 ) [n]

with ROC = x y . For x[n] = n [n],

1
= ( X (z) + X * (z))
2

whose ROC is also

. Likewise, Im{x[n]} =

1
(x[n] x *[n]).
2j

Thus, Z{Imx[n]} = ( X(z) X * (z)) whose ROCis again

.
2j
3
3
1+ z 2z3
6.16 (a) X (z) = Z{[n + 2] [n 3]} = 1+ z z z
=
.
a
1 z1
1 z1
1 z1

Since has
all poles at the origin, the ROC is the entireplane except the point z = 0 ,
j
and hence includes the unit circle. On the unit circle, X a (z)
j = X a (e )

z=e

e j 2e j 2
1+
=
.
1 e j

Not for sale.

(b) x b[n] = n [n 1] n [n 4], < 1. From Table 6.1,

z1
z4
z1 z4
X b (z) =

=
. The ROC is exterior to the circle at
1 z 1 1 z 1 1 z 1
z = < 1. Hence, the ROC includes the unit circle. On the unit circle,
j e j 4
j ) = e
X b (z)
=
X
(e
.
b
z=e j
1 e j
(c) xc [n] = 2n n [n], < 1. From Table 6.1,

The ROC is

exterior to the circle at z = < 1. Hence, the ROC includes the unit circle. On the
2e j
unit circle, X c (e j ) =
.

1 e j
2N n 1 z(2N +1)
N n
N
.
6.17 (a) Y 1(z) = z = z z = N
has N poles at z = 0 and
n=0 z (1 z1 )
n=N
at z = . Hence, the ROC is the entire plane excluding the points z = 0 and
poles
z = , and includes the unit circle. On the unit circle,

sin (N + )
j (2N +1)

2
j
=
.
Y1 (z) z=e j = Y1 (e ) = jN

sin( /2)
e
(1 e j )

1 z(N +1)
.
has N poles at z = 0. Hence, the ROC is
1 z1
n=0
the entire plane excluding the point z = 0. On the unit circle,
N +1
sin

j (N +1)
1

e
2

/
2
Y2 (z)
= Y2 (e ) =
=e
.
z=e j
sin( /2)
1 e j

n
1

,
N

n
N,
(c) y 3[n] = N
Now, y 3[n] = y 0 [n]O
* y 0 [n] where
0,
otherwise.
N
N

(1 z(N +1) ) 2
1, n ,
2
.
y 0 [n] =
2
2 Therefore, Y3 (z) = Y0 (z) = N
0, otherwise.
z (1 z1 ) 2

has
poles at z = 0 and
poles at z = . Hence, the ROC is the entire
N

(b) Y 2(z) = zn =

plane excluding the points z = 0 and z = , and includes the unit circle. On the unit

N +1

sin 2
2
j

2
j

.
circle, Y3 (e ) = Y0 (e ) =
sin 2 ( /2)

N +1 n , N n N,
=y1[n] + N y 3[n], where
(d) y 4 [n] =
is the sequence
0,
otherwise,

is the sequence of Part (c). Therefore,

of Part (a) and
1 z(2N +1)
(1 z(N +1) ) 2
Y4 (z) = Y1 (z) + N Y3 (z) = N
+
N
. Since the ROCs of
z (1 z1 )
zN (1 z1 ) 2

Not for sale.

both

include the unit circle, the ROC of

also includes the unit
1

2 N +1
sin (N + ) sin
2

2
+
.
circle. On the unit circle, Y4 (e j ) =
sin( /2)
sin 2 ( /2)

6.18

and

cos(n /2N), N n N,
(e) y 5[n] =
0,
otherwise. Therefore,

1 N j (n / 2N ) n 1 N j (n / 2N ) n
Y5 (z) =
e
z +
e
z
2 n=N
2 n=N
e j ( / 2) z N 1 e j (2N +1)( / 2N ) z(2N +1)

=
2
1 e j ( / 2N ) z1

j
(

/
2)
N
j
(2N
+1)(

/ 2N ) z (2N +1)

e
z 1e

.
+
2
1 e j ( / 2N ) z1

has
poles at z = 0 and
poles at z = . Hence, the ROC is the entire
plane excluding the points z = 0 and z = , and includes the unit circle. On the unit

