CLIMATE OF INDIA

2
GREAT VARIATION IN
TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL

RECEIVE RAIN BY SEASONAL
WINDS- MONSOON
3
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE OF INDIA
LATITUDE
- Tropic of Cancer passing
through India
- Sub-Tropical climate
4
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE OF INDIA
HIMALAYAS
- Block the South west monsoon
- Block the bitterly cold winds coming from
Central Asia
- Hence facilitate HT-LP region on the sub-
continent to attract monsoon winds
ARAKAN
YOMA
- Divert the South West Monsoon winds
towards
North Indian Plains
ARAVALLIS
- Parallel to Direction of South West Monsoon
- Results into dry climate in Rajasthan
(Specially Western)
WESTERN
GHATS
- Block the South West Monsoon Winds
- More Rainfall towards Western slopes
- Less Rainfall towards Eastern Slopes
5
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE OF INDIA
RELIEF
- Hill Stations remain cool during summer due
to their elevation
WATER
BODIES
- Coastal Regions have
Equable/Maritime/Moderate climate
- Interior Regions have Extreme/Continental
Climate
WESTERN
DISTURBAN
CES
- Originate over Mediterranean Sea
- During Winter December-January
- Cause cyclonic rainfall in Punjab and
Haryana
6
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE OF INDIA
WINDS
SW MONSOON
On-Shore winds
- Blow during June to September over Indian
Subcontinent
- Bring lot of rain

NE MONSOON
- Off-Shore Winds for most parts of Indian
Subcontinent
- Blow during December to February
- Bring rain in Tamilnadu
THE INDIAN SUMMER
7
TIME March to May
PRESSURE
GRADIENTS
- Low Pressure over North Indian
Plain
- Slight HP on Indian Peninsula
- Comparative HP over Indian Ocean
WINDS
- Winds not attracted towards Indian
Subcontinent due to HP on Peninsula
RAINFALL
- Little rainfall in Kerala and West
Bengal
EVENTS
- KALBAISAKHI- Cyclonic rain in
West Bengal
- Mango Shower- Pre-Monsoon Rain
in Kerala (Good for Mango ripening)
- Loo- Hot and Dry winds in Northern
Plains (FATAL)
THE INDIAN
SUMMER
March to May
L P
H P
H P H P
MANGO SHOWER
KALBAISAKHI
LOO
THE INDIAN MONSOON
9
TIME JUNE TO SEPTEMBER
PRESSURE
GRADIENTS
- Low Pressure over Entire sub-
continent
- Comparative HP over Indian Ocean
WINDS
- Warm and moist winds blow from
Indian Ocean to Indian Sub-
continent.
- Divide in two branches- Arabian
Sea and Bay of Bengal
RAINFALL
Heavy rainfall
- Western slopes of Western Ghats
- Eastern Mountains
- West Bengal
THE INDIAN
MONSOON
JUNE TO SEP
L P
L
P
H
P
H
P
THE RETREATING
MONSOON
OCT AND NOV
L P
L P
H P
H P
OCTOBER HEAT
THE INDIAN WINTER
12
TIME DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY
PRESSURE
GRADIENTS
- High Pressure over Entire sub-
continent
- Comparative LP over Indian Ocean
WINDS
- Offshore winds move from Indian
Sub-continent to Indian Ocean.
- North East to South West
RAINFALL
- Winds collect moisture from Bay of
Bengal and rain in Tamilnadu.

WESTERN DISTURBANCES
- Originate over Mediterranean Sea
- Bring frontal rain in Punjab &
Haryana
- Move along foothill of Himalayas
and join NE monsoons
THE INDIAN
WINTER
DEC TO FEB
HP
H P
L P
L P
NORTH EAST
MONSOON
WESTERN
DISTURBANCES
CH 02
SOILS OF INDIA
IMPORTANCE OF COMPONENTS
OF SOIL
COMPONENT IMPORTANCE
Minerals Give colour and texture to the soil
Humus Give fertility to the soil
Moisture
Dissolve minerals so that plants can
absorb them
Air Allows respiration for plants
SANDY SOIL
> 60% sand; < 10% clay
Well aerated
Easier to cultivate
Dries up easily
Suitable for growth of fruits and vegetables
CLAYEY SOIL
> 60% clay; < 10% sand
Good moisture retention capacity
Difficult to cultivate
LOAMY SOIL
50% sand; 50% clay
Well aerated
Easier to cultivate
Good moisture retention capacity
Suitable for growth of all kinds of crops
ALLUVIAL SOIL
Inland Alluvium (Ganga Basin)
- Coarse texture
Rich in Potash, Alumina and
Lime
Poor in Nitrogen and
Phosphorus

