(^HAP. I.

DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY. 319

1123. If the cone is truncated or cut oiT, polygons may in like manner be inscribed in
(he curves which produce the sections.
1124. Cylinders may be considered as jjrisms whose bases are formed by circles,
ellipses, or other curves, and their projections may be obtained in a similar manner : that
is, by inscribing polygons in the curves which form their bases.
1125. Third class : solids whose surfaces have a double curvature. A solid of this sort
mav be enclosed in a single surface, as a sphere or spheroid.
1126. As these bodies present neither angles nor lines, they can only be represented by
the apparent curve which seems to bound their superficies. This curve may be determir.ed
bv tangents parallel to a line drawn from the centre of the solid perpendicularly to the
plane of projection.
1127. If these solids are truncated or cut by planes, we must, after having traced the
curves which represent them entire, inscribe polygons in each curve produced by the sec-
tions, in order to proceed as directed for cones and cylinders.
1128. To obtain a clear notion of the combination of several pieces, as, for Instance, of a
vault, we must imagine the bodies themselves annihilated, and that nothing remains but
the arrisses or edges which form the extremes of the surfaces of the voussoirs. The whole
assemblage of material lines which would result from this consideration being considered
transparent would project upon a plane perpendicular to the rays of light, traces defining
all these edges that we have supposed material, some foreshortened, and others of the same
size. These will form the outlines of the vault, whence follow the subjoined remarks.
I. That in order, on a plane, to obtain the projection of a right line rejiresenting the
arris of any solid body, we must on such plane let fall verticals from each of
its extremities.
II. That if the arris be parallel to tlie plane of the drawing, the line which represents its
projection is the same size as the original.
. III. That if it be oblique, its representation will be shorter than the original line.
IV. That perpendiculars by means of which the projection is made being parallel to
each other, the line projected cannot be longer than the line it represents.
V. That in order to represent an arris or edge perpendicular to the plane of projection.
a mere point marks it because it coincides in the length with the perpendiculars of
projection.
VI. That the measure of the obliquity of an arris or edge will be found by verticals
let fall from its extremities.
1129. In conducting all the operations relative to projections, they are referable to two
planes, whereof one is horizontal and the other vertical.
PROJECTION OF RIGHT LINES.
1 1;50. The projection of a line AB
{fff.
459.)
perpendicular to a horizontal plane is ex-
A k
A-'
"
' "^IK
iy-^^
1 /
'
1
,-'
[
/
ol
F^K. 4.;i.
Vig. 4.-)2.
pressed on such plane by a point K, and by the lines ah, a'h', equal to the original on ver-
tical planes, whatever their direction.
11:31. An inclined line CD (_/?//. 400.) is represented on an horizontal or a vertical plane
by cd, c'd, shorter than the line itself, except on a vertical plane, parallel to its projection,
on the horizontal plane c"d", where it is equal to the original CD.
1132. An inclined line EF
{fie/.
461.) moveable on its extremity E, may, by preserving
ihe same inclination in respect of the plane on which it lies, have its projection successively
in all the radii of the circle E/, determined by the perpendicular let fall from the point V.
1 133. Two lines GH, IK
{fig.
462.), whereof one is parallel to an horizontal plane and
the other inclined, may have the same projection m, n, upon such plane. Upon a vertical