1

1
sin N +
sin + N +

1
1
2N
2
2N
2

) =

+
.
circle, Y5 (e j
2 sin /2
2 sin + /2

2N
2N

{x[n]} = {3, 1, 5, 11, 0, 5, 3, 3, 8}, 5 n 3. Then,

j
X [k] = X(z)
. Note that
is a periodic sequence with
j 2k / 6 = X(e )
z=e

=2 k / 6

a period 6. Hence, the inverse of the discrete Fourier series

is given by

x [n] = x[n + 6r] = x[n 6] + x[n] + x[n + 6] for 0 n 5. Let

6.19

r=

y[n] = x[n 6] + x[n] + x[n + 6], 5 n 5. Now,

{x[n 6]} = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 5, 11, 0} and

{x[n] = {3, 1, 5, 11, 0, 5, 3, 3, 8, 0, 0} and

{x[n + 6] = {3, 3, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}. Therefore,
{y[n]} = {6, 4, 3, 11, 0, 5, 6, 4, 3, 11, 0}, 5 n 5. Hence,
{ x [n]} = {5, 6, 4, 3, 11, 0}, 0 n 5.
{x[n]} = {3, 4, 1, 3, 4, 6, 1, 0, 2}, 1 n 7. Then,

X [k] = X(z) z=e j 2k / 6 = X(e j )

=2 k / 6

. Note that

is a periodic sequence with

a period 6. Hence, the inverse of the discrete Fourier series

is given by

x [n] = x[n + 6r] = x[n 6] + x[n] + x[n + 6] for 0 n 5. Let

r=

y[n] = x[n 6] + x[n] + x[n + 6], 5 n 5. Now,

{x[n 6]} = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3} and

{x[n] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 4, 1, 3, 4, 6, 1} and

Not for sale.

{x[n + 6] = {1, 3, 4, 6, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0}. Therefore,

{y[n]} = {1, 3, 4, 6, 4, 4, 1, 3, 4, 6, 4}, 5 n 5. Hence,
{ x [n]} = {4, 1, 3, 4, 6, 4}, 0 n 5.

6.20

X(z) =

x[n]zn .

X 0 [k] = X(z) z=e j 2k / 8 =

n=0

1 7
X [k]e j 2 kn /8
8 k=0 0

x 0 [n] =

1
8

x[r]e j 2k(nr) /8 =
k=0r=0

From Chapter 5,

1
8

x[n]e j 2kn /8, 0 k 7.

Therefore,

n=0
7
9

1
x[r]e j 2 kr /8 e j 2 kn /8
8 k=0 r=0

x[r] e j 2k(nr) /8 =

r=0
k=0
7

1, for r n = 8i,
1
W (rn)k =
otherwise.
8 k0 8
0,

1
8

x[r] W8(rn)k .
r=0

k=0

Hence,

x[0] + x[8], for n = 0

x 0 [n] =
i.e.,
otherwise,
x[n],

{x 0 [n]} = {2.86

8.11 7.46

8.26

2.64

4.43 0.93

8.04

n=

m=

}, 0 n 7.

Let y[n] = x[n]. Then Y (z) = x[n]zn = x[m]z m = X(z1 ). Hence, if

6.21

z = k is a pole (zero) of X(z) , then z = 1/ k is also a pole (zero) of X(z) .

The ROC is z > o assuming all other poles of X(z) are located in the region z < o .

4
4 n
X(z ) = x[n]z
= x[m /4]zm . Define a
(a)
Hence,

n=
r=

m =4r

x[m /4], m = 0, 4, 8,,

new sequence g[m] =
We can then express
otherwise.
0,

6.22

X(z ) =

g[n]zn .

Thus, the inverse z transform of X(z 4 ) is given by g[n]. For

n=

(0.7) n / 4 , n = 0, 4, 8, ,
otherwise.