Deltaic Alluvium (Delta)
Rich in Potash, Alumina
and Lime
ONLY SOIL RICH in
Nitrogen and
Phosphorus

Coastal Alluvium
(Eastern and Western
Coast)
ALLUVIAL SOIL - TYPES
Khaddar (Newer alluvium):
It is found in the lower lands in the plains. It is
loamy, porous and MORE FERTILE than
Bhangar as new layers are deposited year
after year during floods.
Bhangar (Older alluvium):
It is found in the higher parts of the plains on
river terraces away from rivers. It contains
lumps, is clayey, non-porous and LESS
FERTILE than Khaddar.
BLACK SOIL
RED SOIL
LATERITE SOIL
MOUNTAIN SOIL
DESERT SOIL
MARSHY SOIL
Found in
Sunderbans of West Bengal
Coastal areas of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu
Terai belt of U.P.
Constantly waterlogged
Contains iron and salts
Good for cultivation of jute

CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION
Natural Causes
Topography
Rainfall
Nature of Soil
Human causes
Deforestation
Overgrazing
Improper farming techniques

CONSERVATION OF SOIL
Afforestation
Restricted grazing
Proper farming techniques
Terrace farming
Construction of bunds
Contour ploughing
Strip Cropping
Dams for flood control
SOIL EROSION IN INDIA
Shiwaliks
Due to deforestation
North-Eastern States
Heavy Rainfall
River banks of Ganga, Yamuna, Chambal
Floods, sudden rainfall after long, dry spells
Arid Regions
Fast blowing wind, little vegetation
Hills of South India
Defective methods of cultivation
SOIL CONSERVATION SCHEMES IN
INDIA
Integrated Watershed Management
Reclamation and Development of Ravine
areas
Control of Shifting agriculture
Vegetation that grows
without the interference of man
adapts itself to the limitations of the natural
environment
Distribution of Natural Vegetation
Climate
Soil
Topography
Purify air
Transpires moisture
Prevent global warming
Checks soil erosion
Natural habitat for animals
Provides forest products
Aesthetic pleasure

Utility of Natural Vegetation
NATURAL VEGETATION IN INDIA
1. Tropical Evergreen forests
2. Tropical Deciduous or Monsoon Forests
3. Tropical Dry forests
4. Delta or Tidal forests
5. Mountain forests

TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS
CHARACTERISTICS
Dense growth
Dark floor
Large leaves
Massive variety (not in pure strands)
Heights vary
Valuable hardwood
CLIMATE
Temperature - 24 C to 27 C
Rainfall - 200 cm
ROSEWOOD
Hard, durable and fine grained
Used for making expensive furniture
Found in windward part of Western Ghats
SHISHAM
Hard wood
Making expensive furniture
House building, railway sleepers
Found in West Bengal and Andaman &
Nicobar