0,

x[n] = (0.7) n [n], g[n] =

(b) Y (z) = (1+ z2 )X(z 2 ) = X(z 2 ) + z2 X(z 4 ). Therefore,

y[n] = Z 1
{Y(z)} = Z 1{X(z 4 )} + Z 1{z2 X(z 4 )}.Z 1{X(z 4 )} = g[n] + g[n 2].
(0.7) n / 4 , n = 0, 4, 8, ,
1
4

where
From
Part
(a),
g[n]
=
g[n]
=
Z
{X(z
)}.

0,
otherwise.

(0.7) (n2) / 4 , n = 2, 6, 10, ,

Hence, g[n 2] =
Therefore,
0,
otherwise.

Not for sale.

10

 (0.7) n / 4 ,
n = 0, 4, 8, ,

(n2)
/
4
y[n] = (0.7)
, n = 2, 6, 10, ,

0,
otherwise.

6.23

f [n] = f [n 1] + f [n 2], n 2 with f [0] = 0, f [1] = 1, which can also be

written as f [n + 2] = f [n +1] + f [n], n 0 with f [0] = 0, f [1] = 1, . Taking the

z-transform of both sides and rearranging, we have

z 2 F ( z) f (0) f (1) z1
z[ F ( z) f (0)] F ( z) = 0. Plugging in the initial

conditions, we get z 2 F ( z) z1 z[ F ( z)] F ( z) = 0 , or

z
. To find the inverse z-transform, we factor
F ( z) = 2
z z 1

z
1
z
z
F ( z) = 2
=

and then remembering

5 z 0.5 0.5 5 z 0.5 + 0.5 5
z z 1
z
that the inverse z-transform of
is n , we have
z
n
n
1
f ( n) =
0.5 0.5 5 0.5 + 0.5 5

X(z) has 3 ROCs: R1 : z < 0.7, R 2 : 0.7 < z < 1.6, and R 3 : z > 1.6. Since the

6.24

) (

, the DTFT X(e j ) exists.

unit circle is inside the ROC

2
6.25 The denominator
factor (z
0.8z + 0.38) has zerosat z = 0.4 j0.469 and the factor

G(z) has 3 ROCs defined by:

(z 2 + 4z + 5) has zeros at z = 2 j. Hence,

R1 : z < 0.38, R 2 : 0.38 < z < 5, and R 3 : z > 5. The inverse transform g[n]
associated withthe ROC R1 is a left-sided sequence,
the inverse transform g[n]

associated with
the ROC R 2 is a two-sided sequence, and the inverse transform g[n]
associated with the ROC R 3 is a right-sided sequence.

6.26

P(z)
P(z)
G(z) =
=
. The residue of G(z) at the pole is given by
D(z) (1 z1 )R(z)

P(z)
. Now,
R(z) z=

D'(z) =

dD(z)

=
dz1

d[(1 z )R(z)]
dz1

= R(z) + (1 z1 )

D'(z) z= = R(z) z= . Therefore, =

dR(z)
dz1

. Hence,

P(z)
.
D'(z) z=

Not for sale.

11

6.27 (a) X a (z) =

where 1=

1+ 0.3z
7

1 0.2z

0.1z

1
1+ 0.5z

= 5, 2 =
z=0.5

Therefore, X a (z) =

2
1 0.2z1

7
1+ 0.5z1 z=0.2

,
= 2.

.
1+ 0.5z
1 0.2z1
There are three ROCs -R1 : z < 0.2, R 2 : 0.2 < z < 0.5, R 3 : z > 0.5.
The inverse z transform associated with the ROC R1 is a left-sided sequence:
1

Z1{X a (z)} = x a [n] = 5(0.5) n + 2(0.2) n [n 1].

R 2 is a two-sided sequence:
The inverse z
transform associated
with the ROC

1
n
n

Z {X a (z)} = x a [n] = 5(0.5) [n 1] + 2(0.2) [n].

The inverse transform associated with the ROC R 3 is a right-sided sequence:

1
Z
{X (z)} = x [n] = 5(0.5) n + 2(0.2)n [n].

(b) X b (z) =

3z1 +1.8z2 +1.28z3

=
(z 0.5)(z + 0.4) 2 (1 0.5z1 )(1+ 0.4z1 ) 2
1
2
3
=K+
+
+
.
1 0.5z1 1+ 0.4z1 (1+ 0.4z1 ) 2
1.28
K = X b (0) =
= 16,
0.5 (0.4) 2

1 =

3 =

3z 2 +1.8z +1.28

3z1 +1.8z2 +1.28z3

(1+ 0.4z1 ) 2
3z

+1.8z

+1.28z

= 7.2346,
z=0.5

= 7.2222,

(1 0.5z )

z=0.4

1 d 3z1 +1.8z2 +1.28z3

= 15.9877. Hence,
0.4 dz
(1 0.5z1 )
z=0.4
7.2346
7.2222
15.9877
X b (z) = 16 +
+
+
.
1 0.5z1 1+ 0.4z1 (1+ 0.4z1 ) 2
There are three ROCs - R1 : z < 0.4, R 2 : 0.4 < z < 0.5, R 3 : z > 0.5.
The inverse transform associated with the ROC R1 is a left-sided sequence:

2 =

Z 1{X b (z)} = xb[n] = 16 [n] + 7.2346(0.5) n [n 1] 7.2222(0.4) n [n 1]

+15.9877( n +1
)(0.4) n [n 1].
The inverse z transform associated withthe ROC R 2 is a two-sided sequence:
Z 1{X b (z)} = xb[n] = 16 [n] + 7.2346(0.5) n [n] 7.2222(0.4) n [n 1]
+15.9877( n +1)(0.4) n [n 1].

inverse z transform associated withthe ROC R is a right-sided sequence:

The
3

Not for sale.

12

Z 1{X b (z)} = xb[n] = 16 [n] + 7.2346(0.5) n [n] 7.2222(0.4) n [n]

+15.9877( n +1)(0.4) n [n].
1

6.28 H(z) =

, z > r > 0. By using partial-fraction expansion we write

1 2r cosz1 + r 2 z2

1
e j
e j
1
e j
e j

.
H(z) = j

(e e j j ) 1 re j z1 1 re j z1 2sin 1 re j z1 1 re j z1
1
r n e j (n+1) e j (n+1)
n j jn
n j jn

[n]
Thus, h[n] =
r e e [n] r e e
[n] =
j2sin
sin
2j

n
r sin((n +1) )
=
[n].
sin

6.29 (a) Expanding X1 (z) in a power series we get X1 (z) =

z3n , z > 1.

Thus,

n=0

1, if n = 3k and n 0,
x1[n] =
Alternately, using partial-fraction expansion we get
otherwise.
0,
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
X1 (z) =
=
+
+
. Therefore,
3
1
1
3
1
3
1
1 z
1 z
1+ ( 2 + j 2 )z
1+ ( 2 j 2 )z1
1
1 1
3
1 1
3
x1[n] = 3 [n] + 3 2 j 2 [n] + 3 2 + j 2 [n]

= 3 [n] + 3 e j 2 n / 3[n] + 3 e j 2 n / 3[n] = 3 [n] + 3 cos(2n / 3) [n]. Thus,

1, if n = 3k and n 0,
x1[n] =
otherwise.
0,

z4n , z > 1.

(b) Expanding X 2 (z) in a power series we get X 2 (z) =

Thus,

n=0

1, if n = 4k and n 0,
x 2 [n] =
Alternately, using partial-fraction expansion we get
0,
otherwise.

1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
X 2 (z) =
+
+
+
. Thus,
1 z1 1+ z1 1+ ( 1 + j 3 )z1 1+ ( 1 j 3 )z1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1
3
1 1
3
n
x 2 [n] = 4 [n] + 4 (1) [n] + 4 2 j 2 [n] + 4 2 + j 2 [n]

= 4 [n] + 4 (1) n [n] + 4 e j 2 n / 3[n] + 4 e j 2 n / 3[n]

1, if n = 4k and n 0,
1
1
1
= 4 [n] + 4 (1) n [n] + 2 cos(2n /3) [n]. Thus, x 2 [n] =
otherwise.
0,

Not for sale.