TROPICAL DECIDUOUS VEGETATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Leaves shed in Spring
Pure strands, Not very dense
Economically very important
CLIMATE
Found in areas of seasonal rainfall
Requires 100-200 cm of rainfall
Also called Monsoon Vegetation
TEAK
Durable timber
Ship Building and Furniture
MP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
SAL
Hard Wood, Immune to white ant
Railway sleepers
MP, Chhatisgarh, Orissa, Assam
SANDALWOOD
Handicrafts, Oil used for perfumery
Karnataka
SEMAL
Soft and White Timber
Match Boxes and Packing cases
Assam, Bihar, Tamil Nadu
MYROBALAN
Fruits used for Dyeing of cotton, wool and silk &
Tanning
MP, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
TROPICAL DESERT VEGETATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Long roots
Small leaves
Hard thorns
Sharp spines
Trees widely spaced
Adapt to long dry periods
CLIMATE
25 C to 30 C
< 25 mm rainfall
BABUL
Yields gum
Bark used for tanning
Rajasthan, Gujarat, SW Punjab
KIKAR
Firewood
Medicinal uses
Rajasthan, Gujarat, SW Punjab
TIDAL VEGETATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Trunk supported by stilted roots
Roots visible during low tide
Some forests are dense
Pneumatophore- Breathing roots
REQUIREMENT Deltaic region,
SUNDARI
Flavouring agent
Wood used to make boats, houses, firewood
Deltas of Ganga, Godavari
Andaman & Nicobar
KIKAR
Roofing
Making bags
Andaman & Nicobar
MOUNTAIN VEGETATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Needle like leaves
Large trunk
Conical canopy
Fruits cone shaped
REQUIREMENT Cold temperatures, Mountains
CHIR PINE
Extraction of resin
Used for making turpentine, tea chest
HP, Uttaranchal, J & K, Sikkim
SILVER FIR
Paper, pulp, matches
NW and Eastern Himalayas
DEODAR
Railway sleepers
Construction
HP and J & K
CONSERVATION OF FORESTS
Change in forest cover in tribal areas -
India
414000
415000
416000
417000
418000
419000
420000
421000
422000
423000
1 2
a
r
e
a

i
n

s
q

k
m

1995 1998
REASONS
DIMINISHING NATURAL
VEGETATION
DEFORESTATION
FOREST FIRES
MINING
OVERGRAZING

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL VEGETATION
Proper use of forest resources
without causing any adverse effect on
our economy
environment
Forest Research Institutes
Dehradun
Coimbatore
Joint Forest Management
Involvement of Local communities in forest conservation
Allow controlled access
Local institution protects degraded forest
Beneficiaries of non timber forest product

FOREST
POLICY
Check indiscriminate deforestation
Prevent overgrazing
Control shifting cultivation
Carry out DEFORESTATION and
REFORESTATION in quick
succession
Efficient utilization of forest products
Social Forestry
Afforestation along
fallow land
degraded forest land
Railway line, roads , canal & river
bank
Panchayat land & common land




Sacred groves
Traditional institution
Conservation of biodiversity & forest
Worship of virgin forests
Water storage facility
Rich in medicinal plants
HISTORICAL EVENTS
VAN MAHOTSAV
Spreading public awareness
CHIPKO MOVEMENT
Value of forests
CH 04
WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
Life line of living being
Essential for agriculture
Industries
Hydro electricity generation
Means of navigation
Sources of sports & recreation

OCEANS
FRESH
Annual Precipitation Volume
(Including snowfall)
4000 km
3
Average Annual Potential flow in Rivers
1869 km
3

Water Resources of
India
Estimated Utilizable Water Resources
1122 km
3

(i) Surface Water Resources
690 km
3

(ii) Ground Water Resources
432 km
3

SURFACE WATER USE IN INDIA
DOMESTIC 9%
INDUSTRIAL 2%
AGRICULTURE 89%
WHAT IS THE NEED FOR IRRIGATION?
RAINFALL in India is seasonal,
uncertain, uneven and sporadic.
DIFFERENT CROPS have different
water requirements.
It is indispensable in SEMI ARID
REGIONS of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
Rajasthan etc.
It is necessary to extend the frontiers of
cultivation in order to fulfill the food
requirements of a GROWING
POPULATION.

MODES OF IRRIGATION WELL (PRIMITIVE)
ADVANTAGES
Cheapest source of irrigation.
Can be dug at any convenient place.
Independent source of irrigation.
DISADVANTAGES
Fail to provide water during the dry summer months
Well can water only 1 to 2 hectares of land.
Time consuming.
In many parts it is brackish.
COMMON IN NORTHERN PLAINS
MODES OF IRRIGATION TANK (PRIMITIVE)
ADVANTAGES
Simple, easy & cheap
Stores rain water, prevents wastage
Helps in raising the underground water level
Also provide water for domestic purpose`
DISADVANTAGES
Occupies large area which otherwise could have been
used for cultivation
Many tanks dry up in the dry months
Silting of tank is a problem
Water is lost by evaporation
COMMON IN DECCAN PLATEAU
Reasons for the predominance of tank
irrigation in the Deccan region
Underlying hard rocks does not allow
percolation
The undulating surface forms natural
depression
Construction of well is difficult in the
peninsular region