13

6.30 (a) X1 (z) = log(1 z 1 ), z > . Expanding X1 (z) in a power series we get

2 z2 3z3
n
X1 (z) = z

= zn . Therefore,
2
3
n
n=1

n
x1[n] =
[n 1].
n
z1
= log 1 (z)1 , z < . Expanding X 2 (z) in a power series
(b) X 2 (z) = log

we get X 2 (z) = ( z)1

(z)2 (z)3
( z)n

=
. Therefore,
2
3
n
n=1

[n 1].
n
(c) X (z) = log 1 , z > . Expanding X (z) in a power series we get

3
3
1 z1
x 2 [n] =

X 3 (z) = z

2 z2 3z3
+
+
=
2
3

n n
n
n z . Therefore, x 3[n] = n [n 1].
n=1

n=1

x 4 [n] =

6.31 G(z) =

[n 1].
n

P()
P(z) p0 + p1z1 + + pM zM
. Now, a partial=
. Thus, G() =
1
N
D()
D(z)
1+ d1z + + dN z

fraction expansion of G(z) in z

1
(d) X 4 (z) = log
= log 1 (z) , z < . Expanding X 4 (z) in a power series
1
z

2
(z)3
( z)n
1 (z)
+
=
. Therefore,
we get X 4 (z) = ( z) +
2
3
n

is given by G(z) =

p
obtain G() = = 0 .
d 0

=1

=11 z

, from which we

1 ( 1) (n1) / 2 , n odd,
6.32 (a) X1 (z) = sin(z ) =
, x1 (n) = n!
z

2n +1)!
(

0,
n even.

n=0

1 ( 1) n / 2 , n even,
(1) n ( 2n)
1
(b) X 2 (z) = cos(z ) =
, x 2 (n) = n!
z
2n )!
(

0,
n odd.

n=0

(1) n

( 2n+1)

Not for sale.

14

(c) X 3 (z) = loge (1+ z1 ) =

(1) n+1

n=1

(d) X 4 (z) = exp(z1 ) =

n! zn ,

n=0

zn , x 3 (n) =

( 1) n+1
n

[n 1].

1
.
n!

x 4 (n) =

6.33 Let w[n] = x[n] O

* u[n] O
* v[n]. Because the sequences are causal,

w[0] = x[0]u[0]v[0] . But w[0] =

W (z)z1dz by the inverse z-transform
2j
formula. Applying this relationship to w[0] = x[0]u[0]v[0] we get

1
1
1

1
X(z)U(z)V (z)z1dz =
X(z)z1dz
U(z)z1dz
V (z)z1dz .

2j
2j
2j
2j

6.34 H(z) =

+1.7z

(1+ 0.3z )(1 0.5z )

=k+

1
1+ 0.3z

2
1 0.5z

, where k = H(0) =

34
,
3

35
z +1.7z
11
, 2 =
= .
1
6
2
1 0.5z
1+ 0.3z
z=0.3
z=0.5
The statement [r,p,k]=residuez([0 1 1.7],conv([1 0.3],[1 -0.5]))
yields
r =
5.5
5.83333333333333
p =
0.5
-0.3
k =
-11.3333333333333
34
35 /6
11/2
Thus, H(z) = +
+
. Hence, its inverse z transform is given by
1
3 1+ 0.3z
1 0.5z1
34
35
11
h[n] = [n] + (0.3) n [n] + (0.5) n [n].
3
6
2

6.35 G(z) = Z{g[n] = g[n]z with a ROC given by R g and H(z) = Z{h[n]} = h[n]zn

1 =

+1.7z

n=

n=

with a ROC given by R h .

(a) G * (z) =

g *[n](z*)

and G * (z*)
=

n=

g*[n]zn .