MODES OF IRRIGATION
INUNDATION CANAL (PRIMITIVE)
ADVANTAGES
Easily built
Cheap
Useful in controlling floods
DISADVANTAGES
Uncertainty of water supply
Only low lands areas are irrigated
Useful only during floods
MODES OF IRRIGATION
PERINNIAL CANAL (MODERN)
ADVANTAGES
Perennial source of irrigation
Water rich in sediments
Although initial cost is high, it is quite cheap in
the long run
DISADVANTAGES
Leads to the problem of water logging if canals
are unlined
Problem of soil Salinization or reh
Marshy areas near canal become breeding
ground for mosquito resulting in Malaria.
Canal systems in North India
Ganga Canal (GANGA RIVER, UP AND BIHAR)
Nangal Dam Canal (SUTLEJ RIVER, PUNJAB AND HARYANA)
Indira Gandhi Canal (SUTLEJ RIVER, DRY PARTS OF RAJASTHAN)
Chambal Project Canal (CHAMBAL RIVER, MP AND RAJASTHAN)
Canal systems in South India
Godavari Canal (GODAVARI RIVER, MAHARASHTRA AND AP)
Tungabhadra Dam Canal (TUNGABHADRA RIVER, KARNATAKA
AND AP)
Hirakud Dam Canal (MAHANADI RIVER, ORISSA)
Periyar Project Canal (PERIYAR RIVER, TAMILNADU)
Mettur Project Canal (KAVERI RIVER, TAMILNADU)
ADVANTAGES OF
MODERN METHODS OF IRRIGATION
More reliable.
Provide irrigation whenever needed.
Easy to operate.
Irrigate a much larger area.
Large amount of water can be pumped
by electric or diesel driven motor.
MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT
Why is it so called?
Store water for irrigation
Generate electricity
Control flood
Provide afforestation in the catchment areas
Soil conservation
Provide drinking water
Use canal for navigation
Develop pisciculture
Develop recreational centre
CONSERVATION OF WATER RESOURCES
Need
RAINFALL IS IRREGULAR AND
ERRATIC
INCREASING DEMAND WITH
INCREASING POPULATION
PER CAPITA WATER IN INDIA IS
VERY LOW
AGRICULTURAL DEMAND
WATER POLLUTION




How do we conserve water?
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
- NO LOSS OF WATER THROUGH EVAPORATOIN OR SEEPAGE
- EXPENSIVE
DRIP IRRIGATION
- Minimum loss of water due to seepage or evaporation
- Greater yield
- Reduces the chances of weeds
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
- Reducing surface run-off
- Recharging groundwater
- Irrigation
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
- Stored for future use
- Used to recharge groundwater
ADVANTAGES
Can be used by a variety of vehicles
Single mode transportation from venue to
destination
Cheap and easy to build
Ideal for short and medium distances
DISADVANTAGES
Not economical over long distances
Not suited for transportation of bulk load
Cause Pollution
Prone to Traffic jams

NHAI NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY OF INDIA
NHDP-NATINOAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROAGRAM


4 lanes
Connect important cities
67000 km
Built and maintained by
NHAI
Six lanes
Broad divider
>120 kmph
Toll roads

STATE HIGHWAY DISTRICT ROAD
NHAI started NHDP in 1998
Objective
To set up 45000 km of world class highways
NHDP to cost Rs. 2,25,000 crore
NHDP to be implemented in 7 phases
First phase is 6 or 8 laning of roads
connecting 4 metros (Golden Quadrilateral)
NHAI started NHDP in 1998
To connect 4 metros
Only National Highways covered
Will pass through 13 states
Will benefit 66 important cities
Total cost Rs. 30000 crore
Better and faster transport between major
cities and ports
This results in benefit to
Industry and trade
Agriculture
Employment
Increase demand for labour, cement, steel
and construction material
ADVANTAGES
Cheap mode of transport
Transportation of bulk goods over long distances
Long and comfortable travel
Can be used by many people at a time
DISADVANTAGES
Cannot cater to hilly regions
To be supported by roads
High initial investment
Maintenance
NHAI NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY OF INDIA
NHDP-NATINOAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROAGRAM


Distance between two rail is 1.67mts
Comprises of 70% of railways
Installed to connect
Major ports with the other cities
Facilitate export of raw materials

Distance between
the rail is 1mt
Comprises of 23%
of railways
Used in UP. Bihar,
Assam, Gujarat,
parts of western
Rajasthan etc.
Distance between rail is 0.76 / 0.61mts
Restricted to hilly areas
Toy train route between Siliguri
Darjeeling & Shimla Kalka are worth
mentioning
All gauges converted to broad gauge
Diesel engines replaced the steam engine
Diesel locomotive works- Chittaranjan (
WB) & Varanasi ( UP)
Electrification of all railway tracks
undertaken
Priority to high density sections
To enable speed
Volume of traffic
Electrical engines run with greater
speed and cause less pollution
Computerization of ticketing
Metro rail in Kolkata & Delhi
Super Fast Trains
Tough competition with road transport
Tremendous pressure of traffic
Unsafe due to poor maintenance
Inefficient image of railways
Frequent changes in policies
Delays in policy implementation
Obsolete machinery, tracks and equipments
Heavy consumption of electricity due to
electrification
Unskilled and untrained workforce
Agenda Status
Electrification 20059 km
Unigauge 51082 km
Speed
Duronto trains in Golden
Corridor
Comfort Yuva, Matrubhumi, Izzat
Booking E ticketing
Freight Dedicated Freight corridor
New tracks +25000 km by 2020
Regular flow of sufficient water
Sufficient demand for water ways
Depth of river bed should not be reduced by
siltation
Level of water not to decrease due to diversion
canals
Cheapest mode
Fuel efficient
Suitable for carrying bulky commodities
Can transport only along water routes
To be supported by road or rail transport
Inland waterways require good flowing water
Inland water transport(CWTC Central Water
Transport Corporation)
CWTC transport goods through:
Ganga
Brahmaputra
Hugli
Sunderban Region
IWAI looks after development & regulation of inland waterways
(IWAI Inland Water Authority of India)
Coastal shipping
NW RIVER STRETCH
1 Ganga Allahabad Haldia
2 Brahmaputra Sadia Dhubri
3 West coast canal
&
Udyogmandal canal
Kollam Kottapuram
Expansion of roads & railways
Irrigation
Deforestation resulting in siltation
Seasonal rainfall
Slow movement
Port : A place on the coast
With docks
Unloading and distribution of cargo
By land routes and vice- versa

Environment friendly
Fuel efficient
Cheapest mode of transport for bulky
goods
Promotes coastal industries
Provides employment
Promotes tourism
Less capital intensive
Ports not well connected with
hinterland
Not well planned, therefore
Lacks facilities
Very congested
Heavy pressure on cargo
containers
Aging coastal fleet
Equal traffic not available to and fro
Undue delays in handling cargo



COAST PORTS FEATURES
WEST
MUMBAI Natural harbour; handles most of
Indias foreign trade. Nava Sheva
is the new port
KANDLA Tidal port located at the eastern
end of Rann of Kutch
KOCHI Natural port located on a lagoon
MARMAGAO Important port in Goa
NEW MANGLORE A port in Karnataka, handles
export of Iron ore
COAST PORTS FEATURES
EAST
TUTICORIN New port in Tamil Nadu
CHENNAI Oldest artificial harbour
VISHAKHAPATNAM Deepest landlocked and
protected port. Also a ship
building centre
PARADEEP A port in Orissa
HALDIA New river port made to release
the pressure of Kolkata port
which suffers from the problem
of silting
DGCA Directorate General of Civil
Aviation- Regulatory Body
Fastest mode of transport
Indispensable for business class
Indispensable for defence purposes
Relatively free of physical barrier
Possible to reach remote parts of
the earth

Limited carrying capacity
Expensive
Hampers the schedule during rough
weather condition
Competition from foreign airlines
Efficient services
Better facilities
Frequent strikes- damages reputation
International airports
Indias international link is maintained by Air
India
12 international airports at present
Domestic Airports
Indian Airlines- major air carrier
Operates 5 to 7 domestic stations
17 international stations
Private airlines are gaining importance
Air Sahara, Jet Airways, Air Deccan etc.