Therefore,

n=

Z{g *[n]}= G * (z*) with a ROC given by R g .

(b) Replace n by m in
the sum defining G(z). Then

Not for sale.

15

g[m]z m =
m=

g[m](1/z)m = G(1/z).

Thus, Z{g[n]} = G(1/ z). Since z has been

m=

replaced by 1/z, the ROC of G(1/z) is given by 1/R g .

(c) Let y[n] = g[n] + h[n]. Then Y (z) = Z{g[n] + h[n] = Z{g[n] + Z{h[n]
=
G(z) + H(z). Inthis case Y(z) will converge wherever both G(z) and H(z) converge.
Hence the ROC of Y(z) is R g R h .

(d) y[n] = g[n no ]. Hence, Y (z) = y[n]zn = g[n n 0 ]zn = y[m]z(m+n o )

n=
n=
m=
=z

n o

g[n]zm = zno G(z). In this case, the ROC of Y(z) is same as that of G(z)
m=

addition or elimination of the point z = 0 or z = (due to the factor

except for the possible
of zn o ).

(e) y[n] = n g[n]. Hence, Y (z) = y[n]zn = g[n]zn = g[n](z / )n

n=

n=

= G(z / ). The ROC of Y(z) is R g .

6.36

n=

(f) y[n] = n g[n]. Hence, Y (z) = y[n]zn = ng[n]zn . Now,

n=
n=

dG(z)
dG(z)
G(z) = g[n]zn . Thus,
= ng[n]zn1 . Hence, z
= ng[n]zn1 .
dz
dz
n=
n=
n=

dG(z)
Thus, Y(z) = Z{ng[n]} =
. In this case, the ROC of Y(z) is same as that of G(z)
dz
except possibly the point z = 0 or z = .

X(z) = 2z 3 z + 6 3z1 + 2z2 , Y (z) = 8z 5 + 2z4 7z 3 3z 2 +1+ z1

,

W (z) = 3z 2 +
6z1 1+
2z1 + 6z2 + 6z3 + z4 .

(a) U(z) = X(z)Y (z)

= 16z8 + 4z 7 22z 6 + 40z 5 5z 4 27z 3 + 9z 2 6z 1+ 3z1 z2 + 2z3
Hence,

{u[n]} = {16, 4, 22, 40, 5, 27, 9, 6, 1, 3, 1, 2

}, 8 n 3.

(b) V (z) = X(z)W (z)

Hence,

{v[n]} = {6, 12, 5, 16, 40, 8, 23, 22, 21, 0, 9, 2

}, 5 n 6.

(c) G(z) = W (z)Y (z)

Hence,
Not for sale.

16

{g[n]} = {24, 54, 17, 37, 41, 52, 19, 53, 24, 5, 12, 7, 1}, 7 n 5.
2N 1 N 1

N 1 N 1

6.37 YL (z) = x[m]h[n m] z

and YC (z) = x[m]h[n m N ] zn .

n=0 m=0
n=0 m=0
Now, YL (z) can be rewritten as
N 1 N 1
2N 1 N 1

YL (z) = x[m]h[n m]zn + x[m]h[n m]zn

n=N m=0

n=0 m=0

N 1 N 1
N 1 N 1

= x[m]h[n m]zn + x[m]h[k m N]z(kN ) . Therefore,

n=0 m=0
k=0 m=0

N 1 N 1
N 1 N 1

YL (z) N
= x[m]h[n m]z + x[m]h[k m N ]zk
(z 1)

n=0 m=0
k=0 m=0

6.38

G(z) = 3 + 2z1 + 5z2 , H(z) = 4 3z1 + z2 4z3 . Now,

1

20z5 . Therefore,

Using the MATLAB statement y = conv([-3 2

obtain

y =
-12
17
11
-1
-3
20
which is seen to be the same result as given above.
YC (z) = YC (z)

Y L(z) =G(z)H(z) = 12 +17z +11z z 3z

y L [n] = {12 17 11 1 3 20}, 0 n 5.

(z 4 1)

5], [4 -3 1 -4]); we

= 12 +17z1 +11z2 z3 3z4 20z5

(z 4 1)

= 12 +17z1 +11z2 z3 3 20z1 = 15 3z1 +11z2 z3 . Therefore,

yC [n] = {15 3 11 1}, 0 n 3.
Using the MATLAB statement
y = circonv([-3 2 5], [4 -3 1 -4]); we obtain
y =
-15
-3
11
-1
which is seen to be the same result as given above.

6.39 X(z) =

x[n]z

n=

x[n]z

x[n]zn

. Therefore, lim X(z) = lim

z

n=0

n=0

x[n]zn = x[0].

= lim x[0] + lim

z

n=1

Not for sale.

17

6.40

dM + dM 1z1 + +d1zM +1 + zM
A (1) = 1 and A(1) = 1 if M is odd.
1+ d1z1 + + dM 1zM +1 + dM zM
In which case, G(1) = H(1) and G(1) = H(1). If M is even, then G(1) = H(1) and
G(1) = H(1).

6.41 A(z) =

6.42 H(z) = H1 (z)H 3 (z) + (1+ H1 (z)) H 2 (z)

= 11.06 + 8.51z1 + 5.28z2 + 5.12z3 +1.19z4 .

4.5 1.3z1 +1.4z2

4.5 1.3z1 +1.4z2
6.43 H(z) =
=
.
1 + 0.9z 2 )(1 0.3z 1 ) 1+ 0.2z 1 + 0.75z 2 0.27z 2
(1+
0.5z

A partial-fraction expansion of H(z) in z1 using the M-file residuez yields

1.2412
1.6294 + j0.9603
1.6294 j0.9603
H(z) =
+
+
1
1
1 0.3z
1 (0.25 + j0.9152)z
1 (0.25 j0.9152)z1

1
1.2412
3.2588 0.943z
=
+
. Comparing the denominator of the quadratic factor with
1 0.3z1 1+ 0.5z1 + 0.9z2
0.5

1 2r cos( )z1 + r 2 z2 we get r = 0.9 = 0.9487 and cos( ) =

, or
o

2 0.9

o = 1.8375. We rewrite the last expression for H(z) as

H(z) =

1.2412
3.2588(1 0.2894z1 )
1.2412
3.2588(1 0.25z1 )
0.1284z1
+
=
+
+

1 1+ 0.5z 1 + 0.9z 2
1 0.3z1
1+ 0.5z1 + 0.9z2
1 0.3z
1+ 0.5z1 + 0.9z2

1.2412
3.2588(1 0.25z1 ) 0.1403(0.9152z1 )
+
+
1 0.3z1 1+ 0.5z1 + 0.9z2
1+ 0.5z1 + 0.9z2
Hence, from Table 6.1 we have
h[n] = 1.2412(0.3) n [n] + 3.2588( 0.9) n cos(1.8375n) [n] 0.1403( 0.9) n sin(1.8375n) [n].
=

z1 using the M-file residuez yields

6.44 (a) A partial-fraction expansion of H(z) in
4.0909
0.9091
H(z) = 5 +
+
. Hence, from Table 6.1 we have
1
1+ 0.4z
1 0.15z1
n
n
h[n] = 5 [n] + 4.0909(0.4)
[n]
+ 0.9091(0.15) [n].

Not for sale.

18

(b) x[n] = 2.1(0.4) n [n] + 0.3(0.3) n [n]. Its z transform is thus given by
2.1
0.3
2.4 + 0.51z1
X(z) =
+
=
, z > 0.4. The z transform of the
1 0.4z1 1+ 0.3z1 (1 0.4z1 )(1+ 0.3z1 )
output y[n] is then given by

1.5z1 + 0.3z2
2.4 + 0.51z

2 .
Y(z) = H(z)X(z) =
1
1
1
(1 0.4z )(1+ 0.3z ) 1+ 0.25z 0.06z
A partial-fraction expansion of Y(z) in z1 using the M-file residuez yields
9.2045
3.15
5
1.0545
Y(z) =

, z > 0.4. Hence, from Table 6.1

1+ 0.4z1 1 0.4z1 1+ 0.3z1 1 0.15z1
n
we have y[n] = 9.2045(0.4)
3.15(0.4) n 5(0.3) n 1.0545(0.15) n [n].