CH 06- MINERALS OF INDIA
A substance
Obtained from the earths crust
Which is of
Commercial, and
Economic Value
Metallic
Iron Ore, Manganese, Copper, Bauxite
Non-Metallic
Limestone, Gypsum, Granite, Marble
Power
Coal, Petroleum, Uranium
Types of Minerals
Importance of Minerals
Provide basis for INDUSTRIALISATION,
thereby
Raising
National Income
Providing
Employment Opportunities
Earning
Foreign Exchange
Improving
Standard of Living

Importance to India
Agriculture cannot support rising population
People must take up other occupations
Industrialization need of the hour
Minerals basis for industrialization
Conservation of Mineral Wealth
Efficiency in mining technology
Governments control over mineral resources
Re Use / Recycling of minerals
MINERAL DEPOSITS - ORISSA
MINERAL PLACE REMARKS
IRON ORE
Mayurbhanj,
Keonjhar
Largest
Producer
MANGANESE
Sundergadh,
Kalahandi,
Sambalpur
Largest
Producer
COAL
(GONDWANA)
Talcher, Sonahat --
MINERAL DEPOSITS - JHARKHAND
MINERAL PLACE REMARKS
IRON ORE Singhbhum, Palamau
Largest
Reserves
BAUXITE
Ranchi & Palamau --
COAL
(GONDWANA)
Jharia, Bokaro Largest
MINERAL DEPOSITS - CHHATTISGARH
MINERAL PLACE REMARKS
IRON ORE Durg, Bastar --
MINERAL DEPOSITS - KARNATAKA
MINERAL PLACE REMARKS
IRON ORE Bellary, Shimoga --
MANGANESE
Bellary, Shimoga, Tumkur
district
2
nd
largest
producer
MINERAL DEPOSITS MADHYA PRADESH
MINERAL PLACE REMARKS
BAUXITE
Amarkantak Plateau
&
Balaghat district
--
MANGANESE
Chindwara &
Balaghat districts
--
LIMESTONE
Jabalpur & Satna --
MINERAL DEPOSITS GUJARAT
MINERAL PLACE
BAUXITE
Jamnagar and Surat
COAL (TERTIARY) Panandhro, Umarsar
LIMESTONE Sikka & Porbandar
PETROLEUM
Cambay+Ankleshwar (18%)
Mehsana (Newly discovered)
REFINERIES
IPCL Refinery, Koyali, Vaodara
Reliance Refinery, Jamnagar
MINERAL DEPOSITS - OTHERS
STATE PLACE MINERAL
TAMIL
NADU
Salem & Coimbatore
BAUXITE
Neyveli, Veeranam COAL (TERTIARY)
RAJASTHAN
Udaipur & Sawai
Madhopur
LIMESTONE
Palna
COAL (TERTIARY)
Barmer
PETROLEUM (RECENT
DISCOVERY)
UTTARANCHAL
Dehradun and
Pitthoragarh
LIMESTONE
WEST BENGAL
Raniganj, Durgapur
COAL (GONDWANA)
IMPORTANT POINTS
Uses of MINERAL
TYPES
PROPERTIES (IF ANY)
INDIAS POSITION
Coal Formation Ideal Conditions
Graben
River
Fault
Dead Plants
Sediment
Coal
Carbonisation
Sta
ge
Type of Coal Carbon content
1 Peat 50 60%
2 Lignite 60 70%
3 Bituminous 70 80%
4 Anthracite 80 90%
Gondwana
Coal
Formed in the Carboniferous Period
300 360 million years ago
Laminated Bituminous Coal
Uses
Coke in Iron and Steel industry
Steam Engines
Tertiary
Coal
Formed in the Tertiary Period
50 60 million years ago
Lignite
Uses
Thermal Electricity
Steam Engines
Formation of petroleum
NON PERMEABLE ROCK (SHALE)
DEAD ORGANISMS
PERMEABLE ROCK (SANDSTONE / LIMESTONE)
NON PERMEABLE ROCK (SHALE)
PETROLEUM
NATURAL GAS
Role of Industries
Convert gifts of nature to finished goods
Value addition
Create wealth
TO PEOPLE
Employment opportunities
Finished goods available
Raises standard of living
TO COUNTRY
Earns foreign exchange
Raises National Income
Supports development of Infrastructure and Economy