1
1
,
z
>
0.2,
X(z)
=
Z{x[n]}
=
, z > 0.3. Thus,
6.45 (a) H(z) = Z{h[n]} =
1
1
1+
0.2z
1

0.3z

1
Y(z) = H(z)X(z) =
, z > 0.3. A partial-fraction expansion of using
(1+ 0.2z1 )(1 0.3z1 )
0.6
0.4

+
. Hence, from Table 6.1
the M-file residuez yields Y(z) =
1+ 0.2z1 1 0.3z1
y[n] = 0.6(0.2) n [n] + 0.4(0.3) n [n].

(b) H(z) = Z{h[n]}=

1+ 0.7z
1

, z > 0.7, X(z) = Z{x[n]} =

1
1+ 0.3z1

, z > 0.3. Thus,

, z > 0.7. A partial-fraction expansion of using

(1+ 0.7z1 )(1+ 0.3z1 )
1.75
0.75
+
. Hence, from Table 6.1
the M-file residuez yields Y(z) =
1
1+ 0.7z
1+ 0.3z1
y[n] = 1.75(0.7) n [n] 0.75(0.3) n [n].
Y(z) = H(z)X(z) =

2
3
, z > 0.2, X(z) = Z{x[n]} =
, z > 0.5. Thus,
6.46 Y(z) = Z{y[n]} =
1
1+ 0.2z
1 0.5z1

Y (z) 2(1 0.5z1 )

H(z) =
=
, z > 0.5. A partial-fraction expansion of using the M-file
X(z) 3 1+ 0.2z1

5
7 /3
. Hence, from Table 6.1,
residuez yields H(z) = +
3 1+ 0.2z1
5
7

h[n] = [n] + (0.2) n [n].

3
3

the ztransform of both sides of the difference equation we get

6.47 (a) Taking

Not for sale.

19

Y (z) = 0.4z1Y (z) + 0.05z2Y (z) + 3X(z). Hence, H(z) =

Y (z)
3
=
.
1
X(z) 1 0.4z 0.05z2

(b) A partial-fraction expansion of using the M-file residuez yields

2.5
0.5
H(z) =
+
. Hence, from
Table 6.1,
1
1 0.5z
1+ 0.1z1
h[n] = 2.5(0.5) n [n] + 0.5(0.1) n [n].
(c) Now S(z) = Z{s[n]} = H(z) Z{[n]} =

(1 0.4z1 0.05z2 )(1 z1 )

A partial-fraction expansion of using the M-file residuez yields
3.6364
1.6667
0.0303
S(z) =

+
. Hence, from Table 6.1,
1
1
1
1

z
1

0.5z
1+
0.1z

s[n] = 3.6364 [n] 1.6667(0.5) n [n] + 0.0303(0.1) n [n].

6.48 Let the output of the predictor of Figure P6.4(a) be denoted by E(z). Then analysis of this
structure yields E(z) = P(z)[U(z) + E(z)] and U(z) = X(z) E(z). From the first equation
P(z)
we have E(z) =
U(z) which when substituted in the second equation yields
1 P(z)

U(z)

H(z) =
= 1 P(z).
X(z)
Analyzing Figure P6.3(b) we get Y(z) = V (z) + P(z)Y(z) which leads to

Y (z)
1
G(z) =
=
, which is seen to be the inverse of H(z).
V (z) 1 P(z)

1
For P(z) = h1z1, H(z)
. Similarly, for
= 1 h1z1 and G(z) =
1 h1z1

.
P(z) = h1z1 + h2 z2 , H(z) = 1 h1z1 h2 z2 and G(z) =
1
1 h1z h2 z2

Not for sale.

20