CH 07- INDUSTRIES OF INDIA
Can be classified on the basis of
1.Raw material
2.Function
3.Nature of finished goods
4.Extent of investment
5.Location
6.Ownership

FACTORS AFFECTING
LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
Geographical
Factors
1.Availability of Raw
Material
2.Water Supply
3.Power Supply
4.Climate
Economic &
Commercial Factors
1.Availability of Labour
2.Transport
3.Government Policies
4.Market
5.Capital
6.Banking Facilities
Producing Cotton Textiles
1.Ginning separating cotton from seeds
2.Cotton is spun into yarn
3.Yarn woven into cloth
4.Cloth made into garments
Mumbai
Lancashire of India
Raw material readily available
Humid climate
Power readily available
Well connected to rest of country
Labour cheaply available
Huge market for finished goods
Port import & export possible


Ahmedabad
Manchester of India
Raw material readily available
Humid climate
Power readily available
Well connected to rest of country
Huge market for finished goods
Connected to Kandla and Mumbai ports
Chennai
Raw material readily available
Humid climate
Power readily available
Well connected to rest of country
Huge market for finished goods
Port import & export possible
Mills specialise in producing yarn


Kolkata
Port import & export possible
Humid climate
Power readily available
Well connected to rest of country
Labour cheaply available
Huge market for finished goods


COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY-
IMPORTANCE
Provides clothes to consumers
Provides employment
Generates foreign exchange
Supports other industries
COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY- PROBLEMS
Irregular supply of raw material
Quality of raw material
Competition from other countries
Competition from other products
Outdated machinery
Sick mills

Second most important textile industry
Largest foreign exchange earner
West Bengal is the most important producer


Started in 1855 near Kolkata
Was export oriented
Industry suffered setback after independence
81% of jute growing area went to Bangladesh
Acute shortage of raw material in India
Inefficient mills closed down
73 operating mills at present
Ganga Brahmaputra delta; the major jute
growing area
Coal from DVC & Raniganj
Cheap water transport
Dense network of road & railways
Humid climate favours spinning
Fresh water for retting, washing& dying



Kolkata port helps:
Import of machinery
Export of finished products
Easy availability of capital
Advantage of early start
Cheap labour from WB & Bihar
Shortage of raw material
Obsolete machinery
High price
Competition
Foreign countries
Synthetic packing material
Less demand

Increase jute production
Replace old machinery
Diversifying the product range
Research institutes for development





SILK INDUSTRY










TYPES
MULBERRY SILK
Silk worms feed on mulberry leaves
90% of total silk output
Produced mainly in Karnataka, WB, J&K, HP
NON MULBERRY SILK
Eri, Muga, & Tussar are non mulberry silk
Produced in Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand & Meghalaya, MP,
Orissa,


BANGALORE MYSORE REGION
Favorable climate for plantation of
Bombyx mori
Fresh water free from alkaline salt
New scientific technology
Inherited skill
SUGAR INDUSTRY
BY PRODUCTS
Bagasse
Rejected cane
Earlier used as fuel
Used for manufacturing paper, cardboard &
insulation board
Molasses
Dark brown syrup drained during process of
sugar making
Used for manufacturing Industrial alcohol,
fertilizer, rum &yeast
Press mud
Used for making shoe polish, carbon paper, &
extraction of wax








BIHAR & UP- LOCATIONAL FACTOR
Largest sugar producing belt
Coal obtained from Jharkhand
Dense network of railways
Skilled labour
Kanpur is the chief distributing
&marketing centre
PROBLEMS

Subtropical climate
Short crushing season
Factories are not within the proximity of the
field
Outmoded machinery
Price of sugarcane fixed by government
Low yield, shortage of raw material

SOUTHWARD MIGRATION
Suitable geographic condition
Longer crushing season
Large landholdings
Fertilizer, more commonly used
Factories closer to the fields
Co operative management
Sugar Lobby


Earlier, important as cottage industry
Modern industry set up at Kanpur
Tropical country; market is seasonal
Product is of inferior quality
Kashmir famous for carpet making

Availability of raw material
Demand cold winters
HEP from Bhakra Nangal
Cheap labour


Shortage of raw material
Lack of market
Lack of modern equipment
Low quality of products
Carpets
Sweaters
Jerseys
Socks
Gloves
Shawl
Pullovers